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git.saurik.com Git - wxWidgets.git/blob - src/common/memory.cpp
1 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
3 // Purpose: Memory checking implementation
4 // Author: Arthur Seaton, Julian Smart
8 // Copyright: (c) Julian Smart and Markus Holzem
9 // Licence: wxWindows license
10 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
13 #pragma implementation "memory.h"
16 // For compilers that support precompilation, includes "wx.h".
17 #include "wx/wxprec.h"
27 #if (WXDEBUG && USE_MEMORY_TRACING) || USE_DEBUG_CONTEXT
30 // #pragma implementation
47 #if !defined(__WATCOMC__) && !defined(__VMS__)
67 #include "wx/memory.h"
75 // wxDebugContext wxTheDebugContext;
77 Redefine new and delete so that we can pick up situations where:
78 - we overwrite or underwrite areas of malloc'd memory.
79 - we use uninitialise variables
80 Only do this in debug mode.
82 We change new to get enough memory to allocate a struct, followed
83 by the caller's requested memory, followed by a tag. The struct
84 is used to create a doubly linked list of these areas and also
85 contains another tag. The tags are used to determine when the area
86 has been over/under written.
91 Values which are used to set the markers which will be tested for
92 under/over write. There are 3 of these, one in the struct, one
93 immediately after the struct but before the caller requested memory and
94 one immediately after the requested memory.
96 #define MemStartCheck 0x23A8
97 #define MemMidCheck 0xA328
98 #define MemEndCheck 0x8A32
99 #define MemFillChar 0xAF
100 #define MemStructId 0x666D
103 External interface for the wxMemStruct class. Others are
104 defined inline within the class def. Here we only need to be able
105 to add and delete nodes from the list and handle errors in some way.
109 Used for internal "this shouldn't happen" type of errors.
111 void wxMemStruct::ErrorMsg (const char * mesg
)
113 wxTrace("wxWindows memory checking error: %s\n", mesg
);
116 // << m_fileName << ' ' << m_lineNum << endl;
120 Used when we find an overwrite or an underwrite error.
122 void wxMemStruct::ErrorMsg ()
124 wxTrace("wxWindows over/underwrite memory error: \n");
127 // cerr << m_fileName << ' ' << m_lineNum << endl;
132 We want to find out if pointers have been overwritten as soon as is
133 possible, so test everything before we dereference it. Of course it's still
134 quite possible that, if things have been overwritten, this function will
135 fall over, but the only way of dealing with that would cost too much in terms
138 int wxMemStruct::AssertList ()
140 if (wxDebugContext::GetHead () != 0 && ! (wxDebugContext::GetHead ())->AssertIt () ||
141 wxDebugContext::GetTail () != 0 && ! wxDebugContext::GetTail ()->AssertIt ()) {
142 ErrorMsg ("Head or tail pointers trashed");
150 Check that the thing we're pointing to has the correct id for a wxMemStruct
151 object and also that it's previous and next pointers are pointing at objects
152 which have valid ids.
153 This is definitely not perfect since we could fall over just trying to access
154 any of the slots which we use here, but I think it's about the best that I
155 can do without doing something like taking all new wxMemStruct pointers and
156 comparing them against all known pointer within the list and then only
157 doing this sort of check _after_ you've found the pointer in the list. That
158 would be safer, but also much more time consuming.
160 int wxMemStruct::AssertIt ()
162 return (m_id
== MemStructId
&&
163 (m_prev
== 0 || m_prev
->m_id
== MemStructId
) &&
164 (m_next
== 0 || m_next
->m_id
== MemStructId
));
169 Additions are always at the tail of the list.
170 Returns 0 on error, non-zero on success.
172 int wxMemStruct::Append ()
177 if (wxDebugContext::GetHead () == 0) {
178 if (wxDebugContext::GetTail () != 0) {
179 ErrorMsg ("Null list should have a null tail pointer");
182 (void) wxDebugContext::SetHead (this);
183 (void) wxDebugContext::SetTail (this);
185 wxDebugContext::GetTail ()->m_next
= this;
186 this->m_prev
= wxDebugContext::GetTail ();
187 (void) wxDebugContext::SetTail (this);
194 Don't actually free up anything here as the space which is used
195 by the node will be free'd up when the whole block is free'd.
