cd src && $(MAKE) $@
cd deps/hiredis && $(MAKE) $@
cd deps/linenoise && $(MAKE) $@
+ cd deps/lua && $(MAKE) $@
$(TARGETS):
cd src && $(MAKE) $@
--- /dev/null
+Lua License
+-----------
+
+Lua is licensed under the terms of the MIT license reproduced below.
+This means that Lua is free software and can be used for both academic
+and commercial purposes at absolutely no cost.
+
+For details and rationale, see http://www.lua.org/license.html .
+
+===============================================================================
+
+Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
+===============================================================================
+
+(end of COPYRIGHT)
--- /dev/null
+HISTORY for Lua 5.1
+
+* Changes from version 5.0 to 5.1
+ -------------------------------
+ Language:
+ + new module system.
+ + new semantics for control variables of fors.
+ + new semantics for setn/getn.
+ + new syntax/semantics for varargs.
+ + new long strings and comments.
+ + new `mod' operator (`%')
+ + new length operator #t
+ + metatables for all types
+ API:
+ + new functions: lua_createtable, lua_get(set)field, lua_push(to)integer.
+ + user supplies memory allocator (lua_open becomes lua_newstate).
+ + luaopen_* functions must be called through Lua.
+ Implementation:
+ + new configuration scheme via luaconf.h.
+ + incremental garbage collection.
+ + better handling of end-of-line in the lexer.
+ + fully reentrant parser (new Lua function `load')
+ + better support for 64-bit machines.
+ + native loadlib support for Mac OS X.
+ + standard distribution in only one library (lualib.a merged into lua.a)
+
+* Changes from version 4.0 to 5.0
+ -------------------------------
+ Language:
+ + lexical scoping.
+ + Lua coroutines.
+ + standard libraries now packaged in tables.
+ + tags replaced by metatables and tag methods replaced by metamethods,
+ stored in metatables.
+ + proper tail calls.
+ + each function can have its own global table, which can be shared.
+ + new __newindex metamethod, called when we insert a new key into a table.
+ + new block comments: --[[ ... ]].
+ + new generic for.
+ + new weak tables.
+ + new boolean type.
+ + new syntax "local function".
+ + (f()) returns the first value returned by f.
+ + {f()} fills a table with all values returned by f.
+ + \n ignored in [[\n .
+ + fixed and-or priorities.
+ + more general syntax for function definition (e.g. function a.x.y:f()...end).
+ + more general syntax for function calls (e.g. (print or write)(9)).
+ + new functions (time/date, tmpfile, unpack, require, load*, etc.).
+ API:
+ + chunks are loaded by using lua_load; new luaL_loadfile and luaL_loadbuffer.
+ + introduced lightweight userdata, a simple "void*" without a metatable.
+ + new error handling protocol: the core no longer prints error messages;
+ all errors are reported to the caller on the stack.
+ + new lua_atpanic for host cleanup.
+ + new, signal-safe, hook scheme.
+ Implementation:
+ + new license: MIT.
+ + new, faster, register-based virtual machine.
+ + support for external multithreading and coroutines.
+ + new and consistent error message format.
+ + the core no longer needs "stdio.h" for anything (except for a single
+ use of sprintf to convert numbers to strings).
+ + lua.c now runs the environment variable LUA_INIT, if present. It can
+ be "@filename", to run a file, or the chunk itself.
+ + support for user extensions in lua.c.
+ sample implementation given for command line editing.
+ + new dynamic loading library, active by default on several platforms.
+ + safe garbage-collector metamethods.
+ + precompiled bytecodes checked for integrity (secure binary dostring).
+ + strings are fully aligned.
+ + position capture in string.find.
+ + read('*l') can read lines with embedded zeros.
+
+* Changes from version 3.2 to 4.0
+ -------------------------------
+ Language:
+ + new "break" and "for" statements (both numerical and for tables).
+ + uniform treatment of globals: globals are now stored in a Lua table.
+ + improved error messages.
+ + no more '$debug': full speed *and* full debug information.
+ + new read form: read(N) for next N bytes.
+ + general read patterns now deprecated.
+ (still available with -DCOMPAT_READPATTERNS.)
+ + all return values are passed as arguments for the last function
+ (old semantics still available with -DLUA_COMPAT_ARGRET)
+ + garbage collection tag methods for tables now deprecated.
+ + there is now only one tag method for order.
+ API:
+ + New API: fully re-entrant, simpler, and more efficient.
+ + New debug API.
+ Implementation:
+ + faster than ever: cleaner virtual machine and new hashing algorithm.
+ + non-recursive garbage-collector algorithm.
+ + reduced memory usage for programs with many strings.
+ + improved treatment for memory allocation errors.
+ + improved support for 16-bit machines (we hope).
+ + code now compiles unmodified as both ANSI C and C++.
+ + numbers in bases other than 10 are converted using strtoul.
+ + new -f option in Lua to support #! scripts.
+ + luac can now combine text and binaries.
+
+* Changes from version 3.1 to 3.2
+ -------------------------------
+ + redirected all output in Lua's core to _ERRORMESSAGE and _ALERT.
+ + increased limit on the number of constants and globals per function
+ (from 2^16 to 2^24).
+ + debugging info (lua_debug and hooks) moved into lua_state and new API
+ functions provided to get and set this info.
+ + new debug lib gives full debugging access within Lua.
+ + new table functions "foreachi", "sort", "tinsert", "tremove", "getn".
+ + new io functions "flush", "seek".
+
+* Changes from version 3.0 to 3.1
+ -------------------------------
+ + NEW FEATURE: anonymous functions with closures (via "upvalues").
+ + new syntax:
+ - local variables in chunks.
+ - better scope control with DO block END.
+ - constructors can now be also written: { record-part; list-part }.
+ - more general syntax for function calls and lvalues, e.g.:
+ f(x).y=1
+ o:f(x,y):g(z)
+ f"string" is sugar for f("string")
+ + strings may now contain arbitrary binary data (e.g., embedded zeros).
+ + major code re-organization and clean-up; reduced module interdependecies.
+ + no arbitrary limits on the total number of constants and globals.
+ + support for multiple global contexts.
+ + better syntax error messages.
+ + new traversal functions "foreach" and "foreachvar".
+ + the default for numbers is now double.
+ changing it to use floats or longs is easy.
+ + complete debug information stored in pre-compiled chunks.
+ + sample interpreter now prompts user when run interactively, and also
+ handles control-C interruptions gracefully.
+
+* Changes from version 2.5 to 3.0
+ -------------------------------
+ + NEW CONCEPT: "tag methods".
+ Tag methods replace fallbacks as the meta-mechanism for extending the
+ semantics of Lua. Whereas fallbacks had a global nature, tag methods
+ work on objects having the same tag (e.g., groups of tables).
+ Existing code that uses fallbacks should work without change.
+ + new, general syntax for constructors {[exp] = exp, ... }.
+ + support for handling variable number of arguments in functions (varargs).
+ + support for conditional compilation ($if ... $else ... $end).
+ + cleaner semantics in API simplifies host code.
+ + better support for writing libraries (auxlib.h).
+ + better type checking and error messages in the standard library.
+ + luac can now also undump.
