4 Changes in version 2.1a:
6 * %destructor vs. YYACCEPT, YYERROR, and YYABORT.
7 When the parsing/action is cut by the user using one of these
8 special actions, the stack is freed except the right-hand side
9 symbols of the current rule.
11 * GLR, C++ LALR(1) parsers.
12 These parser skeletons are now distributed with the same special
13 license exception that the C LALR(1) parser skeleton has had since
14 Bison 1.24. Hence the FSF imposes no copyright restriction on the
15 output of Bison when it is generating such parsers.
18 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
22 The %parse-params are available in the %destructor's (and the
23 experimental %printer's) as per the documentation.
25 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
28 To specify that the grammar file depends on features implemented in
29 Bison version VERSION or higher.
31 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
32 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
33 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
34 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
35 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
37 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
38 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
39 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
40 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
42 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
43 fail using `%require "2.1a"'.
45 * DJGPP support added.
47 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
49 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
51 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
52 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
53 language is still English. For details, please see the new
54 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
55 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
56 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
58 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
59 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
60 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
61 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
63 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
64 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
65 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
67 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
68 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
69 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
70 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
73 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
75 * Possibly-incompatible changes
77 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
78 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
79 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
80 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
81 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
83 - Error token location.
84 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
85 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
86 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
87 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
90 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
91 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
93 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
94 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
95 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
96 forget a closing quote.
98 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
102 - GLR grammars now support locations.
104 - New directive: %initial-action.
105 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
106 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
108 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
109 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
111 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
112 This is a GNU extension.
114 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
115 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and will be
118 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
120 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
121 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
125 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
126 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
127 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
128 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
129 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
130 these violations will become errors again.
132 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
133 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
135 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
137 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
139 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
140 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
142 * syntax error processing
144 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
145 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
148 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
149 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
152 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
154 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
155 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
159 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
160 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
161 compatibility with Yacc.
163 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
164 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
165 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
166 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
169 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
170 declared before use. C99 requires this.
172 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
173 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
175 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
176 output as "foo\\bar.y".
178 - Yacc command and library now available
179 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
180 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
181 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
182 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
184 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
186 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
187 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
188 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
190 * Other compatibility issues
192 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
193 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
194 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
195 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
196 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
197 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
199 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
200 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
202 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
203 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
205 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
206 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
207 withdrawn in a future release.
212 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
215 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
216 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
218 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
219 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
220 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
222 * #line in output files
223 - --no-line works properly.
225 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
226 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
227 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
228 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
230 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
232 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
234 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
237 Fix spurious parse errors.
240 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
241 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
244 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
245 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
249 but the converse remains an error:
253 * Values of mid-rule actions
256 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
258 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
259 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
261 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
266 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
267 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
268 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
269 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
271 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
272 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
275 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
276 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
280 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
281 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
283 * Unknown token numbers
284 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
288 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
289 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
290 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
291 will be mapped onto another number.
293 * Verbose error messages
294 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
295 error recovery is possible.
298 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
300 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
301 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
302 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
303 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
304 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
305 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
306 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
307 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
308 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
311 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
314 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
315 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
316 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
317 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
319 * Explicit initial rule
320 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
321 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
325 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
326 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
328 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
329 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
331 * Rules never reduced
332 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
335 * Incorrect `Token not used'
338 %token useless useful
340 exp: '0' %prec useful;
342 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
343 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
345 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
346 as they caused too many portability hassles.
349 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
350 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
351 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
352 the computation of @$.
355 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
356 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
357 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
361 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
364 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
367 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
368 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
370 * Incorrect token definitions
371 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
373 * Token definitions as enums
374 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
375 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
376 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
379 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
380 produces additional information:
382 complete the core item sets with their closure
383 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e and later]
384 explicitly associate look-ahead tokens to items
386 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
387 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
388 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
391 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
392 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
400 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
402 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
405 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
406 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
407 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
409 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
410 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
411 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
412 kludge will be disabled.
414 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
417 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
419 * File name clashes are detected
420 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
421 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
423 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
424 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
425 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
426 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
427 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
428 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
430 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
431 many portability hassles.
433 * DJGPP support added.
435 * Fix test suite portability problems.
437 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
440 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
441 under some conditions.
446 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
448 * Fix Yacc output file names
452 * Italian, Dutch translations
454 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
458 * GNU Gettext and %expect
459 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
460 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
461 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
462 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
464 * Use of alloca in parsers
465 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
466 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
468 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
471 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
473 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
474 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
477 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
478 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
479 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
481 * Better C++ compliance
482 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
483 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
486 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
489 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
492 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
495 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
498 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
500 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
502 * Swedish translation
505 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
506 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
507 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
509 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
510 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
511 previous allocations were not freed.
513 * Fixed verbose output file.
514 Some newlines were missing.
515 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
517 * Fixed conflict report.
518 Option -v was needed to get the result.
522 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
524 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
526 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
528 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
530 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
531 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
533 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
535 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
539 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
541 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
543 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
544 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
547 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
552 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
554 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
555 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
556 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
557 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
559 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
561 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
563 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
565 * Russian translation added.
567 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
569 * Added the old Bison reference card.
571 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
573 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
575 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
577 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
578 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
581 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
582 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
585 Automatic location tracking.
587 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
589 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
593 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
595 * There is now a FAQ.
597 Changes in version 1.27:
599 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
600 some systems has been fixed.
602 Changes in version 1.26:
604 * Bison now uses automake.
606 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
608 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
610 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
612 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
614 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
616 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
617 not provide alloca().
619 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
621 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
622 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
624 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
625 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
626 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
628 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
629 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
630 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
633 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
634 directives in the parser file.
636 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
637 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
639 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
640 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
641 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
642 a switch statement body.
644 Changes in version 1.23:
646 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
647 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
648 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
649 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
651 Line numbers in output file corrected.
653 Changes in version 1.22:
657 Changes in version 1.20:
659 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
667 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
668 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
670 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
672 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
673 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
674 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
677 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
678 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
679 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
680 GNU General Public License for more details.
682 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
683 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
684 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
685 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.