+
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-<TITLE>wxWindows 2 FAQ: General</TITLE>
+<TITLE>wxWidgets 2 FAQ: General</TITLE>
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-<b>wxWindows 2 FAQ: General</b>
+<b>wxWidgets 2 FAQ: General</b>
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<hr>
<h3>List of questions in this category</h3>
<ul>
-<li><a href="#whatis">What is wxWindows?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#users">Who uses wxWindows?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#platforms">What platforms are supported by wxWindows 2?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#specific">How does wxWindows 2 support platform-specific features?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#stl">Does wxWindows use STL? or the standard string class?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#richedit">Is there a rich edit/markup widget for wxWindows 2?</a></ li>
-<li><a href="#exceptions">How to use C++ exceptions with wxWindows?</a></ li>
-<li><a href="#dev">How is wxWindows 2 being developed?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#distrib">How is wxWindows 2 distributed?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#whatis">What is wxWidgets?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#licence">Can I use wxWidgets 2 for both proprietary projects, and GPL'ed projects?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#support">Is there support?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#users">Who uses wxWidgets?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#platforms">What platforms are supported by wxWidgets?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#specific">How does wxWidgets support platform-specific features?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#stl">Does wxWidgets use STL? or the standard string class?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#richedit">Is there a rich edit/markup widget for wxWidgets?</a></ li>
+<li><a href="#exceptions">How to use C++ exceptions with wxWidgets?</a></ li>
+<li><a href="#dev">How is wxWidgets being developed?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#distrib">How is wxWidgets distributed?</a></li>
<li><a href="#future">What are the plans for the future?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#base">What is wxBase?</a></li>
<li><a href="#univ">What is wxUniversal?</a></li>
<li><a href="#jave">What about Java?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#dotnet">What about .NET/Mono?</a></li>
<li><a href="#help">How can I help the project?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#newport">How do I start a new port?</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
-<H3><a name="whatis">What is wxWindows?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="whatis">What is wxWidgets?</a></H3>
-wxWindows is a class library that allows you to compile graphical C++ programs on a range of
-different platforms. wxWindows defines a common API across platforms, but uses the native graphical user interface (GUI) on each platform,
+wxWidgets is a class library that allows you to compile graphical C++ programs on a range of
+different platforms. wxWidgets defines a common API across platforms, but uses the native graphical user interface (GUI) on each platform,
so your program will take on the native 'look and feel' that users are familiar with.<P>
-Although GUI applications are mostly built programmatically, there is a dialog editor to help
+Although GUI applications are mostly built programmatically, there are several dialog editors to help
build attractive dialogs and panels. Robert Roebling's <a href="http://www.roebling.com">wxDesigner</a>
-makes light work of resizable, portable dialogs.<P>
+and Anthemion Software's <a href="http://www.anthemion.co.uk/dialogblocks/" target=_new>DialogBlocks</a>
+are two commercial examples, but there are others: see the <a href="lnk_tool.htm">Useful Tools</a> page.<P>
-You don't have to use C++ to use wxWindows: there is a <a href="http://wxpython.org">Python interface</a> for wxWindows 2,
+You don't have to use C++ to use wxWidgets: there is a <a href="http://wxpython.org">Python interface</a> for wxWidgets 2,
and also a <a href="http://wxperl.sourceforge.net" target=_top>Perl interface</a>.
<P>
-<h3>Can I use wxWindows 2 for both proprietary (commercial) projects, and GPL'ed projects?</h3>
+<h3><a name="licence">Can I use wxWidgets 2 for both proprietary (commercial) projects, and GPL'ed projects?</a></h3>
Yes. Please see the <a href="newlicen.htm">licence</a> for details, but basically
-you can distribute proprietary binaries without distributing any source code, and neither will wxWindows
+you can distribute proprietary binaries without distributing any source code, and neither will wxWidgets
conflict with GPL code you may be using or developing with it.
<P>
-The conditions for using wxWindows 2 are the same whether you are a personal, academic
+The conditions for using wxWidgets 2 are the same whether you are a personal, academic
or commercial developer.
