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Warn about unused values.
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1 Bison News
2 ----------
3
4 Changes in version 2.1a:
5
6 * New warning: unused values
7 Typed right-hand side symbols whose value are not used are reported.
8 For instance
9
10 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $$ = $1 + $3; }
11 | exp "+" exp
12 ;
13
14 will trigger a warning about $5 of the first rule, and $3 in the
15 second ($1 is copied to $$ by the default rule). To avoid this
16 warning, let Bison believe the value is used, e.g.
17
18 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $$ = $1 + $3; $5; }
19 | exp "+" exp { $$ = $1; $3; }
20
21 This helps catching lost values and memory leaks: if a value is
22 ignored, its associated memory will never be reclaimed.
23
24 * %destructor vs. YYABORT, YYACCEPT, and YYERROR.
25 Destructors are now called when user code invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT,
26 and YYERROR, for all objects on the stack, other than objects
27 corresponding to the right-hand side of the current rule.
28
29 * %expect, %expect-rr
30 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
31 instead of warnings.
32
33 * GLR, YACC parsers.
34 The %parse-params are available in the %destructor's (and the
35 experimental %printer's) as per the documentation.
36
37 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
38
39 * %require "VERSION"
40 To specify that the grammar file depends on features implemented in
41 Bison version VERSION or higher.
42
43 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
44 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
45 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
46 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
47 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
48
49 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
50 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
51 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
52 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
53
54 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
55 fail using `%require "2.1a"'.
56
57 * DJGPP support added.
58
59 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
60
61 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
62
63 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
64 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
65 language is still English. For details, please see the new
66 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
67 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
68 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
69
70 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
71 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
72 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
73 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
74
75 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
76 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
77 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
78
79 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
80 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
81 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
82 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
83 unexpected "number"'.
84
85 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
86
87 * Possibly-incompatible changes
88
89 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
90 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
91 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
92 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
93 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
94
95 - Error token location.
96 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
97 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
98 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
99 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
100
101 - Semicolon changes:
102 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
103 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
104
105 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
106 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
107 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
108 forget a closing quote.
109
110 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
111
112 * New features
113
114 - GLR grammars now support locations.
115
116 - New directive: %initial-action.
117 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
118 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
119
120 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
121 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
122
123 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
124 This is a GNU extension.
125
126 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
127 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and will be
128 removed.
129
130 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
131
132 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
133 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
134
135 * Bug fixes
136
137 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
138 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
139 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
140 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
141 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
142 these violations will become errors again.
143
144 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
145 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
146
147 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
148 \f
149 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
150
151 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
152 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
153
154 * syntax error processing
155
156 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
157 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
158
159 - %destructor
160 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
161 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
162
163 - %error-verbose
164 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
165
166 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
167 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
168
169 * POSIX conformance
170
171 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
172 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
173 compatibility with Yacc.
174
175 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
176 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
177 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
178 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
179 be consistent.
180
181 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
182 declared before use. C99 requires this.
183
184 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
185 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
186
187 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
188 output as "foo\\bar.y".
189
190 - Yacc command and library now available
191 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
192 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
193 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
194 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
195
196 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
197
198 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
199 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
200 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
201
202 * Other compatibility issues
203
204 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
205 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
206 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
207 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
208 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
209 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
210
211 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
212 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
213
214 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
215 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
216
217 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
218 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
219 withdrawn in a future release.
220
221 * GLR parser notes
222
223 - GLR and inline
224 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
225 C keyword `inline'.
226
227 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
228 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
229
230 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
231 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
232 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
233
234 * #line in output files
235 - --no-line works properly.
236
237 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
238 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
239 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
240 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
241 \f
242 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
243
244 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
245
246 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
247
248 * GLR parsers
249 Fix spurious parse errors.
250
251 * Pure parsers
252 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
253 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
254
255 * Type Clashes
256 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
257 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
258
259 untyped: ... typed;
260
261 but the converse remains an error:
262
263 typed: ... untyped;
264
265 * Values of mid-rule actions
266 The following code:
267
268 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
269
270 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
271 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
272 \f
273 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
274
275 * GLR parsing
276 The declaration
277 %glr-parser
278 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
279 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
280 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
281 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
282
283 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
284 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
285
286 * Output Directory
287 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
288 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
289 now creates `bar.c'.
290
291 * Undefined token
292 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
293 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
294
295 * Unknown token numbers
296 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
297 no longer the case.
298
299 * Error token
300 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
301 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
302 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
303 will be mapped onto another number.
304
305 * Verbose error messages
306 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
307 error recovery is possible.
308
309 * End token
310 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
311
312 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
313 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
314 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
315 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
316 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
317 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
318 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
319 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
320 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
321
322 * Traces
323 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
324
325 * Larger grammars
326 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
327 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
328 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
329 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
330
331 * Explicit initial rule
332 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
333 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
334 graphs as rule 0.
