4 Changes in version 2.1a:
6 * New warning: unused values
7 Typed right-hand side symbols whose value are not used are reported.
10 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $$ = $1 + $3; }
14 will trigger a warning about $5 of the first rule, and $3 in the
15 second ($1 is copied to $$ by the default rule). To avoid this
16 warning, let Bison believe the value is used, e.g.
18 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $$ = $1 + $3; $5; }
19 | exp "+" exp { $$ = $1; $3; }
21 This helps catching lost values and memory leaks: if a value is
22 ignored, its associated memory will never be reclaimed.
24 * %destructor vs. YYABORT, YYACCEPT, and YYERROR.
25 Destructors are now called when user code invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT,
26 and YYERROR, for all objects on the stack, other than objects
27 corresponding to the right-hand side of the current rule.
30 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
34 The %parse-params are available in the %destructor's (and the
35 experimental %printer's) as per the documentation.
37 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
40 To specify that the grammar file depends on features implemented in
41 Bison version VERSION or higher.
43 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
44 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
45 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
46 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
47 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
49 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
50 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
51 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
52 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
54 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
55 fail using `%require "2.1a"'.
57 * DJGPP support added.
59 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
61 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
63 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
64 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
65 language is still English. For details, please see the new
66 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
67 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
68 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
70 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
71 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
72 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
73 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
75 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
76 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
77 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
79 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
80 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
81 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
82 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
85 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
87 * Possibly-incompatible changes
89 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
90 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
91 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
92 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
93 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
95 - Error token location.
96 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
97 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
98 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
99 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
102 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
103 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
105 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
106 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
107 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
108 forget a closing quote.
110 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
114 - GLR grammars now support locations.
116 - New directive: %initial-action.
117 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
118 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
120 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
121 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
123 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
124 This is a GNU extension.
126 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
127 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and will be
130 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
132 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
133 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
137 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
138 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
139 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
140 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
141 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
142 these violations will become errors again.
144 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
145 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
147 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
149 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
151 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
152 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
154 * syntax error processing
156 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
157 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
160 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
161 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
164 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
166 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
167 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
171 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
172 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
173 compatibility with Yacc.
175 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
176 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
177 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
178 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
181 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
182 declared before use. C99 requires this.
184 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
185 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
187 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
188 output as "foo\\bar.y".
190 - Yacc command and library now available
191 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
192 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
193 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
194 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
196 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
198 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
199 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
200 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
202 * Other compatibility issues
204 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
205 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
206 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
207 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
208 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
209 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
211 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
212 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
214 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
215 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
217 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
218 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
219 withdrawn in a future release.
224 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
227 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
228 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
230 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
231 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
232 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
234 * #line in output files
235 - --no-line works properly.
237 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
238 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
239 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
240 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
242 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
244 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
246 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
249 Fix spurious parse errors.
252 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
253 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
256 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
257 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
261 but the converse remains an error:
265 * Values of mid-rule actions
268 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
270 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
271 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
273 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
278 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
279 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
280 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
281 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
283 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
284 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
287 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
288 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
292 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
293 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
295 * Unknown token numbers
296 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
300 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
301 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
302 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
303 will be mapped onto another number.
305 * Verbose error messages
306 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
307 error recovery is possible.
310 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
312 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
313 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
314 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
315 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
316 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
317 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
318 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
319 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
320 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
323 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
326 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
327 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
328 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
329 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
331 * Explicit initial rule
332 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
333 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
337 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
338 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
340 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
341 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
343 * Rules never reduced
344 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
347 * Incorrect `Token not used'
350 %token useless useful
352 exp: '0' %prec useful;
354 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
355 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
357 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
358 as they caused too many portability hassles.
361 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
362 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
363 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
364 the computation of @$.
367 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
368 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
369 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
373 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
376 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
379 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
380 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
382 * Incorrect token definitions
383 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
385 * Token definitions as enums
386 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
387 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
388 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
391 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
392 produces additional information:
394 complete the core item sets with their closure
395 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e and later]
396 explicitly associate look-ahead tokens to items
398 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
399 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
400 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
403 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
404 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
412 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
414 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
417 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
418 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
419 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
421 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
422 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
423 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
424 kludge will be disabled.
426 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
429 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
431 * File name clashes are detected
432 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
433 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
435 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
436 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
437 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
438 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
439 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
440 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
442 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
443 many portability hassles.
445 * DJGPP support added.
447 * Fix test suite portability problems.
449 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
452 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
453 under some conditions.
458 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
460 * Fix Yacc output file names
464 * Italian, Dutch translations
466 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
470 * GNU Gettext and %expect
471 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
472 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
473 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
474 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
476 * Use of alloca in parsers
477 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
478 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
480 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
483 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
485 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
486 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
489 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
490 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
491 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
493 * Better C++ compliance
494 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
495 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
498 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
501 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
504 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
507 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
510 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
512 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
514 * Swedish translation
517 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
518 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
519 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
521 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
522 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
523 previous allocations were not freed.
525 * Fixed verbose output file.
526 Some newlines were missing.
527 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
529 * Fixed conflict report.
530 Option -v was needed to get the result.
534 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
536 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
538 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
540 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
542 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
543 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
545 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
547 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
551 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
553 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
555 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
556 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
559 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
564 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
566 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
567 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
568 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
569 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
571 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
573 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
575 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
577 * Russian translation added.
579 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
581 * Added the old Bison reference card.
583 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
585 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
587 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
589 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
590 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
593 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
594 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
597 Automatic location tracking.
599 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
601 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
605 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
607 * There is now a FAQ.
609 Changes in version 1.27:
611 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
612 some systems has been fixed.
614 Changes in version 1.26:
616 * Bison now uses automake.
618 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
620 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
622 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
624 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
626 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
628 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
629 not provide alloca().
631 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
633 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
634 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
636 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
637 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
638 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
640 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
641 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
642 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
645 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
646 directives in the parser file.
648 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
649 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
651 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
652 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
653 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
654 a switch statement body.
656 Changes in version 1.23:
658 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
659 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
660 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
661 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
663 Line numbers in output file corrected.
665 Changes in version 1.22:
669 Changes in version 1.20:
671 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
679 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
680 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
682 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
684 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
685 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
686 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
689 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
690 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
691 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
692 GNU General Public License for more details.
694 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
695 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
696 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
697 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.