+
+* Changes from version 2.4 to 2.5
+ -------------------------------
+ + io and string libraries are now based on pattern matching;
+ the old libraries are still available for compatibility
+ + dofile and dostring can now return values (via return statement)
+ + better support for 16- and 64-bit machines
+ + expanded documentation, with more examples
+
+* Changes from version 2.2 to 2.4
+ -------------------------------
+ + external compiler creates portable binary files that can be loaded faster
+ + interface for debugging and profiling
+ + new "getglobal" fallback
+ + new functions for handling references to Lua objects
+ + new functions in standard lib
+ + only one copy of each string is stored
+ + expanded documentation, with more examples
+
+* Changes from version 2.1 to 2.2
+ -------------------------------
+ + functions now may be declared with any "lvalue" as a name
+ + garbage collection of functions
+ + support for pipes
+
+* Changes from version 1.1 to 2.1
+ -------------------------------
+ + object-oriented support
+ + fallbacks
+ + simplified syntax for tables
+ + many internal improvements
+
+(end of HISTORY)
--- /dev/null
+INSTALL for Lua 5.1
+
+* Building Lua
+ ------------
+ Lua is built in the src directory, but the build process can be
+ controlled from the top-level Makefile.
+
+ Building Lua on Unix systems should be very easy. First do "make" and
+ see if your platform is listed. If so, just do "make xxx", where xxx
+ is your platform name. The platforms currently supported are:
+ aix ansi bsd freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris
+
+ If your platform is not listed, try the closest one or posix, generic,
+ ansi, in this order.
+
+ See below for customization instructions and for instructions on how
+ to build with other Windows compilers.
+
+ If you want to check that Lua has been built correctly, do "make test"
+ after building Lua. Also, have a look at the example programs in test.
+
+* Installing Lua
+ --------------
+ Once you have built Lua, you may want to install it in an official
+ place in your system. In this case, do "make install". The official
+ place and the way to install files are defined in Makefile. You must
+ have the right permissions to install files.
+
+ If you want to build and install Lua in one step, do "make xxx install",
+ where xxx is your platform name.
+
+ If you want to install Lua locally, then do "make local". This will
+ create directories bin, include, lib, man, and install Lua there as
+ follows:
+
+ bin: lua luac
+ include: lua.h luaconf.h lualib.h lauxlib.h lua.hpp
+ lib: liblua.a
+ man/man1: lua.1 luac.1
+
+ These are the only directories you need for development.
+
+ There are man pages for lua and luac, in both nroff and html, and a
+ reference manual in html in doc, some sample code in test, and some
+ useful stuff in etc. You don't need these directories for development.
+
+ If you want to install Lua locally, but in some other directory, do
+ "make install INSTALL_TOP=xxx", where xxx is your chosen directory.
+
+ See below for instructions for Windows and other systems.
+
+* Customization
+ -------------
+ Three things can be customized by editing a file:
+ - Where and how to install Lua -- edit Makefile.
+ - How to build Lua -- edit src/Makefile.
+ - Lua features -- edit src/luaconf.h.
+
+ You don't actually need to edit the Makefiles because you may set the
+ relevant variables when invoking make.
+
+ On the other hand, if you need to select some Lua features, you'll need
+ to edit src/luaconf.h. The edited file will be the one installed, and
+ it will be used by any Lua clients that you build, to ensure consistency.
+
+ We strongly recommend that you enable dynamic loading. This is done
+ automatically for all platforms listed above that have this feature
+ (and also Windows). See src/luaconf.h and also src/Makefile.
+
+* Building Lua on Windows and other systems
+ -----------------------------------------
+ If you're not using the usual Unix tools, then the instructions for
+ building Lua depend on the compiler you use. You'll need to create
+ projects (or whatever your compiler uses) for building the library,
+ the interpreter, and the compiler, as follows:
+
+ library: lapi.c lcode.c ldebug.c ldo.c ldump.c lfunc.c lgc.c llex.c
+ lmem.c lobject.c lopcodes.c lparser.c lstate.c lstring.c
+ ltable.c ltm.c lundump.c lvm.c lzio.c
+ lauxlib.c lbaselib.c ldblib.c liolib.c lmathlib.c loslib.c
+ ltablib.c lstrlib.c loadlib.c linit.c
+
+ interpreter: library, lua.c
+
+ compiler: library, luac.c print.c
+
+ If you use Visual Studio .NET, you can use etc/luavs.bat in its
+ "Command Prompt".
+
+ If all you want is to build the Lua interpreter, you may put all .c files
+ in a single project, except for luac.c and print.c. Or just use etc/all.c.
+
+ To use Lua as a library in your own programs, you'll need to know how to
+ create and use libraries with your compiler.
+
+ As mentioned above, you may edit luaconf.h to select some features before
+ building Lua.
+
+(end of INSTALL)
--- /dev/null
+# makefile for installing Lua
+# see INSTALL for installation instructions
+# see src/Makefile and src/luaconf.h for further customization
+
+# == CHANGE THE SETTINGS BELOW TO SUIT YOUR ENVIRONMENT =======================
+
+# Your platform. See PLATS for possible values.
+PLAT= none
+
+# Where to install. The installation starts in the src and doc directories,
+# so take care if INSTALL_TOP is not an absolute path.
+INSTALL_TOP= /usr/local
+INSTALL_BIN= $(INSTALL_TOP)/bin
+INSTALL_INC= $(INSTALL_TOP)/include
+INSTALL_LIB= $(INSTALL_TOP)/lib
+INSTALL_MAN= $(INSTALL_TOP)/man/man1
+#
+# You probably want to make INSTALL_LMOD and INSTALL_CMOD consistent with
+# LUA_ROOT, LUA_LDIR, and LUA_CDIR in luaconf.h (and also with etc/lua.pc).
+INSTALL_LMOD= $(INSTALL_TOP)/share/lua/$V
+INSTALL_CMOD= $(INSTALL_TOP)/lib/lua/$V
+
+# How to install. If your install program does not support "-p", then you
+# may have to run ranlib on the installed liblua.a (do "make ranlib").
+INSTALL= install -p
+INSTALL_EXEC= $(INSTALL) -m 0755
+INSTALL_DATA= $(INSTALL) -m 0644
+#
+# If you don't have install you can use cp instead.
+# INSTALL= cp -p
+# INSTALL_EXEC= $(INSTALL)
+# INSTALL_DATA= $(INSTALL)
+
+# Utilities.
+MKDIR= mkdir -p
+RANLIB= ranlib
+
+# == END OF USER SETTINGS. NO NEED TO CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE =========
+
+# Convenience platforms targets.
+PLATS= aix ansi bsd freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris
+
+# What to install.
+TO_BIN= lua luac
+TO_INC= lua.h luaconf.h lualib.h lauxlib.h ../etc/lua.hpp
+TO_LIB= liblua.a
+TO_MAN= lua.1 luac.1
+
+# Lua version and release.
+V= 5.1
+R= 5.1.4
+
+all: $(PLAT)
+
+$(PLATS) clean:
+ cd src && $(MAKE) ARCH="$(ARCH)" $@
+
+test: dummy
+ src/lua test/hello.lua
+
+install: dummy
+ cd src && $(MKDIR) $(INSTALL_BIN) $(INSTALL_INC) $(INSTALL_LIB) $(INSTALL_MAN) $(INSTALL_LMOD) $(INSTALL_CMOD)
+ cd src && $(INSTALL_EXEC) $(TO_BIN) $(INSTALL_BIN)
+ cd src && $(INSTALL_DATA) $(TO_INC) $(INSTALL_INC)
+ cd src && $(INSTALL_DATA) $(TO_LIB) $(INSTALL_LIB)
+ cd doc && $(INSTALL_DATA) $(TO_MAN) $(INSTALL_MAN)
+
+ranlib:
+ cd src && cd $(INSTALL_LIB) && $(RANLIB) $(TO_LIB)
+
+local:
+ $(MAKE) install INSTALL_TOP=..
+
+none:
+ @echo "Please do"
+ @echo " make PLATFORM"
+ @echo "where PLATFORM is one of these:"
+ @echo " $(PLATS)"
+ @echo "See INSTALL for complete instructions."
