<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
-<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
- "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
-
-<!ENTITY % aptent SYSTEM "apt.ent">
-%aptent;
-
-<!ENTITY % aptverbatiment SYSTEM "apt-verbatim.ent">
-%aptverbatiment;
-
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+ "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY % aptent SYSTEM "apt.ent"> %aptent;
+<!ENTITY % aptverbatiment SYSTEM "apt-verbatim.ent"> %aptverbatiment;
+<!ENTITY % aptvendor SYSTEM "apt-vendor.ent"> %aptvendor;
]>
<refentry>
&apt-email;
&apt-product;
<!-- The last update date -->
- <date>29 February 2004</date>
+ <date>2014-01-18T00:00:00Z</date>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<!-- Man page title -->
<refnamediv>
<refname>sources.list</refname>
- <refpurpose>Package resource list for APT</refpurpose>
+ <refpurpose>List of configured APT data sources</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsect1><title>Description</title>
- <para>The package resource list is used to locate archives of the package
- distribution system in use on the system. At this time, this manual page
- documents only the packaging system used by the Debian GNU/Linux system.
- This control file is <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename>.</para>
-
- <para>The source list is designed to support any number of active sources and a
- variety of source media. The file lists one source per line, with the
- most preferred source listed first. The format of each line is:
- <literal>type uri args</literal> The first item, <literal>type</literal>
- determines the format for <literal>args</literal>. <literal>uri</literal> is
- a Universal Resource Identifier
- (URI), which is a superset of the more specific and well-known Universal
- Resource Locator, or URL. The rest of the line can be marked as a comment
- by using a #.</para>
+ <para>
+ The source list <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list</filename> and the the
+ files contained in <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/</filename> are
+ designed to support any number of active sources and a variety of source
+ media. The files list one source per line (one line style) or contain multiline
+ stanzas defining one or more sources per stanza (deb822 style), with the
+ most preferred source listed first. The information available from the
+ configured sources is acquired by <command>apt-get update</command> (or
+ by an equivalent command from another APT front-end).
+ </para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1><title>sources.list.d</title>
- <para>The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename> directory provides
- a way to add sources.list entries in separate files.
- The format is the same as for the regular <filename>sources.list</filename> file.
- File names need to end with
- <filename>.list</filename> and may only contain letters (a-z and A-Z),
- digits (0-9), underscore (_), hyphen (-) and period (.) characters.
- Otherwise APT will print a notice that it has ignored a file if the file
- doesn't match a pattern in the <literal>Dir::Ignore-Files-Silently</literal>
- configuration list - in this case it will be silently ignored.</para>
+ <para>The <filename>/etc/apt/sources.list.d</filename> directory provides
+ a way to add sources.list entries in separate files.
+ Two different file formats are allowed as described in the next two sections.
+ Filenames need to have either the extension <filename>.list</filename> or
+ <filename>.sources</filename> depending on the contained format.
+ The filenames may only contain letters (a-z and A-Z),
+ digits (0-9), underscore (_), hyphen (-) and period (.) characters.
+ Otherwise APT will print a notice that it has ignored a file, unless that
+ file matches a pattern in the <literal>Dir::Ignore-Files-Silently</literal>
+ configuration list - in which case it will be silently ignored.</para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1><title>one line style format</title>
+ <para>
+ Files in this format have the extension <filename>.list</filename>.
+ Each line specifying a source starts with a type (e.g. <literal>deb-src</literal>)
+ followed by options and arguments for this type.
+
+ Individual entries cannot be continued onto a following line. Empty lines
+ are ignored, and a <literal>#</literal> character anywhere on a line marks
+ the remainder of that line as a comment. Consequently an entry can be
+ disabled by commenting out the entire line.
+
+ If options should be provided they are separated by spaces and all of
+ them together are enclosed by square brackets (<literal>[]</literal>)
+ included in the line after the type separated from it with a space.
+ If an option allows multiple values these are separated from each other
+ with a comma (<literal>,</literal>). An option name is separated from its
+ value(s) by a equal sign (<literal>=</literal>). Multivalue options have
+ also <literal>-=</literal> and <literal>+=</literal> as separator which
+ instead of replacing the default with the given value(s) modify the default
+ value(s) to remove or include the given values.
