DropPrivs: Hard-fail if the user does not exist

[apt.git] / apt-pkg / contrib / fileutl.cc

// -*- mode: cpp; mode: fold -*-
// Description								/*{{{*/
/* ######################################################################
   
   File Utilities
   
   CopyFile - Buffered copy of a single file
   GetLock - dpkg compatible lock file manipulation (fcntl)
   
   Most of this source is placed in the Public Domain, do with it what 
   you will
   It was originally written by Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@debian.org>.
   FileFd gzip support added by Martin Pitt <martin.pitt@canonical.com>
   
   The exception is RunScripts() it is under the GPLv2

   ##################################################################### */
									/*}}}*/
// Include Files							/*{{{*/
#include <config.h>

#include <apt-pkg/fileutl.h>
#include <apt-pkg/strutl.h>
#include <apt-pkg/error.h>
#include <apt-pkg/sptr.h>
#include <apt-pkg/aptconfiguration.h>
#include <apt-pkg/configuration.h>
#include <apt-pkg/macros.h>

#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <glob.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <grp.h>

#include <set>
#include <algorithm>

#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
	#include <zlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
	#include <bzlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
	#include <lzma.h>
#endif
#include <endian.h>
#include <stdint.h>

#if __gnu_linux__
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#endif

#include <apti18n.h>
									/*}}}*/

using namespace std;

// RunScripts - Run a set of scripts from a configuration subtree	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool RunScripts(const char *Cnf)
{
   Configuration::Item const *Opts = _config->Tree(Cnf);
   if (Opts == 0 || Opts->Child == 0)
      return true;
   Opts = Opts->Child;

   // Fork for running the system calls
   pid_t Child = ExecFork();
   
   // This is the child
   if (Child == 0)
   {
      if (_config->FindDir("DPkg::Chroot-Directory","/") != "/") 
      {
         std::cerr << "Chrooting into " 
                   << _config->FindDir("DPkg::Chroot-Directory") 
                   << std::endl;
         if (chroot(_config->FindDir("DPkg::Chroot-Directory","/").c_str()) != 0)
            _exit(100);
      }

      if (chdir("/tmp/") != 0)
	 _exit(100);
	 
      unsigned int Count = 1;
      for (; Opts != 0; Opts = Opts->Next, Count++)
      {
	 if (Opts->Value.empty() == true)
	    continue;

         if(_config->FindB("Debug::RunScripts", false) == true)
            std::clog << "Running external script: '"
                      << Opts->Value << "'" << std::endl;

	 if (system(Opts->Value.c_str()) != 0)
	    _exit(100+Count);
      }
      _exit(0);
   }      

   // Wait for the child
   int Status = 0;
   while (waitpid(Child,&Status,0) != Child)
   {
      if (errno == EINTR)
	 continue;
      return _error->Errno("waitpid","Couldn't wait for subprocess");
   }

   // Restore sig int/quit
   signal(SIGQUIT,SIG_DFL);
   signal(SIGINT,SIG_DFL);   

   // Check for an error code.
   if (WIFEXITED(Status) == 0 || WEXITSTATUS(Status) != 0)
   {
      unsigned int Count = WEXITSTATUS(Status);
      if (Count > 100)
      {
	 Count -= 100;
	 for (; Opts != 0 && Count != 1; Opts = Opts->Next, Count--);
	 _error->Error("Problem executing scripts %s '%s'",Cnf,Opts->Value.c_str());
      }
      
      return _error->Error("Sub-process returned an error code");
   }
   
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/

// CopyFile - Buffered copy of a file					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* The caller is expected to set things so that failure causes erasure */
bool CopyFile(FileFd &From,FileFd &To)
{
   if (From.IsOpen() == false || To.IsOpen() == false ||
	 From.Failed() == true || To.Failed() == true)
      return false;
   
   // Buffered copy between fds
   SPtrArray<unsigned char> Buf = new unsigned char[64000];
   unsigned long long Size = From.Size();
   while (Size != 0)
   {
      unsigned long long ToRead = Size;
      if (Size > 64000)
	 ToRead = 64000;
      
      if (From.Read(Buf,ToRead) == false || 
	  To.Write(Buf,ToRead) == false)
	 return false;
      
      Size -= ToRead;
   }

   return true;   
}
									/*}}}*/
// GetLock - Gets a lock file						/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* This will create an empty file of the given name and lock it. Once this
   is done all other calls to GetLock in any other process will fail with
   -1. The return result is the fd of the file, the call should call
   close at some time. */
int GetLock(string File,bool Errors)
{
   // GetLock() is used in aptitude on directories with public-write access
   // Use O_NOFOLLOW here to prevent symlink traversal attacks
   int FD = open(File.c_str(),O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_NOFOLLOW,0640);
   if (FD < 0)
   {
      // Read only .. can't have locking problems there.
      if (errno == EROFS)
      {
	 _error->Warning(_("Not using locking for read only lock file %s"),File.c_str());
	 return dup(0);       // Need something for the caller to close
      }
      
      if (Errors == true)
	 _error->Errno("open",_("Could not open lock file %s"),File.c_str());

      // Feh.. We do this to distinguish the lock vs open case..
      errno = EPERM;
      return -1;
   }
   SetCloseExec(FD,true);
      
   // Acquire a write lock
   struct flock fl;
   fl.l_type = F_WRLCK;
   fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
   fl.l_start = 0;
   fl.l_len = 0;
   if (fcntl(FD,F_SETLK,&fl) == -1)
   {
      // always close to not leak resources
      int Tmp = errno;
      close(FD);
      errno = Tmp;

      if (errno == ENOLCK)
      {
	 _error->Warning(_("Not using locking for nfs mounted lock file %s"),File.c_str());
	 return dup(0);       // Need something for the caller to close	 
      }
  
      if (Errors == true)
	 _error->Errno("open",_("Could not get lock %s"),File.c_str());
      
      return -1;
   }

   return FD;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileExists - Check if a file exists					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* Beware: Directories are also files! */
bool FileExists(string File)
{
   struct stat Buf;
   if (stat(File.c_str(),&Buf) != 0)
      return false;
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// RealFileExists - Check if a file exists and if it is really a file	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool RealFileExists(string File)
{
   struct stat Buf;
   if (stat(File.c_str(),&Buf) != 0)
      return false;
   return ((Buf.st_mode & S_IFREG) != 0);
}
									/*}}}*/
// DirectoryExists - Check if a directory exists and is really one	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool DirectoryExists(string const &Path)
{
   struct stat Buf;
   if (stat(Path.c_str(),&Buf) != 0)
      return false;
   return ((Buf.st_mode & S_IFDIR) != 0);
}
									/*}}}*/
// CreateDirectory - poor man's mkdir -p guarded by a parent directory	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* This method will create all directories needed for path in good old
   mkdir -p style but refuses to do this if Parent is not a prefix of
   this Path. Example: /var/cache/ and /var/cache/apt/archives are given,
   so it will create apt/archives if /var/cache exists - on the other
   hand if the parent is /var/lib the creation will fail as this path
   is not a parent of the path to be generated. */
bool CreateDirectory(string const &Parent, string const &Path)
{
   if (Parent.empty() == true || Path.empty() == true)
      return false;

   if (DirectoryExists(Path) == true)
      return true;

   if (DirectoryExists(Parent) == false)
      return false;

