doc/apt-get.8.xml

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  10 <refentry>
  11
  12  <refentryinfo>
  13    &apt-author.jgunthorpe;
  14    &apt-author.team;
  15    &apt-email;
  16    &apt-product;
  17    <!-- The last update date -->
  18    <date>29 February 2004</date>
  19  </refentryinfo>
  20
  21  <refmeta>
  22    <refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle>
  23    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
  24  </refmeta>
  25
  26  <!-- Man page title -->
  27  <refnamediv>
  28     <refname>apt-get</refname>
  29     <refpurpose>APT package handling utility -- command-line interface</refpurpose>
  30  </refnamediv>
  31
  32  <!-- Arguments -->
  33  <refsynopsisdiv>
  34    <cmdsynopsis>
  35       <command>apt-get</command>
  36       <arg><option>-hvs</option></arg>
  37       <arg><option>-o=<replaceable>config string</replaceable></option></arg>
  38       <arg><option>-c=<replaceable>file</replaceable></option></arg>
  39       <group choice="req">
  40          <arg>update</arg>
  41          <arg>upgrade</arg>
  42          <arg>dselect-upgrade</arg>
  43          <arg>install <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>pkg</replaceable></arg></arg>
  44          <arg>remove <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>pkg</replaceable></arg></arg>
  45          <arg>purge <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>pkg</replaceable></arg></arg>
  46          <arg>source <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>pkg</replaceable></arg></arg>
  47          <arg>build-dep <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>pkg</replaceable></arg></arg>
  48          <arg>check</arg>
  49          <arg>clean</arg>
  50          <arg>autoclean</arg>
  51          <arg>autoremove</arg>
  52       </group>
  53    </cmdsynopsis>
  54  </refsynopsisdiv>
  55
  56  <refsect1><title>Description</title>
  57    <para><command>apt-get</command> is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be
  58    considered the user's "back-end" to other tools using the APT
  59    library.  Several "front-end" interfaces exist, such as dselect(8),
  60    aptitude, synaptic, gnome-apt and wajig.</para>
  61
  62    <para>Unless the <option>-h</option>, or <option>--help</option> option is given, one of the
  63    commands below must be present.</para>
  64
  65    <variablelist>
  66      <varlistentry><term>update</term>
  67      <listitem><para><literal>update</literal> is used to resynchronize the package index files from
  68      their sources. The indexes of available packages are fetched from the
  69      location(s) specified in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>.
  70      For example, when using a Debian archive, this command retrieves and
  71      scans the <filename>Packages.gz</filename> files, so that information about new
  72      and updated packages is available. An <literal>update</literal> should always be
  73      performed before an <literal>upgrade</literal> or <literal>dist-upgrade</literal>. Please
  74      be aware that the overall progress meter will be incorrect as the size
  75      of the package files cannot be known in advance.</para></listitem>
  76      </varlistentry>
  77
  78      <varlistentry><term>upgrade</term>
  79      <listitem><para><literal>upgrade</literal> is used to install the newest versions of all packages
  80      currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in
  81      <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>. Packages currently installed with
  82      new versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances
  83      are currently installed packages removed, or packages not already installed
  84      retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed packages that
  85      cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package
  86      will be left at their current version. An <literal>update</literal> must be
  87      performed first so that <command>apt-get</command> knows that new versions of packages are
  88      available.</para></listitem>
  89      </varlistentry>
  90
  91      <varlistentry><term>dselect-upgrade</term>
  92      <listitem><para><literal>dselect-upgrade</literal>
  93      is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian packaging
  94      front-end, &dselect;. <literal>dselect-upgrade</literal>
  95      follows the changes made by &dselect; to the <literal>Status</literal>
  96      field of available packages, and performs the actions necessary to realize
  97      that state (for instance, the removal of old and the installation of new
  98      packages).</para></listitem>
  99      </varlistentry>
 100
 101      <varlistentry><term>dist-upgrade</term>
 102      <listitem><para><literal>dist-upgrade</literal> in addition to performing the function of
 103      <literal>upgrade</literal>, also intelligently handles changing dependencies
 104      with new versions of packages; <command>apt-get</command> has a "smart" conflict
 105      resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most important
 106      packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary.
 107      The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file contains a list of locations
 108      from which to retrieve desired package files.