196 Returns 0 on error, non-zero on success.
198 int wxMemStruct::Unlink ()
203 if (wxDebugContext::GetHead () == 0 || wxDebugContext::GetTail () == 0) {
204 ErrorMsg ("Trying to remove node from empty list");
208 // Handle the part of the list before this node.
210 if (this != wxDebugContext::GetHead ()) {
211 ErrorMsg ("No previous node for non-head node");
214 (void) wxDebugContext::SetHead (m_next
);
216 if (! m_prev
->AssertIt ()) {
217 ErrorMsg ("Trashed previous pointer");
221 if (m_prev
->m_next
!= this) {
222 ErrorMsg ("List is inconsistent");
225 m_prev
->m_next
= m_next
;
228 // Handle the part of the list after this node.
230 if (this != wxDebugContext::GetTail ()) {
231 ErrorMsg ("No next node for non-tail node");
234 (void) wxDebugContext::SetTail (m_prev
);
236 if (! m_next
->AssertIt ()) {
237 ErrorMsg ("Trashed next pointer");
241 if (m_next
->m_prev
!= this) {
242 ErrorMsg ("List is inconsistent");
245 m_next
->m_prev
= m_prev
;
254 Checks a node and block of memory to see that the markers are still
257 int wxMemStruct::CheckBlock ()
261 if (m_firstMarker
!= MemStartCheck
) {
266 char * pointer
= wxDebugContext::MidMarkerPos ((char *) this);
267 if (* (wxMarkerType
*) pointer
!= MemMidCheck
) {
272 pointer
= wxDebugContext::EndMarkerPos ((char *) this, RequestSize ());
273 if (* (wxMarkerType
*) pointer
!= MemEndCheck
) {
283 Check the list of nodes to see if they are all ok.
285 int wxMemStruct::CheckAllPrevious ()
289 for (wxMemStruct
* st
= this->m_prev
; st
!= 0; st
= st
->m_prev
) {
291 nFailures
+= st
->CheckBlock ();
301 When we delete a node we set the id slot to a specific value and then test
302 against this to see if a nodes have been deleted previously. I don't
303 just set the entire memory to the fillChar because then I'd be overwriting
304 useful stuff like the vtbl which may be needed to output the error message
305 including the file name and line numbers. Without this info the whole point
306 of this class is lost!
308 void wxMemStruct::SetDeleted ()
313 int wxMemStruct::IsDeleted ()
315 return (m_id
== MemFillChar
);
320 Print out a single node. There are many far better ways of doing this
321 but this will suffice for now.
323 void wxMemStruct::PrintNode ()
327 wxObject
*obj
= (wxObject
*)m_actualData
;
328 wxClassInfo
*info
= obj
->GetClassInfo();
330 if (info
&& info
->GetClassName())
331 wxTrace("%s", info
->GetClassName());
336 wxTrace(" (%s %d)", m_fileName
, (int)m_lineNum
);
338 wxTrace(" at $%lX, size %d\n", (long)GetActualData(), (int)RequestSize());
342 wxTrace("Non-object data");
344 wxTrace(" (%s %d)", m_fileName
, (int)m_lineNum
);
345 wxTrace(" at $%lX, size %d\n", (long)GetActualData(), (int)RequestSize());
349 void wxMemStruct::Dump ()
351 if (!ValidateNode()) return;
355 wxObject
*obj
= (wxObject
*)m_actualData
;
356 // wxClassInfo *info = obj->GetClassInfo();
359 wxTrace("Item (%s %d)", m_fileName
, (int)m_lineNum
);
363 wxTrace(" at $%lX, size %d: ", (long)GetActualData(), (int)RequestSize());
364 // wxTrace(info->GetClassName());
365 obj
->Dump(wxDebugContext::GetStream());
370 wxTrace("Non-object data");
372 wxTrace(" (%s %d)", m_fileName
, (int)m_lineNum
);
373 wxTrace(" at $%lX, size %d\n", (long)GetActualData(), (int)RequestSize());
379 Validate a node. Check to see that the node is "clean" in the sense
380 that nothing has over/underwritten it etc.
382 int wxMemStruct::ValidateNode ()
384 char * startPointer
= (char *) this;
387 ErrorMsg ("Object already deleted");
389 // Can't use the error routines as we have no recognisable object.