   // we are not going to create directories "into the blue"
   if (Path.compare(0, Parent.length(), Parent) != 0)
      return false;

   vector<string> const dirs = VectorizeString(Path.substr(Parent.size()), '/');
   string progress = Parent;
   for (vector<string>::const_iterator d = dirs.begin(); d != dirs.end(); ++d)
   {
      if (d->empty() == true)
	 continue;

      progress.append("/").append(*d);
      if (DirectoryExists(progress) == true)
	 continue;

      if (mkdir(progress.c_str(), 0755) != 0)
	 return false;
   }
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// CreateAPTDirectoryIfNeeded - ensure that the given directory exists		/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* a small wrapper around CreateDirectory to check if it exists and to
   remove the trailing "/apt/" from the parent directory if needed */
bool CreateAPTDirectoryIfNeeded(string const &Parent, string const &Path)
{
   if (DirectoryExists(Path) == true)
      return true;

   size_t const len = Parent.size();
   if (len > 5 && Parent.find("/apt/", len - 6, 5) == len - 5)
   {
      if (CreateDirectory(Parent.substr(0,len-5), Path) == true)
	 return true;
   }
   else if (CreateDirectory(Parent, Path) == true)
      return true;

   return false;
}
									/*}}}*/
// GetListOfFilesInDir - returns a vector of files in the given dir	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* If an extension is given only files with this extension are included
   in the returned vector, otherwise every "normal" file is included. */
std::vector<string> GetListOfFilesInDir(string const &Dir, string const &Ext,
					bool const &SortList, bool const &AllowNoExt)
{
   std::vector<string> ext;
   ext.reserve(2);
   if (Ext.empty() == false)
      ext.push_back(Ext);
   if (AllowNoExt == true && ext.empty() == false)
      ext.push_back("");
   return GetListOfFilesInDir(Dir, ext, SortList);
}
std::vector<string> GetListOfFilesInDir(string const &Dir, std::vector<string> const &Ext,
					bool const &SortList)
{
   // Attention debuggers: need to be set with the environment config file!
   bool const Debug = _config->FindB("Debug::GetListOfFilesInDir", false);
   if (Debug == true)
   {
      std::clog << "Accept in " << Dir << " only files with the following " << Ext.size() << " extensions:" << std::endl;
      if (Ext.empty() == true)
	 std::clog << "\tNO extension" << std::endl;
      else
	 for (std::vector<string>::const_iterator e = Ext.begin();
	      e != Ext.end(); ++e)
	    std::clog << '\t' << (e->empty() == true ? "NO" : *e) << " extension" << std::endl;
   }

   std::vector<string> List;

   if (DirectoryExists(Dir) == false)
   {
      _error->Error(_("List of files can't be created as '%s' is not a directory"), Dir.c_str());
      return List;
   }

   Configuration::MatchAgainstConfig SilentIgnore("Dir::Ignore-Files-Silently");
   DIR *D = opendir(Dir.c_str());
   if (D == 0) 
   {
      _error->Errno("opendir",_("Unable to read %s"),Dir.c_str());
      return List;
   }

   for (struct dirent *Ent = readdir(D); Ent != 0; Ent = readdir(D)) 
   {
      // skip "hidden" files
      if (Ent->d_name[0] == '.')
	 continue;

      // Make sure it is a file and not something else
      string const File = flCombine(Dir,Ent->d_name);
#ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE
      if (Ent->d_type != DT_REG)
#endif
      {
	 if (RealFileExists(File) == false)
	 {
	    // do not show ignoration warnings for directories
	    if (
#ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE
		Ent->d_type == DT_DIR ||
#endif
		DirectoryExists(File) == true)
	       continue;
	    if (SilentIgnore.Match(Ent->d_name) == false)
	       _error->Notice(_("Ignoring '%s' in directory '%s' as it is not a regular file"), Ent->d_name, Dir.c_str());
	    continue;
	 }
      }

      // check for accepted extension:
      // no extension given -> periods are bad as hell!
      // extensions given -> "" extension allows no extension
      if (Ext.empty() == false)
      {
	 string d_ext = flExtension(Ent->d_name);
	 if (d_ext == Ent->d_name) // no extension
	 {
	    if (std::find(Ext.begin(), Ext.end(), "") == Ext.end())
	    {
	       if (Debug == true)
		  std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → no extension" << std::endl;
	       if (SilentIgnore.Match(Ent->d_name) == false)
		  _error->Notice(_("Ignoring file '%s' in directory '%s' as it has no filename extension"), Ent->d_name, Dir.c_str());
	       continue;
	    }
	 }
	 else if (std::find(Ext.begin(), Ext.end(), d_ext) == Ext.end())
	 {
	    if (Debug == true)
	       std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → bad extension »" << flExtension(Ent->d_name) << "«" << std::endl;
	    if (SilentIgnore.Match(Ent->d_name) == false)
	       _error->Notice(_("Ignoring file '%s' in directory '%s' as it has an invalid filename extension"), Ent->d_name, Dir.c_str());
	    continue;
	 }
      }

      // Skip bad filenames ala run-parts
      const char *C = Ent->d_name;
      for (; *C != 0; ++C)
	 if (isalpha(*C) == 0 && isdigit(*C) == 0
	     && *C != '_' && *C != '-' && *C != ':') {
	    // no required extension -> dot is a bad character
	    if (*C == '.' && Ext.empty() == false)
	       continue;
	    break;
	 }

      // we don't reach the end of the name -> bad character included
      if (*C != 0)
      {
	 if (Debug == true)
	    std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → bad character »"
	       << *C << "« in filename (period allowed: " << (Ext.empty() ? "no" : "yes") << ")" << std::endl;
	 continue;
      }

      // skip filenames which end with a period. These are never valid
      if (*(C - 1) == '.')
      {
	 if (Debug == true)
	    std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → Period as last character" << std::endl;
	 continue;
      }

      if (Debug == true)
	 std::clog << "Accept file: " << Ent->d_name << " in " << Dir << std::endl;
      List.push_back(File);
   }
   closedir(D);

   if (SortList == true)
      std::sort(List.begin(),List.end());
   return List;
}
std::vector<string> GetListOfFilesInDir(string const &Dir, bool SortList)
{
   bool const Debug = _config->FindB("Debug::GetListOfFilesInDir", false);
   if (Debug == true)
      std::clog << "Accept in " << Dir << " all regular files" << std::endl;

   std::vector<string> List;

   if (DirectoryExists(Dir) == false)
   {
      _error->Error(_("List of files can't be created as '%s' is not a directory"), Dir.c_str());
      return List;
   }

   DIR *D = opendir(Dir.c_str());
   if (D == 0)
   {
      _error->Errno("opendir",_("Unable to read %s"),Dir.c_str());
      return List;
   }

   for (struct dirent *Ent = readdir(D); Ent != 0; Ent = readdir(D)) 
   {
      // skip "hidden" files
      if (Ent->d_name[0] == '.')
	 continue;

      // Make sure it is a file and not something else
      string const File = flCombine(Dir,Ent->d_name);
#ifdef _DIRENT_HAVE_D_TYPE
      if (Ent->d_type != DT_REG)
#endif
      {
	 if (RealFileExists(File) == false)
	 {
	    if (Debug == true)
	       std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → it is not a real file" << std::endl;
	    continue;
	 }
      }

      // Skip bad filenames ala run-parts
      const char *C = Ent->d_name;
      for (; *C != 0; ++C)
	 if (isalpha(*C) == 0 && isdigit(*C) == 0
	     && *C != '_' && *C != '-' && *C != '.')
	    break;

      // we don't reach the end of the name -> bad character included
      if (*C != 0)
      {
	 if (Debug == true)
	    std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → bad character »" << *C << "« in filename" << std::endl;
	 continue;
      }

      // skip filenames which end with a period. These are never valid
      if (*(C - 1) == '.')
      {
	 if (Debug == true)
	    std::clog << "Bad file: " << Ent->d_name << " → Period as last character" << std::endl;
	 continue;
      }

      if (Debug == true)
	 std::clog << "Accept file: " << Ent->d_name << " in " << Dir << std::endl;
      List.push_back(File);
   }
   closedir(D);

   if (SortList == true)
      std::sort(List.begin(),List.end());
   return List;
}
									/*}}}*/
// SafeGetCWD - This is a safer getcwd that returns a dynamic string	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* We return / on failure. */
string SafeGetCWD()
{
   // Stash the current dir.
   char S[300];
   S[0] = 0;
   if (getcwd(S,sizeof(S)-2) == 0)
      return "/";
   unsigned int Len = strlen(S);
   S[Len] = '/';
   S[Len+1] = 0;
   return S;
}
									/*}}}*/
// GetModificationTime - Get the mtime of the given file or -1 on error /*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* We return / on failure. */
time_t GetModificationTime(string const &Path)
{
   struct stat St;
   if (stat(Path.c_str(), &St) < 0)
      return -1;
   return  St.st_mtime;
}
									/*}}}*/
// flNotDir - Strip the directory from the filename			/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
string flNotDir(string File)
{
   string::size_type Res = File.rfind('/');
   if (Res == string::npos)
      return File;
   Res++;
   return string(File,Res,Res - File.length());
}
									/*}}}*/
// flNotFile - Strip the file from the directory name			/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* Result ends in a / */
string flNotFile(string File)
{
   string::size_type Res = File.rfind('/');
   if (Res == string::npos)
      return "./";
   Res++;
   return string(File,0,Res);
}
									/*}}}*/
// flExtension - Return the extension for the file			/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
string flExtension(string File)
{
   string::size_type Res = File.rfind('.');
   if (Res == string::npos)
      return File;
   Res++;
   return string(File,Res,Res - File.length());
}
									/*}}}*/
// flNoLink - If file is a symlink then deref it			/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* If the name is not a link then the returned path is the input. */
string flNoLink(string File)
{
   struct stat St;
   if (lstat(File.c_str(),&St) != 0 || S_ISLNK(St.st_mode) == 0)
      return File;
   if (stat(File.c_str(),&St) != 0)
      return File;
   