+
+# make may get confused with test/ and INSTALL in a case-insensitive OS
+dummy:
+
+# echo config parameters
+echo:
+ @echo ""
+ @echo "These are the parameters currently set in src/Makefile to build Lua $R:"
+ @echo ""
+ @cd src && $(MAKE) -s echo
+ @echo ""
+ @echo "These are the parameters currently set in Makefile to install Lua $R:"
+ @echo ""
+ @echo "PLAT = $(PLAT)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_TOP = $(INSTALL_TOP)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_BIN = $(INSTALL_BIN)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_INC = $(INSTALL_INC)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_LIB = $(INSTALL_LIB)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_MAN = $(INSTALL_MAN)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_LMOD = $(INSTALL_LMOD)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_CMOD = $(INSTALL_CMOD)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_EXEC = $(INSTALL_EXEC)"
+ @echo "INSTALL_DATA = $(INSTALL_DATA)"
+ @echo ""
+ @echo "See also src/luaconf.h ."
+ @echo ""
+
+# echo private config parameters
+pecho:
+ @echo "V = $(V)"
+ @echo "R = $(R)"
+ @echo "TO_BIN = $(TO_BIN)"
+ @echo "TO_INC = $(TO_INC)"
+ @echo "TO_LIB = $(TO_LIB)"
+ @echo "TO_MAN = $(TO_MAN)"
+
+# echo config parameters as Lua code
+# uncomment the last sed expression if you want nil instead of empty strings
+lecho:
+ @echo "-- installation parameters for Lua $R"
+ @echo "VERSION = '$V'"
+ @echo "RELEASE = '$R'"
+ @$(MAKE) echo | grep = | sed -e 's/= /= "/' -e 's/$$/"/' #-e 's/""/nil/'
+ @echo "-- EOF"
+
+# list targets that do not create files (but not all makes understand .PHONY)
+.PHONY: all $(PLATS) clean test install local none dummy echo pecho lecho
+
+# (end of Makefile)
--- /dev/null
+README for Lua 5.1
+
+See INSTALL for installation instructions.
+See HISTORY for a summary of changes since the last released version.
+
+* What is Lua?
+ ------------
+ Lua is a powerful, light-weight programming language designed for extending
+ applications. Lua is also frequently used as a general-purpose, stand-alone
+ language. Lua is free software.
+
+ For complete information, visit Lua's web site at http://www.lua.org/ .
+ For an executive summary, see http://www.lua.org/about.html .
+
+ Lua has been used in many different projects around the world.
+ For a short list, see http://www.lua.org/uses.html .
+
+* Availability
+ ------------
+ Lua is freely available for both academic and commercial purposes.
+ See COPYRIGHT and http://www.lua.org/license.html for details.
+ Lua can be downloaded at http://www.lua.org/download.html .
+
+* Installation
+ ------------
+ Lua is implemented in pure ANSI C, and compiles unmodified in all known
+ platforms that have an ANSI C compiler. In most Unix-like platforms, simply
+ do "make" with a suitable target. See INSTALL for detailed instructions.
+
+* Origin
+ ------
+ Lua is developed at Lua.org, a laboratory of the Department of Computer
+ Science of PUC-Rio (the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
+ in Brazil).
+ For more information about the authors, see http://www.lua.org/authors.html .
+
+(end of README)
--- /dev/null
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual - contents</TITLE>
+<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<STYLE TYPE="text/css">
+ul {
+ list-style-type: none ;
+ list-style-position: outside ;
+}
+</STYLE>
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY>
+
+<HR>
+<H1>
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" BORDER=0></A>
+Lua 5.1 Reference Manual
+</H1>
+
+This is an online version of
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+<A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8590379833/lua-indexmanual-20">
+<IMG SRC="cover.png" ALT="" TITLE="buy from Amazon" BORDER=1 ALIGN="left" HSPACE=12>
+</A>
+<B>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual</B>
+<BR>by R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes
+<BR>Lua.org, August 2006
+<BR>ISBN 85-903798-3-3
+<BR><A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8590379833/lua-indexmanual-20">
+<IMG SRC="amazon.gif" ALT="[Buy from Amazon]" BORDER=0></A>
+<BR CLEAR="all">
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+<P>
+
+Buy a copy of this book and
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/donations.html">help to support</A>
+the Lua project.
+<P>
+
+The reference manual is the official definition of the Lua language.
+For a complete introduction to Lua programming, see the book
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/docs.html#books">Programming in Lua</A>.
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html">start</A>
+·
+<A HREF="#contents">contents</A>
+·
+<A HREF="#index">index</A>
+·
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/pt/">português</A>
+·
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/es/">español</A>
+<HR>
+<SMALL>
+Copyright © 2006-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
+Freely available under the terms of the
+<a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html#5">Lua license</a>.
+</SMALL>
+<P>
+
+<H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2>
+<UL style="padding: 0">
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html">1 - Introduction</A>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 - The Language</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 - Lexical Conventions</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 - Values and Types</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2.1">2.2.1 - Coercion</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 - Variables</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 - Statements</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.1">2.4.1 - Chunks</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.2">2.4.2 - Blocks</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.3">2.4.3 - Assignment</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.4">2.4.4 - Control Structures</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.5">2.4.5 - For Statement</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.6">2.4.6 - Function Calls as Statements</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.7">2.4.7 - Local Declarations</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 - Expressions</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 - Arithmetic Operators</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 - Relational Operators</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.3">2.5.3 - Logical Operators</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.4">2.5.4 - Concatenation</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.5">2.5.5 - The Length Operator</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.6">2.5.6 - Precedence</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.7">2.5.7 - Table Constructors</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.8">2.5.8 - Function Calls</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.9">2.5.9 - Function Definitions</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 - Visibility Rules</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.7">2.7 - Error Handling</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.8">2.8 - Metatables</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.9">2.9 - Environments</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10">2.10 - Garbage Collection</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10.1">2.10.1 - Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10.2">2.10.2 - Weak Tables</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.11">2.11 - Coroutines</A>
+</UL>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 - The Application Program Interface</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 - The Stack</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 - Stack Size</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 - Pseudo-Indices</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 - C Closures</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 - Registry</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.6">3.6 - Error Handling in C</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.7">3.7 - Functions and Types</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.8">3.8 - The Debug Interface</A>
+</UL>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 - The Auxiliary Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 - Functions and Types</A>
+</UL>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 - Standard Libraries</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 - Basic Functions</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.2">5.2 - Coroutine Manipulation</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.3">5.3 - Modules</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.4">5.4 - String Manipulation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.4.1">5.4.1 - Patterns</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.5">5.5 - Table Manipulation</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.6">5.6 - Mathematical Functions</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.7">5.7 - Input and Output Facilities</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.8">5.8 - Operating System Facilities</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.9">5.9 - The Debug Library</A>
+</UL>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 - Lua Stand-alone</A>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 - Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.1">7.1 - Changes in the Language</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.2">7.2 - Changes in the Libraries</A>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.3">7.3 - Changes in the API</A>
+</UL>
+<P>
+<LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 - The Complete Syntax of Lua</A>
+</UL>
+
+<H2><A NAME="index">Index</A></H2>
+<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
+<TR VALIGN="top">
+<TD>
+<H3><A NAME="functions">Lua functions</A></H3>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_G">_G</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_VERSION">_VERSION</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-assert">assert</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-collectgarbage">collectgarbage</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-dofile">dofile</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-error">error</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getfenv">getfenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getmetatable">getmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-ipairs">ipairs</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-load">load</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadfile">loadfile</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadstring">loadstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-module">module</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-next">next</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pairs">pairs</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pcall">pcall</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-print">print</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawequal">rawequal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawget">rawget</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawset">rawset</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-require">require</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-select">select</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setfenv">setfenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setmetatable">setmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tostring">tostring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-type">type</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-unpack">unpack</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-xpcall">xpcall</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.create">coroutine.create</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.resume">coroutine.resume</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.running">coroutine.running</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.status">coroutine.status</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.wrap">coroutine.wrap</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.yield">coroutine.yield</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.debug">debug.debug</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getfenv">debug.getfenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.gethook">debug.gethook</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getinfo">debug.getinfo</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getlocal">debug.getlocal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getmetatable">debug.getmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getregistry">debug.getregistry</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getupvalue">debug.getupvalue</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setfenv">debug.setfenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.sethook">debug.sethook</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setlocal">debug.setlocal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setmetatable">debug.setmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setupvalue">debug.setupvalue</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.traceback">debug.traceback</A><BR>
+
+</TD>
+<TD>
+<H3> </H3>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:close">file:close</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:flush">file:flush</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:lines">file:lines</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:read">file:read</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:seek">file:seek</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:setvbuf">file:setvbuf</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:write">file:write</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.close">io.close</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.flush">io.flush</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.input">io.input</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.lines">io.lines</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.open">io.open</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.output">io.output</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.popen">io.popen</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.read">io.read</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stderr">io.stderr</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdin">io.stdin</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdout">io.stdout</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.tmpfile">io.tmpfile</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.type">io.type</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.write">io.write</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.abs">math.abs</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.acos">math.acos</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.asin">math.asin</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan">math.atan</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan2">math.atan2</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ceil">math.ceil</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cos">math.cos</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cosh">math.cosh</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.deg">math.deg</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.exp">math.exp</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.floor">math.floor</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.fmod">math.fmod</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.frexp">math.frexp</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.huge">math.huge</