+ </para><para>
+ This is the traditional format and supported by all apt versions.
+ Note that not all options as described below are supported by all apt versions.
+ Note also that some older applications parsing this format on its own might not
+ expect to encounter options as they were uncommon before the introduction of
+ multi-architecture support.
+ </para>
</refsect1>
- <refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types</title>
- <para>The <literal>deb</literal> type describes a typical two-level Debian
- archive, <filename>distribution/component</filename>. Typically,
- <literal>distribution</literal> is generally an archivename like
+ <refsect1><title>deb822 style format</title>
+ <para>
+ Files in this format have the extension <filename>.sources</filename>.
+ The format is similar in syntax to other files used by Debian and its
+ derivatives, like the metadata itself apt will download from the configured
+ sources or the <filename>debian/control</filename> file in a Debian source package.
+
+ Individual entries are separated by an empty line, additional empty
+ lines are ignored, and a <literal>#</literal> character at the start of
+ the line marks the entire line as a comment. An entry can hence be
+ disabled by commenting out each line belonging to the stanza, but it is
+ usually easier to add the field "Enabled: no" to the stanza to disable
+ the entry. Removing the field or setting it to yes reenables it.
+
+ Options have the same syntax as every other field: A fieldname separated by
+ a colon (<literal>:</literal>) and optionally spaces from its value(s).
+ Note especially that multiple values are separated by spaces, not by
+ commas as in the one line format. Multivalue fields like <literal>Architectures</literal>
+ also have <literal>Architectures-Add</literal> and <literal>Architectures-Remove</literal>
+ to modify the default value rather than replacing it.
+ </para><para>
+ This is a new format supported by apt itself since version 1.1. Previous
+ versions ignore such files with a notice message as described earlier.
+ It is intended to make this format gradually the default format and
+ deprecating the previously described one line style format as it is
+ easier to create, extend and modify by humans and machines alike
+ especially if a lot of sources and/or options are involved.
+
+ Developers who are working with and/or parsing apt sources are highly
+ encouraged to add support for this format and to contact the APT team
+ to coordinate and share this work. Users can freely adopt this format
+ already, but could encounter problems with software not supporting
+ the format yet.
+ </para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types: General Format</title>
+ <para>The <literal>deb</literal> type references a typical two-level Debian
+ archive, <filename>distribution/component</filename>. The
+ <literal>distribution</literal> is generally a suite name like
<literal>stable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> or a codename like
<literal>&stable-codename;</literal> or <literal>&testing-codename;</literal>
- while component is one of <literal>main</literal> <literal>contrib</literal> or
+ while component is one of <literal>main</literal>, <literal>contrib</literal> or
<literal>non-free</literal>. The
- <literal>deb-src</literal> type describes a debian distribution's source
+ <literal>deb-src</literal> type references a Debian distribution's source
code in the same form as the <literal>deb</literal> type.
A <literal>deb-src</literal> line is required to fetch source indexes.</para>
-
- <para>The format for a <filename>sources.list</filename> entry using the
+ <para>The format for two one line style entries using the
<literal>deb</literal> and <literal>deb-src</literal> types is:</para>
- <literallayout>deb uri distribution [component1] [component2] [...]</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>deb [ option1=value1 option2=value2 ] uri suite [component1] [component2] [...]
+deb-src [ option1=value1 option2=value2 ] uri suite [component1] [component2] [...]</literallayout>
+
+ <para>Alternatively the equivalent entry in deb822 style looks like this:
+ <literallayout>
+ Types: deb deb-src
+ URIs: uri
+ Suites: suite
+ Components: [component1] [component2] [...]
+ option1: value1
+ option2: value2
+ </literallayout>
+ </para>
<para>The URI for the <literal>deb</literal> type must specify the base of the
- Debian distribution, from which APT will find the information it needs.
- <literal>distribution</literal> can specify an exact path, in which case the
- components must be omitted and <literal>distribution</literal> must end with
- a slash (/). This is useful for when the case only a particular sub-section of the
- archive denoted by the URI is of interest.
