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<b>wxWidgets 2 for Windows FAQ</b>
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<P>

See also <a href="faq.htm">top-level FAQ page</a>.
<hr>
<h3>List of questions in this category</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#platforms">Which Windows platforms are supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#wince">What about Windows CE?</a></li>
<li><a href="#winxp">What do I need to do for Windows XP?</a></li>
<li><a href="#compilers">What compilers are supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#bestcompiler">Which is the best compiler to use with wxWidgets 2?</a></li>
<li><a href="#unicode">Is Unicode supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#doublebyte">Does wxWidgets support double byte fonts (Chinese/Japanese/Korean etc.)?</a></li>
<li><a href="#dll">Can you compile wxWidgets 2 as a DLL?</a></li>
<li><a href="#exesize">How can I reduce executable size?</a></li>
<li><a href="#mfc">Is wxWidgets compatible with MFC?</a></li>
<li><a href="#setuph">Why do I get errors about setup.h not being found?</a></li>
<li><a href="#asuffix">Why do I get errors about FooBarA when I only use FooBar in my program?</a></li>
<li><a href="#newerrors">Why my code fails to compile with strange errors about new operator?</a></li>
<li><a href="#mfcport">How do I port MFC applications to wxWidgets?</a></li>
<li><a href="#crash">Why do I sometimes get bizarre crash problems using VC++ 5/6?</a></li>
<li><a href="#makefiles">How are the wxWidgets makefiles edited under Windows?</a></li>
<li><a href="#vcdebug">How do you use VC++&#39;s memory leak checking instead of that in wxWidgets?</a></li>
<li><a href="#shortcutproblem">Why are menu hotkeys or shortcuts not working in my application?</a></li>
<li><a href="#regconfig">Why can I not write to the HKLM part of the registry with wxRegConfig?</a></li>
<li><a href="#access">Is MS Active Accessibility supported?</a></li>
<li><a href="#dspfmt">Why does Visual C++ complain about corrupted project files?</a></li>
<li><a href="#crtmismatch">Visual C++ gives errors about multiply defined symbols, what can I do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#directx">Why do I get compilation erros when using wxWidgets with DirectShow?</a></li>
<li><a href="#handlewm">How do I handle Windows messages in my wxWidgets program?</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>

<h3><a name="platforms">Which Windows platforms are supported?</a></h3>

wxWidgets 2 can be used to develop and deliver applications on Windows 3.1, Win32s,
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. A Windows CE
version is being looked into (see below).<P>

wxWidgets 2 is designed to make use of WIN32 features and controls. However, unlike Microsoft,
we have not forgotten users of 16-bit Windows. Most features
work under Windows 3.1, including wxTreeCtrl and wxListCtrl using the generic implementation.
However, don&#39;t expect very Windows-95-specific classes to work, such as wxTaskBarIcon. The wxRegConfig
class doesn&#39;t work either because the Windows 3.1 registry is very simplistic. Check out the 16-bit
makefiles to see what other files have been left out.
<P>
16-bit compilation is supported under Visual C++ 1.5, and Borland BC++ 4 to 5.
<P>

wxWidgets 2 for Windows will also compile on Unix with gcc using Wine from <a href="http://www.winehq.org" target=_top>WineHQ</a>.
The resulting executables are Unix binaries that work with the Wine Windows API emulator.<P>

You can also compile wxWidgets 2 for Windows on Unix with Cygwin or Mingw32, resulting
in executables that will run on Windows. So in theory you could write your applications
using wxGTK or wxMotif, then check/debug your wxWidgets for Windows
programs with Wine, and finally produce an ix86 Windows executable using Cygwin/Mingw32,
without ever needing a copy of Microsoft Windows. See the Technical Note on the Web site detailing cross-compilation.<P>

<h3><a name="wince">What about Windows CE?</a></h3>

This port is largely complete. For further information, see the <a href="http://www.wxwidgets.org/embedded.htm#wxwince">wxEmbedded</a> page.<P>

<h3><a name="winxp">What do I need to do for Windows XP?</a></h3>

In the same directory as you have your executable (e.g. foo.exe) you
put a file called foo.exe.manifest in which you have something like
the following:

<pre>
&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?&gt;
&lt;assembly
   xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"
   manifestVersion="1.0"&gt;
&lt;assemblyIdentity
    processorArchitecture="x86"
    version="5.1.0.0"
    type="win32"
    name="foo.exe"/&gt;
    &lt;description&gt;Foo program&lt;/description&gt;
    &lt;dependency&gt;
    &lt;dependentAssembly&gt;
    &lt;assemblyIdentity
         type="win32"
         name="Microsoft.Windows.Common-Controls"
         version="6.0.0.0"
         publicKeyToken="6595b64144ccf1df"
         language="*"
         processorArchitecture="x86"/&gt;
    &lt;/dependentAssembly&gt;
    &lt;/dependency&gt;
&lt;/assembly&gt;
</pre>

If you want to add it to your application permanently,
you can also include it in your .rc file using this
line:<P>

<PRE>
  1 24 "winxp.manifest"
</PRE>

In wxWidgets 2.5, this will be in the wx/msw/wx.rc and
so will happen automatically so long as you include wx.rc
in your own .rc file.<P>

For an explanation of this syntax, please see
<a href="http://delphi.about.com/library/bluc/text/uc111601a.htm" target=_new>this
article</a>.
<P>

<h3><a name="compilers">What compilers are supported?</a></h3>

Please see the wxWidgets 2 for Windows install.txt file for up-to-date information, but
currently the following are known to work:<P>

<ul>
<li>Visual C++ 1.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.1
<li>Borland C++ 4.5, 5.0, 5.5
<li>Borland C++Builder 1.0, 3.0, X
<li>Watcom C++ 10.6 (Win32), OpenWatcom 1.0
<li>Cygwin (using configure)
<li>Mingw32
<li>MetroWerks CodeWarrior (many versions)
<li>Digital Mars 8.34+
</ul>
<P>


<h3><a name="bestcompiler">Which is the best compiler to use with wxWidgets 2?</a></h3>

It&#39;s partly a matter of taste, but I (JACS) prefer Visual C++ since the debugger is very
good, it&#39;s very stable, the documentation is extensive, and it generates small executables.
Since project files are plain text, it&#39;s easy for me to generate appropriate project files
for wxWidgets samples.<P>

Borland C++ is fine - and very fast - but it&#39;s hard (impossible?) to use the debugger without using project files, and
the debugger is nowhere near up to VC++&#39;s quality. The IDE isn&#39;t great.<P>

C++Builder&#39;s power isn&#39;t really used with wxWidgets since it needs integration with its
own class library (VCL). For wxWidgets, I&#39;ve only used it with makefiles, in which case
it&#39;s almost identical to BC++ 5.0 (the same makefiles can be used).<P>

You can&#39;t beat Cygwin&#39;s price (free), and you can debug adequately using gdb. However, it&#39;s
quite slow to compile since it does not use precompiled headers.<P>

CodeWarrior is cross-platform - you can debug and generate Windows executables from a Mac, but not
the other way around I think - but the IDE is, to my mind, a bit primitive.<P>

Watcom C++ is a little slow and the debugger is not really up to today&#39;s standards.<P>

Among the free compilers the best choice seem to be Borland C++ command line
tools and mingw32 (port of gcc to Win32). Both of them are supported by
wxWidgets.

<h3><a name="unicode">Is Unicode supported?</a></h3>

Yes, Unicode is fully supported under Windows NT/2000 and there is limited
support for it under Windows 9x using <a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/handson/dev/mslu_announce.mspx">MSLU</a>.
<p>

<h3><a name="doublebyte">Does wxWidgets support double byte fonts (Chinese/Japanese/Korean etc.)?</a></h3>

For Japanese under Win2000, it seems that wxWidgets has no problems to work
with double byte char sets (meaning DBCS, not Unicode). First you have to
install Japanese support on your Win2K system and choose for ANSI translation
<tt>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Nls\CodePage=932</tt>
(default is 1252 for Western). Then you can see all the Japanese letters in
wxWidgets applications.
<p>

<h3><a name="dll">Can you compile wxWidgets 2 as a DLL?</a></h3>

Yes (using the Visual C++ or Borland C++ makefile), but be aware that distributing DLLs is a thorny issue
and you may be better off compiling statically-linked applications, unless you&#39;re
delivering a suite of separate programs, or you&#39;re compiling a lot of wxWidgets applications
and have limited hard disk space.<P>

