Separate dataExtents / rsrcExtents (gcc noticed).

[hfs.git] / newfs_hfs / makehfs.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2011 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 * 
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this
 * file.
 * 
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 * 
 * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */
/*
        File:           makehfs.c

        Contains:       Initialization code for HFS and HFS Plus volumes.

        Copyright:      � 1984-1999 by Apple Computer, Inc., all rights reserved.

*/

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <sys/errno.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/vmmeter.h>

#include <err.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <paths.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <wipefs.h>

/*
 * CommonCrypto is meant to be a more stable API than OpenSSL.
 * Defining COMMON_DIGEST_FOR_OPENSSL gives API-compatibility
 * with OpenSSL, so we don't have to change the code.
 */
#define COMMON_DIGEST_FOR_OPENSSL
#include <CommonCrypto/CommonDigest.h>

#include <libkern/OSByteOrder.h>

#include <CoreFoundation/CFString.h>
#include <CoreFoundation/CFStringEncodingExt.h>
#include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h>
#include <IOKit/storage/IOMedia.h>

#include <TargetConditionals.h>

extern Boolean _CFStringGetFileSystemRepresentation(CFStringRef string, UInt8 *buffer, CFIndex maxBufLen);


#include <hfs/hfs_format.h>
#include <hfs/hfs_mount.h>
#include "hfs_endian.h"

#include "newfs_hfs.h"

#ifndef NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG
# ifdef DEBUG_BUILD
#  define NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG 1
# else
#  define NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG 0
# endif
#endif

#define HFS_BOOT_DATA   "/usr/share/misc/hfsbootdata"

#define HFS_JOURNAL_FILE        ".journal"
#define HFS_JOURNAL_INFO        ".journal_info_block"

#define kJournalFileType        0x6a726e6c      /* 'jrnl' */


typedef HFSMasterDirectoryBlock HFS_MDB;

struct filefork {
        UInt16  startBlock;
        UInt16  blockCount;
        UInt32  logicalSize;
        UInt32  physicalSize;
};

struct ExtentRecord {
        HFSPlusExtentKey        key;
        HFSPlusExtentRecord     record;
} __attribute__((aligned(2), packed));
static size_t numOverflowExtents = 0;
static struct ExtentRecord *overflowExtents = NULL;

struct filefork gDTDBFork, gSystemFork, gReadMeFork;

static void WriteVH __P((const DriveInfo *driveInfo, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *hp));
static void InitVH __P((hfsparams_t *defaults, UInt64 sectors,
                HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header));

static int AllocateExtent(UInt8 *buffer, UInt32 startBlock, UInt32 blockCount);
static int MarkExtentUsed(const DriveInfo *, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *, UInt32, UInt32);

static void WriteExtentsFile __P((const DriveInfo *dip, UInt64 startingSector,
        const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSExtentDescriptor *bbextp, void *buffer,
        UInt32 *bytesUsed, UInt32 *mapNodes));

static void WriteAttributesFile(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
        const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSExtentDescriptor *bbextp, void *buffer,
        UInt32 *bytesUsed, UInt32 *mapNodes);

static void WriteCatalogFile __P((const DriveInfo *dip, UInt64 startingSector,
        const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header, void *buffer,
        UInt32 *bytesUsed, UInt32 *mapNodes));
static int  WriteJournalInfo(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
                             const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header,
                             void *buffer);
static void InitCatalogRoot_HFSPlus __P((const hfsparams_t *dp, const HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header, void * buffer));

static void WriteMapNodes __P((const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 diskStart,
                UInt32 firstMapNode, UInt32 mapNodes, UInt16 btNodeSize, void *buffer));
static void WriteBuffer __P((const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
                UInt64 byteCount, const void *buffer));
static UInt32 Largest __P((UInt32 a, UInt32 b, UInt32 c, UInt32 d ));

static UInt32 GetDefaultEncoding();

static UInt32 UTCToLocal __P((UInt32 utcTime));

static int ConvertUTF8toUnicode __P((const UInt8* source, size_t bufsize,
                UniChar* unibuf, UInt16 *charcount));

static int getencodinghint(unsigned char *name);

#define VOLUMEUUIDVALUESIZE 2
typedef union VolumeUUID {
        UInt32 value[VOLUMEUUIDVALUESIZE];
        struct {
                UInt32 high;
                UInt32 low;
        } v;
} VolumeUUID;
void GenerateVolumeUUID(VolumeUUID *newVolumeID);

void SETOFFSET (void *buffer, UInt16 btNodeSize, SInt16 recOffset, SInt16 vecOffset);
#define SETOFFSET(buf,ndsiz,offset,rec)         \
        (*(SInt16 *)((UInt8 *)(buf) + (ndsiz) + (-2 * (rec))) = (SWAP_BE16 (offset)))

#define BYTESTOBLKS(bytes,blks)         DivideAndRoundUp((bytes),(blks))

#define ROUNDUP(x, u)   (((x) % (u) == 0) ? (x) : ((x)/(u) + 1) * (u))

#if TARGET_OS_EMBEDDED
#define ENCODING_TO_BIT(e)                               \
          ((e) < 48 ? (e) : 0)
#else
#define ENCODING_TO_BIT(e)                               \
          ((e) < 48 ? (e) :                              \
          ((e) == kCFStringEncodingMacUkrainian ? 48 :   \
          ((e) == kCFStringEncodingMacFarsi ? 49 : 0)))
#endif


#ifdef DEBUG_BUILD
struct cp_root_xattr {
        u_int16_t vers;
        u_int16_t reserved1;
        u_int64_t reserved2;
        u_int8_t reserved3[16];
} __attribute__((aligned(2), packed)); 
#endif

/*
 * Create a series of (sequential!) extents for the
 * requested file.  It tries to create the requested
 * number, but may be stymied by the file size, and
 * the number of minimum blocks.
 */
static void
createExtents(HFSPlusForkData *file,
              UInt32 fileID,
              UInt32 startBlock,
              size_t numExtents,
              int minBlocks)
{
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG == 0) {
                /*
                 * The common case, for non-debug.
                 */
                file->extents[0].startBlock = startBlock;
                file->extents[0].blockCount = file->totalBlocks;
        } else {
                UInt32 blocksLeft, blocksTotal = 0, blockStep;
                int i;
                int firstAdjust = 0;
                
                if (numExtents == 1) {
                        // The common case, no need to do any math
                        file->extents[0].startBlock = startBlock;
                        file->extents[0].blockCount = file->totalBlocks;
                        return;
                }
                if (file->totalBlocks < numExtents)
                        numExtents = file->totalBlocks;
                
                blocksLeft = file->totalBlocks;
                
                /*
                 * The intent here is to split the number of blocks into the
                 * requested number of extents.  So first we determine how
                 * many blocks should go in each extent -- that's blockStep.
                 * If we have been giving minBlocks, we need to make sure it's
                 * a multiple of that. (In general, the values are going to be
                 * 1 or 2 for minBlocks.)
                 *
                 * If there are more requested extents than blocks, the division
                 * works out to zero... so we limit blockStep to minBlocks.
                 *
                 */
                blockStep = blocksLeft / numExtents;

                /*
                 * To allow invalid extent lengths, set minBlocks to 1, and
                 * comment out the next two if statements.
                 */
                if ((blockStep % minBlocks) != 0)
                        blockStep = (blockStep / minBlocks) * minBlocks;
                if (blockStep == 0)
                        blockStep = minBlocks;
                
                /*
                 * Now, after that, we may still not have the right number, since
                 * the math may not work out properly.  So we can work around that
                 * by making the first extent have all the spares.
                 */
                if ((blockStep * numExtents) < blocksLeft) {
                        // Need to adjust the first one.
                        firstAdjust = blocksLeft - (blockStep * numExtents);
                        if ((firstAdjust % minBlocks) != 0)
                                firstAdjust = ROUNDUP(firstAdjust, minBlocks);
                }
                
                /*
                 * Now, at this point, start handing out blocks to each extent.
                 * First to the 8 extents in the fork descriptor.
                 */
                for (i = 0; i < 8 && blocksLeft > 0; i++) {
                        int n = MIN(blockStep + firstAdjust, blocksLeft);
                        file->extents[i].startBlock = startBlock + blocksTotal;
                        file->extents[i].blockCount = n;
                        blocksLeft -= n;
                        blocksTotal += n;
                        firstAdjust = 0;
                }
                /*
                 * Then, if there are any left, to the overflow extents.
                 */
                while (blocksLeft > 0) {
                        struct ExtentRecord tmp;
                        UInt32 bcount = 0;
                        memset(&tmp, 0, sizeof(tmp));
                        tmp.key.keyLength = SWAP_BE16(sizeof(HFSPlusExtentKey) - sizeof(uint16_t));
                        tmp.key.forkType = 0;
                        tmp.key.fileID = SWAP_BE32(fileID);
                        tmp.key.startBlock = SWAP_BE32(blocksTotal);
                        for (i = 0; i < 8 && blocksLeft > 0; i++) {
                                int n = MIN(blockStep, blocksLeft);
                                tmp.record[i].startBlock = SWAP_BE32(blocksTotal + bcount + startBlock);
                                tmp.record[i].blockCount = SWAP_BE32(n);
                                bcount += n;
                                blocksLeft -= n;
                        }
                        blocksTotal += bcount;
                        overflowExtents = realloc(overflowExtents, (numOverflowExtents+1) * sizeof(*overflowExtents));
                        overflowExtents[numOverflowExtents++] = tmp;
                }
        }
        return;
}

/*
 * wipefs() in -lutil knows about multiple filesystem formats.
 * This replaces the code:
 *      WriteBuffer(driveInfo, 0, diskBlocksUsed * kBytesPerSector, NULL);
 *      WriteBuffer(driveInfo, driveInfo->totalSectors - 8, 4 * 1024, NULL);
 * which was used to erase the beginning and end of the filesystem.
 *
 */
static int
dowipefs(int fd)
{
        int err;
        wipefs_ctx handle;

        err = wipefs_alloc(fd, 0/*sectorSize*/, &handle);
        if (err == 0) {
                err = wipefs_wipe(handle);
        }
        wipefs_free(&handle);
        return err;
}