   /* Loop resolving the link. There is no need to limit the number of 
      loops because the stat call above ensures that the symlink is not 
      circular */
   char Buffer[1024];
   string NFile = File;
   while (1)
   {
      // Read the link
      ssize_t Res;
      if ((Res = readlink(NFile.c_str(),Buffer,sizeof(Buffer))) <= 0 || 
	  (size_t)Res >= sizeof(Buffer))
	  return File;
      
      // Append or replace the previous path
      Buffer[Res] = 0;
      if (Buffer[0] == '/')
	 NFile = Buffer;
      else
	 NFile = flNotFile(NFile) + Buffer;
      
      // See if we are done
      if (lstat(NFile.c_str(),&St) != 0)
	 return File;
      if (S_ISLNK(St.st_mode) == 0)
	 return NFile;      
   }   
}
									/*}}}*/
// flCombine - Combine a file and a directory				/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* If the file is an absolute path then it is just returned, otherwise
   the directory is pre-pended to it. */
string flCombine(string Dir,string File)
{
   if (File.empty() == true)
      return string();
   
   if (File[0] == '/' || Dir.empty() == true)
      return File;
   if (File.length() >= 2 && File[0] == '.' && File[1] == '/')
      return File;
   if (Dir[Dir.length()-1] == '/')
      return Dir + File;
   return Dir + '/' + File;
}
									/*}}}*/
// flAbsPath - Return the absolute path of the filename			/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
string flAbsPath(string File)
{
   char *p = realpath(File.c_str(), NULL);
   if (p == NULL)
   {
      _error->Errno("realpath", "flAbsPath failed");
      return "";
   }
   std::string AbsPath(p);
   free(p);
   return AbsPath;
}
									/*}}}*/
// SetCloseExec - Set the close on exec flag				/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
void SetCloseExec(int Fd,bool Close)
{   
   if (fcntl(Fd,F_SETFD,(Close == false)?0:FD_CLOEXEC) != 0)
   {
      cerr << "FATAL -> Could not set close on exec " << strerror(errno) << endl;
      exit(100);
   }
}
									/*}}}*/
// SetNonBlock - Set the nonblocking flag				/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
void SetNonBlock(int Fd,bool Block)
{   
   int Flags = fcntl(Fd,F_GETFL) & (~O_NONBLOCK);
   if (fcntl(Fd,F_SETFL,Flags | ((Block == false)?0:O_NONBLOCK)) != 0)
   {
      cerr << "FATAL -> Could not set non-blocking flag " << strerror(errno) << endl;
      exit(100);
   }
}
									/*}}}*/
// WaitFd - Wait for a FD to become readable				/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* This waits for a FD to become readable using select. It is useful for
   applications making use of non-blocking sockets. The timeout is 
   in seconds. */
bool WaitFd(int Fd,bool write,unsigned long timeout)
{
   fd_set Set;
   struct timeval tv;
   FD_ZERO(&Set);
   FD_SET(Fd,&Set);
   tv.tv_sec = timeout;
   tv.tv_usec = 0;
   if (write == true) 
   {      
      int Res;
      do
      {
	 Res = select(Fd+1,0,&Set,0,(timeout != 0?&tv:0));
      }
      while (Res < 0 && errno == EINTR);
      
      if (Res <= 0)
	 return false;
   } 
   else 
   {
      int Res;
      do
      {
	 Res = select(Fd+1,&Set,0,0,(timeout != 0?&tv:0));
      }
      while (Res < 0 && errno == EINTR);
      
      if (Res <= 0)
	 return false;
   }
   
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// MergeKeepFdsFromConfiguration - Merge APT::Keep-Fds configuration	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* This is used to merge the APT::Keep-Fds with the provided KeepFDs
 * set.
 */
void MergeKeepFdsFromConfiguration(std::set<int> &KeepFDs)
{
      Configuration::Item const *Opts = _config->Tree("APT::Keep-Fds");
      if (Opts != 0 && Opts->Child != 0)
      {
	 Opts = Opts->Child;
	 for (; Opts != 0; Opts = Opts->Next)
	 {
	    if (Opts->Value.empty() == true)
	       continue;
	    int fd = atoi(Opts->Value.c_str());
	    KeepFDs.insert(fd);
	 }
      }
}
									/*}}}*/
// ExecFork - Magical fork that sanitizes the context before execing	/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* This is used if you want to cleanse the environment for the forked 
   child, it fixes up the important signals and nukes all of the fds,
   otherwise acts like normal fork. */
pid_t ExecFork()
{
      set<int> KeepFDs;
      // we need to merge the Keep-Fds as external tools like 
      // debconf-apt-progress use it
      MergeKeepFdsFromConfiguration(KeepFDs);
      return ExecFork(KeepFDs);
}

pid_t ExecFork(std::set<int> KeepFDs)
{
   // Fork off the process
   pid_t Process = fork();
   if (Process < 0)
   {
      cerr << "FATAL -> Failed to fork." << endl;
      exit(100);
   }

   // Spawn the subprocess
   if (Process == 0)
   {
      // Setup the signals
      signal(SIGPIPE,SIG_DFL);
      signal(SIGQUIT,SIG_DFL);
      signal(SIGINT,SIG_DFL);
      signal(SIGWINCH,SIG_DFL);
      signal(SIGCONT,SIG_DFL);
      signal(SIGTSTP,SIG_DFL);

      // Close all of our FDs - just in case
      for (int K = 3; K != sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX); K++)
      {
	 if(KeepFDs.find(K) == KeepFDs.end())
	    fcntl(K,F_SETFD,FD_CLOEXEC);
      }
   }
   
   return Process;
}
									/*}}}*/
// ExecWait - Fancy waitpid						/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* Waits for the given sub process. If Reap is set then no errors are 
   generated. Otherwise a failed subprocess will generate a proper descriptive
   message */
bool ExecWait(pid_t Pid,const char *Name,bool Reap)
{
   if (Pid <= 1)
      return true;
   
   // Wait and collect the error code
   int Status;
   while (waitpid(Pid,&Status,0) != Pid)
   {
      if (errno == EINTR)
	 continue;

      if (Reap == true)
	 return false;
      
      return _error->Error(_("Waited for %s but it wasn't there"),Name);
   }

   
   // Check for an error code.
   if (WIFEXITED(Status) == 0 || WEXITSTATUS(Status) != 0)
   {
      if (Reap == true)
	 return false;
      if (WIFSIGNALED(Status) != 0)
      {
	 if( WTERMSIG(Status) == SIGSEGV)
	    return _error->Error(_("Sub-process %s received a segmentation fault."),Name);
	 else 
	    return _error->Error(_("Sub-process %s received signal %u."),Name, WTERMSIG(Status));
      }

      if (WIFEXITED(Status) != 0)
	 return _error->Error(_("Sub-process %s returned an error code (%u)"),Name,WEXITSTATUS(Status));
      
      return _error->Error(_("Sub-process %s exited unexpectedly"),Name);
   }      
   
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/


// StartsWithGPGClearTextSignature - Check if a file is Pgp/GPG clearsigned     /*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool StartsWithGPGClearTextSignature(string const &FileName)
{
   static const char* SIGMSG = "-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----\n";
   char buffer[strlen(SIGMSG)+1];
   FILE* gpg = fopen(FileName.c_str(), "r");
   if (gpg == NULL)
      return false;

   char const * const test = fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), gpg);
   fclose(gpg);
   if (test == NULL || strcmp(buffer, SIGMSG) != 0)
      return false;

   return true;
}


class FileFdPrivate {							/*{{{*/
	public:
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
	gzFile gz;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
	BZFILE* bz2;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
	struct LZMAFILE {
	   FILE* file;
	   uint8_t buffer[4096];
	   lzma_stream stream;
	   lzma_ret err;
	   bool eof;
	   bool compressing;