With a DLL approach, and with different versions and configurations of wxWidgets
needing to be catered for, the end user may end up with a host of large DLLs in his or her Windows system directory,
negating the point of using DLLs. Of course, this is not a problem just associated with
wxWidgets!
<P>

<h3><a name="exesize">How can I reduce executable size?</a></h3>

You can compile wxWidgets as a DLL (see above, VC++/BC++ only at present). You should also
compile your programs for release using non-debugging and space-optimisation options, but
take with VC++ 5/6 space optimisation: it can sometimes cause problems.<P>

If you want to distribute really small executables, you can
use <a href="http://www.un4seen.com/petite/" target=_top>Petite</a>
by Ian Luck. This nifty utility compresses Windows executables by around 50%, so your 500KB executable
will shrink to a mere 250KB. With this sort of size, there is reduced incentive to
use DLLs. Another good compression tool (probably better than Petite) is <a href="http://upx.sourceforge.net/" target=_top>UPX</a>.
<P>

Please do not be surprised if MinGW produces a statically-linked minimal executable of 1 MB. Firstly, gcc
produces larger executables than some compilers. Secondly, this figure will
include most of the overhead of wxWidgets, so as your application becomes more
complex, the overhead becomes proportionally less significant. And thirdly, trading executable compactness
for the enormous increase in productivity you get with wxWidgets is almost always well worth it.<P>

If you have a really large executable compiled with MinGW (for example 20MB) then
you need to configure wxWidgets to compile without debugging information: see
docs/msw/install.txt for details. You may find that using configure instead
of makefile.g95 is easier, particularly since you can maintain debug and
release versions of the library simultaneously, in different directories.
Also, run &#39;strip&#39; after linking to remove all traces of debug info.
<P>

<H3><a name="mfc">Is wxWidgets compatible with MFC?</a></H3>

There is a sample which demonstrates MFC and wxWidgets code co-existing in the same
application. However, don&#39;t expect to be able to enable wxWidgets windows with OLE-2
functionality using MFC.<P>

<H3><a name="setuph">Why do I get errors about setup.h not being found?</a></H3>

When you build the wxWidgets library, setup.h is copied
from include/wx/msw/setup.h to e.g. lib/mswd/wx/setup.h (the path
depends on the configuration you&#39;re building). So you need to add
this include path if building using the static Debug library:<P>

lib/mswd<P>

or if building the static Release library, lib/msw.<P>

See also the <a href="http://wiki.wxwidgets.org/wiki.pl?Table_Of_Contents">wxWiki Contents</a>
for more information.<P>


<H3><a name="asuffix">Why do I get errors about FooBarA when I only use FooBar in my program?</H3>

If you get errors like
<p>
<center>
<tt>no matching function for call to &#39;wxDC::DrawTextA(const char[5], int,
int)&#39;</tt>
</center>
<p>
or similar ones for the other functions, i.e. the compiler error messages
mention the function with the <tt>&#39;A&#39;</tt> suffix while you didn&#39;t
use it in your code, the explanation is that you had included
<tt>&#60;windows.h&#062;</tt> header which redefines many symbols to have such
suffix (or <tt>&#39;W&#39;</tt> in the Unicode builds).

<p>
The fix is to either not include <tt>&#60;windows.h&#62;</tt> at all or include
<tt>"wx/msw/winundef.h"</tt> immediately after it.

<H3><a name="newerrors">Why my code fails to compile with strange errors about new operator?</a></H3>

The most common cause of this problem is the memory debugging settings in
<tt>wx/msw/setup.h</tt>. You have several choices:

<ul>
    <li> Either disable overloading the global operator new completely by
         setting <tt>wxUSE_GLOBAL_MEMORY_OPERATORS</tt> and
         <tt>wxUSE_DEBUG_NEW_ALWAYS</tt> to 0 in this file
    <li> Or leave them on but do <tt>#undef new</tt> after including any
         wxWidgets headers, like this the memory debugging will be still on
         for wxWidgets sources but off for your own code
</ul>

Notice that IMHO the first solution is preferable for VC++ users who can use
the <a href="#vcdebug">VC++ CRT memory debugging features</a> instead.