 109      See also &apt-preferences; for a mechanism for
 110      overriding the general settings for individual packages.</para></listitem>
 111      </varlistentry>
 112
 113      <varlistentry><term>install</term>
 114      <listitem><para><literal>install</literal> is followed by one or more packages desired for
 115      installation. Each package is a package name, not a fully qualified
 116      filename (for instance, in a Debian GNU/Linux system, libc6 would be the
 117      argument provided, not <literal>libc6_1.9.6-2.deb</literal>) All packages required
 118      by the package(s) specified for installation will also be retrieved and
 119      installed. The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> file is used to locate
 120      the desired packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with
 121      no intervening space), the identified package will be removed if it is
 122      installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to designate a package to
 123      install. These latter features may be used to override decisions made by
 124      apt-get's conflict resolution system.</para>
 125
 126      <para>A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by
 127      following the package name with an equals and the version of the package
 128      to select. This will cause that version to be located and selected for
 129      install. Alternatively a specific distribution can be selected by
 130      following the package name with a slash and the version of the
 131      distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing, unstable).</para>
 132
 133      <para>Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and must
 134      be used with care.</para>
 135
 136      <para>Finally, the &apt-preferences; mechanism allows you to
 137      create an alternative installation policy for
 138      individual packages.</para>
 139
 140      <para>If no package matches the given expression and the expression contains one
 141      of '.', '?' or '*' then it is assumed to be a POSIX regular expression,
 142      and it is applied
 143      to all package names in the database. Any matches are then installed (or
 144      removed). Note that matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches 'how-lo'
 145      and 'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expression
 146      with a '^' or '$' character, or create a more specific regular expression.</para></listitem>
 147      </varlistentry>
 148
 149      <varlistentry><term>remove</term>
 150      <listitem><para><literal>remove</literal> is identical to <literal>install</literal> except that packages are
 151      removed instead of installed. If a plus sign is appended to the package
 152      name (with no intervening space), the identified package will be
 153      installed instead of removed.</para></listitem>
 154      </varlistentry>
 155
 156      <varlistentry><term>purge</term>
 157      <listitem><para><literal>purge</literal> is identical to <literal>remove</literal> except that packages are
 158      removed and purged.</para></listitem>
 159      </varlistentry>
 160
 161      <varlistentry><term>source</term>
 162      <listitem><para><literal>source</literal> causes <command>apt-get</command> to fetch source packages. APT
 163      will examine the available packages to decide which source package to
 164      fetch. It will then find and download into the current directory the
 165      newest available version of that source package. Source packages are
 166      tracked separately from binary packages via <literal>deb-src</literal> type lines
 167      in the &sources-list; file. This probably will mean that you will not
 168      get the same source as the package you have installed or as you could
 169      install. If the --compile options is specified then the package will be
 170      compiled to a binary .deb using dpkg-buildpackage, if --download-only is
 171      specified then the source package will not be unpacked.</para>
 172
 173      <para>A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source name
 174      with an equals and then the version to fetch, similar to the mechanism
 175      used for the package files. This enables exact matching of the source
 176      package name and version, implicitly enabling the
 177      <literal>APT::Get::Only-Source</literal> option.</para>
 178
 179      <para>Note that source packages are not tracked like binary packages, they
 180      exist only in the current directory and are similar to downloading source
 181      tar balls.</para></listitem>
 182      </varlistentry>
 183
 184      <varlistentry><term>build-dep</term>
 185      <listitem><para><literal>build-dep</literal> causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an
 186      attempt to satisfy the build dependencies for a source package.</para></listitem>
 187      </varlistentry>
 188
 189      <varlistentry><term>check</term>
 190      <listitem><para><literal>check</literal> is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks
 191      for broken dependencies.</para></listitem>
 192      </varlistentry>
 193
 194      <varlistentry><term>clean</term>
 195      <listitem><para><literal>clean</literal> clears out the local repository of retrieved package
 196      files. It removes everything but the lock file from
 197      <filename>&cachedir;/archives/</filename> and
 198      <filename>&cachedir;/archives/partial/</filename>. When APT is used as a
 199      &dselect; method, <literal>clean</literal> is run automatically.
