4 Changes in version 2.3+:
6 * The option `--report=look-ahead' has been changed to `--report=lookahead'.
7 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and may be removed
10 Changes in version 2.3, 2006-06-05:
12 * GLR grammars should now use `YYRECOVERING ()' instead of `YYRECOVERING',
13 for compatibility with LALR(1) grammars.
15 * It is now documented that any definition of YYSTYPE or YYLTYPE should
16 be to a type name that does not contain parentheses or brackets.
18 Changes in version 2.2, 2006-05-19:
20 * The distribution terms for all Bison-generated parsers now permit
21 using the parsers in nonfree programs. Previously, this permission
22 was granted only for Bison-generated LALR(1) parsers in C.
24 * %name-prefix changes the namespace name in C++ outputs.
26 * The C++ parsers export their token_type.
28 * Bison now allows multiple %union declarations, and concatenates
29 their contents together.
31 * New warning: unused values
32 Right-hand side symbols whose values are not used are reported,
33 if the symbols have destructors. For instance:
35 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $1 ? $1 : $3; }
39 will trigger a warning about $$ and $5 in the first rule, and $3 in
40 the second ($1 is copied to $$ by the default rule). This example
41 most likely contains three errors, and could be rewritten as:
43 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp
44 { $$ = $1 ? $3 : $5; free ($1 ? $5 : $3); free ($1); }
46 { $$ = $1 ? $1 : $3; if ($1) free ($3); }
49 However, if the original actions were really intended, memory leaks
50 and all, the warnings can be suppressed by letting Bison believe the
51 values are used, e.g.:
53 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $1 ? $1 : $3; (void) ($$, $5); }
54 | exp "+" exp { $$ = $1; (void) $3; }
57 If there are mid-rule actions, the warning is issued if no action
58 uses it. The following triggers no warning: $1 and $3 are used.
60 exp: exp { push ($1); } '+' exp { push ($3); sum (); };
62 The warning is intended to help catching lost values and memory leaks.
63 If a value is ignored, its associated memory typically is not reclaimed.
65 * %destructor vs. YYABORT, YYACCEPT, and YYERROR.
66 Destructors are now called when user code invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT,
67 and YYERROR, for all objects on the stack, other than objects
68 corresponding to the right-hand side of the current rule.
71 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
75 The %parse-params are available in the destructors (and the
76 experimental printers) as per the documentation.
78 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
81 This specifies that the grammar file depends on features implemented
82 in Bison version VERSION or higher.
84 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
85 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
86 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
87 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
88 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
90 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
91 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
92 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
93 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
95 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
96 fail using `%require "2.2"'.
98 * DJGPP support added.
100 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
102 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
104 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
105 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
106 language is still English. For details, please see the new
107 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
108 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
109 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
111 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
112 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
113 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
114 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
116 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
117 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
118 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
120 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
121 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
122 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
123 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
124 unexpected "number"'.
126 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
128 * Possibly-incompatible changes
130 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
131 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
132 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
133 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
134 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
136 - Error token location.
137 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
138 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
139 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
140 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
143 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
144 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
146 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
147 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
148 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
149 forget a closing quote.
151 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
155 - GLR grammars now support locations.
157 - New directive: %initial-action.
158 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
159 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
161 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
162 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
164 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
165 This is a GNU extension.
167 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
168 [However, this was changed back after 2.3.]
170 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
172 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
173 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
177 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
178 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
179 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
180 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
181 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
182 these violations will become errors again.
184 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
185 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
187 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
189 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
191 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
192 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
194 * syntax error processing
196 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
197 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
200 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
201 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
204 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
206 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
207 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
211 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
212 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
213 compatibility with Yacc.
215 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
216 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
217 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
218 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
221 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
222 declared before use. C99 requires this.
224 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
225 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
227 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
228 output as "foo\\bar.y".