/*
 * make_hfsplus
 *      
 * This routine writes an initial HFS Plus volume structure onto a volume.
 * It is assumed that the disk has already been formatted and verified.
 *
 */
int
make_hfsplus(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, hfsparams_t *defaults)
{
        UInt16                  btNodeSize;
        UInt32                  sectorsPerBlock;
        UInt32                  mapNodes;
        UInt32                  sectorsPerNode;
        UInt32                  temp;
        UInt32                  bytesUsed;
        UInt32                  endOfAttributes;
        UInt32                  startOfAllocation;
        UInt64                  bytesToZero;
        void                    *nodeBuffer = NULL;
        HFSPlusVolumeHeader     *header = NULL;
        UInt64                  sector;

        /* Use wipefs() API to clear old metadata from the device.
         * This should be done before we start writing anything on the 
         * device as wipefs will internally call ioctl(DKIOCDISCARD) on the 
         * entire device.
         */
        (void) dowipefs(driveInfo->fd);

        /* --- Create an HFS Plus header:  */

        header = (HFSPlusVolumeHeader*)malloc((size_t)kBytesPerSector);
        if (header == NULL)
                err(1, NULL);

        defaults->encodingHint = getencodinghint(defaults->volumeName);

        /* VH Initialized in native byte order */
        InitVH(defaults, driveInfo->totalSectors, header);

        sectorsPerBlock = header->blockSize / kBytesPerSector;


        /*--- ZERO OUT BEGINNING OF DISK:  */
        /*
         * Clear out the space to be occupied by the bitmap and B-Trees.
         * The first chunk is the boot sectors, volume header, allocation bitmap,
         * journal, Extents B-tree, and Attributes B-tree (if any).
         * The second chunk is the Catalog B-tree.
         */
        
        /* Zero out first 1M (to be safe) for volume header */
        WriteBuffer(driveInfo, 0, 1024*1024, NULL);

        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG) {
                /*
                 * Mark each file extent as used individually, rather than doing it all at once.
                 * Also zero out the entire file.
                 */
# define MFU(f)                                                         \
                do {                                                    \
                        WriteBuffer(driveInfo,                          \
                                    header->f.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock, \
                                    header->f.totalBlocks * header->blockSize, \
                                    NULL);                              \
                        if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, header->f.extents[0].startBlock, header->f.totalBlocks) == -1) { \
                                errx(1, #f " extent overlap <%u, %u>", header->f.extents[0].startBlock, header->f.totalBlocks); \
                        }                                               \
                } while (0)
                MFU(allocationFile);
                MFU(attributesFile);
                MFU(extentsFile);
# undef MFU
        } else {
                /* Zero out from start of allocation file to end of attribute file; 
                 * will include allocation bitmap, journal, extents btree, and 
                 * attribute btree
                 */
                sector = header->allocationFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
                endOfAttributes = header->attributesFile.extents[0].startBlock + header->attributesFile.totalBlocks;
                startOfAllocation = header->allocationFile.extents[0].startBlock;
                bytesToZero = (UInt64) (endOfAttributes - startOfAllocation + 1) * header->blockSize;
                WriteBuffer(driveInfo, sector, bytesToZero, NULL);

                bytesToZero = (UInt64) header->catalogFile.totalBlocks * header->blockSize;
                sector = header->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
                WriteBuffer(driveInfo, sector, bytesToZero, NULL);
        }
        /*
         * Allocate a buffer for the rest of our IO.
         * Note that in some cases we may need to initialize an EA, so we 
         * need to use the attribute B-Tree node size in this calculation. 
         */

        temp = Largest( defaults->catalogNodeSize * 2,
                        (defaults->attributesNodeSize * 2),
                        header->blockSize,
                        (header->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock + header->catalogFile.totalBlocks + 7) / 8 );
        /* 
         * If size is not a mutiple of 512, round up to nearest sector
         */
        if ( (temp & 0x01FF) != 0 )
                temp = (temp + kBytesPerSector) & 0xFFFFFE00;
        
        nodeBuffer = valloc((size_t)temp);
        if (nodeBuffer == NULL)
                err(1, NULL);


                
        /*--- WRITE ALLOCATION BITMAP BITS TO DISK:  */

        /*
         * XXX - this doesn't work well with using arbitrary extents.
         *
         * To do this, we need to find the appropriate area in the file, and
         * pass that in to AllocateExtent, which is just a bitmap manipulation
         * routine.  Then we need to write it out at the right place.  Note that
         * we may have to read it in first, as well, which may mean zeroing out
         * the entirety of the allocation file first.
         *
         * Possible solution:
         * New function to mark extent as used.
         * Function should figure out which block(s) for an extent.
         * Read it in.  Mark the bits used.  Return.
         * For now, it can assume the allocation extents are contiguous, but
         * should be extensible to not do that.
         */
        sector = header->allocationFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
        bzero(nodeBuffer, temp);
        /* Mark volume header as allocated */
        if (header->blockSize == 512) {
                if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, 0, 4) == -1) {
                        errx(1, "Overlapped extent at <0, 4> (%d)", __LINE__);
                }
        } else if (header->blockSize == 1024) {
                if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, 0, 2) == -1) {
                        errx(1, "Overlapped extent at <0, 2> (%d)", __LINE__);
                }
        } else {
                if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, 0, 1) == -1) {
                        errx(1, "Overlapped extent at <0, 1> (%d)", __LINE__);
                }
        }
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG == 0) {
                /* Mark area from bitmap to end of attributes as allocated */
                if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, startOfAllocation, (endOfAttributes - startOfAllocation)) == -1) {
                        errx(1, "Overlapped extent at <%u, %u> (%d)\n", startOfAllocation, endOfAttributes - startOfAllocation, __LINE__);
                }
        }

        /* Mark catalog btree blocks as allocated */
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG) {
                /* Erase the catalog file first */
                WriteBuffer(driveInfo,
                            header->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock,
                            header->catalogFile.totalBlocks * header->blockSize,
                            NULL);
        }
        if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header,
                             header->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock,
                           header->catalogFile.totalBlocks) == -1) {
                errx(1, "Overlapped catalog extent at <%u, %u>\n", header->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock, header->catalogFile.totalBlocks);
        }
        
        /*
         * Write alternate Volume Header bitmap bit to allocations file at
         * 2nd to last sector on HFS+ volume
         */
        if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, header->totalBlocks - 1, 1) == -1) {
                errx(1, "Overlapped extent for header at <%u, %u>\n", header->totalBlocks - 1, 1);
        }

        /*
         * If the blockSize is 512 bytes, then the last 1kbyte has to be marked
         * used via two bits.
         */
        if ( header->blockSize == 512 ) {
                if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, header->totalBlocks - 2, 1) == -1) {
                        errx(1, "Overlapped extent for AVH at <%u, %u>\n", header->totalBlocks - 2, 1);
                }
        
        }

        /*--- WRITE FILE EXTENTS B-TREE TO DISK:  */

        btNodeSize = defaults->extentsNodeSize;
        sectorsPerNode = btNodeSize/kBytesPerSector;

        sector = header->extentsFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
        WriteExtentsFile(driveInfo, sector, defaults, NULL, nodeBuffer, &bytesUsed, &mapNodes);

        if (mapNodes > 0) {
                WriteMapNodes(driveInfo, (sector + bytesUsed/kBytesPerSector),
                        bytesUsed/btNodeSize, mapNodes, btNodeSize, nodeBuffer);
        }

        

        /*--- WRITE FILE ATTRIBUTES B-TREE TO DISK:  */
        if (defaults->attributesClumpSize) {

                btNodeSize = defaults->attributesNodeSize;
                sectorsPerNode = btNodeSize/kBytesPerSector;
        
                sector = header->attributesFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
                WriteAttributesFile(driveInfo, sector, defaults, NULL, nodeBuffer, &bytesUsed, &mapNodes);
                if (mapNodes > 0) {
                        WriteMapNodes(driveInfo, (sector + bytesUsed/kBytesPerSector),
                                bytesUsed/btNodeSize, mapNodes, btNodeSize, nodeBuffer);
                }
        }
        
        /*--- WRITE CATALOG B-TREE TO DISK:  */
        
        btNodeSize = defaults->catalogNodeSize;
        sectorsPerNode = btNodeSize/kBytesPerSector;

        sector = header->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
        WriteCatalogFile(driveInfo, sector, defaults, header, nodeBuffer, &bytesUsed, &mapNodes);

        if (mapNodes > 0) {
                WriteMapNodes(driveInfo, (sector + bytesUsed/kBytesPerSector),
                        bytesUsed/btNodeSize, mapNodes, btNodeSize, nodeBuffer);
        }

        /*--- JOURNALING SETUP */
        if (defaults->journaledHFS) {
            sector = header->journalInfoBlock * sectorsPerBlock;
            if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG) {
                    /*
                     * For debug build, the journal may be located somewhere other
                     * than right after the journalInfoBlock.
                     */
                    if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, header->journalInfoBlock, 1) == -1) {
                            errx(1, "Extent overlap for journalInfoBlock <%u, 1>", header->journalInfoBlock);
                    }

                    if (!defaults->journalDevice) {
                            UInt32 jStart = defaults->journalBlock ? defaults->journalBlock : (header->journalInfoBlock + 1);
                            UInt32 jCount = (UInt32)(defaults->journalSize / header->blockSize);
                            if (MarkExtentUsed(driveInfo, header, jStart, jCount) == -1) {
                                    errx(1, "Extent overlap for journal <%u, %u>", jStart, jCount);
                            }
                    }
            }
            if (WriteJournalInfo(driveInfo, sector, defaults, header, nodeBuffer) != 0) {
                err(EINVAL, "Failed to create the journal");
            }
        }
        