<P>
-<h3>Is there support?</h3>
+<h3><a name="support">Is there support?</a></h3>
No official support, but the mailing list is very helpful and some people say that
-wxWindows support is better than for much commercial software. The developers are
+wxWidgets support is better than for much commercial software. The developers are
keen to fix bugs as soon as possible, though obviously there are no guarantees.
<P>
-<H3><a name="users">Who uses wxWindows?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="users">Who uses wxWidgets?</a></H3>
Many organisations - commercial, government, and academic - across the
world. It's impossible to estimate the true number of users, since
-wxWindows is obtained by many different means, and we cannot monitor
+wxWidgets is obtained by many different means, and we cannot monitor
distribution. The mailing list contains around 300-400 entries which is
quite large for a list of this type.<P>
See <a href="users.htm">Users</a> for a list of some users and their applications, and
also <A href="feedback.htm">Feedback</a> for comments.<P>
+Our highest-profile user yet is industry veteran and Lotus Corp. founder Mitch Kapor
+and his <a href="http://www.osafoundation.org" target=_new>Open Source Applications Foundation</a>.
+<P>
-<H3><a name="platforms">What platforms are supported by wxWindows 2?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="platforms">What platforms are supported by wxWidgets 2?</a></H3>
<ul>
<li>Windows 3.1, Windows 95/98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows ME.
<li>Unix with Motif or the free Motif clone Lesstif.
<li>Mac OS.
<li>Embedded platforms are being investigated. See the <a href="wxuniv.htm">wxUniversal</a> project.
-<li>An OS/2 port is in progress, and you can also compile wxWindows for GTK+ or Motif
+<li>An OS/2 port is in progress, and you can also compile wxWidgets for GTK+ or Motif
on OS/2.
</ul>
<P>
-<H3><a name="specific">How does wxWindows 2 support platform-specific
+<H3><a name="specific">How does wxWidgets 2 support platform-specific
features?</a></H3>
This is a hotly-debated topic amongst the developers. My own philosophy
-is to make wxWindows as platform-independent as possible, but allow in a
+is to make wxWidgets as platform-independent as possible, but allow in a
few classes (functions, window styles) that are platform-specific.
For example, Windows metafiles and Windows 95 taskbar icons have
their own classes on Windows, but nowhere else. Because these classes
-are provided and are wxWindows-compatible, it doesn't take much
+are provided and are wxWidgets-compatible, it doesn't take much
coding effort for an application programmer to add support for
some functionality that the user on a particular platform might otherwise
miss. Also, some classes that started off as platform-specific, such
that even wxTaskBarIcon may be implemented for Unix desktops one day.
<P>
-In other words, wxWindows is not a 'lowest common denominator' approach,
+In other words, wxWidgets is not a 'lowest common denominator' approach,
but it will still be possible to write portable programs using the
core API. Forbidding some platform-specific classes would be a stupid
approach that would alienate many potential users, and encourage
-the perception that toolkits such as wxWindows are not up to the demands
+the perception that toolkits such as wxWidgets are not up to the demands
of today's sophisticated applications.<P>
Currently resources such as bitmaps and icons are handled in a platform-specific
way, but it is hoped to reduce this dependence in due course.<P>
-Another reason why wxWindows 2 is not a 'lowest common denominator' toolkit is that
+Another reason why wxWidgets 2 is not a 'lowest common denominator' toolkit is that
some functionality missing on some platform has been provided using generic,
platform-independent code, such as the wxTreeCtrl and wxListCtrl classes.<P>
-<H3><a name="stl">Does wxWindows use STL? or the standard string class?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="stl">Does wxWidgets use STL? or the standard string class?</a></H3>
No. This is a much-discussed topic that has (many times) ended with the conclusion that it is in
-wxWindows' best interests to avoid use of templates. Not all compilers can handle
+wxWidgets' best interests to avoid use of templates. Not all compilers can handle
templates adequately so it would dramatically reduce the number of compilers
and platforms that could be supported. It would also be undersirable to make
-wxWindows dependent on another large library that may have to be downloaded and installed.
+wxWidgets dependent on another large library that may have to be downloaded and installed.