230 - Yacc command and library now available
231 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
232 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
233 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
234 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
236 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
238 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
239 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
240 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
242 * Other compatibility issues
244 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
245 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
246 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
247 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
248 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
249 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
251 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
252 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
254 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
255 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
257 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
258 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
259 withdrawn in a future release.
264 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
267 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
268 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
270 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
271 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
272 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
274 * #line in output files
275 - --no-line works properly.
277 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
278 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
279 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
280 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
282 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
284 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
286 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
289 Fix spurious parse errors.
292 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
293 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
296 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
297 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
301 but the converse remains an error:
305 * Values of mid-rule actions
308 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
310 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
311 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
313 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
318 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
319 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
320 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
321 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
323 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
324 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
327 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
328 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
332 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
333 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
335 * Unknown token numbers
336 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
340 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
341 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
342 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
343 will be mapped onto another number.
345 * Verbose error messages
346 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
347 error recovery is possible.
350 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
352 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
353 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
354 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
355 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
356 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
357 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
358 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
359 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
360 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
363 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
366 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
367 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
368 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
369 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
371 * Explicit initial rule
372 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
373 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
377 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
378 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
380 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
381 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
383 * Rules never reduced
384 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
387 * Incorrect `Token not used'
390 %token useless useful
392 exp: '0' %prec useful;
394 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
395 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
397 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
398 as they caused too many portability hassles.
401 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
402 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
403 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
404 the computation of @$.
407 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
408 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
409 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
413 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
416 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
419 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
420 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
422 * Incorrect token definitions
423 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
425 * Token definitions as enums
426 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
427 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
428 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
431 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
432 produces additional information:
434 complete the core item sets with their closure
435 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e through 2.3, but changed back]
436 explicitly associate lookahead tokens to items
438 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
439 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
440 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
443 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
444 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
452 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
454 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
457 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
458 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
459 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
461 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
462 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
463 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
464 kludge will be disabled.
466 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
469 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
471 * File name clashes are detected
472 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
473 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
475 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
476 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
477 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
478 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
479 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
480 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
482 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
483 many portability hassles.
485 * DJGPP support added.
487 * Fix test suite portability problems.
489 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
492 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
493 under some conditions.
498 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
500 * Fix Yacc output file names
504 * Italian, Dutch translations
506 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
510 * GNU Gettext and %expect
511 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
512 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
513 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
514 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
516 * Use of alloca in parsers
517 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
518 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
520 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
523 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
525 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
526 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
529 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
530 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
531 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
533 * Better C++ compliance
534 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
535 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
538 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
541 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
544 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
547 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
550 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
552 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
554 * Swedish translation
557 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
558 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
559 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
561 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
562 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
563 previous allocations were not freed.
565 * Fixed verbose output file.
566 Some newlines were missing.
567 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
569 * Fixed conflict report.
570 Option -v was needed to get the result.
574 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
576 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
578 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
580 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
582 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
583 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
585 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
587 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
591 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
593 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
595 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
596 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
599 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
604 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
606 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
607 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
608 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
609 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
611 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
613 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
615 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
617 * Russian translation added.
619 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
621 * Added the old Bison reference card.
623 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
625 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
627 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
629 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
630 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
633 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
634 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
637 Automatic location tracking.
639 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
641 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
645 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
647 * There is now a FAQ.
649 Changes in version 1.27:
651 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
652 some systems has been fixed.
654 Changes in version 1.26:
656 * Bison now uses automake.
658 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
660 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
662 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
664 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
666 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
668 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
669 not provide alloca().
671 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
673 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
674 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
676 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
677 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
678 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
680 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
681 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
682 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
685 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
686 directives in the parser file.
688 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
689 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
691 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
692 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
693 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
694 a switch statement body.
696 Changes in version 1.23:
698 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
699 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
700 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
701 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
703 Line numbers in output file corrected.
705 Changes in version 1.22:
709 Changes in version 1.20:
711 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
719 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
720 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
722 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
724 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
725 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
726 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
729 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
730 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
731 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
732 GNU General Public License for more details.
734 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
735 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
736 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
737 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.