 200      Those who do not use dselect will likely want to run <literal>apt-get clean</literal>
 201      from time to time to free up disk space.</para></listitem>
 202      </varlistentry>
 203
 204      <varlistentry><term>autoclean</term>
 205      <listitem><para>Like <literal>clean</literal>, <literal>autoclean</literal> clears out the local
 206      repository of retrieved package files. The difference is that it only
 207      removes package files that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely
 208      useless. This allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without
 209      it growing out of control. The configuration option
 210      <literal>APT::Clean-Installed</literal> will prevent installed packages from being
 211      erased if it is set to off.</para></listitem>
 212      </varlistentry>
 213
 214      <varlistentry><term>autoremove</term>
 215      <listitem><para><literal>autoremove</literal> is used to remove packages that were automatically
 216      installed to satisfy dependencies for some package and that are no more needed.</para></listitem>
 217      </varlistentry>
 218    </variablelist>
 219  </refsect1>
 220
 221  <refsect1><title>options</title>
 222    &apt-cmdblurb;
 223
 224    <variablelist>
 225      <varlistentry><term><option>-d</option></term><term><option>--download-only</option></term>
 226      <listitem><para>Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or installed.
 227      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Download-Only</literal>.</para></listitem>
 228      </varlistentry>
 229
 230      <varlistentry><term><option>-f</option></term><term><option>--fix-broken</option></term>
 231      <listitem><para>Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in
 232      place. This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages
 233      to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. Any Package that are specified
 234      must completely correct the problem. The option is sometimes necessary when
 235      running APT for the first time; APT itself does not allow broken package
 236      dependencies to exist on a system. It is possible that a system's
 237      dependency structure can be so corrupt as to require manual intervention
 238      (which usually means using &dselect; or <command>dpkg --remove</command> to eliminate some of
 239      the offending packages). Use of this option together with <option>-m</option> may produce an
 240      error in some situations.
 241      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Fix-Broken</literal>.</para></listitem>
 242      </varlistentry>
 243
 244      <varlistentry><term><option>-m</option></term><term><option>--ignore-missing</option></term>
 245      <term><option>--fix-missing</option></term>
 246      <listitem><para>Ignore missing packages; If packages cannot be retrieved or fail the
 247      integrity check after retrieval (corrupted package files), hold back
 248      those packages and handle the result. Use of this option together with
 249      <option>-f</option> may produce an error in some situations. If a package is
 250      selected for installation (particularly if it is mentioned on the
 251      command line) and it could not be downloaded then it will be silently
 252      held back.
 253      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Fix-Missing</literal>.</para></listitem>
 254      </varlistentry>
 255
 256      <varlistentry><term><option>--no-download</option></term>
 257      <listitem><para>Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with
 258      <option>--ignore-missing</option> to force APT to use only the .debs it has
 259      already downloaded.
 260      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Download</literal>.</para></listitem>
 261      </varlistentry>
 262
 263      <varlistentry><term><option>-q</option></term><term><option>--quiet</option></term>
 264      <listitem><para>Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress indicators.
 265      More q's will produce more quiet up to a maximum of 2. You can also use
 266      <option>-q=#</option> to set the quiet level, overriding the configuration file.
 267      Note that quiet level 2 implies <option>-y</option>, you should never use -qq
 268      without a no-action modifier such as -d, --print-uris or -s as APT may
 269      decided to do something you did not expect.
 270      Configuration Item: <literal>quiet</literal>.</para></listitem>
 271      </varlistentry>
 272
 273      <varlistentry><term><option>-s</option></term>
 274                    <term><option>--simulate</option></term>
 275                    <term><option>--just-print</option></term>
 276                    <term><option>--dry-run</option></term>
 277                    <term><option>--recon</option></term>
 278                    <term><option>--no-act</option></term>
 279      <listitem><para>No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur but do not
 280      actually change the system.
 281      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Simulate</literal>.</para>
 282
 283      <para>Simulate prints out
 284      a series of lines each one representing a dpkg operation, Configure (Conf),
 285      Remove (Remv), Unpack (Inst). Square brackets indicate broken packages with
 286      and empty set of square brackets meaning breaks that are of no consequence
 287      (rare).</para></listitem>
 288      </varlistentry>
 289
 290      <varlistentry><term><option>-y</option></term><term><option>--yes</option></term>
 291                    <term><option>--assume-yes</option></term>
 292      <listitem><para>Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and run
 293      non-interactively. If an undesirable situation, such as changing a held
 294      package, trying to install a unauthenticated package or removing an essential package
 295      occurs then <literal>apt-get</literal> will abort.
 296      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Assume-Yes</literal>.</para></listitem>
 297      </varlistentry>
 298
 299      <varlistentry><term><option>-u</option></term><term><option>--show-upgraded</option></term>
 300      <listitem><para>Show upgraded packages; Print out a list of all packages that are to be
 301      upgraded.