	   LZMAFILE() : file(NULL), eof(false), compressing(false) {}
	   ~LZMAFILE() {
	      if (compressing == true)
	      {
		for (;;) {
			stream.avail_out = sizeof(buffer)/sizeof(buffer[0]);
			stream.next_out = buffer;
			err = lzma_code(&stream, LZMA_FINISH);
			if (err != LZMA_OK && err != LZMA_STREAM_END)
			{
				_error->Error("~LZMAFILE: Compress finalisation failed");
				break;
			}
			size_t const n =  sizeof(buffer)/sizeof(buffer[0]) - stream.avail_out;
			if (n && fwrite(buffer, 1, n, file) != n)
			{
				_error->Errno("~LZMAFILE",_("Write error"));
				break;
			}
			if (err == LZMA_STREAM_END)
				break;
		}
	      }
	      lzma_end(&stream);
	      fclose(file);
	   }
	};
	LZMAFILE* lzma;
#endif
	int compressed_fd;
	pid_t compressor_pid;
	bool pipe;
	APT::Configuration::Compressor compressor;
	unsigned int openmode;
	unsigned long long seekpos;
	FileFdPrivate() :
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
			  gz(NULL),
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
			  bz2(NULL),
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
			  lzma(NULL),
#endif
			  compressed_fd(-1), compressor_pid(-1), pipe(false),
			  openmode(0), seekpos(0) {};
	bool InternalClose(std::string const &FileName)
	{
	   if (false)
	      /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
	   else if (gz != NULL) {
	      int const e = gzclose(gz);
	      gz = NULL;
	      // gzdclose() on empty files always fails with "buffer error" here, ignore that
	      if (e != 0 && e != Z_BUF_ERROR)
		 return _error->Errno("close",_("Problem closing the gzip file %s"), FileName.c_str());
	   }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
	   else if (bz2 != NULL) {
	      BZ2_bzclose(bz2);
	      bz2 = NULL;
	   }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
	   else if (lzma != NULL) {
	      delete lzma;
	      lzma = NULL;
	   }
#endif
	   return true;
	}
	bool CloseDown(std::string const &FileName)
	{
	   bool const Res = InternalClose(FileName);

	   if (compressor_pid > 0)
	      ExecWait(compressor_pid, "FileFdCompressor", true);
	   compressor_pid = -1;

	   return Res;
	}
	bool InternalStream() const {
	   return false
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
	      || bz2 != NULL
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
	      || lzma != NULL
#endif
	      ;
	}


	~FileFdPrivate() { CloseDown(""); }
};
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Open - Open a file						/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* The most commonly used open mode combinations are given with Mode */
bool FileFd::Open(string FileName,unsigned int const Mode,CompressMode Compress, unsigned long const AccessMode)
{
   if (Mode == ReadOnlyGzip)
      return Open(FileName, ReadOnly, Gzip, AccessMode);

   if (Compress == Auto && (Mode & WriteOnly) == WriteOnly)
      return FileFdError("Autodetection on %s only works in ReadOnly openmode!", FileName.c_str());

   std::vector<APT::Configuration::Compressor> const compressors = APT::Configuration::getCompressors();
   std::vector<APT::Configuration::Compressor>::const_iterator compressor = compressors.begin();
   if (Compress == Auto)
   {
      for (; compressor != compressors.end(); ++compressor)
      {
	 std::string file = FileName + compressor->Extension;
	 if (FileExists(file) == false)
	    continue;
	 FileName = file;
	 break;
      }
   }
   else if (Compress == Extension)
   {
      std::string::size_type const found = FileName.find_last_of('.');
      std::string ext;
      if (found != std::string::npos)
      {
	 ext = FileName.substr(found);
	 if (ext == ".new" || ext == ".bak")
	 {
	    std::string::size_type const found2 = FileName.find_last_of('.', found - 1);
	    if (found2 != std::string::npos)
	       ext = FileName.substr(found2, found - found2);
	    else
	       ext.clear();
	 }
      }
      for (; compressor != compressors.end(); ++compressor)
	 if (ext == compressor->Extension)
	    break;
      // no matching extension - assume uncompressed (imagine files like 'example.org_Packages')
      if (compressor == compressors.end())
	 for (compressor = compressors.begin(); compressor != compressors.end(); ++compressor)
	    if (compressor->Name == ".")
	       break;
   }
   else
   {
      std::string name;
      switch (Compress)
      {
      case None: name = "."; break;
      case Gzip: name = "gzip"; break;
      case Bzip2: name = "bzip2"; break;
      case Lzma: name = "lzma"; break;
      case Xz: name = "xz"; break;
      case Auto:
      case Extension:
	 // Unreachable
	 return FileFdError("Opening File %s in None, Auto or Extension should be already handled?!?", FileName.c_str());
      }
      for (; compressor != compressors.end(); ++compressor)
	 if (compressor->Name == name)
	    break;
      if (compressor == compressors.end())
	 return FileFdError("Can't find a configured compressor %s for file %s", name.c_str(), FileName.c_str());
   }

   if (compressor == compressors.end())
      return FileFdError("Can't find a match for specified compressor mode for file %s", FileName.c_str());
   return Open(FileName, Mode, *compressor, AccessMode);
}
bool FileFd::Open(string FileName,unsigned int const Mode,APT::Configuration::Compressor const &compressor, unsigned long const AccessMode)
{
   Close();
   Flags = AutoClose;

   if ((Mode & WriteOnly) != WriteOnly && (Mode & (Atomic | Create | Empty | Exclusive)) != 0)
      return FileFdError("ReadOnly mode for %s doesn't accept additional flags!", FileName.c_str());
   if ((Mode & ReadWrite) == 0)
      return FileFdError("No openmode provided in FileFd::Open for %s", FileName.c_str());

   if ((Mode & Atomic) == Atomic)
   {
      Flags |= Replace;
   }
   else if ((Mode & (Exclusive | Create)) == (Exclusive | Create))
   {
      // for atomic, this will be done by rename in Close()
      unlink(FileName.c_str());
   }
   if ((Mode & Empty) == Empty)
   {
      struct stat Buf;
      if (lstat(FileName.c_str(),&Buf) == 0 && S_ISLNK(Buf.st_mode))
	 unlink(FileName.c_str());
   }

   int fileflags = 0;
   #define if_FLAGGED_SET(FLAG, MODE) if ((Mode & FLAG) == FLAG) fileflags |= MODE
   if_FLAGGED_SET(ReadWrite, O_RDWR);
   else if_FLAGGED_SET(ReadOnly, O_RDONLY);
   else if_FLAGGED_SET(WriteOnly, O_WRONLY);

   if_FLAGGED_SET(Create, O_CREAT);
   if_FLAGGED_SET(Empty, O_TRUNC);
   if_FLAGGED_SET(Exclusive, O_EXCL);
   #undef if_FLAGGED_SET

   if ((Mode & Atomic) == Atomic)
   {
      char *name = strdup((FileName + ".XXXXXX").c_str());

      if((iFd = mkstemp(name)) == -1)
      {
          free(name);
          return FileFdErrno("mkstemp", "Could not create temporary file for %s", FileName.c_str());
      }

      TemporaryFileName = string(name);
      free(name);

      // umask() will always set the umask and return the previous value, so
      // we first set the umask and then reset it to the old value
      mode_t const CurrentUmask = umask(0);
      umask(CurrentUmask);
      // calculate the actual file permissions (just like open/creat)
      mode_t const FilePermissions = (AccessMode & ~CurrentUmask);

      if(fchmod(iFd, FilePermissions) == -1)
          return FileFdErrno("fchmod", "Could not change permissions for temporary file %s", TemporaryFileName.c_str());
   }
   else
      iFd = open(FileName.c_str(), fileflags, AccessMode);

   this->FileName = FileName;
   if (iFd == -1 || OpenInternDescriptor(Mode, compressor) == false)
   {
      if (iFd != -1)
      {
	 close (iFd);
	 iFd = -1;
      }
      return FileFdErrno("open",_("Could not open file %s"), FileName.c_str());
   }