<H3><a name="mfcport">How do I port MFC applications to wxWidgets?</a></H3>

Set up your interface from scratch using wxWidgets (especially <a href="http://www.robeling.de" target=_top>wxDesigner</a>
or <a href="http://www.anthemion.co.uk/dialogblocks/" target=_new>DialogBlocks</a> --
it&#39;ll save you a <i>lot</i> of time) and when you have a shell prepared, you can start
&#39;pouring in&#39; code from the MFC app, with appropriate
modifications. This is the approach I have used, and I found
it very satisfactory. A two-step process then - reproduce the bare
interface first, then wire it up afterwards. That way you deal
with each area of complexity separately. Don&#39;t try to think MFC
and wxWidgets simultaneously from the beginning - it is easier to
reproduce the initial UI by looking at the behaviour of the MFC
app, not its code.

<H3><a name="crash">Why do I sometimes get bizarre crash problems using VC++ 5/6?</a></H3>

Some crash problems can be due to inconsistent compiler
options (and of course this isn&#39;t limited to wxWidgets).
If strange/weird/impossible things start to happen please
check (dumping IDE project file as makefile and doing text comparison
if necessary) that the project settings, especially the list of defined
symbols, struct packing, etc. are exactly the same for all items in
the project. After this, delete everything (including PCH) and recompile.<P>

VC++ 5&#39;s optimization code seems to be broken and can
cause problems: this can be seen when deleting an object Dialog
Editor, in Release mode with optimizations on. If in doubt,
switch off optimisations, although this will result in much
larger executables. It seems possible that the library can be created with
strong optimization, so long as the application is not strongly
optimized. For example, in wxWidgets project, set to &#39;Minimum
Size&#39;. In Dialog Editor project, set to &#39;Customize: Favor Small
Code&#39; (and no others). This will then work.<P>

<H3><a name="makefiles">How are the wxWidgets makefiles edited under Windows?</a></H3>

wxWidgets 2.5.x and above uses Bakefile to generate makefiles, which
is described in technical note 16 under docs/tech in your distribution.
For 2.4.x, the following explanation applies.<P>

As of wxWidgets 2.1, there is a new system written by Vadim Zeitlin, that
generates the makefiles from templates using tmake.<P>

Here are Vadim&#39;s notes:<P>

<blockquote>
To use these new makefiles, you don&#39;t need anything (but see below).
However, you should NOT modify them because these files will be
rewritten when I regenerate them using tmake the next time. So, if
you find a problem with any of these makefiles (say, makefile.b32)
you&#39;ll need to modify the corresponding template (b32.t in this
example) and regenerate the makefile using tmake.<P>

tmake can be found at
<a href="http://www.troll.no/freebies/tmake.html" target=_new>www.troll.no/freebies/tmake.html</a>.
It&#39;s a Perl5 program and so it needs Perl (doh). There is a binary for 
Windows (available from the same page), but I haven&#39;t used it, so
I don&#39;t know if it works as flawlessly as "perl tmake" does (note
for people knowing Perl: don&#39;t try to run tmake with -w, it won&#39;t
do you any good). Using it extremely simple: to regenerate makefile.b32
just go to distrib/msw/tmake and type<P>

<pre>tmake -t b32 wxwin.pro -o ../../src/msw/makefile.b32</pre><P>

The makefiles are untested - I don&#39;t have any of Borland, Watcom  or
Symantec and I don&#39;t have enough diskspace to recompile even with
VC6 using makefiles. The new makefiles are as close as possible to the
old ones, but not closer: in fact, there has been many strange things
(should I say bugs?) in some of makefiles, some files were not compiled
without any reason etc. Please test them and notify me about any problems.
Better yet, modify the template files to generate the correct makefiles
and check them in.<P>

The templates are described in tmake ref manual (1-2 pages of text)
and are quite simple. They do contain some Perl code, but my Perl is
primitive (very C like) so it should be possible for anybody to make
trivial modifications to it (I hope that only trivial modifications
will be needed). I&#39;ve tagged the ol makefiles as MAKEFILES_WITHOUT_TMAKE
in the cvs, so you can always retrieve them and compare the new ones,
this will make it easier to solve the problems you might have.<P>