        /*--- WRITE VOLUME HEADER TO DISK:  */

        /* write header last in case we fail along the way */

        /* Writes both copies of the volume header */
        WriteVH (driveInfo, header);
        /* VH is now big-endian */

        free(nodeBuffer);
        free(header);

        return (0);
}

/*
 * WriteVH
 *
 * Writes the Volume Header (VH) to disk.
 *
 * The VH is byte-swapped if necessary to big endian. Since this
 * is always the last operation, there's no point in unswapping it.
 */
static void
WriteVH (const DriveInfo *driveInfo, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *hp)
{
        SWAP_HFSPLUSVH (hp);

        WriteBuffer(driveInfo, 2, kBytesPerSector, hp);
        WriteBuffer(driveInfo, driveInfo->totalSectors - 2, kBytesPerSector, hp);
}


/*
 * InitVH
 *
 * Initialize a Volume Header record.
 */
static void
InitVH(hfsparams_t *defaults, UInt64 sectors, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *hp)
{
        UInt32  blockSize;
        UInt32  blockCount;
        UInt32  blocksUsed;
        UInt32  bitmapBlocks;
        UInt16  burnedBlocksBeforeVH = 0;
        UInt16  burnedBlocksAfterAltVH = 0;
        UInt32  nextBlock;
        UInt32  allocateBlock;
        VolumeUUID      newVolumeUUID;  
        VolumeUUID*     finderInfoUUIDPtr;
        UInt64  hotFileBandSize;
        UInt64 volsize;

/* 
 * 2 MB is the minimum size for the new behavior with 
 * space after the attr b-tree, and hotfile stuff. 
 */
#define MINVOLSIZE_WITHSPACE 2097152 

        bzero(hp, kBytesPerSector);

        blockSize = defaults->blockSize;
        blockCount = sectors / (blockSize >> kLog2SectorSize);

        /*
         * HFSPlusVolumeHeader is located at sector 2, so we may need
         * to invalidate blocks before HFSPlusVolumeHeader.
         */
        if ( blockSize == 512 ) {
                burnedBlocksBeforeVH = 2;               /* 2 before VH */
                burnedBlocksAfterAltVH = 1;             /* 1 after altVH */
        } else if ( blockSize == 1024 ) {
                burnedBlocksBeforeVH = 1;
        }
        nextBlock = burnedBlocksBeforeVH + 1;           /* +1 for VH itself */
        if (defaults->fsStartBlock) {
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG)
                        printf ("Laying down metadata starting at allocation block=%u (totalBlocks=%u)\n", (unsigned int)defaults->fsStartBlock, (unsigned int)blockCount);
                nextBlock += defaults->fsStartBlock;    /* lay down file system after this allocation block */
        }
        
        bitmapBlocks = defaults->allocationClumpSize / blockSize;

        /* note: add 2 for the Alternate VH, and VH */
        blocksUsed = 2 + burnedBlocksBeforeVH + burnedBlocksAfterAltVH + bitmapBlocks;

        if (defaults->flags & kMakeCaseSensitive) {
                hp->signature = kHFSXSigWord;
                hp->version = kHFSXVersion;
        } else {
                hp->signature = kHFSPlusSigWord;
                hp->version = kHFSPlusVersion;
        }
        hp->attributes = kHFSVolumeUnmountedMask | kHFSUnusedNodeFixMask;
        if (defaults->flags & kMakeContentProtect) {
                hp->attributes |= kHFSContentProtectionMask;    
        }
        hp->lastMountedVersion = kHFSPlusMountVersion;

        /* NOTE: create date is in local time, not GMT!  */
        hp->createDate = UTCToLocal(defaults->createDate);
        hp->modifyDate = defaults->createDate;
        hp->backupDate = 0;
        hp->checkedDate = defaults->createDate;

//      hp->fileCount = 0;
//      hp->folderCount = 0;

        hp->blockSize = blockSize;
        hp->totalBlocks = blockCount;
        hp->freeBlocks = blockCount;    /* will be adjusted at the end */

        volsize = (UInt64) blockCount * (UInt64) blockSize;

        hp->rsrcClumpSize = defaults->rsrcClumpSize;
        hp->dataClumpSize = defaults->dataClumpSize;
        hp->nextCatalogID = defaults->nextFreeFileID;
        hp->encodingsBitmap = 1 | (1 << ENCODING_TO_BIT(defaults->encodingHint));

        /* set up allocation bitmap file */
        hp->allocationFile.clumpSize = defaults->allocationClumpSize;
        hp->allocationFile.logicalSize = defaults->allocationClumpSize;
        hp->allocationFile.totalBlocks = bitmapBlocks;

        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->allocationStartBlock)
                allocateBlock = defaults->allocationStartBlock;
        else {
                allocateBlock = nextBlock;
                nextBlock += bitmapBlocks;
        }

        createExtents(&hp->allocationFile, kHFSAllocationFileID, allocateBlock, defaults->allocationExtsCount, 1);

        // This works because the files are contiguous for now
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG)
                printf ("allocationFile: (%10u, %10u)\n", hp->allocationFile.extents[0].startBlock, hp->allocationFile.totalBlocks);

        /* set up journal files */
        if (defaults->journaledHFS) {
                UInt32          journalBlock;
                hp->fileCount           = 2;
                hp->attributes         |= kHFSVolumeJournaledMask;
                hp->nextCatalogID      += 2;
                
                /*
                 * Allocate 1 block for the journalInfoBlock.  The
                 * journal file size is passed in hfsparams_t.
                 */
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->journalInfoBlock)
                        hp->journalInfoBlock = defaults->journalInfoBlock;
                else
                        hp->journalInfoBlock = nextBlock++;
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->journalBlock)
                        journalBlock = defaults->journalBlock;
                else {
                        journalBlock = hp->journalInfoBlock + 1;
                        nextBlock += ((defaults->journalSize+blockSize-1) / blockSize);
                }

                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG) {
                        printf ("journalInfo   : (%10u, %10u)\n", (u_int32_t)hp->journalInfoBlock, 1);
                        printf ("journal       : (%10u, %10u)\n", (u_int32_t)journalBlock, (u_int32_t)((defaults->journalSize + (blockSize-1)) / blockSize));
                }
            /* XXX What if journal is on a different device? */
            blocksUsed += 1 + ((defaults->journalSize+blockSize-1) / blockSize);
        } else {
            hp->journalInfoBlock = 0;
        }

        /* set up extents b-tree file */
        hp->extentsFile.clumpSize = defaults->extentsClumpSize;
        hp->extentsFile.logicalSize = defaults->extentsClumpSize;
        hp->extentsFile.totalBlocks = defaults->extentsClumpSize / blockSize;
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->extentsStartBlock)
                allocateBlock = defaults->extentsStartBlock;
        else {
                allocateBlock = nextBlock;
                nextBlock += hp->extentsFile.totalBlocks;
        }
        createExtents(&hp->extentsFile, kHFSExtentsFileID, allocateBlock, defaults->extentsExtsCount, (defaults->journaledHFS && defaults->extentsNodeSize > hp->blockSize) ? defaults->extentsNodeSize / hp->blockSize : 1);

        blocksUsed += hp->extentsFile.totalBlocks;

        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG)
                printf ("extentsFile   : (%10u, %10u)\n", hp->extentsFile.extents[0].startBlock, hp->extentsFile.totalBlocks);

        /* set up attributes b-tree file */
        if (defaults->attributesClumpSize) {
                hp->attributesFile.clumpSize = defaults->attributesClumpSize;
                hp->attributesFile.logicalSize = defaults->attributesClumpSize;
                hp->attributesFile.totalBlocks = defaults->attributesClumpSize / blockSize;
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->attributesStartBlock)
                        allocateBlock = defaults->attributesStartBlock;
                else {
                        allocateBlock = nextBlock;
                        nextBlock += hp->attributesFile.totalBlocks;
                }
                createExtents(&hp->attributesFile, kHFSAttributesFileID, allocateBlock, defaults->attributesExtsCount, (defaults->journaledHFS && defaults->attributesNodeSize > hp->blockSize) ? defaults->attributesNodeSize / hp->blockSize : 1);
                blocksUsed += hp->attributesFile.totalBlocks;

                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG) {
                        printf ("attributesFile: (%10u, %10u)\n", hp->attributesFile.extents[0].startBlock, hp->attributesFile.totalBlocks);
                }
                /*
                 * Leave some room for the Attributes B-tree to grow, if the volsize >= 2MB
                 */
                if (volsize >= MINVOLSIZE_WITHSPACE && defaults->attributesStartBlock == 0) {
                        nextBlock += 10 * (hp->attributesFile.clumpSize / blockSize);
                }
        }

        /* set up catalog b-tree file */
        hp->catalogFile.clumpSize = defaults->catalogClumpSize;
        hp->catalogFile.logicalSize = defaults->catalogClumpSize;
        hp->catalogFile.totalBlocks = defaults->catalogClumpSize / blockSize;
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->catalogStartBlock)
                allocateBlock = defaults->catalogStartBlock;
        else {
                allocateBlock = nextBlock;
                nextBlock += hp->catalogFile.totalBlocks;
        }
        createExtents(&hp->catalogFile, kHFSCatalogFileID, allocateBlock, defaults->catalogExtsCount, (defaults->journaledHFS && defaults->catalogNodeSize > hp->blockSize) ? defaults->catalogNodeSize / hp->blockSize : 1);
        blocksUsed += hp->catalogFile.totalBlocks;

        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG)
                printf ("catalogFile   : (%10u, %10u)\n\n", hp->catalogFile.extents[0].startBlock, hp->catalogFile.totalBlocks);

        if ((numOverflowExtents * sizeof(struct ExtentRecord)) >
            (defaults->extentsNodeSize - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor) - (sizeof(uint16_t) * numOverflowExtents))) {
                errx(1, "Too many overflow extent records to fit into a single extent node");
        }

        /*
         * Add some room for the catalog file to grow...
         */
        nextBlock += 10 * (hp->catalogFile.clumpSize / hp->blockSize);