   SetCloseExec(iFd,true);
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::OpenDescriptor - Open a filedescriptor			/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::OpenDescriptor(int Fd, unsigned int const Mode, CompressMode Compress, bool AutoClose)
{
   std::vector<APT::Configuration::Compressor> const compressors = APT::Configuration::getCompressors();
   std::vector<APT::Configuration::Compressor>::const_iterator compressor = compressors.begin();
   std::string name;

   // compat with the old API
   if (Mode == ReadOnlyGzip && Compress == None)
      Compress = Gzip;

   switch (Compress)
   {
   case None: name = "."; break;
   case Gzip: name = "gzip"; break;
   case Bzip2: name = "bzip2"; break;
   case Lzma: name = "lzma"; break;
   case Xz: name = "xz"; break;
   case Auto:
   case Extension:
      if (AutoClose == true && Fd != -1)
	 close(Fd);
      return FileFdError("Opening Fd %d in Auto or Extension compression mode is not supported", Fd);
   }
   for (; compressor != compressors.end(); ++compressor)
      if (compressor->Name == name)
	 break;
   if (compressor == compressors.end())
   {
      if (AutoClose == true && Fd != -1)
	 close(Fd);
      return FileFdError("Can't find a configured compressor %s for file %s", name.c_str(), FileName.c_str());
   }
   return OpenDescriptor(Fd, Mode, *compressor, AutoClose);
}
bool FileFd::OpenDescriptor(int Fd, unsigned int const Mode, APT::Configuration::Compressor const &compressor, bool AutoClose)
{
   Close();
   Flags = (AutoClose) ? FileFd::AutoClose : 0;
   iFd = Fd;
   this->FileName = "";
   if (OpenInternDescriptor(Mode, compressor) == false)
   {
      if (iFd != -1 && (
	(Flags & Compressed) == Compressed ||
	AutoClose == true))
      {
	 close (iFd);
	 iFd = -1;
      }
      return FileFdError(_("Could not open file descriptor %d"), Fd);
   }
   return true;
}
bool FileFd::OpenInternDescriptor(unsigned int const Mode, APT::Configuration::Compressor const &compressor)
{
   if (iFd == -1)
      return false;
   if (compressor.Name == "." || compressor.Binary.empty() == true)
      return true;

#if defined HAVE_ZLIB || defined HAVE_BZ2 || defined HAVE_LZMA
   // the API to open files is similar, so setup to avoid code duplicates later
   // and while at it ensure that we close before opening (if its a reopen)
   void* (*compress_open)(int, const char *) = NULL;
   if (false)
      /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#define APT_COMPRESS_INIT(NAME,OPEN) \
   else if (compressor.Name == NAME) \
   { \
      compress_open = (void*(*)(int, const char *)) OPEN; \
      if (d != NULL) d->InternalClose(FileName); \
   }
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   APT_COMPRESS_INIT("gzip", gzdopen)
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
   APT_COMPRESS_INIT("bzip2", BZ2_bzdopen)
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
   APT_COMPRESS_INIT("xz", fdopen)
   APT_COMPRESS_INIT("lzma", fdopen)
#endif
#undef APT_COMPRESS_INIT
#endif

   if (d == NULL)
   {
      d = new FileFdPrivate();
      d->openmode = Mode;
      d->compressor = compressor;
#if defined HAVE_ZLIB || defined HAVE_BZ2 || defined HAVE_LZMA
      if ((Flags & AutoClose) != AutoClose && compress_open != NULL)
      {
	 // Need to duplicate fd here or gz/bz2 close for cleanup will close the fd as well
	 int const internFd = dup(iFd);
	 if (internFd == -1)
	    return FileFdErrno("OpenInternDescriptor", _("Could not open file descriptor %d"), iFd);
	 iFd = internFd;
      }
#endif
   }

#if defined HAVE_ZLIB || defined HAVE_BZ2 || defined HAVE_LZMA
   if (compress_open != NULL)
   {
      void* compress_struct = NULL;
      if ((Mode & ReadWrite) == ReadWrite)
	 compress_struct = compress_open(iFd, "r+");
      else if ((Mode & WriteOnly) == WriteOnly)
	 compress_struct = compress_open(iFd, "w");
      else
	 compress_struct = compress_open(iFd, "r");
      if (compress_struct == NULL)
	 return false;

      if (false)
	 /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
      else if (compressor.Name == "gzip")
	 d->gz = (gzFile) compress_struct;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
      else if (compressor.Name == "bzip2")
	 d->bz2 = (BZFILE*) compress_struct;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
      else if (compressor.Name == "xz" || compressor.Name == "lzma")
      {
	 uint32_t const xzlevel = 6;
	 uint64_t const memlimit = UINT64_MAX;
	 if (d->lzma == NULL)
	    d->lzma = new FileFdPrivate::LZMAFILE;
	 d->lzma->file = (FILE*) compress_struct;
         lzma_stream tmp_stream = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
	 d->lzma->stream = tmp_stream;

	 if ((Mode & ReadWrite) == ReadWrite)
	    return FileFdError("ReadWrite mode is not supported for file %s", FileName.c_str());

	 if ((Mode & WriteOnly) == WriteOnly)
	 {
	    if (compressor.Name == "xz")
	    {
	       if (lzma_easy_encoder(&d->lzma->stream, xzlevel, LZMA_CHECK_CRC32) != LZMA_OK)
		  return false;
	    }
	    else
	    {
	       lzma_options_lzma options;
	       lzma_lzma_preset(&options, xzlevel);
	       if (lzma_alone_encoder(&d->lzma->stream, &options) != LZMA_OK)
		  return false;
	    }
	    d->lzma->compressing = true;
	 }
	 else
	 {
	    if (compressor.Name == "xz")
	    {
	       if (lzma_auto_decoder(&d->lzma->stream, memlimit, 0) != LZMA_OK)
		  return false;
	    }
	    else
	    {
	       if (lzma_alone_decoder(&d->lzma->stream, memlimit) != LZMA_OK)
		  return false;
	    }
	    d->lzma->compressing = false;
	 }
      }
#endif
      Flags |= Compressed;
      return true;
   }
#endif

   // collect zombies here in case we reopen
   if (d->compressor_pid > 0)
      ExecWait(d->compressor_pid, "FileFdCompressor", true);

   if ((Mode & ReadWrite) == ReadWrite)
      return FileFdError("ReadWrite mode is not supported for file %s", FileName.c_str());

   bool const Comp = (Mode & WriteOnly) == WriteOnly;
   if (Comp == false)
   {
      // Handle 'decompression' of empty files
      struct stat Buf;
      fstat(iFd, &Buf);
      if (Buf.st_size == 0 && S_ISFIFO(Buf.st_mode) == false)
	 return true;

      // We don't need the file open - instead let the compressor open it
      // as he properly knows better how to efficiently read from 'his' file
      if (FileName.empty() == false)
      {
	 close(iFd);
	 iFd = -1;
      }
   }

   // Create a data pipe
   int Pipe[2] = {-1,-1};
   if (pipe(Pipe) != 0)
      return FileFdErrno("pipe",_("Failed to create subprocess IPC"));
   for (int J = 0; J != 2; J++)
      SetCloseExec(Pipe[J],true);

   d->compressed_fd = iFd;
   d->pipe = true;

   if (Comp == true)
      iFd = Pipe[1];
   else
      iFd = Pipe[0];

   // The child..
   d->compressor_pid = ExecFork();
   if (d->compressor_pid == 0)
   {
      if (Comp == true)
      {
	 dup2(d->compressed_fd,STDOUT_FILENO);
	 dup2(Pipe[0],STDIN_FILENO);
      }
      else
      {
	 if (d->compressed_fd != -1)
	    dup2(d->compressed_fd,STDIN_FILENO);
	 dup2(Pipe[1],STDOUT_FILENO);
      }
      int const nullfd = open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY);
      if (nullfd != -1)
      {
	 dup2(nullfd,STDERR_FILENO);
	 close(nullfd);
      }