- If <literal>distribution</literal> does not specify an exact path, at least
+ Debian distribution, from which APT will find the information it needs.
+ <literal>suite</literal> can specify an exact path, in which case the
+ components must be omitted and <literal>suite</literal> must end with
+ a slash (<literal>/</literal>). This is useful for the case when only a
+ particular sub-directory of the archive denoted by the URI is of interest.
+ If <literal>suite</literal> does not specify an exact path, at least
one <literal>component</literal> must be present.</para>
- <para><literal>distribution</literal> may also contain a variable,
+ <para><literal>suite</literal> may also contain a variable,
<literal>$(ARCH)</literal>
- which expands to the Debian architecture (i386, m68k, powerpc, ...)
- used on the system. This permits architecture-independent
+ which expands to the Debian architecture (such as <literal>amd64</literal> or
+ <literal>armel</literal>) used on the system. This permits architecture-independent
<filename>sources.list</filename> files to be used. In general this is only
of interest when specifying an exact path, <literal>APT</literal> will
automatically generate a URI with the current architecture otherwise.</para>
- <para>Since only one distribution can be specified per line it may be necessary
- to have multiple lines for the same URI, if a subset of all available
- distributions or components at that location is desired.
- APT will sort the URI list after it has generated a complete set
- internally, and will collapse multiple references to the same Internet
- host, for instance, into a single connection, so that it does not
- inefficiently establish an FTP connection, close it, do something else,
- and then re-establish a connection to that same host. This feature is
- useful for accessing busy FTP sites with limits on the number of
- simultaneous anonymous users. APT also parallelizes connections to
- different hosts to more effectively deal with sites with low bandwidth.</para>
+ <para>Especially in the one line style format since only one distribution
+ can be specified per line it may be necessary to have multiple lines for
+ the same URI, if a subset of all available distributions or components at
+ that location is desired. APT will sort the URI list after it has
+ generated a complete set internally, and will collapse multiple
+ references to the same Internet host, for instance, into a single
+ connection, so that it does not inefficiently establish a
+ connection, close it, do something else, and then re-establish a
+ connection to that same host. APT also parallelizes connections to
+ different hosts to more effectively deal with sites with low
+ bandwidth.</para>
<para>It is important to list sources in order of preference, with the most
preferred source listed first. Typically this will result in sorting
by speed from fastest to slowest (CD-ROM followed by hosts on a local
network, followed by distant Internet hosts, for example).</para>
- <para>Some examples:</para>
- <literallayout>
-deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main contrib non-free
-deb http://security.debian.org/ &stable-codename;/updates main contrib non-free
- </literallayout>
+ <para>As an example, the sources for your distribution could look like this
+ in one line style format:
+ <literallayout>&sourceslist-list-format;</literallayout> or like this in
+ deb822 style format:
+ <literallayout>&sourceslist-sources-format;</literallayout></para>
+ </refsect1>
+
+ <refsect1><title>The deb and deb-src types: Options</title>
+ <para>Each source entry can have options specified modifying which and how
+ the source is accessed and data acquired from it. Format, syntax and names
+ of the options varies between the two formats one line and deb822 style
+ as described, but they have both the same options available. For simplicity
+ we list the deb822 fieldname and provide the one line name in brackets.
+ Remember that beside setting multivalue options explicitly, there is also
+ the option to modify them based on the default, but we aren't listing those
+ names explicitly here. Unsupported options are silently ignored by all
+ APT versions.
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para><literal>Architectures</literal>
+ (<literal>arch</literal>) is a multivalue option defining for
+ which architectures information should be downloaded. If this
+ option isn't set the default is all architectures as defined by
+ the <literal>APT::Architectures</literal> config option.
+ </para></listitem>
+
+ <listitem><para><literal>Languages</literal>
+ (<literal>lang</literal>) is a multivalue option defining for
+ which languages information like translated package
+ descriptions should be downloaded. If this option isn't set
+ the default is all languages as defined by the
+ <literal>Acquire::Languages</literal> config option.
+ </para></listitem>
+ <listitem><para><literal>Targets</literal>
+ (<literal>target</literal>) is a multivalue option defining
+ which download targets apt will try to acquire from this
+ source. If not specified, the default set is defined by the
+ <literal>APT::Acquire::Targets</literal> configuration scope.