        /*
         * Add some room for the hot file band.  This uses the same 5MB per GB
         * as the kernel.  The kernel only uses hotfiles if the volume is larger
         * than 10GBytes, so do the same here.
         */
#define METADATAZONE_MINIMUM_VOLSIZE    (10ULL * 1024ULL * 1024ULL * 1024ULL)
#define HOTBAND_MINIMUM_SIZE  (10*1024*1024)
#define HOTBAND_MAXIMUM_SIZE  (512*1024*1024)
        if (volsize >= METADATAZONE_MINIMUM_VOLSIZE) {
                hotFileBandSize = (UInt64) blockCount * blockSize / 1024 * 5;
                if (hotFileBandSize > HOTBAND_MAXIMUM_SIZE)
                        hotFileBandSize = HOTBAND_MAXIMUM_SIZE;
                else if (hotFileBandSize < HOTBAND_MINIMUM_SIZE)
                        hotFileBandSize = HOTBAND_MINIMUM_SIZE;
                nextBlock += hotFileBandSize / blockSize;
        }
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && defaults->nextAllocBlock)
                hp->nextAllocation = defaults->nextAllocBlock;
        else
                hp->nextAllocation = nextBlock;
        
        /* Adjust free blocks to reflect everything we have allocated. */
        hp->freeBlocks -= blocksUsed;

        /* Generate and write UUID for the HFS+ disk */
        GenerateVolumeUUID(&newVolumeUUID);
        finderInfoUUIDPtr = (VolumeUUID *)(&hp->finderInfo[24]);
        finderInfoUUIDPtr->v.high = OSSwapHostToBigInt32(newVolumeUUID.v.high); 
        finderInfoUUIDPtr->v.low = OSSwapHostToBigInt32(newVolumeUUID.v.low); 
}

/*
 * AllocateExtent
 *
 * Mark the given extent as in-use in the given bitmap buffer.
 */
static int AllocateExtent(UInt8 *buffer, UInt32 startBlock, UInt32 blockCount)
{
        UInt8 *p;
        
        /* Point to start of extent in bitmap buffer */
        p = buffer + (startBlock / 8);
        
        /*
         * Important to remember: block 0 is (1 << 7);
         * block 7 is (1 << 0).
         */
        /* Partial byte at start of extent */
        if (startBlock & 7)
        {
                UInt8 mask = 0xff;
                unsigned int lShift = 0;
                unsigned int startBit = startBlock & 7;

                /*
                 * Is startBlock + blockCount entirely in
                 * p[0]?
                 */
                if (blockCount < (8 - startBit)) {
                        lShift = 8 - (startBit + blockCount);
                }
                mask = (0xff >> startBit) & (0xff << lShift);
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && (*p & mask)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s(%d):  expected 0, got %x\n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, *p & mask);
                        return -1;
                }
                *(p++) |= mask;
                /*
                 * We have either set <lShift> or <startBlock & 7> bits.
                 */
                blockCount -= 8 - (lShift + startBit);
//              blockCount -= lShift ? blockCount : (8 - startBit);
//              blockCount -= __builtin_popcount(mask);
        }
        
        /* Fill in whole bytes */
        if (blockCount >= 8)
        {
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG) {
                        /*
                         * Put this in ifdef because it'll slow things down.
                         * For non-debug case, we shouldn't have to worry about
                         * an overlap, anyway.
                         */
                        size_t indx;
                        for (indx = 0; indx < blockCount / 8; indx++) {
                                if (p[indx] != 0) {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "%s(%d):  Expected 0 at %zu, got 0x%x\n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, indx, p[indx]);
                                        return -1;
                                }
                                p[indx] = 0xff;
                        }
                } else {
                        memset(p, 0xFF, blockCount / 8);
                }
                p += blockCount / 8;
                blockCount &= 7;
        }
        
        /* Partial byte at end of extent */
        if (blockCount)
        {
                UInt8 mask = 0xff << (8 - blockCount);
                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && (*p & mask)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s(%d):  Expected 0, got %x\n", __FUNCTION__, __LINE__, *p & mask);
                        return -1;
                }
                *(p++) |= mask;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Mark an extent as being used.
 * This involves finding out where the allocations file is,
 * where in the allocations file the extent starts, and how
 * long it runs.
 *
 * One downside to this implementation is that this does
 * more I/O than the old mechanism, a cost to the flexibility.
 * May have to consider doing caching of some sort.
 */

static int
MarkExtentUsed(const DriveInfo *driveInfo,
               HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header,
               UInt32 startBlock,
               UInt32 blockCount)
{
        size_t bufSize = driveInfo->physSectorSize;
        uint8_t buf[bufSize];
        uint32_t blocksLeft = blockCount;
        uint32_t curBlock = startBlock;
        static const int kBitsPerByte = 8;

        /*
         * We loop through physSectorSize blocks.
         * This allows us to set as many bits as we need.
         */
        while (blocksLeft > 0) {
                off_t secNum;
                uint32_t numBlocks;     // The number of blocks to mark as used in this pass.
                uint32_t blockOffset;   // This is the block number of the current range, which starts at curBlock

                memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
                secNum = curBlock / (bufSize * kBitsPerByte);
                blockOffset = curBlock % (bufSize * kBitsPerByte);
                numBlocks = MIN((bufSize * kBitsPerByte) - blockOffset, blocksLeft);

                /*
                 * Okay, now we've got the block number to read,
                 * the offset into the block, and the number of blocks
                 * to set.
                 *
                 * First we read in the buffer.  To do that, we need to
                 * know where to read.
                 */
                ssize_t nbytes;
                ssize_t nwritten;
                off_t offset;

                /*
                 * XXX
                 * This needs to be changed if/when we support non-contiguous multiple
                 * extents.  At that point, it'll probably have to be a function to search
                 * for the requested offset.  (How many times must MapFileC be written?)
                 * For now, though, the offset is the physical sector offset from the
                 * start of the allocations file.
                 */
                offset = (header->allocationFile.extents[0].startBlock * header->blockSize) +
                        (secNum * bufSize);

                nbytes = pread(driveInfo->fd, buf, bufSize, offset);

                if (nbytes < (ssize_t)bufSize) {
                        if (nbytes == -1)
                                err(1, "%s::pread(%d, %p, %zu, %lld)", __FUNCTION__, driveInfo->fd, buf, bufSize, offset);
                        return -1;
                }

                if (AllocateExtent(buf, blockOffset, numBlocks) == -1) {
                        warnx("In-use allocation block in <%u, %u>", blockOffset, numBlocks);
                        return -1;
                }
                nwritten = pwrite(driveInfo->fd, buf, bufSize, offset);
                /*
                 * Normally I'd check for nwritten to be less than bufSize, but since bufSize is
                 * the physical sector size, we shouldn't be able to get less.  So that most likely
                 * means a return value of 0 or -1, neither of which I could do anything about.
                 */
                if (nwritten != (ssize_t)bufSize)
                        return -1;

                // And go get the next set, if needed
                blocksLeft -= numBlocks;
                curBlock += numBlocks;
        }

        return 0;
}
/*
 * WriteExtentsFile
 *
 * Initializes and writes out the extents b-tree file.
 *
 * Byte swapping is performed in place. The buffer should not be
 * accessed through direct casting once it leaves this function.
 */
static void
WriteExtentsFile(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
        const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSExtentDescriptor *bbextp __unused , void *buffer,
        UInt32 *bytesUsed, UInt32 *mapNodes)
{
        BTNodeDescriptor        *ndp;
        BTHeaderRec             *bthp;
        UInt8                   *bmp;
        UInt32                  nodeBitsInHeader;
        UInt32                  fileSize;
        UInt32                  nodeSize;
        UInt32                  temp;
        SInt16                  offset;

        *mapNodes = 0;
        fileSize = dp->extentsClumpSize;
        nodeSize = dp->extentsNodeSize;

        bzero(buffer, nodeSize);


        /* FILL IN THE NODE DESCRIPTOR:  */
        ndp = (BTNodeDescriptor *)buffer;
        ndp->kind                       = kBTHeaderNode;
        ndp->numRecords         = SWAP_BE16 (3);
        offset = sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor);

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 1);


        /* FILL IN THE HEADER RECORD:  */
        bthp = (BTHeaderRec *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        if (numOverflowExtents) {
                bthp->treeDepth = SWAP_BE16(1);
                bthp->rootNode = SWAP_BE32(1);
                bthp->firstLeafNode = SWAP_BE32(1);
                bthp->lastLeafNode = SWAP_BE32(1);
                bthp->leafRecords = SWAP_BE32(numOverflowExtents);
        } else {
                bthp->treeDepth = 0;
                bthp->rootNode = 0;
                bthp->firstLeafNode = 0;
                bthp->lastLeafNode = 0;
                bthp->leafRecords = 0;
        }       

        bthp->nodeSize          = SWAP_BE16 (nodeSize);
        bthp->totalNodes        = SWAP_BE32 (fileSize / nodeSize);
        bthp->freeNodes         = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - (numOverflowExtents ? 2 : 1));  /* header */
        bthp->clumpSize         = SWAP_BE32 (fileSize);

        bthp->attributes |= SWAP_BE32 (kBTBigKeysMask);
        bthp->maxKeyLength = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusExtentKeyMaximumLength);
        offset += sizeof(BTHeaderRec);

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 2);

        offset += kBTreeHeaderUserBytes;

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 3);


        /* FIGURE OUT HOW MANY MAP NODES (IF ANY):  */
        nodeBitsInHeader = 8 * (nodeSize
                                        - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor)
                                        - sizeof(BTHeaderRec)
                                        - kBTreeHeaderUserBytes
                                        - (4 * sizeof(SInt16)) );

        if (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) > nodeBitsInHeader) {
                UInt32  nodeBitsInMapNode;
                
                ndp->fLink              = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->lastLeafNode) + 1);
                nodeBitsInMapNode = 8 * (nodeSize
                                                - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor)
                                                - (2 * sizeof(SInt16))
                                                - 2 );
                *mapNodes = (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - nodeBitsInHeader +
                        (nodeBitsInMapNode - 1)) / nodeBitsInMapNode;
                bthp->freeNodes = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes) - *mapNodes);
        }


