4 Changes in version 2.1a:
6 * %destructor vs. YYABORT, YYACCEPT, and YYERROR.
7 Destructors are now called when user code invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT,
8 and YYERROR, for all objects on the stack, other than objects
9 corresponding to the right-hand side of the current rule.
12 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
16 The %parse-params are available in the %destructor's (and the
17 experimental %printer's) as per the documentation.
19 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
22 To specify that the grammar file depends on features implemented in
23 Bison version VERSION or higher.
25 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
26 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
27 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
28 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
29 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
31 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
32 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
33 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
34 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
36 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
37 fail using `%require "2.1a"'.
39 * DJGPP support added.
41 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
43 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
45 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
46 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
47 language is still English. For details, please see the new
48 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
49 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
50 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
52 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
53 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
54 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
55 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
57 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
58 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
59 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
61 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
62 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
63 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
64 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
67 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
69 * Possibly-incompatible changes
71 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
72 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
73 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
74 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
75 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
77 - Error token location.
78 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
79 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
80 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
81 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
84 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
85 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
87 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
88 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
89 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
90 forget a closing quote.
92 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
96 - GLR grammars now support locations.
98 - New directive: %initial-action.
99 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
100 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
102 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
103 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
105 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
106 This is a GNU extension.
108 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
109 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and will be
112 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
114 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
115 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
119 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
120 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
121 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
122 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
123 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
124 these violations will become errors again.
126 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
127 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
129 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
131 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
133 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
134 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
136 * syntax error processing
138 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
139 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
142 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
143 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
146 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
148 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
149 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
153 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
154 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
155 compatibility with Yacc.
157 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
158 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
159 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
160 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
163 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
164 declared before use. C99 requires this.
166 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
167 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
169 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
170 output as "foo\\bar.y".
172 - Yacc command and library now available
173 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
174 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
175 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
176 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
178 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
180 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
181 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
182 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
184 * Other compatibility issues
186 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
187 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
188 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
189 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
190 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
191 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
193 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
194 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
196 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
197 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
199 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
200 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
201 withdrawn in a future release.
206 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
209 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
210 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
212 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
213 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
214 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
216 * #line in output files
217 - --no-line works properly.
219 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
220 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
221 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
222 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
224 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
226 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
228 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
231 Fix spurious parse errors.
234 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
235 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
238 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
239 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
243 but the converse remains an error:
247 * Values of mid-rule actions
250 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
252 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
253 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
255 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
260 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
261 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
262 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
263 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
265 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
266 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
269 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
270 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
274 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
275 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
277 * Unknown token numbers
278 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
282 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
283 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
284 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
285 will be mapped onto another number.
287 * Verbose error messages
288 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
289 error recovery is possible.
292 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
294 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
295 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
296 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
297 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
298 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
299 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
300 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
301 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
302 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
305 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
308 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
309 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
310 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
311 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
313 * Explicit initial rule
314 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
315 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
319 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
320 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
322 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
323 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
325 * Rules never reduced
326 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
329 * Incorrect `Token not used'
332 %token useless useful
334 exp: '0' %prec useful;
336 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
337 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
339 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
340 as they caused too many portability hassles.
343 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
344 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
345 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
346 the computation of @$.
349 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
350 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
351 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
355 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
358 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
361 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
362 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
364 * Incorrect token definitions
365 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
367 * Token definitions as enums
368 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
369 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
370 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
373 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
374 produces additional information:
376 complete the core item sets with their closure
377 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e and later]
378 explicitly associate look-ahead tokens to items
380 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
381 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
382 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
385 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
386 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
394 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
396 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
399 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
400 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
401 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
403 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
404 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
405 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
406 kludge will be disabled.
408 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
411 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
413 * File name clashes are detected
414 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
415 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
417 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
418 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
419 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
420 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
421 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
422 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
424 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
425 many portability hassles.
427 * DJGPP support added.
429 * Fix test suite portability problems.
431 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
434 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
435 under some conditions.
440 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
442 * Fix Yacc output file names
446 * Italian, Dutch translations
448 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
452 * GNU Gettext and %expect
453 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
454 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
455 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
456 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
458 * Use of alloca in parsers
459 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
460 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
462 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
465 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
467 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
468 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
471 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
472 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
473 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
475 * Better C++ compliance
476 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
477 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
480 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
483 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
486 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
489 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
492 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
494 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
496 * Swedish translation
499 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
500 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
501 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
503 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
504 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
505 previous allocations were not freed.
507 * Fixed verbose output file.
508 Some newlines were missing.
509 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
511 * Fixed conflict report.
512 Option -v was needed to get the result.
516 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
518 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
520 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
522 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
524 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
525 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
527 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
529 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
533 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
535 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
537 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
538 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
541 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
546 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
548 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
549 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
550 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
551 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
553 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
555 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
557 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
559 * Russian translation added.
561 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
563 * Added the old Bison reference card.
565 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
567 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
569 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
571 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
572 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
575 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
576 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
579 Automatic location tracking.
581 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
583 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
587 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
589 * There is now a FAQ.
591 Changes in version 1.27:
593 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
594 some systems has been fixed.
596 Changes in version 1.26:
598 * Bison now uses automake.
600 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
602 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
604 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
606 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
608 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
610 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
611 not provide alloca().
613 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
615 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
616 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
618 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
619 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
620 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
622 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
623 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
624 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
627 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
628 directives in the parser file.
630 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
631 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
633 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
634 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
635 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
636 a switch statement body.
638 Changes in version 1.23:
640 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
641 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
642 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
643 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
645 Line numbers in output file corrected.
647 Changes in version 1.22:
651 Changes in version 1.20:
653 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
661 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
662 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
664 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
666 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
667 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
668 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
671 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
672 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
673 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
674 GNU General Public License for more details.
676 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
677 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
678 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
679 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.