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ Further more, there are options which if set effect
+ <emphasis>all</emphasis> sources with the same URI and Suite, so they
+ have to be set on all such entries and can not be varied between
+ different components. APT will try to detect and error out on such
+ anomalies.
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem><para><literal>Trusted</literal> (<literal>trusted</literal>)
+ is a tri-state value which defaults to APT deciding if a source
+ is considered trusted or if warnings should be raised before e.g.
+ packages are installed from this source. This option can be used
+ to override this decision either with the value <literal>yes</literal>,
+ which lets APT consider this source always as a trusted source
+ even if it has no or fails authentication checks by disabling parts
+ of &apt-secure; and should therefore only be used in a local and trusted
+ context (if at all) as otherwise security is breached. The opposite
+ can be achieved with the value no, which causes the source to be handled
+ as untrusted even if the authentication checks passed successfully.
+ The default value can't be set explicitly.
+ </para></listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1><title>URI specification</title>
- <para>The currently recognized URI types are cdrom, file, http, ftp, copy,
- ssh, rsh.
+ <para>The currently recognized URI types are:
<variablelist>
- <varlistentry><term>file</term>
+ <varlistentry><term><command>file</command></term>
<listitem><para>
The file scheme allows an arbitrary directory in the file system to be
considered an archive. This is useful for NFS mounts and local mirrors or
archives.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term>cdrom</term>
+ <varlistentry><term><command>cdrom</command></term>
<listitem><para>
- The cdrom scheme allows APT to use a local CDROM drive with media
+ The cdrom scheme allows APT to use a local CD-ROM drive with media
swapping. Use the &apt-cdrom; program to create cdrom entries in the
source list.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term>http</term>
+ <varlistentry><term><command>http</command></term>
<listitem><para>
The http scheme specifies an HTTP server for the archive. If an environment
variable <envar>http_proxy</envar> is set with the format
Note that this is an insecure method of authentication.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term>ftp</term>
+ <varlistentry><term><command>ftp</command></term>
<listitem><para>
The ftp scheme specifies an FTP server for the archive. APT's FTP behavior
is highly configurable; for more information see the
- &apt-conf; manual page. Please note that a ftp proxy can be specified
+ &apt-conf; manual page. Please note that an FTP proxy can be specified
by using the <envar>ftp_proxy</envar> environment variable. It is possible
- to specify a http proxy (http proxy servers often understand ftp urls)
- using this method and ONLY this method. ftp proxies using http specified in
+ to specify an HTTP proxy (HTTP proxy servers often understand FTP URLs)
+ using this environment variable and <emphasis>only</emphasis> this
+ environment variable. Proxies using HTTP specified in
the configuration file will be ignored.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term>copy</term>
+ <varlistentry><term><command>copy</command></term>
<listitem><para>
The copy scheme is identical to the file scheme except that packages are
copied into the cache directory instead of used directly at their location.
- This is useful for people using a zip disk to copy files around with APT.</para></listitem>
+ This is useful for people using removable media to copy files around with APT.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term>rsh</term><term>ssh</term>
+ <varlistentry><term><command>rsh</command></term><term><command>ssh</command></term>
<listitem><para>
- The rsh/ssh method invokes rsh/ssh to connect to a remote host
- as a given user and access the files. It is a good idea to do prior
- arrangements with RSA keys or rhosts.
- Access to files on the remote uses standard <command>find</command> and
- <command>dd</command>
- commands to perform the file transfers from the remote.</para></listitem>
+ The rsh/ssh method invokes RSH/SSH to connect to a remote host and
+ access the files as a given user. Prior configuration of rhosts or RSA keys
+ is recommended. The standard <command>find</command> and <command>dd</command>
+ commands are used to perform the file transfers from the remote host.
+ </para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
- <varlistentry><term>more recognizable URI types</term>
+ <varlistentry><term>adding more recognizable URI types</term>
<listitem><para>
- APT can be extended with more methods shipped in other optional packages which should
- follow the nameing scheme <literal>apt-transport-<replaceable>method</replaceable></literal>.