        /* 
         * FILL IN THE MAP RECORD, MARKING NODES THAT ARE IN USE.
         * Note - worst case (32MB alloc blk) will have only 18 nodes in use.
         */
        bmp = ((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        temp = SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes);

        /* Working a byte at a time is endian safe */
        while (temp >= 8) { *bmp = 0xFF; temp -= 8; bmp++; }
        *bmp = ~(0xFF >> temp);
        offset += nodeBitsInHeader/8;

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 4);
        
        if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && numOverflowExtents) {
                void *node2 = (uint8_t*)buffer + nodeSize;
                size_t i;
                int (^keyCompare)(const void *l, const void *r) = ^(const void *l, const void *r) {
                                const struct ExtentRecord *left = (const struct ExtentRecord*)l;
                                const struct ExtentRecord *right = (const struct ExtentRecord*)r;
                                if (SWAP_BE32(left->key.fileID) != SWAP_BE32(right->key.fileID)) {
                                        return (SWAP_BE32(left->key.fileID) > SWAP_BE32(right->key.fileID)) ? 1 : -1;
                                }
                                // forkType will always be 0 for us
                                if (SWAP_BE32(left->key.startBlock) != SWAP_BE32(right->key.startBlock)) {
                                        return (SWAP_BE32(left->key.startBlock) > SWAP_BE32(right->key.startBlock)) ? 1 : -1;
                                }
                                return 0;
                };

                if (numOverflowExtents > 1) {
                        qsort_b(overflowExtents, numOverflowExtents, sizeof(*overflowExtents), keyCompare);
                }
                bzero(node2, nodeSize);
                ndp = (BTNodeDescriptor*)node2;
                ndp->kind = kBTLeafNode;
                ndp->numRecords = SWAP_BE16(numOverflowExtents);
                ndp->height = 1;

                offset = sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor);
                for (i = 0; i < numOverflowExtents; i++) {
                        SETOFFSET(node2, nodeSize, offset, 1 + i);
                        memcpy(node2 + offset, &overflowExtents[i], sizeof(*overflowExtents));
                        offset += sizeof(*overflowExtents);
                }
                SETOFFSET(node2, nodeSize, offset, numOverflowExtents + 1);
        }

        *bytesUsed = (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes) - *mapNodes) * nodeSize;

        WriteBuffer(driveInfo, startingSector, *bytesUsed, buffer);

}

/*
 * WriteAttributesFile
 *
 * Initializes and writes out the attributes b-tree file.
 *
 * Byte swapping is performed in place. The buffer should not be
 * accessed through direct casting once it leaves this function.
 */
static void
WriteAttributesFile(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
        const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSExtentDescriptor *bbextp __unused, void *buffer,
        UInt32 *bytesUsed, UInt32 *mapNodes)
{
        BTNodeDescriptor        *ndp;
        BTHeaderRec             *bthp;
        UInt8                   *bmp;
        UInt32                  nodeBitsInHeader;
        UInt32                  fileSize;
        UInt32                  nodeSize;
        UInt32                  temp;
        SInt16                  offset;
        int     set_cp_level = 0;

        *mapNodes = 0;
        fileSize = dp->attributesClumpSize;
        nodeSize = dp->attributesNodeSize;

#ifdef DEBUG_BUILD
        /*
         * If user specified content protection and a protection level,
         * then verify the protection level is sane.
         */     
        if ((dp->flags & kMakeContentProtect) && (dp->protectlevel != 0)) {
                if ((dp->protectlevel >= 2 ) && (dp->protectlevel <= 4)) {
                        set_cp_level = 1;
                }       
        }
#endif


        bzero(buffer, nodeSize);


        /* FILL IN THE NODE DESCRIPTOR:  */
        ndp = (BTNodeDescriptor *)buffer;
        ndp->kind                       = kBTHeaderNode;
        ndp->numRecords         = SWAP_BE16 (3);
        offset = sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor);

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 1);


        /* FILL IN THE HEADER RECORD:  */
        bthp = (BTHeaderRec *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        if (set_cp_level) {
                bthp->treeDepth = SWAP_BE16(1);
                bthp->rootNode = SWAP_BE32(1);
                bthp->firstLeafNode = SWAP_BE32(1);
                bthp->lastLeafNode = SWAP_BE32(1);
                bthp->leafRecords = SWAP_BE32(1);
        }
        else {
                bthp->treeDepth = 0;
                bthp->rootNode = 0;
                bthp->firstLeafNode = 0;
                bthp->lastLeafNode = 0;
                bthp->leafRecords = 0;
        }       

        bthp->nodeSize          = SWAP_BE16 (nodeSize);
        bthp->totalNodes        = SWAP_BE32 (fileSize / nodeSize);
        if (set_cp_level) {
                /* Add 1 node for the first record */
                bthp->freeNodes = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - 2); 
        }
        else {
                /* Take the header into account */
                bthp->freeNodes         = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - 1);
        }
        bthp->clumpSize         = SWAP_BE32 (fileSize);

        bthp->attributes |= SWAP_BE32 (kBTBigKeysMask | kBTVariableIndexKeysMask);
        bthp->maxKeyLength = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusAttrKeyMaximumLength);

        offset += sizeof(BTHeaderRec);

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 2);

        offset += kBTreeHeaderUserBytes;

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 3);


        /* FIGURE OUT HOW MANY MAP NODES (IF ANY):  */
        nodeBitsInHeader = 8 * (nodeSize
                                        - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor)
                                        - sizeof(BTHeaderRec)
                                        - kBTreeHeaderUserBytes
                                        - (4 * sizeof(SInt16)) );
        if (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) > nodeBitsInHeader) {
                UInt32  nodeBitsInMapNode;
                
                ndp->fLink              = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->lastLeafNode) + 1);
                nodeBitsInMapNode = 8 * (nodeSize
                                                - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor)
                                                - (2 * sizeof(SInt16))
                                                - 2 );
                *mapNodes = (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - nodeBitsInHeader +
                        (nodeBitsInMapNode - 1)) / nodeBitsInMapNode;
                bthp->freeNodes = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes) - *mapNodes);
        }


        /* 
         * FILL IN THE MAP RECORD, MARKING NODES THAT ARE IN USE.
         * Note - worst case (32MB alloc blk) will have only 18 nodes in use.
         */
        bmp = ((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        temp = SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes);

        /* Working a byte at a time is endian safe */
        while (temp >= 8) { *bmp = 0xFF; temp -= 8; bmp++; }
        *bmp = ~(0xFF >> temp);
        offset += nodeBitsInHeader/8;

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 4);

#ifdef DEBUG_BUILD
        if (set_cp_level) {
                /* Stuff in the EA on the root folder */
                void *node2 = (uint8_t*)buffer + nodeSize;

                struct cp_root_xattr ea;

                uint8_t canonicalName[256];
                CFStringRef cfstr;

                HFSPlusAttrData *attrData;
                HFSPlusAttrKey *attrKey;
                bzero(node2, nodeSize);
                ndp = (BTNodeDescriptor*)node2;

                ndp->kind = kBTLeafNode;
                ndp->numRecords = SWAP_BE16(1);
                ndp->height = 1;

                offset = sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor);
                SETOFFSET(node2, nodeSize, offset, 1);

                attrKey = (HFSPlusAttrKey*)((uint8_t*)node2 + offset);
                attrKey->fileID = SWAP_BE32(1);
                attrKey->startBlock = 0;
                attrKey->keyLength = SWAP_BE16(sizeof(*attrKey) - sizeof(attrKey->keyLength));

                cfstr = CFStringCreateWithCString(kCFAllocatorDefault, "com.apple.system.cprotect", kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
                if (_CFStringGetFileSystemRepresentation(cfstr, canonicalName, sizeof(canonicalName)) &&
                                ConvertUTF8toUnicode(canonicalName,
                                        sizeof(attrKey->attrName),
                                        attrKey->attrName, &attrKey->attrNameLen) == 0) {
                        attrKey->attrNameLen = SWAP_BE16(attrKey->attrNameLen);
                        offset += sizeof(*attrKey);

                        /* If the offset is odd, move up to the next even value */
                        if (offset & 1) {
                                offset++;
                        }

                        attrData = (HFSPlusAttrData*)((uint8_t*)node2 + offset);
                        bzero(&ea, sizeof(ea));
                        ea.vers = OSSwapHostToLittleInt16(dp->protectlevel); //(leave in LittleEndian)
                        attrData->recordType = SWAP_BE32(kHFSPlusAttrInlineData);
                        attrData->attrSize = SWAP_BE32(sizeof(ea));
                        memcpy(attrData->attrData, &ea, sizeof(ea));
                        offset += sizeof (HFSPlusAttrData) + sizeof(ea) - sizeof(attrData->attrData);
                }
                SETOFFSET (node2, nodeSize, offset, 2);
                CFRelease(cfstr);
        }
#endif

        *bytesUsed = (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes) - *mapNodes) * nodeSize;
        WriteBuffer(driveInfo, startingSector, *bytesUsed, buffer);
}

#if !TARGET_OS_EMBEDDED
static int
get_dev_uuid(const char *disk_name, char *dev_uuid_str, int dev_uuid_len)
{
    io_service_t service;
    CFStringRef uuid_str;
    int ret = EINVAL;

    if (strncmp(disk_name, _PATH_DEV, strlen(_PATH_DEV)) == 0) {
        disk_name += strlen(_PATH_DEV);
    }

    dev_uuid_str[0] = '\0';

    service = IOServiceGetMatchingService(kIOMasterPortDefault, IOBSDNameMatching(kIOMasterPortDefault, 0, disk_name));
    if (service != IO_OBJECT_NULL) {
        uuid_str = IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperty(service, CFSTR(kIOMediaUUIDKey), kCFAllocatorDefault, 0);
        if (uuid_str) {
            if (CFStringGetFileSystemRepresentation(uuid_str, dev_uuid_str, dev_uuid_len) != 0) {
                ret = 0;
            }
            CFRelease(uuid_str);
        }
        IOObjectRelease(service);
    }

    return ret;
}

static int
clear_journal_dev(const char *dev_name)
{
    int fd;

    fd = open(dev_name, O_RDWR);
    if (fd < 0) {
        printf("Failed to open the journal device %s (%s)\n", dev_name, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    dowipefs(fd);