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ldexp">math.ldexp</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.log">math.log</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.log10">math.log10</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.max">math.max</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.min">math.min</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.modf">math.modf</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pi">math.pi</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pow">math.pow</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.rad">math.rad</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.random">math.random</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.randomseed">math.randomseed</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sin">math.sin</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sinh">math.sinh</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sqrt">math.sqrt</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tan">math.tan</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tanh">math.tanh</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.clock">os.clock</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.date">os.date</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.difftime">os.difftime</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.execute">os.execute</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.exit">os.exit</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.getenv">os.getenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.remove">os.remove</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.rename">os.rename</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.setlocale">os.setlocale</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.time">os.time</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.tmpname">os.tmpname</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.cpath">package.cpath</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loaded">package.loaded</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loaders">package.loaders</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loadlib">package.loadlib</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.path">package.path</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.preload">package.preload</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.seeall">package.seeall</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.byte">string.byte</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.char">string.char</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.dump">string.dump</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.find">string.find</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.format">string.format</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gmatch">string.gmatch</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gsub">string.gsub</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.len">string.len</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.lower">string.lower</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.match">string.match</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.rep">string.rep</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.reverse">string.reverse</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.sub">string.sub</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.upper">string.upper</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.concat">table.concat</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.insert">table.insert</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.maxn">table.maxn</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.remove">table.remove</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.sort">table.sort</A><BR>
+
+</TD>
+<TD>
+<H3>C API</H3>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Alloc">lua_Alloc</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_CFunction">lua_CFunction</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Debug">lua_Debug</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Hook">lua_Hook</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Integer">lua_Integer</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Number">lua_Number</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Reader">lua_Reader</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_State">lua_State</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_Writer">lua_Writer</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_atpanic">lua_atpanic</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_call">lua_call</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_checkstack">lua_checkstack</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_close">lua_close</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_concat">lua_concat</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_cpcall">lua_cpcall</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_createtable">lua_createtable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_dump">lua_dump</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_equal">lua_equal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_error">lua_error</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gc">lua_gc</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getallocf">lua_getallocf</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getfenv">lua_getfenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getfield">lua_getfield</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getglobal">lua_getglobal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethook">lua_gethook</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookcount">lua_gethookcount</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookmask">lua_gethookmask</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getinfo">lua_getinfo</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getlocal">lua_getlocal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getmetatable">lua_getmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getstack">lua_getstack</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettable">lua_gettable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettop">lua_gettop</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_getupvalue">lua_getupvalue</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_insert">lua_insert</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isboolean">lua_isboolean</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_iscfunction">lua_iscfunction</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isfunction">lua_isfunction</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_islightuserdata">lua_islightuserdata</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnil">lua_isnil</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnone">lua_isnone</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnoneornil">lua_isnoneornil</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnumber">lua_isnumber</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isstring">lua_isstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_istable">lua_istable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isthread">lua_isthread</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_isuserdata">lua_isuserdata</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_lessthan">lua_lessthan</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_load">lua_load</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newstate">lua_newstate</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newtable">lua_newtable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newthread">lua_newthread</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_newuserdata">lua_newuserdata</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_next">lua_next</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_objlen">lua_objlen</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pcall">lua_pcall</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pop">lua_pop</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushboolean">lua_pushboolean</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcclosure">lua_pushcclosure</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcfunction">lua_pushcfunction</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushfstring">lua_pushfstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushinteger">lua_pushinteger</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlightuserdata">lua_pushlightuserdata</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushliteral">lua_pushliteral</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlstring">lua_pushlstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnil">lua_pushnil</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnumber">lua_pushnumber</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushstring">lua_pushstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushthread">lua_pushthread</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvalue">lua_pushvalue</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvfstring">lua_pushvfstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawequal">lua_rawequal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawget">lua_rawget</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawgeti">lua_rawgeti</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawset">lua_rawset</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawseti">lua_rawseti</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_register">lua_register</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_remove">lua_remove</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_replace">lua_replace</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_resume">lua_resume</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setallocf">lua_setallocf</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setfenv">lua_setfenv</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setfield">lua_setfield</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setglobal">lua_setglobal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_sethook">lua_sethook</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setlocal">lua_setlocal</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setmetatable">lua_setmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_settable">lua_settable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_settop">lua_settop</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_setupvalue">lua_setupvalue</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_status">lua_status</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_toboolean">lua_toboolean</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tocfunction">lua_tocfunction</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tointeger">lua_tointeger</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tolstring">lua_tolstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tonumber">lua_tonumber</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_topointer">lua_topointer</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tostring">lua_tostring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_tothread">lua_tothread</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_touserdata">lua_touserdata</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_type">lua_type</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_typename">lua_typename</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvalueindex">lua_upvalueindex</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_xmove">lua_xmove</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#lua_yield">lua_yield</A><BR>
+
+</TD>
+<TD>
+<H3>auxiliary library</H3>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Buffer">luaL_Buffer</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Reg">luaL_Reg</A><BR>
+<P>
+
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addchar">luaL_addchar</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addlstring">luaL_addlstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addsize">luaL_addsize</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addstring">luaL_addstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addvalue">luaL_addvalue</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argcheck">luaL_argcheck</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argerror">luaL_argerror</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffinit">luaL_buffinit</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_callmeta">luaL_callmeta</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkany">luaL_checkany</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkint">luaL_checkint</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkinteger">luaL_checkinteger</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklong">luaL_checklong</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklstring">luaL_checklstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checknumber">luaL_checknumber</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkoption">luaL_checkoption</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstack">luaL_checkstack</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstring">luaL_checkstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checktype">luaL_checktype</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkudata">luaL_checkudata</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dofile">luaL_dofile</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dostring">luaL_dostring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_error">luaL_error</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetafield">luaL_getmetafield</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetatable">luaL_getmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_gsub">luaL_gsub</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadbuffer">luaL_loadbuffer</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadfile">luaL_loadfile</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadstring">luaL_loadstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newmetatable">luaL_newmetatable</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newstate">luaL_newstate</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_openlibs">luaL_openlibs</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optint">luaL_optint</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optinteger">luaL_optinteger</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlong">luaL_optlong</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlstring">luaL_optlstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optnumber">luaL_optnumber</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optstring">luaL_optstring</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_prepbuffer">luaL_prepbuffer</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushresult">luaL_pushresult</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_ref">luaL_ref</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_register">luaL_register</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typename">luaL_typename</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typerror">luaL_typerror</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_unref">luaL_unref</A><BR>
+<A HREF="manual.html#luaL_where">luaL_where</A><BR>
+
+</TD>
+</TR>
+</TABLE>
+<P>
+
+<HR>
+<SMALL>
+Last update:
+Sat Jan 19 13:24:29 BRST 2008
+</SMALL>
+<!--
+Last change: revised for Lua 5.1.3
+-->
+
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
--- /dev/null
+.\" $Id: lua.man,v 1.11 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $
+.TH LUA 1 "$Date: 2006/01/06 16:03:34 $"
+.SH NAME
+lua \- Lua interpreter
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B lua
+[
+.I options
+]
+[
+.I script
+[
+.I args
+]
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B lua
+is the stand-alone Lua interpreter.