In addition, use of templates can lead to executable bloat, which is something
-wxWi
ndows 2 is strenously trying to avoid.<P>
+wxWi
dgets 2 is strenously trying to avoid.<P>
The standard C++ string class is not used, again because it is not available to all compilers,
and it is not necessarily a very efficient implementation. Also, we retain more flexibility
has been built into wxString.<P>
There is nothing to stop an application using templates or the string class for its own
-purposes. With wxWindows debugging options on, you may find you get errors when including
+purposes. With wxWidgets debugging options on, you may find you get errors when including
STL headers. You can work around it either by switching off memory checking,
or by adding this to a header before you include any STL files:<P>
<P>
-<H3><a name="richedit">Is there a rich edit/markup widget for wxWindows 2?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="richedit">Is there a rich edit/markup widget for wxWidgets 2?</a></H3>
These are the possibilities so far:<P>
<ul>
-<li>The richedit sample has a text editor that does markup.
<li>See <a href="http://www.scintilla.org" target=_top>www.scintilla.org</a> for
-a very nice syntax-highlighting editor widget. Robin Dunn is writing a wxWindows wrapper
-for this widget.
+a very nice syntax-highlighting editor widget. Robin Dunn has written a wxWidgets wrapper
+for this widget, available in the wxWidgets distribution under contrib/src/stc.
<li>If you only need to display marked-up information, rather than edit it,
-then wxHTML will suit your needs. wxHTML is built into wxWindows - please see the reference
+then wxHTML will suit your needs. wxHTML is built into wxWidgets - please see the reference
manual for details, and samples/html.
<li>There are rich edit widgets in both WIN32 and GTK+, but there is currently
-no wxWindows wrapper for these (but text attribute functions are being added in the wxWindows 2.3.x series).
+no wxWidgets wrapper for these (but text attribute functions are being added in the wxWidgets 2.3.x series).
</ul>
<P>
-<h3><a name="exceptions">How to use C++ exceptions with wxWindows?</a></h3>
+<h3><a name="exceptions">How to use C++ exceptions with wxWidgets?</a></h3>
-wxWindows library itself is unfortunately <i>not</i> exception-safe (as its
+wxWidgets library itself is unfortunately <i>not</i> exception-safe (as its
initial version predates, by far, the addition of the exceptions to the C++
language). However you can still use the exceptions in your own code and use
the other libraries using the exceptions for the error reporting together with
-wxWindows.
+wxWidgets.
<p>
There are a few issues to keep in mind, though:
<ul>
- <li>You shouldn't let the exceptions propagate through wxWindows code,
+ <li>You shouldn't let the exceptions propagate through wxWidgets code,
in particular you should always catch the exceptions thrown by the
functions called from an event handler in the handler itself and not
- let them propagate upwards to wxWindows.
+ let them propagate upwards to wxWidgets.
<li>You may need to ensure that the compiler support for the exceptions is
- enabled as, considering that wxWindows itself doesn't use the
+ enabled as, considering that wxWidgets itself doesn't use the
exceptions and turning their support on results in the library size
augmentation of 10% to 20%, it is turned off by default for a few
compilers. Moreover, for gcc (or at least its mingw version) you must
<p>
-<H3><a name="dev">How is wxWindows 2 being developed?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="dev">How is wxWidgets being developed?</a></H3>
-We are using the <a href="cvs.htm">CVS</a> system to develop and maintain wxWindows. This allows
-us to make alterations and upload them instantly to the SourceForge server, from
+We are using the <a href="cvs.htm">CVS</a> system to develop and maintain wxWidgets. This allows
+us to make alterations and upload them instantly to the server, from
which others can update their source.<P>
-To build source from CVS, see the file BuildCVS.txt in the top-level wxWindows distribution
+To build source from CVS, see the file BuildCVS.txt in the top-level wxWidgets distribution
directory.<P>
-<H3><a name="distrib">How is wxWindows 2 distributed?</a></H3>
+<H3><a name="distrib">How is wxWidgets distributed?</a></H3>
-By ftp, and via the <a href="cdrom2.htm">wxWindows CD-ROM</a>.
+By ftp, and via the <a href="cdrom2.htm">wxWidgets CD-ROM</a>.