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}
#endif /* !TARGET_OS_EMBEDDED */


static int
WriteJournalInfo(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
                 const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header,
                 void *buffer)
{
    JournalInfoBlock *jibp = buffer;
    UInt32 journalBlock;

    memset(buffer, 0xdb, driveInfo->physSectorSize);
    memset(jibp, 0, sizeof(JournalInfoBlock));
    
#if !TARGET_OS_EMBEDDED
    if (dp->journalDevice) {
        char uuid_str[64];

        if (get_dev_uuid(dp->journalDevice, uuid_str, sizeof(uuid_str)) == 0) {
            strlcpy((char *)&jibp->reserved[0], uuid_str, sizeof(jibp->reserved));
            
            // we also need to blast out some zeros to the journal device
            // in case it had a file system on it previously.  that way
            // it's "initialized" in the sense that the previous contents
            // won't get mounted accidently.  if this fails we'll bail out.
            if (clear_journal_dev(dp->journalDevice) != 0) {
                return -1;
            }
        } else {
            printf("FAILED to get the device uuid for device %s\n", dp->journalDevice);
            strlcpy((char *)&jibp->reserved[0], "NO-DEV-UUID", sizeof(jibp->reserved));
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
#endif
        jibp->flags = kJIJournalInFSMask;
#if !TARGET_OS_EMBEDDED
    }
#endif
    jibp->flags  |= kJIJournalNeedInitMask;
    if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && dp->journalBlock)
            journalBlock = dp->journalBlock;
    else
            journalBlock = header->journalInfoBlock + 1;
    jibp->offset  = ((UInt64) journalBlock) * header->blockSize;
    jibp->size    = dp->journalSize;

    jibp->flags  = SWAP_BE32(jibp->flags);
    jibp->offset = SWAP_BE64(jibp->offset);
    jibp->size   = SWAP_BE64(jibp->size);
    
    WriteBuffer(driveInfo, startingSector, driveInfo->physSectorSize, buffer);

    jibp->flags  = SWAP_BE32(jibp->flags);
    jibp->offset = SWAP_BE64(jibp->offset);
    jibp->size   = SWAP_BE64(jibp->size);

    return 0;
}


/*
 * WriteCatalogFile
 *      
 * This routine initializes a Catalog B-Tree.
 *
 * Note: Since large volumes can have bigger b-trees they
 * might need to have map nodes setup.
 */
static void
WriteCatalogFile(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector,
        const hfsparams_t *dp, HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header, void *buffer,
        UInt32 *bytesUsed, UInt32 *mapNodes)
{
        BTNodeDescriptor        *ndp;
        BTHeaderRec             *bthp;
        UInt8                   *bmp;
        UInt32                  nodeBitsInHeader;
        UInt32                  fileSize;
        UInt32                  nodeSize;
        UInt32                  temp;
        SInt16                  offset;

        *mapNodes = 0;
        fileSize = dp->catalogClumpSize;
        nodeSize = dp->catalogNodeSize;

        bzero(buffer, nodeSize);


        /* FILL IN THE NODE DESCRIPTOR:  */
        ndp = (BTNodeDescriptor *)buffer;
        ndp->kind                       = kBTHeaderNode;
        ndp->numRecords         = SWAP_BE16 (3);
        offset = sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor);

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 1);


        /* FILL IN THE HEADER RECORD:  */
        bthp = (BTHeaderRec *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        bthp->treeDepth         = SWAP_BE16 (1);
        bthp->rootNode          = SWAP_BE32 (1);
        bthp->firstLeafNode     = SWAP_BE32 (1);
        bthp->lastLeafNode      = SWAP_BE32 (1);
        bthp->leafRecords       = SWAP_BE32 (dp->journaledHFS ? 6 : 2);
        bthp->nodeSize          = SWAP_BE16 (nodeSize);
        bthp->totalNodes        = SWAP_BE32 (fileSize / nodeSize);
        bthp->freeNodes         = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - 2);  /* header and root */
        bthp->clumpSize         = SWAP_BE32 (fileSize);


        bthp->attributes        |= SWAP_BE32 (kBTVariableIndexKeysMask + kBTBigKeysMask);
        bthp->maxKeyLength      =  SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMaximumLength);
        if (dp->flags & kMakeCaseSensitive)
                bthp->keyCompareType = kHFSBinaryCompare;
        else
                bthp->keyCompareType = kHFSCaseFolding;
        
        offset += sizeof(BTHeaderRec);

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 2);

        offset += kBTreeHeaderUserBytes;

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 3);

        /* FIGURE OUT HOW MANY MAP NODES (IF ANY):  */
        nodeBitsInHeader = 8 * (nodeSize
                                        - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor)
                                        - sizeof(BTHeaderRec)
                                        - kBTreeHeaderUserBytes
                                        - (4 * sizeof(SInt16)) );

        if (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) > nodeBitsInHeader) {
                UInt32  nodeBitsInMapNode;
                
                ndp->fLink = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->lastLeafNode) + 1);
                nodeBitsInMapNode = 8 * (nodeSize
                                                - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor)
                                                - (2 * sizeof(SInt16))
                                                - 2 );
                *mapNodes = (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - nodeBitsInHeader +
                        (nodeBitsInMapNode - 1)) / nodeBitsInMapNode;
                bthp->freeNodes = SWAP_BE32 (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes) - *mapNodes);
        }

        /* 
         * FILL IN THE MAP RECORD, MARKING NODES THAT ARE IN USE.
         * Note - worst case (32MB alloc blk) will have only 18 nodes in use.
         */
        bmp = ((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        temp = SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes);

        /* Working a byte at a time is endian safe */
        while (temp >= 8) { *bmp = 0xFF; temp -= 8; bmp++; }
        *bmp = ~(0xFF >> temp);
        offset += nodeBitsInHeader/8;

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, 4);

        InitCatalogRoot_HFSPlus(dp, header, buffer + nodeSize);

        *bytesUsed = (SWAP_BE32 (bthp->totalNodes) - SWAP_BE32 (bthp->freeNodes) - *mapNodes) * nodeSize;

        WriteBuffer(driveInfo, startingSector, *bytesUsed, buffer);
}


static void
InitCatalogRoot_HFSPlus(const hfsparams_t *dp, const HFSPlusVolumeHeader *header, void * buffer)
{
        BTNodeDescriptor                *ndp;
        HFSPlusCatalogKey               *ckp;
        HFSPlusCatalogKey               *tkp;
        HFSPlusCatalogFolder    *cdp;
        HFSPlusCatalogFile              *cfp;
        HFSPlusCatalogThread    *ctp;
        UInt16                                  nodeSize;
        SInt16                                  offset;
        size_t                                  unicodeBytes;
        UInt8 canonicalName[256];
        CFStringRef cfstr;
        Boolean cfOK;
        int index = 0;

        nodeSize = dp->catalogNodeSize;
        bzero(buffer, nodeSize);

        /*
         * All nodes have a node descriptor...
         */
        ndp = (BTNodeDescriptor *)buffer;
        ndp->kind   = kBTLeafNode;
        ndp->height = 1;
        ndp->numRecords = SWAP_BE16 (dp->journaledHFS ? 6 : 2);
        offset = sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor);
        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);

        /*
         * First record is always the root directory...
         */
        ckp = (HFSPlusCatalogKey *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        
        /* Use CFString functions to get a HFSPlus Canonical name */
        cfstr = CFStringCreateWithCString(kCFAllocatorDefault, (char *)dp->volumeName, kCFStringEncodingUTF8);
        cfOK = _CFStringGetFileSystemRepresentation(cfstr, canonicalName, sizeof(canonicalName));

        if (!cfOK || ConvertUTF8toUnicode(canonicalName, sizeof(ckp->nodeName.unicode),
                ckp->nodeName.unicode, &ckp->nodeName.length)) {

                /* On conversion errors "untitled" is used as a fallback. */
                (void) ConvertUTF8toUnicode((UInt8 *)kDefaultVolumeNameStr,
                                                                        sizeof(ckp->nodeName.unicode),
                                                                        ckp->nodeName.unicode,
                                                                        &ckp->nodeName.length);
                warnx("invalid HFS+ name: \"%s\", using \"%s\" instead",
                      dp->volumeName, kDefaultVolumeNameStr);
        }
        CFRelease(cfstr);
        ckp->nodeName.length = SWAP_BE16 (ckp->nodeName.length);

        unicodeBytes = sizeof(UniChar) * SWAP_BE16 (ckp->nodeName.length);

        ckp->keyLength          = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMinimumLength + unicodeBytes);
        ckp->parentID           = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootParentID);
        offset += SWAP_BE16 (ckp->keyLength) + 2;

        cdp = (HFSPlusCatalogFolder *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        cdp->recordType         = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusFolderRecord);
        /* folder count is only supported on HFSX volumes */
        if (dp->flags & kMakeCaseSensitive) {
                cdp->flags              = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSHasFolderCountMask);
        }
        cdp->valence        = SWAP_BE32 (dp->journaledHFS ? 2 : 0);
        cdp->folderID           = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootFolderID);
        cdp->createDate         = SWAP_BE32 (dp->createDate);
        cdp->contentModDate     = SWAP_BE32 (dp->createDate);
        cdp->textEncoding       = SWAP_BE32 (dp->encodingHint);
        if (dp->flags & kUseAccessPerms) {
                cdp->bsdInfo.ownerID  = SWAP_BE32 (dp->owner);
                cdp->bsdInfo.groupID  = SWAP_BE32 (dp->group);
                cdp->bsdInfo.fileMode = SWAP_BE16 (dp->mask | S_IFDIR);
        }
        offset += sizeof(HFSPlusCatalogFolder);
        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);