+It loads and executes Lua programs,
+either in textual source form or
+in precompiled binary form.
+(Precompiled binaries are output by
+.BR luac ,
+the Lua compiler.)
+.B lua
+can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively.
+.LP
+The given
+.I options
+(see below)
+are executed and then
+the Lua program in file
+.I script
+is loaded and executed.
+The given
+.I args
+are available to
+.I script
+as strings in a global table named
+.BR arg .
+If these arguments contain spaces or other characters special to the shell,
+then they should be quoted
+(but note that the quotes will be removed by the shell).
+The arguments in
+.B arg
+start at 0,
+which contains the string
+.RI ' script '.
+The index of the last argument is stored in
+.BR arg.n .
+The arguments given in the command line before
+.IR script ,
+including the name of the interpreter,
+are available in negative indices in
+.BR arg .
+.LP
+At the very start,
+before even handling the command line,
+.B lua
+executes the contents of the environment variable
+.BR LUA_INIT ,
+if it is defined.
+If the value of
+.B LUA_INIT
+is of the form
+.RI '@ filename ',
+then
+.I filename
+is executed.
+Otherwise, the string is assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed.
+.LP
+Options start with
+.B '\-'
+and are described below.
+You can use
+.B "'\--'"
+to signal the end of options.
+.LP
+If no arguments are given,
+then
+.B "\-v \-i"
+is assumed when the standard input is a terminal;
+otherwise,
+.B "\-"
+is assumed.
+.LP
+In interactive mode,
+.B lua
+prompts the user,
+reads lines from the standard input,
+and executes them as they are read.
+If a line does not contain a complete statement,
+then a secondary prompt is displayed and
+lines are read until a complete statement is formed or
+a syntax error is found.
+So, one way to interrupt the reading of an incomplete statement is
+to force a syntax error:
+adding a
+.B ';'
+in the middle of a statement is a sure way of forcing a syntax error
+(except inside multiline strings and comments; these must be closed explicitly).
+If a line starts with
+.BR '=' ,
+then
+.B lua
+displays the values of all the expressions in the remainder of the
+line. The expressions must be separated by commas.
+The primary prompt is the value of the global variable
+.BR _PROMPT ,
+if this value is a string;
+otherwise, the default prompt is used.
+Similarly, the secondary prompt is the value of the global variable
+.BR _PROMPT2 .
+So,
+to change the prompts,
+set the corresponding variable to a string of your choice.
+You can do that after calling the interpreter
+or on the command line
+(but in this case you have to be careful with quotes
+if the prompt string contains a space; otherwise you may confuse the shell.)
+The default prompts are "> " and ">> ".
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.B \-
+load and execute the standard input as a file,
+that is,
+not interactively,
+even when the standard input is a terminal.
+.TP
+.BI \-e " stat"
+execute statement
+.IR stat .
+You need to quote
+.I stat
+if it contains spaces, quotes,
+or other characters special to the shell.
+.TP
+.B \-i
+enter interactive mode after
+.I script
+is executed.
+.TP
+.BI \-l " name"
+call
+.BI require(' name ')
+before executing
+.IR script .
+Typically used to load libraries.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+show version information.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR luac (1)
+.br
+http://www.lua.org/
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+Error messages should be self explanatory.
+.SH AUTHORS
+R. Ierusalimschy,
+L. H. de Figueiredo,
+and
+W. Celes
+.\" EOF
--- /dev/null
+body {
+ color: #000000 ;
+ background-color: #FFFFFF ;
+ font-family: sans-serif ;
+ text-align: justify ;
+ margin-right: 20px ;
+ margin-left: 20px ;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4 {
+ font-weight: normal ;
+ font-style: italic ;
+}
+
+a:link {
+ color: #000080 ;
+ background-color: inherit ;
+ text-decoration: none ;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+ background-color: inherit ;
+ text-decoration: none ;
+}
+
+a:link:hover, a:visited:hover {
+ color: #000080 ;
+ background-color: #E0E0FF ;
+}
+
+a:link:active, a:visited:active {
+ color: #FF0000 ;
+}
+
+hr {
+ border: 0 ;
+ height: 1px ;
+ color: #a0a0a0 ;
+ background-color: #a0a0a0 ;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+<!-- $Id: lua.man,v 1.11 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $ -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>LUA man page</TITLE>
+<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">
+
+<H2>NAME</H2>
+lua - Lua interpreter
+<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
+<B>lua</B>
+[
+<I>options</I>
+]
+[
+<I>script</I>
+[
+<I>args</I>
+]
+]
+<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
+<B>lua</B>
+is the stand-alone Lua interpreter.
+It loads and executes Lua programs,
+either in textual source form or
+in precompiled binary form.
+(Precompiled binaries are output by
+<B>luac</B>,
+the Lua compiler.)
+<B>lua</B>
+can be used as a batch interpreter and also interactively.
+<P>
+The given
+<I>options</I>
+(see below)
+are executed and then
+the Lua program in file
+<I>script</I>
+is loaded and executed.
+The given
+<I>args</I>
+are available to
+<I>script</I>
+as strings in a global table named
+<B>arg</B>.
+If these arguments contain spaces or other characters special to the shell,
+then they should be quoted
+(but note that the quotes will be removed by the shell).
+The arguments in
+<B>arg</B>
+start at 0,
+which contains the string
+'<I>script</I>'.
+The index of the last argument is stored in
+<B>arg.n</B>.
+The arguments given in the command line before
+<I>script</I>,
+including the name of the interpreter,
+are available in negative indices in
+<B>arg</B>.
+<P>
+At the very start,
+before even handling the command line,
+<B>lua</B>
+executes the contents of the environment variable
+<B>LUA_INIT</B>,
+if it is defined.
+If the value of
+<B>LUA_INIT</B>
+is of the form
+'@<I>filename</I>',
+then
+<I>filename</I>
+is executed.
+Otherwise, the string is assumed to be a Lua statement and is executed.
+<P>
+Options start with
+<B>'-'</B>
+and are described below.
+You can use
+<B>'--'</B>
+to signal the end of options.
+<P>
+If no arguments are given,
+then
+<B>"-v -i"</B>
+is assumed when the standard input is a terminal;
+otherwise,
+<B>"-"</B>
+is assumed.
+<P>
+In interactive mode,
+<B>lua</B>
+prompts the user,
+reads lines from the standard input,
+and executes them as they are read.
+If a line does not contain a complete statement,
+then a secondary prompt is displayed and
+lines are read until a complete statement is formed or
+a syntax error is found.
