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37 .\" @(#)dd.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/13/94
44 .Nd convert and copy a file
51 utility copies the standard input to the standard output.
52 Input data is read and written in 512-byte blocks.
53 If input reads are short, input from multiple reads are aggregated
54 to form the output block.
57 displays the number of complete and partial input and output blocks
58 and truncated input records to the standard error output.
60 The following operands are available:
61 .Bl -tag -width of=file
63 Set both input and output block size, superseding the
68 If no conversion values other than
73 are specified, then each input block is copied to the output as a
74 single block without any aggregation of short blocks.
76 Set the conversion record size to
79 The conversion record size is required by the record oriented conversion
88 input files before terminating.
89 This operand is only applicable when the input device is a tape.
91 Set the input block size to
93 bytes instead of the default 512.
97 instead of the standard input.
99 Set the output block size to
101 bytes instead of the default 512.
102 .It Cm of= Ns Ar file
105 instead of the standard output.
106 Any regular output file is truncated unless the
108 conversion value is specified.
109 If an initial portion of the output file is skipped (see the
112 the output file is truncated at that point.
116 blocks from the beginning of the output before copying.
117 On non-tape devices, a
120 Otherwise, existing blocks are read and the data discarded.
121 If the user does not have read permission for the tape, it is positioned
125 If the seek operation is past the end of file, space from the current
126 end of file to the specified offset is filled with blocks of
132 blocks from the beginning of the input before copying.
133 On input which supports seeks, a
136 Otherwise, input data is read and discarded.
137 For pipes, the correct number of bytes is read.
138 For all other devices, the correct number of blocks is read without
139 distinguishing between a partial or complete block being read.
142 .Ns Cm value Ns Op \&, Cm value \&...
146 is one of the symbols from the following list.
147 .Bl -tag -width unblock
148 .It Cm ascii , oldascii
151 value except that characters are translated from
156 records are converted.
162 There are two conversion maps for
166 specifies the recommended one which is compatible with
170 specifies the one used in historic
176 Treats the input as a sequence of newline or end-of-file terminated variable
177 length records independent of input and output block boundaries.
178 Any trailing newline character is discarded.
179 Each input record is converted to a fixed length output record where the
180 length is specified by the
183 Input records shorter than the conversion record size are padded with spaces.
184 Input records longer than the conversion record size are truncated.
185 The number of truncated input records, if any, are reported to the standard
186 error output at the completion of the copy.
187 .It Cm ebcdic , ibm , oldebcdic , oldibm
190 value except that characters are translated from
195 records are converted.
201 There are four conversion maps for
205 specifies the recommended one which is compatible with
209 is a slightly different mapping, which is compatible with the
217 are maps used in historic
223 Transform uppercase characters into lowercase characters.
225 Do not stop processing on an input error.
226 When an input error occurs, a diagnostic message followed by the current
227 input and output block counts will be written to the standard error output
228 in the same format as the standard completion message.
231 conversion is also specified, any missing input data will be replaced
234 bytes (or with spaces if a block oriented conversion value was
235 specified) and processed as a normal input buffer.
238 conversion is not specified, the input block is omitted from the output.
239 On input files which are not tapes or pipes, the file offset
240 will be positioned past the block in which the error occurred using
243 Do not truncate the output file.
244 This will preserve any blocks in the output file not explicitly written
249 value is not supported for tapes.
251 Pad the final output block to the full output block size.
252 If the input file is not a multiple of the output block size
253 after conversion, this conversion forces the final output block
254 to be the same size as preceding blocks for use on devices that require
255 regularly sized blocks to be written.
256 This option is incompatible with use of the
258 block size specification.
260 Swap every pair of input bytes.
261 If an input buffer has an odd number of bytes, the last byte will be
262 ignored during swapping.
264 Pad every input block to the input buffer size.
265 Spaces are used for pad bytes if a block oriented conversion value is
270 Transform lowercase characters into uppercase characters.
272 Treats the input as a sequence of fixed length records independent of input
273 and output block boundaries.
274 The length of the input records is specified by the
277 Any trailing space characters are discarded and a newline character is
282 Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected.
283 If the number ends with a ``b'', ``k'', ``m'' or ``w'', the number
284 is multiplied by 512, 1024 (1K), 1048576 (1M) or the number of bytes
285 in an integer, respectively.
286 Two or more numbers may be separated by an ``x'' to indicate a product.
290 displays the number of complete and partial input and output blocks,
291 truncated input records and odd-length byte-swapping blocks to the
292 standard error output.
293 A partial input block is one where less than the input block size
295 A partial output block is one where less than the output block size
297 Partial output blocks to tape devices are considered fatal errors.
298 Otherwise, the rest of the block will be written.
299 Partial output blocks to character devices will produce a warning message.
300 A truncated input block is one where a variable length record oriented
301 conversion value was specified and the input line was too long to
302 fit in the conversion record or was not newline terminated.
304 Normally, data resulting from input or conversion or both are aggregated
305 into output blocks of the specified size.
306 After the end of input is reached, any remaining output is written as
308 This means that the final output block may be shorter than the output
315 (see the ``status'' argument for
317 signal, the current input and output block counts will
318 be written to the standard error output
319 in the same format as the standard completion message.
324 signal, the current input and output block counts will
325 be written to the standard error output
326 in the same format as the standard completion message and
332 utility exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurred.
340 utility is expected to be a superset of the
353 values are extensions to the