      SetCloseExec(STDOUT_FILENO,false);
      SetCloseExec(STDIN_FILENO,false);

      std::vector<char const*> Args;
      Args.push_back(compressor.Binary.c_str());
      std::vector<std::string> const * const addArgs =
		(Comp == true) ? &(compressor.CompressArgs) : &(compressor.UncompressArgs);
      for (std::vector<std::string>::const_iterator a = addArgs->begin();
	   a != addArgs->end(); ++a)
	 Args.push_back(a->c_str());
      if (Comp == false && FileName.empty() == false)
      {
	 // commands not needing arguments, do not need to be told about using standard output
	 // in reality, only testcases with tools like cat, rev, rot13, … are able to trigger this
	 if (compressor.CompressArgs.empty() == false && compressor.UncompressArgs.empty() == false)
	    Args.push_back("--stdout");
	 if (TemporaryFileName.empty() == false)
	    Args.push_back(TemporaryFileName.c_str());
	 else
	    Args.push_back(FileName.c_str());
      }
      Args.push_back(NULL);

      execvp(Args[0],(char **)&Args[0]);
      cerr << _("Failed to exec compressor ") << Args[0] << endl;
      _exit(100);
   }
   if (Comp == true)
      close(Pipe[0]);
   else
      close(Pipe[1]);

   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::~File - Closes the file					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* If the proper modes are selected then we close the Fd and possibly
   unlink the file on error. */
FileFd::~FileFd()
{
   Close();
   if (d != NULL)
      d->CloseDown(FileName);
   delete d;
   d = NULL;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Read - Read a bit of the file				/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* We are careful to handle interruption by a signal while reading
   gracefully. */
bool FileFd::Read(void *To,unsigned long long Size,unsigned long long *Actual)
{
   ssize_t Res;
   errno = 0;
   if (Actual != 0)
      *Actual = 0;
   *((char *)To) = '\0';
   do
   {
      if (false)
	 /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
      else if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
	 Res = gzread(d->gz,To,Size);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
      else if (d != NULL && d->bz2 != NULL)
	 Res = BZ2_bzread(d->bz2,To,Size);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
      else if (d != NULL && d->lzma != NULL)
      {
	 if (d->lzma->eof == true)
	    break;

	 d->lzma->stream.next_out = (uint8_t *) To;
	 d->lzma->stream.avail_out = Size;
	 if (d->lzma->stream.avail_in == 0)
	 {
	    d->lzma->stream.next_in = d->lzma->buffer;
	    d->lzma->stream.avail_in = fread(d->lzma->buffer, 1, sizeof(d->lzma->buffer)/sizeof(d->lzma->buffer[0]), d->lzma->file);
	 }
	 d->lzma->err = lzma_code(&d->lzma->stream, LZMA_RUN);
	 if (d->lzma->err == LZMA_STREAM_END)
	 {
	    d->lzma->eof = true;
	    Res = Size - d->lzma->stream.avail_out;
	 }
	 else if (d->lzma->err != LZMA_OK)
	 {
	    Res = -1;
	    errno = 0;
	 }
	 else
	 {
	    Res = Size - d->lzma->stream.avail_out;
	    if (Res == 0)
	    {
	       // lzma run was okay, but produced no output…
	       Res = -1;
	       errno = EINTR;
	    }
	 }
      }
#endif
      else
         Res = read(iFd,To,Size);

      if (Res < 0)
      {
	 if (errno == EINTR)
	 {
	    // trick the while-loop into running again
	    Res = 1;
	    errno = 0;
	    continue;
	 }
	 if (false)
	    /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
	 else if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
	 {
	    int err;
	    char const * const errmsg = gzerror(d->gz, &err);
	    if (err != Z_ERRNO)
	       return FileFdError("gzread: %s (%d: %s)", _("Read error"), err, errmsg);
	 }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
	 else if (d != NULL && d->bz2 != NULL)
	 {
	    int err;
	    char const * const errmsg = BZ2_bzerror(d->bz2, &err);
	    if (err != BZ_IO_ERROR)
	       return FileFdError("BZ2_bzread: %s (%d: %s)", _("Read error"), err, errmsg);
	 }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
	 else if (d != NULL && d->lzma != NULL)
	    return FileFdError("lzma_read: %s (%d)", _("Read error"), d->lzma->err);
#endif
	 return FileFdErrno("read",_("Read error"));
      }
      
      To = (char *)To + Res;
      Size -= Res;
      if (d != NULL)
	 d->seekpos += Res;
      if (Actual != 0)
	 *Actual += Res;
   }
   while (Res > 0 && Size > 0);
   
   if (Size == 0)
      return true;
   
   // Eof handling
   if (Actual != 0)
   {
      Flags |= HitEof;
      return true;
   }

   return FileFdError(_("read, still have %llu to read but none left"), Size);
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::ReadLine - Read a complete line from the file		/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* Beware: This method can be quiet slow for big buffers on UNcompressed
   files because of the naive implementation! */
char* FileFd::ReadLine(char *To, unsigned long long const Size)
{
   *To = '\0';
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
      return gzgets(d->gz, To, Size);
#endif

   unsigned long long read = 0;
   while ((Size - 1) != read)
   {
      unsigned long long done = 0;
      if (Read(To + read, 1, &done) == false)
	 return NULL;
      if (done == 0)
	 break;
      if (To[read++] == '\n')
	 break;
   }
   if (read == 0)
      return NULL;
   To[read] = '\0';
   return To;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Write - Write to the file					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::Write(const void *From,unsigned long long Size)
{
   ssize_t Res;
   errno = 0;
   do
   {
      if (false)
	 /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
      else if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
	 Res = gzwrite(d->gz,From,Size);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
      else if (d != NULL && d->bz2 != NULL)
	 Res = BZ2_bzwrite(d->bz2,(void*)From,Size);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
      else if (d != NULL && d->lzma != NULL)
      {
	 d->lzma->stream.next_in = (uint8_t *)From;
	 d->lzma->stream.avail_in = Size;
	 d->lzma->stream.next_out = d->lzma->buffer;
	 d->lzma->stream.avail_out = sizeof(d->lzma->buffer)/sizeof(d->lzma->buffer[0]);
	 d->lzma->err = lzma_code(&d->lzma->stream, LZMA_RUN);
	 if (d->lzma->err != LZMA_OK)
	    return false;
	 size_t const n = sizeof(d->lzma->buffer)/sizeof(d->lzma->buffer[0]) - d->lzma->stream.avail_out;
	 size_t const m = (n == 0) ? 0 : fwrite(d->lzma->buffer, 1, n, d->lzma->file);
	 if (m != n)
	    Res = -1;
	 else
	    Res = Size - d->lzma->stream.avail_in;
      }
#endif
      else
	 Res = write(iFd,From,Size);

      if (Res < 0 && errno == EINTR)
	 continue;
      if (Res < 0)
      {
	 if (false)
	    /* dummy so that the rest can be 'else if's */;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
	 else if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
	 {
	    int err;
	    char const * const errmsg = gzerror(d->gz, &err);
	    if (err != Z_ERRNO)
	       return FileFdError("gzwrite: %s (%d: %s)", _("Write error"), err, errmsg);
	 }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_BZ2
	 else if (d != NULL && d->bz2 != NULL)
	 {
	    int err;
	    char const * const errmsg = BZ2_bzerror(d->bz2, &err);
	    if (err != BZ_IO_ERROR)
	       return FileFdError("BZ2_bzwrite: %s (%d: %s)", _("Write error"), err, errmsg);
	 }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LZMA
	 else if (d != NULL && d->lzma != NULL)
	    return FileFdErrno("lzma_fwrite", _("Write error"));
#endif
	 return FileFdErrno("write",_("Write error"));
      }
      
      From = (char const *)From + Res;
      Size -= Res;
      if (d != NULL)
	 d->seekpos += Res;
   }
   while (Res > 0 && Size > 0);
   
   if (Size == 0)
      return true;

   return FileFdError(_("write, still have %llu to write but couldn't"), Size);
}
bool FileFd::Write(int Fd, const void *From, unsigned long long Size)
{
   ssize_t Res;
   errno = 0;
   do
   {
      Res = write(Fd,From,Size);
      if (Res < 0 && errno == EINTR)
	 continue;
      if (Res < 0)
	 return _error->Errno("write",_("Write error"));