+So, one way to interrupt the reading of an incomplete statement is
+to force a syntax error:
+adding a
+<B>';'</B>
+in the middle of a statement is a sure way of forcing a syntax error
+(except inside multiline strings and comments; these must be closed explicitly).
+If a line starts with
+<B>'='</B>,
+then
+<B>lua</B>
+displays the values of all the expressions in the remainder of the
+line. The expressions must be separated by commas.
+The primary prompt is the value of the global variable
+<B>_PROMPT</B>,
+if this value is a string;
+otherwise, the default prompt is used.
+Similarly, the secondary prompt is the value of the global variable
+<B>_PROMPT2</B>.
+So,
+to change the prompts,
+set the corresponding variable to a string of your choice.
+You can do that after calling the interpreter
+or on the command line
+(but in this case you have to be careful with quotes
+if the prompt string contains a space; otherwise you may confuse the shell.)
+The default prompts are "> " and ">> ".
+<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
+<P>
+<B>-</B>
+load and execute the standard input as a file,
+that is,
+not interactively,
+even when the standard input is a terminal.
+<P>
+<B>-e </B><I>stat</I>
+execute statement
+<I>stat</I>.
+You need to quote
+<I>stat </I>
+if it contains spaces, quotes,
+or other characters special to the shell.
+<P>
+<B>-i</B>
+enter interactive mode after
+<I>script</I>
+is executed.
+<P>
+<B>-l </B><I>name</I>
+call
+<B>require</B>('<I>name</I>')
+before executing
+<I>script</I>.
+Typically used to load libraries.
+<P>
+<B>-v</B>
+show version information.
+<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
+<B>luac</B>(1)
+<BR>
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/">http://www.lua.org/</A>
+<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
+Error messages should be self explanatory.
+<H2>AUTHORS</H2>
+R. Ierusalimschy,
+L. H. de Figueiredo,
+and
+W. Celes
+<!-- EOF -->
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
--- /dev/null
+.\" $Id: luac.man,v 1.28 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $
+.TH LUAC 1 "$Date: 2006/01/06 16:03:34 $"
+.SH NAME
+luac \- Lua compiler
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B luac
+[
+.I options
+] [
+.I filenames
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B luac
+is the Lua compiler.
+It translates programs written in the Lua programming language
+into binary files that can be later loaded and executed.
+.LP
+The main advantages of precompiling chunks are:
+faster loading,
+protecting source code from accidental user changes,
+and
+off-line syntax checking.
+.LP
+Pre-compiling does not imply faster execution
+because in Lua chunks are always compiled into bytecodes before being executed.
+.B luac
+simply allows those bytecodes to be saved in a file for later execution.
+.LP
+Pre-compiled chunks are not necessarily smaller than the corresponding source.
+The main goal in pre-compiling is faster loading.
+.LP
+The binary files created by
+.B luac
+are portable only among architectures with the same word size and byte order.
+.LP
+.B luac
+produces a single output file containing the bytecodes
+for all source files given.
+By default,
+the output file is named
+.BR luac.out ,
+but you can change this with the
+.B \-o
+option.
+.LP
+In the command line,
+you can mix
+text files containing Lua source and
+binary files containing precompiled chunks.
+This is useful to combine several precompiled chunks,
+even from different (but compatible) platforms,
+into a single precompiled chunk.
+.LP
+You can use
+.B "'\-'"
+to indicate the standard input as a source file
+and
+.B "'\--'"
+to signal the end of options
+(that is,
+all remaining arguments will be treated as files even if they start with
+.BR "'\-'" ).
+.LP
+The internal format of the binary files produced by
+.B luac
+is likely to change when a new version of Lua is released.
+So,
+save the source files of all Lua programs that you precompile.
+.LP
+.SH OPTIONS
+Options must be separate.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+produce a listing of the compiled bytecode for Lua's virtual machine.
+Listing bytecodes is useful to learn about Lua's virtual machine.
+If no files are given, then
+.B luac
+loads
+.B luac.out
+and lists its contents.
+.TP
+.BI \-o " file"
+output to
+.IR file ,
+instead of the default
+.BR luac.out .
+(You can use
+.B "'\-'"
+for standard output,
+but not on platforms that open standard output in text mode.)
+The output file may be a source file because
+all files are loaded before the output file is written.
+Be careful not to overwrite precious files.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+load files but do not generate any output file.
+Used mainly for syntax checking and for testing precompiled chunks:
+corrupted files will probably generate errors when loaded.
+Lua always performs a thorough integrity test on precompiled chunks.
+Bytecode that passes this test is completely safe,
+in the sense that it will not break the interpreter.
+However,
+there is no guarantee that such code does anything sensible.
+(None can be given, because the halting problem is unsolvable.)
+If no files are given, then
+.B luac
+loads
+.B luac.out
+and tests its contents.
+No messages are displayed if the file passes the integrity test.
+.TP
+.B \-s
+strip debug information before writing the output file.
+This saves some space in very large chunks,
+but if errors occur when running a stripped chunk,
+then the error messages may not contain the full information they usually do.
+For instance,
+line numbers and names of local variables are lost.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+show version information.
+.SH FILES
+.TP 15
+.B luac.out
+default output file
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR lua (1)
+.br
+http://www.lua.org/
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+Error messages should be self explanatory.
+.SH AUTHORS
+L. H. de Figueiredo,
+R. Ierusalimschy and
+W. Celes
+.\" EOF
--- /dev/null
+<!-- $Id: luac.man,v 1.28 2006/01/06 16:03:34 lhf Exp $ -->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>LUAC man page</TITLE>
+<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">
+
+<H2>NAME</H2>
+luac - Lua compiler
+<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
+<B>luac</B>
+[
+<I>options</I>
+] [
+<I>filenames</I>
+]
+<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
+<B>luac</B>
+is the Lua compiler.
+It translates programs written in the Lua programming language
+into binary files that can be later loaded and executed.
+<P>
+The main advantages of precompiling chunks are:
+faster loading,
+protecting source code from accidental user changes,
+and
+off-line syntax checking.
+<P>
+Precompiling does not imply faster execution
+because in Lua chunks are always compiled into bytecodes before being executed.
+<B>luac</B>
+simply allows those bytecodes to be saved in a file for later execution.
+<P>
+Precompiled chunks are not necessarily smaller than the corresponding source.
+The main goal in precompiling is faster loading.
+<P>
+The binary files created by
+<B>luac</B>
+are portable only among architectures with the same word size and byte order.
+<P>
+<B>luac</B>
+produces a single output file containing the bytecodes
+for all source files given.
+By default,
+the output file is named
+<B>luac.out</B>,
+but you can change this with the
+<B>-o</B>
+option.
+<P>
+In the command line,
+you can mix
+text files containing Lua source and
+binary files containing precompiled chunks.
+This is useful because several precompiled chunks,
+even from different (but compatible) platforms,
+can be combined into a single precompiled chunk.
+<P>
+You can use
+<B>'-'</B>
+to indicate the standard input as a source file
+and
+<B>'--'</B>
+to signal the end of options
+(that is,
+all remaining arguments will be treated as files even if they start with
+<B>'-'</B>).
+<P>
+The internal format of the binary files produced by
+<B>luac</B>
+is likely to change when a new version of Lua is released.
+So,
+save the source files of all Lua programs that you precompile.
+<P>
+<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
+Options must be separate.
+<P>
+<B>-l</B>
+produce a listing of the compiled bytecode for Lua's virtual machine.
+Listing bytecodes is useful to learn about Lua's virtual machine.
+If no files are given, then
+<B>luac</B>
+loads
+<B>luac.out</B>
+and lists its contents.