<P>
If you are feeling adventurous, you may also check out the sources directly
-from the <a href="cvs.htm">cvs</a>
+from <a href="cvs.htm">cvs</a>.
<p>
<H3><a name="future">What are the plans for the future?</a></H3>
-Currently we're working too hard on getting wxWindows 2 finished (are GUI toolkits ever
-finished?) to think very far ahead. However, we know we want to make wxWindows as robust
+Currently we're working too hard on getting wxWidgets finished (are GUI toolkits ever
+finished?) to think very far ahead. However, we know we want to make wxWidgets as robust
and well-publicised as possible. We also want to aim for better platform-independence of
-resources such as icons and bitmaps, standardising on
the PNG for all platforms.<P>
+resources such as icons and bitmaps, standardising on
PNG and XPM for all platforms.<P>
-Other possibilities include: DCOM/CORBA compatibility; a wxWindows book;
+Other possibilities include: DCOM/CORBA compatibility; a wxWidgets book;
<a href="http://wxworkshop.sourceforge.net/">wxWorkshop</a>, an IDE;
other platforms, especially embedded systems; other interface abilities such as speech output.<P>
-We will investigate the possibility of compiler or operating system vendors bundling wxWindows with
+We will investigate the possibility of compiler or operating system vendors bundling wxWidgets with
their product.<P>
-The high-level goal of wxWindows is to be thought of as the number one C++ framework,
+The high-level goal of wxWidgets is to be thought of as the number one C++ framework,
for virtually any platform. Move over, MFC!<P>
+<h3><a name="base">What is wxBase?</a></h3>
+
+wxBase is a subset of wxWidgets comprised by the non-GUI classes. It includes
+wxWidgets container and primitive data type classes (including wxString,
+wxDateTime and so on) and also useful wrappers for the operating system objects
+such as files, processes, threads, sockets and so on. With very minor
+exceptions wxBase may be used in exactly the same way as wxWidgets but it
+doesn't require a GUI to run and so is ideal for creating console mode
+utilities or server programs. It is also possible to create a program which can
+be compiled either as a console application (using wxBase) or a GUI one (using
+a full featured wxWidgets port).
+
<H3><a name="univ">What is wxUniversal?</a></H3>
-wxUniversal is a new port of wxWindows being currently actively developed. The
-main difference is that wxUniversal implements all controls (or widgets) in
-wxWindows itself thus allowing to have much more flexibility (i.e. support for
-themes even under MS Windows!). It also means that it is now much easier to
-port wxWindows to a new platform as only the low-level classes must be ported
+The main difference between wxUniversal-based ports (such as wxX11, wxMGL) and other ports (such as wxMSW, wxGTK+, wxMac)
+is that wxUniversal implements all controls (or widgets) in
+wxWidgets itself thus allowing to have much more flexibility (for example, support for
+themes even under MS Windows). It also means that it is now much easier to
+port wxWidgets to a new platform as only the low-level classes must be ported
which make for a small part of the library.
<p>
You may find more about wxUniversal <a href=wxuniv.htm>here</a>.
The Java honeymoon period is over :-) and people are realising that it cannot
meet all their cross-platform development needs. We don't anticipate a major threat
-from Java, and the level of interest in wxWindows is as high as ever.<P>
+from Java, and the level of interest in wxWidgets is as high as ever.<P>
+
+<H3><a name="dotnet">What about .NET/Mono?</a></H3>
+
+Microsoft is spending a lot on promoting the .NET initiative, which
+is a set of languages, APIs and web service components for Windows.
+Ximian has started an open source version of .NET, mostly for Linux.
+C# is Microsoft's alternative to Java, supporting 'managed code',
+garbage collection and various other Java-like language features.<P>
+
+Although this may be attractive to some developers, there
+is a variety of reasons why the .NET/Mono combination is unlikely
+to make wxWidgets redundant. Please note that the following comments
+are Julian Smart's opinions.<P>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Not everyone wants or needs net services.
+<li>C++ will be used for a long time to come; compared with C++, C# is a recent development and its future is not certain.
+<li>Mono Forms may only target Winelib (at least to begin with), so the end result is not as native as
+wxWidgets (I'm aware there is GTK# for use with the C# language).