      From = (char const *)From + Res;
      Size -= Res;
   }
   while (Res > 0 && Size > 0);

   if (Size == 0)
      return true;

   return _error->Error(_("write, still have %llu to write but couldn't"), Size);
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Seek - Seek in the file					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::Seek(unsigned long long To)
{
   Flags &= ~HitEof;

   if (d != NULL && (d->pipe == true || d->InternalStream() == true))
   {
      // Our poor man seeking in pipes is costly, so try to avoid it
      unsigned long long seekpos = Tell();
      if (seekpos == To)
	 return true;
      else if (seekpos < To)
	 return Skip(To - seekpos);

      if ((d->openmode & ReadOnly) != ReadOnly)
	 return FileFdError("Reopen is only implemented for read-only files!");
      d->InternalClose(FileName);
      if (iFd != -1)
	 close(iFd);
      iFd = -1;
      if (TemporaryFileName.empty() == false)
	 iFd = open(TemporaryFileName.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
      else if (FileName.empty() == false)
	 iFd = open(FileName.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
      else
      {
	 if (d->compressed_fd > 0)
	    if (lseek(d->compressed_fd, 0, SEEK_SET) != 0)
	       iFd = d->compressed_fd;
	 if (iFd < 0)
	    return FileFdError("Reopen is not implemented for pipes opened with FileFd::OpenDescriptor()!");
      }

      if (OpenInternDescriptor(d->openmode, d->compressor) == false)
	 return FileFdError("Seek on file %s because it couldn't be reopened", FileName.c_str());

      if (To != 0)
	 return Skip(To);

      d->seekpos = To;
      return true;
   }
   off_t res;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   if (d != NULL && d->gz)
      res = gzseek(d->gz,To,SEEK_SET);
   else
#endif
      res = lseek(iFd,To,SEEK_SET);
   if (res != (off_t)To)
      return FileFdError("Unable to seek to %llu", To);

   if (d != NULL)
      d->seekpos = To;
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Skip - Seek in the file					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::Skip(unsigned long long Over)
{
   if (d != NULL && (d->pipe == true || d->InternalStream() == true))
   {
      char buffer[1024];
      while (Over != 0)
      {
	 unsigned long long toread = std::min((unsigned long long) sizeof(buffer), Over);
	 if (Read(buffer, toread) == false)
	    return FileFdError("Unable to seek ahead %llu",Over);
	 Over -= toread;
      }
      return true;
   }

   off_t res;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
      res = gzseek(d->gz,Over,SEEK_CUR);
   else
#endif
      res = lseek(iFd,Over,SEEK_CUR);
   if (res < 0)
      return FileFdError("Unable to seek ahead %llu",Over);
   if (d != NULL)
      d->seekpos = res;

   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Truncate - Truncate the file 				/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::Truncate(unsigned long long To)
{
   // truncating /dev/null is always successful - as we get an error otherwise
   if (To == 0 && FileName == "/dev/null")
      return true;
#if defined HAVE_ZLIB || defined HAVE_BZ2 || defined HAVE_LZMA
   if (d != NULL && (d->InternalStream() == true
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
	    || d->gz != NULL
#endif
	    ))
      return FileFdError("Truncating compressed files is not implemented (%s)", FileName.c_str());
#endif
   if (ftruncate(iFd,To) != 0)
      return FileFdError("Unable to truncate to %llu",To);

   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Tell - Current seek position					/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
unsigned long long FileFd::Tell()
{
   // In theory, we could just return seekpos here always instead of
   // seeking around, but not all users of FileFd use always Seek() and co
   // so d->seekpos isn't always true and we can just use it as a hint if
   // we have nothing else, but not always as an authority…
   if (d != NULL && (d->pipe == true || d->InternalStream() == true))
      return d->seekpos;

   off_t Res;
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   if (d != NULL && d->gz != NULL)
     Res = gztell(d->gz);
   else
#endif
     Res = lseek(iFd,0,SEEK_CUR);
   if (Res == (off_t)-1)
      FileFdErrno("lseek","Failed to determine the current file position");
   if (d != NULL)
      d->seekpos = Res;
   return Res;
}
									/*}}}*/
static bool StatFileFd(char const * const msg, int const iFd, std::string const &FileName, struct stat &Buf, FileFdPrivate * const d) /*{{{*/
{
   bool ispipe = (d != NULL && d->pipe == true);
   if (ispipe == false)
   {
      if (fstat(iFd,&Buf) != 0)
	 // higher-level code will generate more meaningful messages,
	 // even translated this would be meaningless for users
	 return _error->Errno("fstat", "Unable to determine %s for fd %i", msg, iFd);
      if (FileName.empty() == false)
	 ispipe = S_ISFIFO(Buf.st_mode);
   }

   // for compressor pipes st_size is undefined and at 'best' zero
   if (ispipe == true)
   {
      // we set it here, too, as we get the info here for free
      // in theory the Open-methods should take care of it already
      if (d != NULL)
	 d->pipe = true;
      if (stat(FileName.c_str(), &Buf) != 0)
	 return _error->Errno("fstat", "Unable to determine %s for file %s", msg, FileName.c_str());
   }
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::FileSize - Return the size of the file			/*{{{*/
unsigned long long FileFd::FileSize()
{
   struct stat Buf;
   if (StatFileFd("file size", iFd, FileName, Buf, d) == false)
   {
      Flags |= Fail;
      return 0;
   }
   return Buf.st_size;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::ModificationTime - Return the time of last touch		/*{{{*/
time_t FileFd::ModificationTime()
{
   struct stat Buf;
   if (StatFileFd("modification time", iFd, FileName, Buf, d) == false)
   {
      Flags |= Fail;
      return 0;
   }
   return Buf.st_mtime;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Size - Return the size of the content in the file		/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
unsigned long long FileFd::Size()
{
   unsigned long long size = FileSize();

   // for compressor pipes st_size is undefined and at 'best' zero,
   // so we 'read' the content and 'seek' back - see there
   if (d != NULL && (d->pipe == true || (d->InternalStream() == true && size > 0)))
   {
      unsigned long long const oldSeek = Tell();
      char ignore[1000];
      unsigned long long read = 0;
      do {
	 if (Read(ignore, sizeof(ignore), &read) == false)
	 {
	    Seek(oldSeek);
	    return 0;
	 }
      } while(read != 0);
      size = Tell();
      Seek(oldSeek);
   }
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   // only check gzsize if we are actually a gzip file, just checking for
   // "gz" is not sufficient as uncompressed files could be opened with
   // gzopen in "direct" mode as well
   else if (d != NULL && d->gz && !gzdirect(d->gz) && size > 0)
   {
       off_t const oldPos = lseek(iFd,0,SEEK_CUR);
       /* unfortunately zlib.h doesn't provide a gzsize(), so we have to do
	* this ourselves; the original (uncompressed) file size is the last 32
	* bits of the file */
       // FIXME: Size for gz-files is limited by 32bit… no largefile support
       if (lseek(iFd, -4, SEEK_END) < 0)
       {
	  FileFdErrno("lseek","Unable to seek to end of gzipped file");
	  return 0;
       }
       uint32_t size = 0;
       if (read(iFd, &size, 4) != 4)
       {
	  FileFdErrno("read","Unable to read original size of gzipped file");
	  return 0;
       }
       size = le32toh(size);

       if (lseek(iFd, oldPos, SEEK_SET) < 0)
       {
	  FileFdErrno("lseek","Unable to seek in gzipped file");
	  return 0;
       }

       return size;
   }
#endif

   return size;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Close - Close the file if the close flag is set		/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::Close()
{
   if (iFd == -1)
      return true;

   bool Res = true;
   if ((Flags & AutoClose) == AutoClose)
   {
      if ((Flags & Compressed) != Compressed && iFd > 0 && close(iFd) != 0)
	 Res &= _error->Errno("close",_("Problem closing the file %s"), FileName.c_str());
      if (d != NULL)
      {
	 Res &= d->CloseDown(FileName);
	 delete d;
	 d = NULL;
      }
   }

   if ((Flags & Replace) == Replace) {
      if (rename(TemporaryFileName.c_str(), FileName.c_str()) != 0)
	 Res &= _error->Errno("rename",_("Problem renaming the file %s to %s"), TemporaryFileName.c_str(), FileName.c_str());