 302      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Show-Upgraded</literal>.</para></listitem>
 303      </varlistentry>
 304
 305      <varlistentry><term><option>-V</option></term><term><option>--verbose-versions</option></term>
 306      <listitem><para>Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages.
 307      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Show-Versions</literal>.</para></listitem>
 308      </varlistentry>
 309
 310      <varlistentry><term><option>-b</option></term><term><option>--compile</option></term>
 311                    <term><option>--build</option></term>
 312      <listitem><para>Compile source packages after downloading them.
 313      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Compile</literal>.</para></listitem>
 314      </varlistentry>
 315
 316      <varlistentry><term><option>--ignore-hold</option></term>
 317      <listitem><para>Ignore package Holds; This causes <command>apt-get</command> to ignore a hold
 318      placed on a package. This may be useful in conjunction with
 319      <literal>dist-upgrade</literal> to override a large number of undesired holds.
 320      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Ignore-Hold</literal>.</para></listitem>
 321      </varlistentry>
 322
 323      <varlistentry><term><option>--no-upgrade</option></term>
 324      <listitem><para>Do not upgrade packages; When used in conjunction with <literal>install</literal>,
 325      <literal>no-upgrade</literal> will prevent packages on the command line
 326      from being upgraded if they are already installed.
 327      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Upgrade</literal>.</para></listitem>
 328      </varlistentry>
 329
 330      <varlistentry><term><option>--force-yes</option></term>
 331      <listitem><para>Force yes; This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to continue
 332      without prompting if it is doing something potentially harmful. It
 333      should not be used except in very special situations. Using
 334      <literal>force-yes</literal> can potentially destroy your system!
 335      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::force-yes</literal>.</para></listitem>
 336      </varlistentry>
 337
 338      <varlistentry><term><option>--print-uris</option></term>
 339      <listitem><para>Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed. Each
 340      URI will have the path, the destination file name, the size and the expected
 341      md5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will not always match
 342      the file name on the remote site! This also works with the
 343      <literal>source</literal> and <literal>update</literal> commands. When used with the
 344      <literal>update</literal> command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is
 345      up to the user to decompress any compressed files.
 346      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Print-URIs</literal>.</para></listitem>
 347      </varlistentry>
 348
 349      <varlistentry><term><option>--purge</option></term>
 350      <listitem><para>Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed.
 351      An asterisk ("*") will be displayed next to packages which are
 352      scheduled to be purged.
 353      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Purge</literal>.</para></listitem>
 354      </varlistentry>
 355
 356      <varlistentry><term><option>--reinstall</option></term>
 357      <listitem><para>Re-Install packages that are already installed and at the newest version.
 358      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::ReInstall</literal>.</para></listitem>
 359      </varlistentry>
 360
 361      <varlistentry><term><option>--list-cleanup</option></term>
 362      <listitem><para>This option defaults to on, use <literal>--no-list-cleanup</literal> to turn it
 363      off. When on <command>apt-get</command> will automatically manage the contents of
 364      <filename>&statedir;/lists</filename> to ensure that obsolete files are erased.
 365      The only  reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your source
 366      list.
 367      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::List-Cleanup</literal>.</para></listitem>
 368      </varlistentry>
 369
 370      <varlistentry><term><option>-t</option></term>
 371                    <term><option>--target-release</option></term>
 372                    <term><option>--default-release</option></term>
 373      <listitem><para>This option controls the default input to the policy engine, it creates
 374      a default pin at priority 990 using the specified release string. The
 375      preferences file may further override this setting. In short, this option
 376      lets you have simple control over which distribution packages will be
 377      retrieved from. Some common examples might be
 378      <option>-t '2.1*'</option> or <option>-t unstable</option>.
 379      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Default-Release</literal>;
 380      see also the &apt-preferences; manual page.</para></listitem>
 381      </varlistentry>
 382
 383      <varlistentry><term><option>--trivial-only</option></term>
 384      <listitem><para>
 385      Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be considered
 386      related to <option>--assume-yes</option>, where <option>--assume-yes</option> will answer
 387      yes to any prompt, <option>--trivial-only</option> will answer no.
 388      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Trivial-Only</literal>.</para></listitem>
 389      </varlistentry>
 390
 391      <varlistentry><term><option>--no-remove</option></term>
 392      <listitem><para>If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts without
 393      prompting.
