4 Changes in version 2.2, 2006-05-09:
6 * The distribution terms for all Bison-generated parsers now permit
7 using the parsers in nonfree programs. Previously, this permission
8 was granted only for Bison-generated LALR(1) parsers in C.
10 * %name-prefix changes the namespace name in C++ outputs.
12 * The C++ parsers export their token_type.
14 * Bison now allows multiple %union declarations, and concatenates
15 their contents together.
17 * New warning: unused values
18 Right-hand side symbols whose values are not used are reported,
19 if the symbols have destructors. For instance:
21 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $1 ? $1 : $3; }
25 will trigger a warning about $$ and $5 in the first rule, and $3 in
26 the second ($1 is copied to $$ by the default rule). This example
27 most likely contains three errors, and could be rewritten as:
29 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp
30 { $$ = $1 ? $3 : $5; free ($1 ? $5 : $3); free ($1); }
32 { $$ = $1 ? $1 : $3; if ($1) free ($3); }
35 However, if the original actions were really intended, memory leaks
36 and all, the warnings can be suppressed by letting Bison believe the
37 values are used, e.g.:
39 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $1 ? $1 : $3; (void) ($$, $5); }
40 | exp "+" exp { $$ = $1; (void) $3; }
43 If there are mid-rule actions, the warning is issued if no action
44 uses it. The following triggers no warning: $1 and $3 are used.
46 exp: exp { push ($1); } '+' exp { push ($3); sum (); };
48 The warning is intended to help catching lost values and memory leaks.
49 If a value is ignored, its associated memory typically is not reclaimed.
51 * %destructor vs. YYABORT, YYACCEPT, and YYERROR.
52 Destructors are now called when user code invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT,
53 and YYERROR, for all objects on the stack, other than objects
54 corresponding to the right-hand side of the current rule.
57 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
61 The %parse-params are available in the destructors (and the
62 experimental printers) as per the documentation.
64 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
67 This specifies that the grammar file depends on features implemented
68 in Bison version VERSION or higher.
70 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
71 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
72 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
73 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
74 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
76 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
77 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
78 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
79 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
81 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
82 fail using `%require "2.1a"'.
84 * DJGPP support added.
86 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
88 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
90 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
91 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
92 language is still English. For details, please see the new
93 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
94 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
95 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
97 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
98 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
99 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
100 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
102 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
103 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
104 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
106 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
107 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
108 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
109 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
110 unexpected "number"'.
112 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
114 * Possibly-incompatible changes
116 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
117 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
118 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
119 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
120 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
122 - Error token location.
123 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
124 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
125 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
126 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
129 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
130 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
132 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
133 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
134 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
135 forget a closing quote.
137 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
141 - GLR grammars now support locations.
143 - New directive: %initial-action.
144 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
145 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
147 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
148 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
150 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
151 This is a GNU extension.
153 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
154 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and will be
157 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
159 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
160 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
164 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
165 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
166 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
167 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
168 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
169 these violations will become errors again.
171 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
172 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
174 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
176 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
178 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
179 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
181 * syntax error processing
183 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
184 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
187 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
188 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
191 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
193 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
194 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
198 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
199 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
200 compatibility with Yacc.
202 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
203 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
204 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
205 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
208 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
209 declared before use. C99 requires this.
211 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
212 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
214 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
215 output as "foo\\bar.y".
217 - Yacc command and library now available
218 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
219 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
220 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
221 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
223 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
225 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
226 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
227 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
229 * Other compatibility issues
231 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
232 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
233 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
234 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
235 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
236 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
238 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
239 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
241 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
242 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
244 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
245 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
246 withdrawn in a future release.
251 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
254 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
255 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
257 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
258 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
259 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
261 * #line in output files
262 - --no-line works properly.
264 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
265 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
266 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
267 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
269 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
271 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
273 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
276 Fix spurious parse errors.
279 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
280 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
283 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
284 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
288 but the converse remains an error:
292 * Values of mid-rule actions
295 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
297 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
298 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
300 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
305 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
306 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
307 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
308 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
310 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
311 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
314 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
315 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
319 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
320 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
322 * Unknown token numbers
323 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
327 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
328 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
329 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
330 will be mapped onto another number.
332 * Verbose error messages
333 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
334 error recovery is possible.
337 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
339 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
340 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
341 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
342 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
343 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
344 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
345 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
346 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
347 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
350 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
353 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
354 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
355 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
356 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
358 * Explicit initial rule
359 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
360 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
364 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
365 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
367 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
368 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
370 * Rules never reduced
371 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
374 * Incorrect `Token not used'
377 %token useless useful
379 exp: '0' %prec useful;
381 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
382 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
384 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
385 as they caused too many portability hassles.
388 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
389 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
390 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
391 the computation of @$.
394 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
395 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
396 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
400 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
403 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
406 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
407 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
409 * Incorrect token definitions
410 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
412 * Token definitions as enums
413 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
414 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
415 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
418 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
419 produces additional information:
421 complete the core item sets with their closure
422 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e and later]
423 explicitly associate look-ahead tokens to items
425 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
426 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
427 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
430 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
431 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
439 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
441 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
444 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
445 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
446 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
448 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
449 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
450 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
451 kludge will be disabled.
453 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
456 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
458 * File name clashes are detected
459 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
460 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
462 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
463 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
464 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
465 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
466 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
467 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
469 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
470 many portability hassles.
472 * DJGPP support added.
474 * Fix test suite portability problems.
476 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
479 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
480 under some conditions.
485 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
487 * Fix Yacc output file names
491 * Italian, Dutch translations
493 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
497 * GNU Gettext and %expect
498 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
499 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
500 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
501 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
503 * Use of alloca in parsers
504 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
505 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
507 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
510 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
512 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
513 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
516 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
517 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
518 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
520 * Better C++ compliance
521 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
522 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
525 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
528 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
531 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
534 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
537 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
539 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
541 * Swedish translation
544 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
545 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
546 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
548 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
549 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
550 previous allocations were not freed.
552 * Fixed verbose output file.
553 Some newlines were missing.
554 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
556 * Fixed conflict report.
557 Option -v was needed to get the result.
561 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
563 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
565 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
567 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
569 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
570 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
572 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
574 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
578 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
580 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
582 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
583 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
586 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
591 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
593 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
594 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
595 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
596 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
598 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
600 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
602 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
604 * Russian translation added.
606 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
608 * Added the old Bison reference card.
610 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
612 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
614 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
616 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
617 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
620 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
621 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
624 Automatic location tracking.
626 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
628 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
632 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
634 * There is now a FAQ.
636 Changes in version 1.27:
638 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
639 some systems has been fixed.
641 Changes in version 1.26:
643 * Bison now uses automake.
645 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
647 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
649 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
651 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
653 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
655 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
656 not provide alloca().
658 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
660 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
661 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
663 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
664 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
665 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
667 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
668 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
669 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
672 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
673 directives in the parser file.
675 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
676 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
678 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
679 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
680 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
681 a switch statement body.
683 Changes in version 1.23:
685 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
686 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
687 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
688 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
690 Line numbers in output file corrected.
692 Changes in version 1.22:
696 Changes in version 1.20:
698 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
706 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
707 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
709 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
711 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
712 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
713 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
716 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
717 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
718 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
719 GNU General Public License for more details.
721 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
722 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
723 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
724 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.