+<li>C# is usually byte-compiled and therefore slower. Plus, .NET adds a layer of overhead to the client computer
+that wxWidgets does not require.
+<li>Mono hasn't proven its long-term viability yet (it's a complex system of components); wxWidgets is ready now.
+<li>You may not wish to buy into Microsoft marketing spin and APIs.
+<li>Microsoft may at some point sue developers of non-Microsoft .NET implementations. After all,
+platform-independence is not in Microsoft's interest.
+<li>.NET might never be implemented on some platforms, especially Mac and embedded variants of Linux.
+<li>wxPython and other language variants provide further reasons for wxWidgets to continue.
+<li>The same issue exists for Qt: if Qt sales remain strong, it's a good indication that
+the market for a C++-based approach is still there. (Either that, or everyone's turning to wxWidgets!)
+</ol>
+
+There is nothing to stop folk from developing a C# version of the wxWidgets API;
+we already have bindings to Python, Perl, JavaScript, Lua, Basic, and Eiffel.
+Update: a <a href="http://wxnet.sourceforge.net/" target=_new>wx.NET</a> project is now in progress.
+
+<P>
<H3><a name="help">How can I help the project?</a></H3>
-Please check out the <a href="http://www.wxwindows.org/develop2.htm">Community</a> pages,
+Please check out the <a href="http://www.wxwidgets.org/develop2.htm">Community</a> pages,
in particular the <a href="projects.htm">suggested projects</a>, and
-mail <a href="mailto:julian.smart@btopenworld.com">Julian Smart</a> or the developers' mailing list with your own suggestions.<P>
+mail the developers' mailing list with your own suggestions.<P>
+
+<H3><a name="newport">How do I start a new port?</a></H3>
+
+Please subscribe to the wx-dev <a href="maillst2.htm">developers' mailing list</a> and
+ask if anyone else is interested in helping with the port, or
+has specific suggestions. Also please read the <a href="standard.htm">coding standards</a>.
+
+<P>
+Each port consists of a platform-specific part (e.g. src/msw, include/wx/msw),
+a generic set of widgets and dialogs for when the port doesn't support
+them natively (src/generic, include/wx/generic) and the common code
+that all ports use (src/common, include/wx). By browsing the source
+you should get a good idea of the general pattern.<P>
+
+Take a port that most closely matches your port, and strip out
+the implementation so you have a skeleton port that compiles. Ask on wx-dev
+first for the wxStubs port - however, any such predefined skeleton
+port may be out of date, so make a judgement on whether to use it.
+Perhaps it will still save you time to clean up wxStubs, and
+others may benefit from this too.<P>
+
+You will need to define a symbol for the new port, e.g. __WXXBOX__.
+Look at files such as wx/defs.h, wx/wxchar.h for areas where you'll
+need to add to existing conditionals to set up wide character
+support and other issues. If the GUI runs on a Unix variant,
+define the __UNIX__ variable in your makefile.<P>
+
+Then you can start implementing the port, starting with
+wxWindow, wxTopLevelWindow, wxFrame, wxDialog so you
+can get the minimal sample running as soon as possible.<P>
+
+If GDI objects (wxPen, wxBrush, etc.) are not concepts in your
+native GUI, you may wish to use very generic versions of
+some of these - see the wxX11 port.<P>
+
+Consider using the wxUniversal widget set as a quick way
+to implement wxWidgets on your platform. You only need
+to define some basic classes such as device contexts,
+wxWindow, wxTopLevelWindow, GDI objects etc. and
+the actual widgets will be drawn for you. See wxX11,
+wxMGL, and wxMSW/Univ for sample wxUniversal ports.<P>
+
+To begin with, you can use whatever makefiles or project
+files work for you. Look at existing makefiles to see what
+generic/common/Unix files need to be included. Later, you'll want to integrate support
+for your port into configure (Unix-like systems and gcc under Windows),
+and bakefile (for other makefiles on Windows).<P>
+
+Submit your port as patches via SourceForge; you might
+wish to separate it into one patch that touches common headers
+and source files, and another containing the port-specific code, to make
+it much easier for us to review and apply the patches.<P>
+
+Good luck!
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