      FileName = TemporaryFileName; // for the unlink() below.
      TemporaryFileName.clear();
   }

   iFd = -1;

   if ((Flags & Fail) == Fail && (Flags & DelOnFail) == DelOnFail &&
       FileName.empty() == false)
      if (unlink(FileName.c_str()) != 0)
	 Res &= _error->WarningE("unlnk",_("Problem unlinking the file %s"), FileName.c_str());

   if (Res == false)
      Flags |= Fail;
   return Res;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::Sync - Sync the file						/*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
bool FileFd::Sync()
{
   if (fsync(iFd) != 0)
      return FileFdErrno("sync",_("Problem syncing the file"));
   return true;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::FileFdErrno - set Fail and call _error->Errno		*{{{*/
bool FileFd::FileFdErrno(const char *Function, const char *Description,...)
{
   Flags |= Fail;
   va_list args;
   size_t msgSize = 400;
   int const errsv = errno;
   while (true)
   {
      va_start(args,Description);
      if (_error->InsertErrno(GlobalError::ERROR, Function, Description, args, errsv, msgSize) == false)
	 break;
      va_end(args);
   }
   return false;
}
									/*}}}*/
// FileFd::FileFdError - set Fail and call _error->Error		*{{{*/
bool FileFd::FileFdError(const char *Description,...) {
   Flags |= Fail;
   va_list args;
   size_t msgSize = 400;
   while (true)
   {
      va_start(args,Description);
      if (_error->Insert(GlobalError::ERROR, Description, args, msgSize) == false)
	 break;
      va_end(args);
   }
   return false;
}
									/*}}}*/

APT_DEPRECATED gzFile FileFd::gzFd() {
#ifdef HAVE_ZLIB
   return d->gz;
#else
   return NULL;
#endif
}


// Glob - wrapper around "glob()"                                      /*{{{*/
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
/* */
std::vector<std::string> Glob(std::string const &pattern, int flags)
{
   std::vector<std::string> result;
   glob_t globbuf;
   int glob_res;
   unsigned int i;

   glob_res = glob(pattern.c_str(),  flags, NULL, &globbuf);

   if (glob_res != 0)
   {
      if(glob_res != GLOB_NOMATCH) {
         _error->Errno("glob", "Problem with glob");
         return result;
      }
   }

   // append results
   for(i=0;i<globbuf.gl_pathc;i++)
      result.push_back(string(globbuf.gl_pathv[i]));

   globfree(&globbuf);
   return result;
}
									/*}}}*/

std::string GetTempDir()
{
   const char *tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR");

#ifdef P_tmpdir
   if (!tmpdir)
      tmpdir = P_tmpdir;
#endif

   // check that tmpdir is set and exists
   struct stat st;
   if (!tmpdir || strlen(tmpdir) == 0 || stat(tmpdir, &st) != 0)
      tmpdir = "/tmp";

   return string(tmpdir);
}

FileFd* GetTempFile(std::string const &Prefix, bool ImmediateUnlink)
{
   char fn[512];
   FileFd *Fd = new FileFd();

   std::string tempdir = GetTempDir();
   snprintf(fn, sizeof(fn), "%s/%s.XXXXXX", 
            tempdir.c_str(), Prefix.c_str());
   int fd = mkstemp(fn);
   if(ImmediateUnlink)
      unlink(fn);
   if (fd < 0) 
   {
      _error->Errno("GetTempFile",_("Unable to mkstemp %s"), fn);
      return NULL;
   }
   if (!Fd->OpenDescriptor(fd, FileFd::WriteOnly, FileFd::None, true))
   {
      _error->Errno("GetTempFile",_("Unable to write to %s"),fn);
      return NULL;
   }

   return Fd;
}

bool Rename(std::string From, std::string To)
{
   if (rename(From.c_str(),To.c_str()) != 0)
   {
      _error->Error(_("rename failed, %s (%s -> %s)."),strerror(errno),
                    From.c_str(),To.c_str());
      return false;
   }   
   return true;
}

bool Popen(const char* Args[], FileFd &Fd, pid_t &Child, FileFd::OpenMode Mode)
{
   int fd;
   if (Mode != FileFd::ReadOnly && Mode != FileFd::WriteOnly)
      return _error->Error("Popen supports ReadOnly (x)or WriteOnly mode only");

   int Pipe[2] = {-1, -1};
   if(pipe(Pipe) != 0)
   {
      return _error->Errno("pipe", _("Failed to create subprocess IPC"));
      return NULL;
   }
   std::set<int> keep_fds;
   keep_fds.insert(Pipe[0]);
   keep_fds.insert(Pipe[1]);
   Child = ExecFork(keep_fds);
   if(Child < 0)
      return _error->Errno("fork", "Failed to fork");
   if(Child == 0)
   {
      if(Mode == FileFd::ReadOnly)
      {
         close(Pipe[0]);
         fd = Pipe[1];
      }
      else if(Mode == FileFd::WriteOnly)
      {
         close(Pipe[1]);
         fd = Pipe[0];
      }

      if(Mode == FileFd::ReadOnly)
      {
         dup2(fd, 1);
         dup2(fd, 2);
      } else if(Mode == FileFd::WriteOnly)
         dup2(fd, 0);

      execv(Args[0], (char**)Args);
      _exit(100);
   }
   if(Mode == FileFd::ReadOnly)
   {
      close(Pipe[1]);
      fd = Pipe[0];
   } else if(Mode == FileFd::WriteOnly)
   {
      close(Pipe[0]);
      fd = Pipe[1];
   }
   Fd.OpenDescriptor(fd, Mode, FileFd::None, true);

   return true;
}

bool DropPrivs()
{
   // uid will be 0 in the end, but gid might be different anyway
   uid_t old_uid = getuid();
   gid_t old_gid = getgid();

   if (old_uid != 0)
      return true;
   if(_config->FindB("Debug::NoDropPrivs", false) == true)
      return true;

   const std::string nobody = _config->Find("APT::User::Nobody", "_apt");
   struct passwd *pw = getpwnam(nobody.c_str());
   if (pw == NULL)
      return _error->Error("No user %s, can not drop rights", nobody.c_str());

#if __gnu_linux__
   // see prctl(2), needs linux3.5
   int ret = prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0,0, 0);
   if(ret < 0)
      _error->Warning("PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS failed with %i", ret);
#endif
   // Do not change the order here, it might break things
   if (setgroups(1, &pw->pw_gid))
      return _error->Errno("setgroups", "Failed to setgroups");

   if (setegid(pw->pw_gid) != 0)
      return _error->Errno("setegid", "Failed to setegid");

   if (setgid(pw->pw_gid) != 0)
      return _error->Errno("setgid", "Failed to setgid");

   if (setuid(pw->pw_uid) != 0)
      return _error->Errno("setuid", "Failed to setuid");

   // the seteuid() is probably uneeded (at least thats what the linux
   // man-page says about setuid(2)) but we cargo culted it anyway
   if (seteuid(pw->pw_uid) != 0)
      return _error->Errno("seteuid", "Failed to seteuid");

   // Verify that the user has only a single group, and the correct one
   gid_t groups[1];
   if (getgroups(1, groups) != 1)
      return _error->Errno("getgroups", "Could not get new groups");
   if (groups[0] != pw->pw_gid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch group");

   // Verify that gid, egid, uid, and euid changed
   if (getgid() != pw->pw_gid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch group");
   if (getegid() != pw->pw_gid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch effective group");
   if (getuid() != pw->pw_uid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch user");
   if (geteuid() != pw->pw_uid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch effective user");

#ifdef HAVE_GETRESUID
   // verify that the saved set-user-id was changed as well
   uid_t ruid = 0;
   uid_t euid = 0;
   uid_t suid = 0;
   if (getresuid(&ruid, &euid, &suid))
      return _error->Errno("getresuid", "Could not get saved set-user-ID");
   if (suid != pw->pw_uid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch saved set-user-ID");
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETRESGID
   // verify that the saved set-group-id was changed as well
   gid_t rgid = 0;
   gid_t egid = 0;
   gid_t sgid = 0;
   if (getresgid(&rgid, &egid, &sgid))
      return _error->Errno("getresuid", "Could not get saved set-group-ID");
   if (sgid != pw->pw_gid)
      return _error->Error("Could not switch saved set-group-ID");
#endif

   // Check that uid and gid changes do not work anymore
   if (pw->pw_gid != old_gid && (setgid(old_gid) != -1 || setegid(old_gid) != -1))
      return _error->Error("Could restore a gid to root, privilege dropping did not work");

   if (pw->pw_uid != old_uid && (setuid(old_uid) != -1 || seteuid(old_uid) != -1))
      return _error->Error("Could restore a uid to root, privilege dropping did not work");

   return true;
}