        /*
         * Second record is always the root directory thread...
         */
        tkp = (HFSPlusCatalogKey *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        tkp->keyLength          = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMinimumLength);
        tkp->parentID           = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootFolderID);
        // tkp->nodeName.length = 0;

        offset += SWAP_BE16 (tkp->keyLength) + 2;

        ctp = (HFSPlusCatalogThread *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
        ctp->recordType         = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusFolderThreadRecord);
        ctp->parentID           = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootParentID);
        bcopy(&ckp->nodeName, &ctp->nodeName, sizeof(UInt16) + unicodeBytes);
        offset += (sizeof(HFSPlusCatalogThread)
                        - (sizeof(ctp->nodeName.unicode) - unicodeBytes) );

        SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);
        
        /*
         * Add records for ".journal" and ".journal_info_block" files:
         */
        if (dp->journaledHFS) {
                struct HFSUniStr255 *nodename1, *nodename2;
                size_t uBytes1, uBytes2;
                UInt32 journalBlock;

                /* File record #1 */
                ckp = (HFSPlusCatalogKey *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                (void) ConvertUTF8toUnicode((UInt8 *)HFS_JOURNAL_FILE, sizeof(ckp->nodeName.unicode),
                                            ckp->nodeName.unicode, &ckp->nodeName.length);
                ckp->nodeName.length = SWAP_BE16 (ckp->nodeName.length);
                uBytes1 = sizeof(UniChar) * SWAP_BE16 (ckp->nodeName.length);
                ckp->keyLength = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMinimumLength + uBytes1);
                ckp->parentID  = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootFolderID);
                offset += SWAP_BE16 (ckp->keyLength) + 2;
        
                cfp = (HFSPlusCatalogFile *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                cfp->recordType     = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusFileRecord);
                cfp->flags          = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSThreadExistsMask);
                cfp->fileID         = SWAP_BE32 (dp->nextFreeFileID);
                cfp->createDate     = SWAP_BE32 (dp->createDate + 1);
                cfp->contentModDate = SWAP_BE32 (dp->createDate + 1);
                cfp->textEncoding   = 0;

                cfp->bsdInfo.fileMode     = SWAP_BE16 (S_IFREG);
                cfp->bsdInfo.ownerFlags   = (uint8_t) SWAP_BE16 (((uint16_t)UF_NODUMP));
                cfp->bsdInfo.special.linkCount  = SWAP_BE32(1);
                cfp->userInfo.fdType      = SWAP_BE32 (kJournalFileType);
                cfp->userInfo.fdCreator   = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSPlusCreator);
                cfp->userInfo.fdFlags     = SWAP_BE16 (kIsInvisible + kNameLocked);
                cfp->dataFork.logicalSize = SWAP_BE64 (dp->journalSize);
                cfp->dataFork.totalBlocks = SWAP_BE32 ((dp->journalSize+dp->blockSize-1) / dp->blockSize);

                if (NEWFS_HFS_DEBUG && dp->journalBlock)
                        journalBlock = dp->journalBlock;
                else
                        journalBlock = header->journalInfoBlock + 1;
                cfp->dataFork.extents[0].startBlock = SWAP_BE32 (journalBlock);
                cfp->dataFork.extents[0].blockCount = cfp->dataFork.totalBlocks;

                offset += sizeof(HFSPlusCatalogFile);
                SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);
                nodename1 = &ckp->nodeName;

                /* File record #2 */
                ckp = (HFSPlusCatalogKey *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                (void) ConvertUTF8toUnicode((UInt8 *)HFS_JOURNAL_INFO, sizeof(ckp->nodeName.unicode),
                                            ckp->nodeName.unicode, &ckp->nodeName.length);
                ckp->nodeName.length = SWAP_BE16 (ckp->nodeName.length);
                uBytes2 = sizeof(UniChar) * SWAP_BE16 (ckp->nodeName.length);
                ckp->keyLength = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMinimumLength + uBytes2);
                ckp->parentID  = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootFolderID);
                offset += SWAP_BE16 (ckp->keyLength) + 2;
        
                cfp = (HFSPlusCatalogFile *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                cfp->recordType     = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusFileRecord);
                cfp->flags          = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSThreadExistsMask);
                cfp->fileID         = SWAP_BE32 (dp->nextFreeFileID + 1);
                cfp->createDate     = SWAP_BE32 (dp->createDate);
                cfp->contentModDate = SWAP_BE32 (dp->createDate);
                cfp->textEncoding   = 0;

                cfp->bsdInfo.fileMode     = SWAP_BE16 (S_IFREG);
                cfp->bsdInfo.ownerFlags   = (uint8_t) SWAP_BE16 (((uint16_t)UF_NODUMP));
                cfp->bsdInfo.special.linkCount  = SWAP_BE32(1);
                cfp->userInfo.fdType      = SWAP_BE32 (kJournalFileType);
                cfp->userInfo.fdCreator   = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSPlusCreator);
                cfp->userInfo.fdFlags     = SWAP_BE16 (kIsInvisible + kNameLocked);
                cfp->dataFork.logicalSize = SWAP_BE64(dp->blockSize);;
                cfp->dataFork.totalBlocks = SWAP_BE32(1);

                cfp->dataFork.extents[0].startBlock = SWAP_BE32 (header->journalInfoBlock);
                cfp->dataFork.extents[0].blockCount = cfp->dataFork.totalBlocks;

                offset += sizeof(HFSPlusCatalogFile);
                SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);
                nodename2 = &ckp->nodeName;

                /* Thread record for file #1 */
                tkp = (HFSPlusCatalogKey *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                tkp->keyLength = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMinimumLength);
                tkp->parentID  = SWAP_BE32 (dp->nextFreeFileID);
                tkp->nodeName.length = 0;
                offset += SWAP_BE16 (tkp->keyLength) + 2;
        
                ctp = (HFSPlusCatalogThread *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                ctp->recordType = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusFileThreadRecord);
                ctp->parentID   = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootFolderID);
                bcopy(nodename1, &ctp->nodeName, sizeof(UInt16) + uBytes1);
                offset += (sizeof(HFSPlusCatalogThread)
                                - (sizeof(ctp->nodeName.unicode) - uBytes1) );
                SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);

                /* Thread record for file #2 */
                tkp = (HFSPlusCatalogKey *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                tkp->keyLength = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusCatalogKeyMinimumLength);
                tkp->parentID  = SWAP_BE32 (dp->nextFreeFileID + 1);
                tkp->nodeName.length = 0;
                offset += SWAP_BE16 (tkp->keyLength) + 2;
        
                ctp = (HFSPlusCatalogThread *)((UInt8 *)buffer + offset);
                ctp->recordType = SWAP_BE16 (kHFSPlusFileThreadRecord);
                ctp->parentID   = SWAP_BE32 (kHFSRootFolderID);
                bcopy(nodename2, &ctp->nodeName, sizeof(UInt16) + uBytes2);
                offset += (sizeof(HFSPlusCatalogThread)
                                - (sizeof(ctp->nodeName.unicode) - uBytes2) );
                SETOFFSET(buffer, nodeSize, offset, ++index);
        }
}

/*
 * WriteMapNodes
 *      
 * Initializes a B-tree map node and writes it out to disk.
 */
static void
WriteMapNodes(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 diskStart, UInt32 firstMapNode,
        UInt32 mapNodes, UInt16 btNodeSize, void *buffer)
{
        UInt32  sectorsPerNode;
        UInt32  mapRecordBytes;
        UInt16  i;
        BTNodeDescriptor *nd = (BTNodeDescriptor *)buffer;

        bzero(buffer, btNodeSize);

        nd->kind                = kBTMapNode;
        nd->numRecords  = SWAP_BE16 (1);
        
        /* note: must belong word aligned (hence the extra -2) */
        mapRecordBytes = btNodeSize - sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor) - 2*sizeof(SInt16) - 2;  

        SETOFFSET(buffer, btNodeSize, sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor), 1);
        SETOFFSET(buffer, btNodeSize, sizeof(BTNodeDescriptor) + mapRecordBytes, 2);
        
        sectorsPerNode = btNodeSize/kBytesPerSector;
        
        /*
         * Note - worst case (32MB alloc blk) will have
         * only 18 map nodes. So don't bother optimizing
         * this section to do multiblock writes!
         */
        for (i = 0; i < mapNodes; i++) {
                if ((i + 1) < mapNodes)
                        nd->fLink = SWAP_BE32 (++firstMapNode);  /* point to next map node */
                else
                        nd->fLink = 0;  /* this is the last map node */

                WriteBuffer(driveInfo, diskStart, btNodeSize, buffer);
                        
                diskStart += sectorsPerNode;
        }
}

/*
 * @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
 * NOTE: IF buffer IS NULL, THIS FUNCTION WILL WRITE ZERO'S.
 *
 * startingSector is in terms of 512-byte sectors.
 * @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
 */
static void
WriteBuffer(const DriveInfo *driveInfo, UInt64 startingSector, UInt64 byteCount,
        const void *buffer)
{
        off_t sector;
        off_t physSector = 0;
        off_t byteOffsetInPhysSector;
        UInt32 numBytesToIO;
        UInt32 numPhysSectorsToIO;
        UInt32 tempbufSizeInPhysSectors;
        UInt32 tempbufSize;
        UInt32 fd = driveInfo->fd;
        UInt32 physSectorSize = driveInfo->physSectorSize;
        void *tempbuf = NULL;
        int sectorSizeRatio = driveInfo->physSectorSize / kBytesPerSector;
        int status = 0; /* 0: no error; 1: alloc; 2: read; 3: write */

        if (0 == byteCount) {
                goto exit;
        }

        /*@@@@@@@@@@ buffer allocation @@@@@@@@@@*/
        /* try a buffer size for optimal IO, __UP TO 4MB__. if that
           fails, then try with the minimum allowed buffer size, which
           is equal to physSectorSize */
        tempbufSizeInPhysSectors = MIN ( (byteCount - 1 + physSectorSize) / physSectorSize,
                                             driveInfo->physSectorsPerIO );
        /* limit at 4MB */
        tempbufSizeInPhysSectors = MIN ( tempbufSizeInPhysSectors, (4 * 1024 * 1024) / physSectorSize );
        tempbufSize = tempbufSizeInPhysSectors * physSectorSize;

        if ((tempbuf = valloc(tempbufSize)) == NULL) {
                /* try allocation of smallest allowed size: one
                   physical sector.
                   NOTE: the previous valloc tempbufSize might have
                   already been one physical sector. we don't want to
                   check if that was the case, so just try again.
                */
                tempbufSizeInPhysSectors = 1;
                tempbufSize = physSectorSize;
                if ((tempbuf = valloc(tempbufSize)) == NULL) {
                        status = 1;
                        goto exit;
                }
        }