Another important file is filelist.txt: it contains the list of all
files to be compiled. Some of them are only compiled in 16/32 bit mode.
Some other are only compiled with some compilers (others can&#39;t compile
them) - all this info is contained in this file.<P>

So now adding a new file to wxWidgets is as easy as modifying filelist.txt
(and Makefile.ams for Unix ports) and regenerating the makefiles - no
need to modify all files manually any more.<P>

 Finally, there is also a file vc6.t which I use myself: this one
generates a project file for VC++ 6.0 (I didn&#39;t create vc5.t because
I don&#39;t need it and can&#39;t test it, but it should be trivial to create
one from vc6.t - probably the only things to change would be the
version number in the very beginning and the /Z option - VC5 doesn&#39;t
support edit-and=continue). This is not an officially supported way
of building wxWidgets (that is, nobody guarantees that it will work),
but it has been very useful to me and I hope it will be also for
others. To generate wxWidgets.dsp run<P>

<pre>tmake -t vc6 wxwin.pro -o ../../wxWidgets.dsp</pre><P>

Then just include this project in any workspace or open it from VC IDE
and it will create a new workspace for you.<P>

If all goes well, I&#39;m planning to create a template file for Makefile.ams
under src/gtk and src/motif and also replace all makefiles in the samples
subdirectories with the project files from which all the others will be
generated. At least it will divide the number of files in samples
directory by 10 (and the number of files to be maintained too).
</blockquote>

<P>

<H3><a name="vcdebug">How do you use VC++&#39;s memory leak checking instead of that in wxWidgets?</a></H3>

Vadim Zeitlin:

<pre>
On the VC++ level, it&#39;s just the matter of calling _CrtSetDbgFlag() in the very
beginning of the program. In wxWidgets, this is done automatically when
compiling with VC++ in debug mode unless wxUSE_GLOBAL_MEMORY_OPERATORS or
__NO_VC_CRTDBG__ are defined - this check is done in wx/msw/msvcrt.h which
is included from app.cpp which then calls wxCrtSetDbgFlag() without any
ifdefs.

This works quite well: at the end of the program, all leaked blocks with their
malloc count are shown. This number (malloc count) can be used to determine
where exactly the object was allocated: for this it&#39;s enough to set the variable
_crtBreakAlloc (look in VC98\crt\srs\dbgheap.c line 326) to this number and
a breakpoint will be triggered when the block with this number is allocated.

For simple situations it works like a charm. For something more complicated
like reading uninitialized memory a specialized tool is probably better...

Regards,
VZ
</pre>

<P>

<H3><a name="shortcutproblem">Why are menu hotkeys or shortcuts not working in my application?</a></H3>

This can happen if you have a child window intercepting EVT_CHAR events and swallowing
all keyboard input. You should ensure that event.Skip() is called for all input that
isn&#39;used by the event handler.<P>

It can also happen if you append the submenu to the parent
menu {\it before} you have added your menu items. Do the append {\it after} adding
your items, or accelerators may not be registered properly.<P>

<H3><a name="#regconfig">Why can I not write to the HKLM part of the registry with wxRegConfig?</a></H3>

Currently this is not possible because the wxConfig family of classes is
supposed to deal with per-user application configuration data, and HKLM is
only supposed to be writeable by a user with Administrator privileges. In theory,
only installers should write to HKLM. This is still a point debated by the
wxWidgets developers. There are at least two ways to work around it if you really
need to write to HKLM.<P>

First, you can use wxRegKey directly, for example:

<pre>
    wxRegKey regKey;

    wxString idName(wxT("HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\My Company\\My Product\\Stuff\\"));
    idName += packid;

    regKey.SetName(idName);

    {
        wxLogNull dummy; 
        if (!regKey.Create())
        {
            idName = wxT("HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\SOFTWARE\\My Company\\My Product\\Stuff\\");
            idName += packid;
            regKey.SetName(idName);
            if (!regKey.Create())
                return FALSE;
        }
    }

    if (!regKey.SetValue(wxT("THING"), (long) thing)) err += 1;

    regKey.Close();