335
336 * Useless rules
337 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
338 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
339
340 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
341 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
342
343 * Rules never reduced
344 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
345 reported.
346
347 * Incorrect `Token not used'
348 On a grammar such as
349
350 %token useless useful
351 %%
352 exp: '0' %prec useful;
353
354 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
355 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
356
357 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
358 as they caused too many portability hassles.
359
360 * Default locations
361 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
362 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
363 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
364 the computation of @$.
365
366 * Token end-of-file
367 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
368 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
369 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
370 For instance
371 %token MYEOF 0
372 or
373 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
374
375 * Semantic parser
376 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
377
378 * New translations
379 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
380 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
381
382 * Incorrect token definitions
383 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
384
385 * Token definitions as enums
386 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
387 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
388 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
389
390 * Reports
391 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
392 produces additional information:
393 - itemset
394 complete the core item sets with their closure
395 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e and later]
396 explicitly associate look-ahead tokens to items
397 - solved
398 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
399 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
400 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
401
402 * Type clashes
403 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
404 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
405
406 %type <foo> bar
407 %%
408 bar: '0' {} '0';
409
410 This is fixed.
411
412 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
413 \f
414 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
415
416 * C Skeleton
417 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
418 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
419 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
420
421 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
422 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
423 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
424 kludge will be disabled.
425
426 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
427 extended.
428 \f
429 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
430
431 * File name clashes are detected
432 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
433 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
434
435 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
436 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
437 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
438 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
439 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
440 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
441
442 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
443 many portability hassles.
444
445 * DJGPP support added.
446
447 * Fix test suite portability problems.
448 \f
449 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
450
451 * Fix C++ issues
452 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
453 under some conditions.
454
455 * Catch invalid @n
456 As is done with $n.
457 \f
458 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
459
460 * Fix Yacc output file names
461
462 * Portability fixes
463
464 * Italian, Dutch translations
465 \f
466 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
467
468 * Many Bug Fixes
469
470 * GNU Gettext and %expect
471 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
472 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
473 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
474 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
475
476 * Use of alloca in parsers
477 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
478 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
479
480 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
481 problems as on AIX.
482
483 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
484
485 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
486 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
487
488 * User Actions
489 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
490 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
491 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
492
493 * Better C++ compliance
494 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
495 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
496
497 * Reduced Grammars
498 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
499
500 * 64 bit hosts
501 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
502
503 * Error messages
504 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
505
506 * %expect
507 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
508 any warning.
509
510 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
511
512 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
513
514 * Swedish translation
515
516 * Parse errors
517 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
518 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
519 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
520
521 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
522 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
523 previous allocations were not freed.
524
525 * Fixed verbose output file.
526 Some newlines were missing.
527 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
528
529 * Fixed conflict report.
530 Option -v was needed to get the result.
531
532 * %expect
533 Was not used.
534 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
535
536 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
537
538 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
539
540 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
541
542 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
543 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
544
545 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
546
547 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
548 New.
549
550 * --output
551 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
552 \f
553 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
554
555 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
556 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
557 argument.
558
559 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
560 experiment.
561
562 * Portability fixes.
563 \f
564 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
565
566 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
567 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
568 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
569 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
570
571 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
572
573 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
574
575 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
576
577 * Russian translation added.
578
579 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
580
581 * Added the old Bison reference card.
582
583 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
584
585 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
586
587 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
588
589 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
590 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
591
592 * New directives.
593 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
594 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
595
596 * @$
597 Automatic location tracking.
598 \f
599 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
600
601 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
602
603 * Added NLS.
604
605 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
606
607 * There is now a FAQ.
608 \f
609 Changes in version 1.27:
610
611 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
612 some systems has been fixed.
613 \f
614 Changes in version 1.26:
615
616 * Bison now uses automake.
617
618 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
619
620 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
621
622 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
623
624 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
625
626 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
627
628 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
629 not provide alloca().
630 \f
631 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
632
633 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
634 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
635
636 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
637 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
638 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
639
640 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
641 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
642 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
643 purposes.
644
645 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
646 directives in the parser file.
647
648 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
649 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
650
651 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
652 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
653 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
654 a switch statement body.
655 \f
656 Changes in version 1.23:
657
658 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
659 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
660 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
661 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
662
663 Line numbers in output file corrected.
664 \f
665 Changes in version 1.22:
666
667 --help option added.
668 \f
669 Changes in version 1.20:
670
671 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
672
673 Local Variables:
674 mode: outline
675 End:
676
677 -----
678
679 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
680 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
681
682 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
683
684 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
685 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
686 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
687 any later version.
688
689 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
690 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
691 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
692 GNU General Public License for more details.
693
694 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
695 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
696 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
697 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.