391 wxTrace("Can't verify memory struct - all bets are off!\n");
399 for (i = 0; i < wxDebugContext::TotSize (requestSize ()); i++)
400 cout << startPointer [i];
403 if (Marker () != MemStartCheck
)
405 if (* (wxMarkerType
*) wxDebugContext::MidMarkerPos (startPointer
) != MemMidCheck
)
407 if (* (wxMarkerType
*) wxDebugContext::EndMarkerPos (startPointer
,
412 // Back to before the extra buffer and check that
413 // we can still read what we originally wrote.
414 if (Marker () != MemStartCheck
||
415 * (wxMarkerType
*) wxDebugContext::MidMarkerPos (startPointer
)
417 * (wxMarkerType
*) wxDebugContext::EndMarkerPos (startPointer
,
418 RequestSize ()) != MemEndCheck
)
428 The wxDebugContext class.
431 wxMemStruct
*wxDebugContext::m_head
= NULL
;
432 wxMemStruct
*wxDebugContext::m_tail
= NULL
;
433 // ostream *wxDebugContext::m_debugStream = NULL;
434 // streambuf *wxDebugContext::m_streamBuf = NULL;
436 // Must initialise these in wxEntry, and then delete them just before wxEntry exits
437 streambuf
*wxDebugContext::m_streamBuf
= NULL
;
438 ostream
*wxDebugContext::m_debugStream
= NULL
;
440 bool wxDebugContext::m_checkPrevious
= FALSE
;
441 int wxDebugContext::debugLevel
= 1;
442 bool wxDebugContext::debugOn
= TRUE
;
443 wxMemStruct
*wxDebugContext::checkPoint
= NULL
;
445 wxDebugContext::wxDebugContext(void)
447 // m_streamBuf = new wxDebugStreamBuf;
448 // m_debugStream = new ostream(m_streamBuf);
451 wxDebugContext::~wxDebugContext(void)
453 SetStream(NULL
, NULL
);
457 * It's bizarre, but with BC++ 4.5, the value of str changes
458 * between SetFile and SetStream.
461 void wxDebugContext::SetStream(ostream
*str
, streambuf
*buf
)
467 sprintf(buff, "SetStream (1): str is %ld", (long) str);
468 MessageBox(NULL, buff, "Memory", MB_OK);
474 m_debugStream
->flush();
475 delete m_debugStream
;
477 m_debugStream
= NULL
;
479 // Not allowed in Watcom (~streambuf is protected).
480 // Is this trying to say something significant to us??
484 streambuf
* oldBuf
= m_streamBuf
;
493 bool wxDebugContext::SetFile(const wxString
& file
)
495 ofstream
*str
= new ofstream((char *) (const char *)file
);
506 sprintf(buf, "SetFile: str is %ld", (long) str);
507 MessageBox(NULL, buf, "Memory", MB_OK);
514 bool wxDebugContext::SetStandardError(void)
516 #if !defined(_WINDLL)
517 wxDebugStreamBuf
*buf
= new wxDebugStreamBuf
;
518 ostream
*stream
= new ostream(m_streamBuf
);
519 SetStream(stream
, buf
);
528 Work out the positions of the markers by creating an array of 2 markers
529 and comparing the addresses of the 2 elements. Use this number as the
530 alignment for markers.
532 size_t wxDebugContext::CalcAlignment ()
535 return (char *) &ar
[1] - (char *) &ar
[0];
539 char * wxDebugContext::StructPos (const char * buf
)
544 char * wxDebugContext::MidMarkerPos (const char * buf
)
546 return StructPos (buf
) + PaddedSize (sizeof (wxMemStruct
));
549 char * wxDebugContext::CallerMemPos (const char * buf
)
551 return MidMarkerPos (buf
) + PaddedSize (sizeof(wxMarkerType
));
555 char * wxDebugContext::EndMarkerPos (const char * buf
, const size_t size
)
557 return CallerMemPos (buf
) + PaddedSize (size
);
562 Slightly different as this takes a pointer to the start of the caller
563 requested region and returns a pointer to the start of the buffer.