 394      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Remove</literal>.</para></listitem>
 395      </varlistentry>
 396
 397      <varlistentry><term><option>--auto-remove</option></term>
 398      <listitem><para>If the command is either <literal>install</literal> or <literal>remove</literal>,
 399      then this option acts like running <literal>autoremove</literal> command, removing the unused
 400      dependency packages. Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::AutomaticRemove</literal>.
 401      </para></listitem>
 402      </varlistentry>
 403
 404      <varlistentry><term><option>--only-source</option></term>
 405      <listitem><para>Only has meaning for the
 406      <literal>source</literal> and <literal>build-dep</literal>
 407      commands.  Indicates that the given source names are not to be
 408      mapped through the binary table.  This means that if this option
 409      is specified, these commands will only accept source package
 410      names as arguments, rather than accepting binary package names
 411      and looking up the corresponding source package.  Configuration
 412      Item: <literal>APT::Get::Only-Source</literal>.</para></listitem>
 413      </varlistentry>
 414
 415      <varlistentry><term><option>--diff-only</option></term><term><option>--dsc-only</option></term><term><option>--tar-only</option></term>
 416      <listitem><para>Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive.
 417      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Diff-Only</literal>, <literal>APT::Get::Dsc-Only</literal>, and
 418      <literal>APT::Get::Tar-Only</literal>.</para></listitem>
 419      </varlistentry>
 420
 421      <varlistentry><term><option>--arch-only</option></term>
 422      <listitem><para>Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies.
 423      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::Arch-Only</literal>.</para></listitem>
 424      </varlistentry>
 425
 426      <varlistentry><term><option>--allow-unauthenticated</option></term>
 427      <listitem><para>Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about it.
 428      This is usefull for tools like pbuilder.
 429      Configuration Item: <literal>APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated</literal>.</para></listitem>
 430      </varlistentry>
 431
 432
 433      &apt-commonoptions;
 434
 435    </variablelist>
 436  </refsect1>
 437
 438  <refsect1><title>Files</title>
 439    <variablelist>
 440      <varlistentry><term><filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename></term>
 441      <listitem><para>Locations to fetch packages from.
 442      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::Etc::SourceList</literal>.</para></listitem>
 443      </varlistentry>
 444
 445      <varlistentry><term><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf</filename></term>
 446      <listitem><para>APT configuration file.
 447      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::Etc::Main</literal>.</para></listitem>
 448      </varlistentry>
 449
 450      <varlistentry><term><filename>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/</filename></term>
 451      <listitem><para>APT configuration file fragments
 452      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::Etc::Parts</literal>.</para></listitem>
 453      </varlistentry>
 454
 455      <varlistentry><term><filename>/etc/apt/preferences</filename></term>
 456      <listitem><para>Version preferences file.
 457      This is where you would specify "pinning",
 458      i.e. a preference to get certain packages
 459      from a separate source
 460      or from a different version of a distribution.
 461      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::Etc::Preferences</literal>.</para></listitem>
 462      </varlistentry>
 463
 464      <varlistentry><term><filename>&cachedir;/archives/</filename></term>
 465      <listitem><para>Storage area for retrieved package files.
 466      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::Cache::Archives</literal>.</para></listitem>
 467      </varlistentry>
 468
 469      <varlistentry><term><filename>&cachedir;/archives/partial/</filename></term>
 470      <listitem><para>Storage area for package files in transit.
 471      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::Cache::Archives</literal> (implicit partial). </para></listitem>
 472      </varlistentry>
 473
 474      <varlistentry><term><filename>&statedir;/lists/</filename></term>
 475      <listitem><para>Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in
 476      &sources-list;
 477      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::State::Lists</literal>.</para></listitem>
 478      </varlistentry>
 479
 480      <varlistentry><term><filename>&statedir;/lists/partial/</filename></term>
 481      <listitem><para> Storage area for state information in transit.
 482      Configuration Item: <literal>Dir::State::Lists</literal> (implicit partial).</para></listitem>
 483      </varlistentry>
 484    </variablelist>
 485  </refsect1>
 486
 487  <refsect1><title>See Also</title>
 488    <para>&apt-cache;, &apt-cdrom;, &dpkg;, &dselect;, &sources-list;,
 489    &apt-conf;, &apt-config;, &apt-secure;,
 490    The APT User's guide in &guidesdir;, &apt-preferences;, the APT Howto.</para>
 491  </refsect1>
 492
 493  <refsect1><title>Diagnostics</title>
 494    <para><command>apt-get</command> returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.</para>
 495  </refsect1>
 496
 497  &manbugs;
 498
 499 </refentry>