+<P>
+<B>-o </B><I>file</I>
+output to
+<I>file</I>,
+instead of the default
+<B>luac.out</B>.
+(You can use
+<B>'-'</B>
+for standard output,
+but not on platforms that open standard output in text mode.)
+The output file may be a source file because
+all files are loaded before the output file is written.
+Be careful not to overwrite precious files.
+<P>
+<B>-p</B>
+load files but do not generate any output file.
+Used mainly for syntax checking and for testing precompiled chunks:
+corrupted files will probably generate errors when loaded.
+Lua always performs a thorough integrity test on precompiled chunks.
+Bytecode that passes this test is completely safe,
+in the sense that it will not break the interpreter.
+However,
+there is no guarantee that such code does anything sensible.
+(None can be given, because the halting problem is unsolvable.)
+If no files are given, then
+<B>luac</B>
+loads
+<B>luac.out</B>
+and tests its contents.
+No messages are displayed if the file passes the integrity test.
+<P>
+<B>-s</B>
+strip debug information before writing the output file.
+This saves some space in very large chunks,
+but if errors occur when running a stripped chunk,
+then the error messages may not contain the full information they usually do.
+For instance,
+line numbers and names of local variables are lost.
+<P>
+<B>-v</B>
+show version information.
+<H2>FILES</H2>
+<P>
+<B>luac.out</B>
+default output file
+<H2>SEE ALSO</H2>
+<B>lua</B>(1)
+<BR>
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/">http://www.lua.org/</A>
+<H2>DIAGNOSTICS</H2>
+Error messages should be self explanatory.
+<H2>AUTHORS</H2>
+L. H. de Figueiredo,
+R. Ierusalimschy and
+W. Celes
+<!-- EOF -->
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
--- /dev/null
+h3 code {
+ font-family: inherit ;
+}
+
+pre {
+ font-size: 105% ;
+}
+
+span.apii {
+ float: right ;
+ font-family: inherit ;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+
+<head>
+<title>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="lua.css">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="manual.css">
+<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+<hr>
+<h1>
+<a href="http://www.lua.org/"><img src="logo.gif" alt="" border="0"></a>
+Lua 5.1 Reference Manual
+</h1>
+
+by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, Waldemar Celes
+<p>
+<small>
+Copyright © 2006-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.
+Freely available under the terms of the
+<a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html#5">Lua license</a>.
+</small>
+<hr>
+<p>
+
+<a href="contents.html#contents">contents</A>
+·
+<a href="contents.html#index">index</A>
+
+<!-- ====================================================================== -->
+<p>
+
+<!-- $Id: manual.of,v 1.48 2008/08/18 15:24:20 roberto Exp $ -->
+
+
+
+
+<h1>1 - <a name="1">Introduction</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+Lua is an extension programming language designed to support
+general procedural programming with data description
+facilities.
+It also offers good support for object-oriented programming,
+functional programming, and data-driven programming.
+Lua is intended to be used as a powerful, light-weight
+scripting language for any program that needs one.
+Lua is implemented as a library, written in <em>clean</em> C
+(that is, in the common subset of ANSI C and C++).
+
+
+<p>
+Being an extension language, Lua has no notion of a "main" program:
+it only works <em>embedded</em> in a host client,
+called the <em>embedding program</em> or simply the <em>host</em>.
+This host program can invoke functions to execute a piece of Lua code,
+can write and read Lua variables,
+and can register C functions to be called by Lua code.
+Through the use of C functions, Lua can be augmented to cope with
+a wide range of different domains,
+thus creating customized programming languages sharing a syntactical framework.
+The Lua distribution includes a sample host program called <code>lua</code>,
+which uses the Lua library to offer a complete, stand-alone Lua interpreter.
+
+
+<p>
+Lua is free software,
+and is provided as usual with no guarantees,
+as stated in its license.
+The implementation described in this manual is available
+at Lua's official web site, <code>www.lua.org</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+Like any other reference manual,
+this document is dry in places.
+For a discussion of the decisions behind the design of Lua,
+see the technical papers available at Lua's web site.
+For a detailed introduction to programming in Lua,
+see Roberto's book, <em>Programming in Lua (Second Edition)</em>.
+
+
+
+<h1>2 - <a name="2">The Language</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+This section describes the lexis, the syntax, and the semantics of Lua.
+In other words,
+this section describes
+which tokens are valid,
+how they can be combined,
+and what their combinations mean.
+
+
+<p>
+The language constructs will be explained using the usual extended BNF notation,
+in which
+{<em>a</em>} means 0 or more <em>a</em>'s, and
+[<em>a</em>] means an optional <em>a</em>.
+Non-terminals are shown like non-terminal,
+keywords are shown like <b>kword</b>,
+and other terminal symbols are shown like `<b>=</b>´.
+The complete syntax of Lua can be found in <a href="#8">§8</a>
+at the end of this manual.
+
+
+
+<h2>2.1 - <a name="2.1">Lexical Conventions</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+<em>Names</em>
+(also called <em>identifiers</em>)
+in Lua can be any string of letters,
+digits, and underscores,
+not beginning with a digit.
+This coincides with the definition of names in most languages.
+(The definition of letter depends on the current locale:
+any character considered alphabetic by the current locale
+can be used in an identifier.)
+Identifiers are used to name variables and table fields.
+
+
+<p>
+The following <em>keywords</em> are reserved
+and cannot be used as names:
+
+
+<pre>
+ and break do else elseif
+ end false for function if
+ in local nil not or
+ repeat return then true until while
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Lua is a case-sensitive language:
+<code>and</code> is a reserved word, but <code>And</code> and <code>AND</code>
+are two different, valid names.
+As a convention, names starting with an underscore followed by
+uppercase letters (such as <a href="#pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a>)
+are reserved for internal global variables used by Lua.
+
+
+<p>
+The following strings denote other tokens:
+
+<pre>
+ + - * / % ^ #
+ == ~= <= >= < > =
+ ( ) { } [ ]
+ ; : , . .. ...
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<em>Literal strings</em>
+can be delimited by matching single or double quotes,
+and can contain the following C-like escape sequences:
+'<code>\a</code>' (bell),
+'<code>\b</code>' (backspace),
+'<code>\f</code>' (form feed),
+'<code>\n</code>' (newline),
+'<code>\r</code>' (carriage return),
+'<code>\t</code>' (horizontal tab),
+'<code>\v</code>' (vertical tab),
+'<code>\\</code>' (backslash),
+'<code>\"</code>' (quotation mark [double quote]),
+and '<code>\'</code>' (apostrophe [single quote]).
+Moreover, a backslash followed by a real newline
+results in a newline in the string.
+A character in a string can also be specified by its numerical value
+using the escape sequence <code>\<em>ddd</em></code>,
+where <em>ddd</em> is a sequence of up to three decimal digits.
+(Note that if a numerical escape is to be followed by a digit,
+it must be expressed using exactly three digits.)
+Strings in Lua can contain any 8-bit value, including embedded zeros,
+which can be specified as '<code>\0</code>'.
+
+
+<p>
+Literal strings can also be defined using a long format
+enclosed by <em>long brackets</em>.
+We define an <em>opening long bracket of level <em>n</em></em> as an opening
+square bracket followed by <em>n</em> equal signs followed by another
+opening square bracket.
+So, an opening long bracket of level 0 is written as <code>[[</code>,
+an opening long bracket of level 1 is written as <code>[=[</code>,
+and so on.
+A <em>closing long bracket</em> is defined similarly;
+for instance, a closing long bracket of level 4 is written as <code>]====]</code>.
+A long string starts with an opening long bracket of any level and
+ends at the first closing long bracket of the same level.