- The APT team e.g. maintains also the <literal>apt-transport-https</literal> package which
- provides access methods for https-URIs with features similar to the http method, but other
- methods for using e.g. debtorrent are also available, see <citerefentry>
- <refentrytitle><filename>apt-transport-debtorrent</filename></refentrytitle>
- <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+ APT can be extended with more methods shipped in other optional packages, which should
+ follow the naming scheme <package>apt-transport-<replaceable>method</replaceable></package>.
+ For instance, the APT team also maintains the package <package>apt-transport-https</package>,
+ which provides access methods for HTTPS URIs with features similar to the http method.
+ Methods for using e.g. debtorrent are also available - see &apt-transport-debtorrent;.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1><title>Examples</title>
- <para>Uses the archive stored locally (or NFS mounted) at /home/jason/debian
+ <para>Uses the archive stored locally (or NFS mounted) at /home/apt/debian
for stable/main, stable/contrib, and stable/non-free.</para>
- <literallayout>deb file:/home/jason/debian stable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>deb file:/home/apt/debian stable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: file:/home/apt/debian
+Suites: stable
+Components: main contrib non-free</literallayout>
<para>As above, except this uses the unstable (development) distribution.</para>
- <literallayout>deb file:/home/jason/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>deb file:/home/apt/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: file:/home/apt/debian
+Suites: unstable
+Components: main contrib non-free</literallayout>
<para>Source line for the above</para>
- <literallayout>deb-src file:/home/jason/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>deb-src file:/home/apt/debian unstable main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb-src
+URIs: file:/home/apt/debian
+Suites: unstable
+Components: main contrib non-free</literallayout>
+
+
+ <para>The first line gets package information for the architectures in <literal>APT::Architectures</literal>
+ while the second always retrieves <literal>amd64</literal> and <literal>armel</literal>.</para>
+ <literallayout>deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main
+deb [ arch=amd64,armel ] http://httpredir.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; main</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
+Suites: &stable-codename;
+Components: main
+
+Types: deb
+URIs: http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
+Suites: &stable-codename;
+Components: main
+Architectures: amd64 armel
+</literallayout>
<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at archive.debian.org, and uses only
the hamm/main area.</para>
<literallayout>deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-archive hamm main</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: http://archive.debian.org/debian-archive
+Suites: hamm
+Components: main</literallayout>
<para>Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the debian
directory, and uses only the &stable-codename;/contrib area.</para>
<literallayout>deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian &stable-codename; contrib</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian
+Suites: &stable-codename;
+Components: contrib</literallayout>
<para>Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the debian
directory, and uses only the unstable/contrib area. If this line appears as
well as the one in the previous example in <filename>sources.list</filename>
a single FTP session will be used for both resource lines.</para>
<literallayout>deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable contrib</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian
+Suites: unstable
+Components: contrib</literallayout>
<para>Uses HTTP to access the archive at ftp.tlh.debian.org, under the
universe directory, and uses only files found under
illustrates how to use the substitution variable; official debian
archives are not structured like this]
<literallayout>deb http://ftp.tlh.debian.org/universe unstable/binary-$(ARCH)/</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb
+URIs: http://ftp.tlh.debian.org/universe
+Suites: unstable/binary-$(ARCH)/</literallayout>
</para>
+
+ <para>Uses HTTP to get binary packages as well as sources from the stable, testing and unstable
+ suites and the components main and contrib.</para>
+ <literallayout>deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stable main contrib
+deb-src http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stable main contrib
+deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian testing main contrib
+deb-src http://httpredir.debian.org/debian testing main contrib
+deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib
+deb-src http://httpredir.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib</literallayout>
+ <literallayout>Types: deb deb-src
+URIs: http://httpredir.debian.org/debian
+Suites: stable testing unstable
+Components: main contrib
+</literallayout>
+
</refsect1>
-
+
<refsect1><title>See Also</title>
- <para>&apt-cache; &apt-conf;
+ <para>&apt-get;, &apt-conf;
</para>
</refsect1>
&manbugs;
-
-</refentry>
+</refentry>
projects / apt.git / blobdiff