        /*@@@@@@@@@@ io @@@@@@@@@@*/
        sector = driveInfo->sectorOffset + startingSector;
        physSector = sector / sectorSizeRatio;
        byteOffsetInPhysSector =  (sector % sectorSizeRatio) * kBytesPerSector;

        while (byteCount > 0) {
                numPhysSectorsToIO = MIN ( (byteCount - 1 + physSectorSize) / physSectorSize,
                                       tempbufSizeInPhysSectors );
                numBytesToIO = MIN(byteCount, (unsigned)((numPhysSectorsToIO * physSectorSize) - byteOffsetInPhysSector));

                /* if IO does not align with physical sector boundaries */
                if ((0 != byteOffsetInPhysSector) || ((numBytesToIO % physSectorSize) != 0)) {
                        if (pread(fd, tempbuf, numPhysSectorsToIO * physSectorSize, physSector * physSectorSize) < 0) {
                                status = 2;
                                goto exit;
                        }
                }

                if (NULL != buffer) {
                        memcpy(tempbuf + byteOffsetInPhysSector, buffer, numBytesToIO);
                }
                else {
                        bzero(tempbuf + byteOffsetInPhysSector, numBytesToIO);
                }

                if (pwrite(fd, tempbuf, numPhysSectorsToIO * physSectorSize, physSector * physSectorSize) < 0) {
                        warn("%s:  pwrite(%d, %p, %zu, %lld)", __FUNCTION__, fd, tempbuf, (size_t)(numPhysSectorsToIO * physSectorSize), (long long)(physSector * physSectorSize));
                        status = 3;
                        goto exit;
                }

                byteOffsetInPhysSector = 0;
                byteCount -= numBytesToIO;
                physSector += numPhysSectorsToIO;
                if (NULL != buffer) {
                        buffer += numBytesToIO;
                }
        }

exit:
        if (tempbuf) {
                free(tempbuf);
                tempbuf = NULL;
        }

        if (1 == status) {
                err(1, NULL);
        }
        else if (2 == status) {
                err(1, "read (sector %llu)", physSector);
        }
        else if (3 == status) {
                err(1, "write (sector %llu)", physSector);
        }

        return;
}


static UInt32 Largest( UInt32 a, UInt32 b, UInt32 c, UInt32 d )
{
        /* a := max(a,b) */
        if (a < b)
                a = b;
        /* c := max(c,d) */
        if (c < d)
                c = d;
        
        /* return max(a,c) */
        if (a > c)
                return a;
        else
                return c;
}

/*
 * UTCToLocal - convert from Mac OS GMT time to Mac OS local time
 */
static UInt32 UTCToLocal(UInt32 utcTime)
{
        UInt32 localTime = utcTime;
        struct timezone timeZone;
        struct timeval  timeVal;
        
        if (localTime != 0) {

                /* HFS volumes need timezone info to convert local to GMT */
                (void)gettimeofday( &timeVal, &timeZone );


                localTime -= (timeZone.tz_minuteswest * 60);
                if (timeZone.tz_dsttime)
                        localTime += 3600;
        }

        return (localTime);
}

#define __kCFUserEncodingFileName ("/.CFUserTextEncoding")

static UInt32
GetDefaultEncoding()
{
    struct passwd *passwdp;

    if ((passwdp = getpwuid(0))) { // root account
        char buffer[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
        int fd;

        strlcpy(buffer, passwdp->pw_dir, sizeof(buffer));
        strlcat(buffer, __kCFUserEncodingFileName, sizeof(buffer));

        if ((fd = open(buffer, O_RDONLY, 0)) > 0) {
            ssize_t readSize;

            readSize = read(fd, buffer, MAXPATHLEN);
            buffer[(readSize < 0 ? 0 : readSize)] = '\0';
            close(fd);
            return strtol(buffer, NULL, 0);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}


static int
ConvertUTF8toUnicode(const UInt8* source, size_t bufsize, UniChar* unibuf,
        UInt16 *charcount)
{
        UInt8 byte;
        UniChar* target;
        UniChar* targetEnd;

        *charcount = 0;
        target = unibuf;
        targetEnd = (UniChar *)((UInt8 *)unibuf + bufsize);

        while ((byte = *source++)) {
                
                /* check for single-byte ascii */
                if (byte < 128) {
                        if (byte == ':')        /* ':' is mapped to '/' */
                                byte = '/';

                        *target++ = SWAP_BE16 (byte);
                } else {
                        UniChar ch;
                        UInt8 seq = (byte >> 4);

                        switch (seq) {
                        case 0xc: /* double-byte sequence (1100 and 1101) */
                        case 0xd:
                                ch = (byte & 0x1F) << 6;  /* get 5 bits */
                                if (((byte = *source++) >> 6) != 2)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                                break;

                        case 0xe: /* triple-byte sequence (1110) */
                                ch = (byte & 0x0F) << 6;  /* get 4 bits */
                                if (((byte = *source++) >> 6) != 2)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                                ch += (byte & 0x3F); ch <<= 6;  /* get 6 bits */
                                if (((byte = *source++) >> 6) != 2)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                                break;

                        default:
                                return (EINVAL);  /* malformed sequence */
                        }

                        ch += (byte & 0x3F);  /* get last 6 bits */

                        if (target >= targetEnd)
                                return (ENOBUFS);

                        *target++ = SWAP_BE16 (ch);
                }
        }

        *charcount = target - unibuf;

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Derive the encoding hint for the given name.
 */
static int
getencodinghint(unsigned char *name)
{
        int mib[3];
        size_t buflen = sizeof(int);
        struct vfsconf vfc;
        int hint = 0;

        if (getvfsbyname("hfs", &vfc) < 0)
                goto error;

        mib[0] = CTL_VFS;
        mib[1] = vfc.vfc_typenum;
        mib[2] = HFS_ENCODINGHINT;
 
        if (sysctl(mib, 3, &hint, &buflen, name, strlen((char *)name) + 1) < 0)
                goto error;
        return (hint);
error:
        hint = GetDefaultEncoding();
        return (hint);
}


/* Generate Volume UUID - similar to code existing in hfs_util */
void GenerateVolumeUUID(VolumeUUID *newVolumeID) {
        SHA_CTX context;
        char randomInputBuffer[26];
        unsigned char digest[20];
        time_t now;
        clock_t uptime;
        int mib[2];
        int sysdata;
        char sysctlstring[128];
        size_t datalen;
        double sysloadavg[3];
        struct vmtotal sysvmtotal;
        
        do {
                /* Initialize the SHA-1 context for processing: */
                SHA1_Init(&context);
                
                /* Now process successive bits of "random" input to seed the process: */
                
                /* The current system's uptime: */
                uptime = clock();
                SHA1_Update(&context, &uptime, sizeof(uptime));
                
                /* The kernel's boot time: */
                mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
                mib[1] = KERN_BOOTTIME;
                datalen = sizeof(sysdata);
                sysctl(mib, 2, &sysdata, &datalen, NULL, 0);
                SHA1_Update(&context, &sysdata, datalen);
                
                /* The system's host id: */
                mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
                mib[1] = KERN_HOSTID;
                datalen = sizeof(sysdata);
                sysctl(mib, 2, &sysdata, &datalen, NULL, 0);
                SHA1_Update(&context, &sysdata, datalen);

                /* The system's host name: */
                mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
                mib[1] = KERN_HOSTNAME;
                datalen = sizeof(sysctlstring);
                sysctl(mib, 2, sysctlstring, &datalen, NULL, 0);
                SHA1_Update(&context, sysctlstring, datalen);

                /* The running kernel's OS release string: */
                mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
                mib[1] = KERN_OSRELEASE;
                datalen = sizeof(sysctlstring);
                sysctl(mib, 2, sysctlstring, &datalen, NULL, 0);
                SHA1_Update(&context, sysctlstring, datalen);

                /* The running kernel's version string: */
                mib[0] = CTL_KERN;
                mib[1] = KERN_VERSION;
                datalen = sizeof(sysctlstring);
                sysctl(mib, 2, sysctlstring, &datalen, NULL, 0);
                SHA1_Update(&context, sysctlstring, datalen);

                /* The system's load average: */
                datalen = sizeof(sysloadavg);
                getloadavg(sysloadavg, 3);
                SHA1_Update(&context, &sysloadavg, datalen);

                /* The system's VM statistics: */
                mib[0] = CTL_VM;
                mib[1] = VM_METER;
                datalen = sizeof(sysvmtotal);
                sysctl(mib, 2, &sysvmtotal, &datalen, NULL, 0);
                SHA1_Update(&context, &sysvmtotal, datalen);

                /* The current GMT (26 ASCII characters): */
                time(&now);
                strncpy(randomInputBuffer, asctime(gmtime(&now)), 26);  /* "Mon Mar 27 13:46:26 2000" */
                SHA1_Update(&context, randomInputBuffer, 26);
                
                /* Pad the accumulated input and extract the final digest hash: */
                SHA1_Final(digest, &context);
        
                memcpy(newVolumeID, digest, sizeof(*newVolumeID));
        } while ((newVolumeID->v.high == 0) || (newVolumeID->v.low == 0));
}