565 char * wxDebugContext::StartPos (const char * caller
)
567 return ((char *) (caller
- wxDebugContext::PaddedSize (sizeof(wxMarkerType
)) -
568 wxDebugContext::PaddedSize (sizeof (wxMemStruct
))));
572 We may need padding between various parts of the allocated memory.
573 Given a size of memory, this returns the amount of memory which should
574 be allocated in order to allow for alignment of the following object.
576 I don't know how portable this stuff is, but it seems to work for me at
577 the moment. It would be real nice if I knew more about this!
579 size_t wxDebugContext::GetPadding (const size_t size
)
581 size_t pad
= size
% CalcAlignment ();
582 return (pad
) ? sizeof(wxMarkerType
) - pad
: 0;
587 size_t wxDebugContext::PaddedSize (const size_t size
)
589 return size
+ GetPadding (size
);
593 Returns the total amount of memory which we need to get from the system
594 in order to satisfy a caller request. This includes space for the struct
595 plus markers and the caller's memory as well.
597 size_t wxDebugContext::TotSize (const size_t reqSize
)
599 return (PaddedSize (sizeof (wxMemStruct
)) + PaddedSize (reqSize
) +
600 2 * sizeof(wxMarkerType
));
605 Traverse the list of nodes executing the given function on each node.
607 void wxDebugContext::TraverseList (PmSFV func
, wxMemStruct
*from
)
610 from
= wxDebugContext::GetHead ();
612 for (wxMemStruct
* st
= from
; st
!= 0; st
= st
->m_next
)
614 void* data
= st
->GetActualData();
615 if ((data
!= (void*)m_debugStream
) && (data
!= (void*) m_streamBuf
))
626 bool wxDebugContext::PrintList (void)
632 TraverseList ((PmSFV
)&wxMemStruct::PrintNode
, (checkPoint
? checkPoint
->m_next
: (wxMemStruct
*)NULL
));
640 bool wxDebugContext::Dump(void)
648 char* appName
= "application";
649 wxString
appNameStr("");
652 appNameStr
= wxTheApp
->GetAppName();
653 appName
= (char*) (const char*) appNameStr
;
654 wxTrace("Memory dump of %s at %s:\n", appName
, WXSTRINGCAST
wxNow() );
657 TraverseList ((PmSFV
)&wxMemStruct::Dump
, (checkPoint
? checkPoint
->m_next
: (wxMemStruct
*)NULL
));
665 struct wxDebugStatsStruct
670 wxDebugStatsStruct
*next
;
673 static wxDebugStatsStruct
*FindStatsStruct(wxDebugStatsStruct
*st
, char *name
)
677 if (strcmp(st
->instanceClass
, name
) == 0)
684 static wxDebugStatsStruct
*InsertStatsStruct(wxDebugStatsStruct
*head
, wxDebugStatsStruct
*st
)
690 bool wxDebugContext::PrintStatistics(bool detailed
)
696 bool currentMode
= GetDebugMode();
699 long noNonObjectNodes
= 0;
700 long noObjectNodes
= 0;
703 wxDebugStatsStruct
*list
= NULL
;
705 wxMemStruct
*from
= (checkPoint
? checkPoint
->m_next
: (wxMemStruct
*)NULL
);
707 from
= wxDebugContext::GetHead ();
710 for (st
= from
; st
!= 0; st
= st
->m_next
)
712 void* data
= st
->GetActualData();
713 if (detailed
&& (data
!= (void*)m_debugStream
) && (data
!= (void*) m_streamBuf
))
715 char *className
= "nonobject";
716 if (st
->m_isObject
&& st
->GetActualData())
718 wxObject
*obj
= (wxObject
*)st
->GetActualData();
719 if (obj
->GetClassInfo()->GetClassName())
720 className
= obj
->GetClassInfo()->GetClassName();
722 wxDebugStatsStruct
*stats
= FindStatsStruct(list
, className
);
725 stats
= (wxDebugStatsStruct
*)malloc(sizeof(wxDebugStatsStruct
));
726 stats
->instanceClass
= className
;
727 stats
->instanceCount
= 0;
728 stats
->totalSize
= 0;
729 list
= InsertStatsStruct(list
, stats
);
731 stats
->instanceCount
++;
732 stats
->totalSize
+= st
->RequestSize();
735 if ((data
!= (void*)m_debugStream
) && (data
!= (void*) m_streamBuf
))
737 totalSize
+= st
->RequestSize();
749 wxTrace("%ld objects of class %s, total size %ld\n",