</pre>

Or, you can employ this trick suggested by Istvan Kovacs:

<pre>
class myGlobalConfig : public wxConfig
{
    myGlobalConfig() :
        wxConfig ("myApp", "myCompany", "", "", wxCONFIG_USE_GLOBAL_FILE)
{};
    bool Write(const wxString& key, const wxString& value);
}

bool myGlobalConfig::Write (const wxString& key, const wxString& value)
{
    wxString path = wxString ("SOFTWARE\\myCompany\\myApp\\") + wxPathOnly(key);
    wxString new_path = path.Replace ("/", "\\", true);
    wxString new_key = wxFileNameFromPath (key);
    LocalKey().SetName (wxRegKey::HKLM, path);
    return wxConfig::Write (new_key, value);
}
</pre>

<H3><a name="#access">Is MS Active Accessibility supported?</a></H3>

This is being worked on. Please see <a href="http://www.wxwidgets.org/access.htm">this page</a>
for the current status.

<P>


<h3><a name="#dspfmt">Why does Visual C++ complain about corrupted project files?</a></h3>

If you have downloaded the wxWidgets sources from the cvs using a Unix cvs
client or downloaded a daily snapshot in <tt>.tar.gz</tt> format, it is likely
that the project files have Unix line endings (LF) instead of the DOS ones (CR
LF). However all versions of Visual C++ up to and including 7.1 can only open
the files with the DOS line endings, so you must transform the files to this
format using any of the thousands ways to do it.
<p>
Of course, another possibility is to always use only the Windows cvs client
and to avoid this problem completely.
<p>

<h3><a name="#crtmismatch">Visual C++ gives errors about multiply defined symbols, what can I do?</a></h3>

If you get errors like this

<pre>
MSVCRTD.lib(MSVCRTD.dll) : error LNK2005: _xxxxxx already defined in LIBCD.lib(yyyyy.obj)
</pre>

when linking your project, this means that you used different versions of CRT
(C Run-Time) library for wxWindows (or possibly another library) and the main
project. Visual C++ provides static or dynamic and multithread safe or not
versions of CRT for each of debug and release builds, for a total of 8
libraries. You can choose among them by going to the "Code generation"
page/subitem of the "C++" tab/item in the project proprieties dialog in VC6/7.
<p>
To avoid problems, you <strong>must</strong> use the same one for all
components of your project. wxWindows uses multithread safe DLL version of the
CRT which is a good choice but may be problematic when distributing your
applications if you don&#39;t include the CRT DLL in your installation -- in this
case you may decide to switch to using a static CRT version. If you build with
<tt>wxUSE_THREADS == 0</tt> you may also use the non MT-safe version as it is
slightly smaller and faster.
<p>
But the most important thing is to use the <strong>same</strong> CRT setting for
all components of your project.

<h3><a name="#directx">Why do I get compilation errors when using wxWidgets with DirectShow?</a></h3>

If you get errors when including Microsoft DirectShow or DirectDraw headers,
the following message from Peter Whaite could help:
<blockquote><pre>
&gt; This causes compilation errors within DirectShow:
&gt;
&gt; wxutil.h(125) : error C2065: &#39;EXECUTE_ASSERT&#39; : undeclared identifier
&gt; amfilter.h(1099) : error C2065: &#39;ASSERT&#39; : undeclared identifier

The reason for this is that __WXDEBUG__ is also used by the DXSDK (9.0
in my case) to &#39;#pragma once&#39; the contents of
DXSDK/Samples/C++/DirectShow/BaseClasses/wxdebug.h.  So if __WXDEBUG__
is defined, then wxdebug.h doesn&#39;t get included, and the assert macros
don&#39;t get defined.  You have to #undef __WXDEBUG__ before including the
directshow baseclass&#39;s &lt;streams.h&gt;.
</pre></blockquote>

<h3><a name="#handlewm">How do I handle Windows messages in my wxWidgets program?</a></h3>

To handle a Windows message you need to override a virtual
<tt>MSWWindowProc()</tt> method in a wxWindow-derived class. You should then
test if <tt>nMsg</tt> parameter is the message you need to process and perform
the necessary action if it is or call the base class method otherwise.


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