750 list
->instanceCount
, list
->instanceClass
, list
->totalSize
);
751 wxDebugStatsStruct
*old
= list
;
758 SetDebugMode(currentMode
);
760 wxTrace("Number of object items: %ld\n", noObjectNodes
);
761 wxTrace("Number of non-object items: %ld\n", noNonObjectNodes
);
762 wxTrace("Total allocated size: %ld\n", totalSize
);
770 bool wxDebugContext::PrintClasses(void)
777 char* appName
= "application";
778 wxString
appNameStr("");
781 appNameStr
= wxTheApp
->GetAppName();
782 appName
= (char*) (const char*) appNameStr
;
783 wxTrace("Classes in %s:\n\n", appName
);
788 wxClassInfo
*info
= wxClassInfo::first
;
791 if (info
->GetClassName())
793 wxTrace("%s ", info
->GetClassName());
795 if (info
->GetBaseClassName1() && !info
->GetBaseClassName2())
796 wxTrace("is a %s", info
->GetBaseClassName1());
797 else if (info
->GetBaseClassName1() && info
->GetBaseClassName2())
798 wxTrace("is a %s, %s", info
->GetBaseClassName1(), info
->GetBaseClassName2());
799 if (info
->objectConstructor
)
800 wxTrace(": dynamic\n");
807 wxTrace("\nThere are %d classes derived from wxObject.\n", n
);
811 void wxDebugContext::SetCheckpoint(bool all
)
819 // Checks all nodes since checkpoint, or since start.
820 int wxDebugContext::Check(bool checkAll
)
824 wxMemStruct
*from
= (checkPoint
? checkPoint
->m_next
: (wxMemStruct
*)NULL
);
825 if (!from
|| checkAll
)
826 from
= wxDebugContext::GetHead ();
828 for (wxMemStruct
* st
= from
; st
!= 0; st
= st
->m_next
)
831 nFailures
+= st
->CheckBlock ();
839 // Count the number of non-wxDebugContext-related objects
840 // that are outstanding
841 int wxDebugContext::CountObjectsLeft(void)
845 wxMemStruct
*from
= wxDebugContext::GetHead ();
847 for (wxMemStruct
* st
= from
; st
!= 0; st
= st
->m_next
)
849 void* data
= st
->GetActualData();
850 if ((data
!= (void*)m_debugStream
) && (data
!= (void*) m_streamBuf
))
858 The global operator new used for everything apart from getting
859 dynamic storage within this function itself.
862 // We'll only do malloc and free for the moment: leave the interesting
863 // stuff for the wxObject versions.
865 #if WXDEBUG && USE_GLOBAL_MEMORY_OPERATORS
871 // Seems OK all of a sudden. Maybe to do with linking with multithreaded library?
872 #if 0 // def _MSC_VER
873 #define NO_DEBUG_ALLOCATION
876 // Unfortunately ~wxDebugStreamBuf doesn't work (VC++ 5) when we enable the debugging
877 // code. I have no idea why. In BC++ 4.5, we have a similar problem the debug
878 // stream myseriously changing pointer address between being passed from SetFile to SetStream.
879 // See docs/msw/issues.txt.
880 void * operator new (size_t size
, char * fileName
, int lineNum
)
882 #ifdef NO_DEBUG_ALLOCATION
885 return wxDebugAlloc(size
, fileName
, lineNum
, FALSE
, FALSE
);
889 #if !( defined (_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER <= 1000) )
890 void * operator new[] (size_t size
, char * fileName
, int lineNum
)
892 #ifdef NO_DEBUG_ALLOCATION
895 return wxDebugAlloc(size
, fileName
, lineNum
, FALSE
, TRUE
);
900 void operator delete (void * buf
)
902 #ifdef NO_DEBUG_ALLOCATION
909 #if !( defined (_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER <= 1000) )
910 void operator delete[] (void * buf
)
912 #ifdef NO_DEBUG_ALLOCATION
915 wxDebugFree(buf
, TRUE
);
922 // TODO: store whether this is a vector or not.
923 void * wxDebugAlloc(size_t size
, char * fileName
, int lineNum
, bool isObject
, bool WXUNUSED(isVect
) )
925 // If not in debugging allocation mode, do the normal thing
926 // so we don't leave any trace of ourselves in the node list.
928 if (!wxDebugContext::GetDebugMode())
930 return (void *)malloc(size
);
933 char * buf
= (char *) malloc(wxDebugContext::TotSize (size
));
935 wxTrace("Call to malloc (%ld) failed.\n", (long)size
);
938 wxMemStruct
* st
= (wxMemStruct
*)buf
;
939 st
->m_firstMarker
= MemStartCheck
;
940 st
->m_reqSize
= size
;
941 st
->m_fileName
= fileName
;
942 st
->m_lineNum
= lineNum
;
943 st
->m_id
= MemStructId
;
946 st
->m_isObject
= isObject
;
948 // Errors from Append() shouldn't really happen - but just in case!
949 if (st
->Append () == 0) {
950 st
->ErrorMsg ("Trying to append new node");
953 if (wxDebugContext::GetCheckPrevious ()) {
954 if (st
->CheckAllPrevious () < 0) {
955 st
->ErrorMsg ("Checking previous nodes");
959 // Set up the extra markers at the middle and end.
960 char * ptr
= wxDebugContext::MidMarkerPos (buf
);
961 * (wxMarkerType
*) ptr
= MemMidCheck
;
962 ptr
= wxDebugContext::EndMarkerPos (buf
, size
);
963 * (wxMarkerType
*) ptr
= MemEndCheck
;
965 // pointer returned points to the start of the caller's
967 void *m_actualData
= (void *) wxDebugContext::CallerMemPos (buf
);
968 st
->m_actualData
= m_actualData
;
973 // TODO: check whether was allocated as a vector
974 void wxDebugFree(void * buf
, bool WXUNUSED(isVect
) )
979 // If not in debugging allocation mode, do the normal thing
980 // so we don't leave any trace of ourselves in the node list.
981 if (!wxDebugContext::GetDebugMode())
987 // Points to the start of the entire allocated area.
988 char * startPointer
= wxDebugContext::StartPos ((char *) buf
);
989 // Find the struct and make sure that it's identifiable.
990 wxMemStruct
* st
= (wxMemStruct
*) wxDebugContext::StructPos (startPointer
);
992 if (! st
->ValidateNode ())
995 // If this is the current checkpoint, we need to
996 // move the checkpoint back so it points to a valid
998 if (st
== wxDebugContext::checkPoint
)
999 wxDebugContext::checkPoint
= wxDebugContext::checkPoint
->m_prev
;
1001 if (! st
->Unlink ())
1003 st
->ErrorMsg ("Unlinking deleted node");
1006 // Now put in the fill char into the id slot and the caller requested
1007 // memory locations.
1009 (void) memset (wxDebugContext::CallerMemPos (startPointer
), MemFillChar
,
1010 st
->RequestSize ());
1012 // Don't allow delayed freeing of memory in this version
1013 // if (!wxDebugContext::GetDelayFree())
1014 // free((void *)st);
1018 // Trace: send output to the current debugging stream
1019 void wxTrace(const char *fmt
...)
1022 static char buffer
[512];
1027 wvsprintf(buffer
,fmt
,ap
) ;
1029 vsprintf(buffer
,fmt
,ap
) ;
1034 if (wxDebugContext::HasStream())
1036 wxDebugContext::GetStream() << buffer
;
1037 wxDebugContext::GetStream().flush();
1041 OutputDebugString((LPCSTR
)buffer
) ;
1043 fprintf(stderr
, buffer
);
1048 void wxTraceLevel(int level
, const char *fmt
...)
1050 if (wxDebugContext::GetLevel() < level
)
1054 static char buffer
[512];
1059 wvsprintf(buffer
,fmt
,ap
) ;
1061 vsprintf(buffer
,fmt
,ap
) ;
1066 if (wxDebugContext::HasStream())
1068 wxDebugContext::GetStream() << buffer
;
1069 wxDebugContext::GetStream().flush();
1073 OutputDebugString((LPCSTR
)buffer
) ;
1075 fprintf(stderr
, buffer
);
1079 #else // USE_MEMORY_TRACING && WXDEBUG
1080 void wxTrace(const char *WXUNUSED(fmt
) ...)
1084 void wxTraceLevel(int WXUNUSED(level
), const char *WXUNUSED(fmt
) ...)