+Literals in this bracketed form can run for several lines,
+do not interpret any escape sequences,
+and ignore long brackets of any other level.
+They can contain anything except a closing bracket of the proper level.
+
+
+<p>
+For convenience,
+when the opening long bracket is immediately followed by a newline,
+the newline is not included in the string.
+As an example, in a system using ASCII
+(in which '<code>a</code>' is coded as 97,
+newline is coded as 10, and '<code>1</code>' is coded as 49),
+the five literal strings below denote the same string:
+
+<pre>
+ a = 'alo\n123"'
+ a = "alo\n123\""
+ a = '\97lo\10\04923"'
+ a = [[alo
+ 123"]]
+ a = [==[
+ alo
+ 123"]==]
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+A <em>numerical constant</em> can be written with an optional decimal part
+and an optional decimal exponent.
+Lua also accepts integer hexadecimal constants,
+by prefixing them with <code>0x</code>.
+Examples of valid numerical constants are
+
+<pre>
+ 3 3.0 3.1416 314.16e-2 0.31416E1 0xff 0x56
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+A <em>comment</em> starts with a double hyphen (<code>--</code>)
+anywhere outside a string.
+If the text immediately after <code>--</code> is not an opening long bracket,
+the comment is a <em>short comment</em>,
+which runs until the end of the line.
+Otherwise, it is a <em>long comment</em>,
+which runs until the corresponding closing long bracket.
+Long comments are frequently used to disable code temporarily.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.2 - <a name="2.2">Values and Types</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua is a <em>dynamically typed language</em>.
+This means that
+variables do not have types; only values do.
+There are no type definitions in the language.
+All values carry their own type.
+
+
+<p>
+All values in Lua are <em>first-class values</em>.
+This means that all values can be stored in variables,
+passed as arguments to other functions, and returned as results.
+
+
+<p>
+There are eight basic types in Lua:
+<em>nil</em>, <em>boolean</em>, <em>number</em>,
+<em>string</em>, <em>function</em>, <em>userdata</em>,
+<em>thread</em>, and <em>table</em>.
+<em>Nil</em> is the type of the value <b>nil</b>,
+whose main property is to be different from any other value;
+it usually represents the absence of a useful value.
+<em>Boolean</em> is the type of the values <b>false</b> and <b>true</b>.
+Both <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> make a condition false;
+any other value makes it true.
+<em>Number</em> represents real (double-precision floating-point) numbers.
+(It is easy to build Lua interpreters that use other
+internal representations for numbers,
+such as single-precision float or long integers;
+see file <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+<em>String</em> represents arrays of characters.
+
+Lua is 8-bit clean:
+strings can contain any 8-bit character,
+including embedded zeros ('<code>\0</code>') (see <a href="#2.1">§2.1</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Lua can call (and manipulate) functions written in Lua and
+functions written in C
+(see <a href="#2.5.8">§2.5.8</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The type <em>userdata</em> is provided to allow arbitrary C data to
+be stored in Lua variables.
+This type corresponds to a block of raw memory
+and has no pre-defined operations in Lua,
+except assignment and identity test.
+However, by using <em>metatables</em>,
+the programmer can define operations for userdata values
+(see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+Userdata values cannot be created or modified in Lua,
+only through the C API.
+This guarantees the integrity of data owned by the host program.
+
+
+<p>
+The type <em>thread</em> represents independent threads of execution
+and it is used to implement coroutines (see <a href="#2.11">§2.11</a>).
+Do not confuse Lua threads with operating-system threads.
+Lua supports coroutines on all systems,
+even those that do not support threads.
+
+
+<p>
+The type <em>table</em> implements associative arrays,
+that is, arrays that can be indexed not only with numbers,
+but with any value (except <b>nil</b>).
+Tables can be <em>heterogeneous</em>;
+that is, they can contain values of all types (except <b>nil</b>).
+Tables are the sole data structuring mechanism in Lua;
+they can be used to represent ordinary arrays,
+symbol tables, sets, records, graphs, trees, etc.
+To represent records, Lua uses the field name as an index.
+The language supports this representation by
+providing <code>a.name</code> as syntactic sugar for <code>a["name"]</code>.
+There are several convenient ways to create tables in Lua
+(see <a href="#2.5.7">§2.5.7</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Like indices,
+the value of a table field can be of any type (except <b>nil</b>).
+In particular,
+because functions are first-class values,
+table fields can contain functions.
+Thus tables can also carry <em>methods</em> (see <a href="#2.5.9">§2.5.9</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Tables, functions, threads, and (full) userdata values are <em>objects</em>:
+variables do not actually <em>contain</em> these values,
+only <em>references</em> to them.
+Assignment, parameter passing, and function returns
+always manipulate references to such values;
+these operations do not imply any kind of copy.
+
+
+<p>
+The library function <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> returns a string describing the type
+of a given value.
+
+
+
+<h3>2.2.1 - <a name="2.2.1">Coercion</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Lua provides automatic conversion between
+string and number values at run time.
+Any arithmetic operation applied to a string tries to convert
+this string to a number, following the usual conversion rules.
+Conversely, whenever a number is used where a string is expected,
+the number is converted to a string, in a reasonable format.
+For complete control over how numbers are converted to strings,
+use the <code>format</code> function from the string library
+(see <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.3 - <a name="2.3">Variables</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Variables are places that store values.
+
+There are three kinds of variables in Lua:
+global variables, local variables, and table fields.
+
+
+<p>
+A single name can denote a global variable or a local variable
+(or a function's formal parameter,
+which is a particular kind of local variable):
+
+<pre>
+ var ::= Name
+</pre><p>
+Name denotes identifiers, as defined in <a href="#2.1">§2.1</a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Any variable is assumed to be global unless explicitly declared
+as a local (see <a href="#2.4.7">§2.4.7</a>).
+Local variables are <em>lexically scoped</em>:
+local variables can be freely accessed by functions
+defined inside their scope (see <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Before the first assignment to a variable, its value is <b>nil</b>.
+
+
+<p>
+Square brackets are used to index a table:
+
+<pre>
+ var ::= prefixexp `<b>[</b>´ exp `<b>]</b>´
+</pre><p>
+The meaning of accesses to global variables
+and table fields can be changed via metatables.
+An access to an indexed variable <code>t[i]</code> is equivalent to
+a call <code>gettable_event(t,i)</code>.
+(See <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a> for a complete description of the
+<code>gettable_event</code> function.
+This function is not defined or callable in Lua.
+We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
+
+
+<p>
+The syntax <code>var.Name</code> is just syntactic sugar for
+<code>var["Name"]</code>:
+
+<pre>
+ var ::= prefixexp `<b>.</b>´ Name
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+All global variables live as fields in ordinary Lua tables,
+called <em>environment tables</em> or simply
+<em>environments</em> (see <a href="#2.9">§2.9</a>).
+Each function has its own reference to an environment,
+so that all global variables in this function
+will refer to this environment table.
+When a function is created,
+it inherits the environment from the function that created it.
+To get the environment table of a Lua function,
+you call <a href="#pdf-getfenv"><code>getfenv</code></a>.
+To replace it,
+you call <a href="#pdf-setfenv"><code>setfenv</code></a>.
+(You can only manipulate the environment of C functions
+through the debug library; (see <a href="#5.9">§5.9</a>).)
+
+
+<p>
+An access to a global variable <code>x</code>
+is equivalent to <code>_env.x</code>,
+which in turn is equivalent to
+
+<pre>
+ gettable_event(_env, "x")
+</pre><p>
+where <code>_env</code> is the environment of the running function.
+(See <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a> for a complete description of the
+<code>gettable_event</code> function.
+This function is not defined or callable in Lua.
+Similarly, the <code>_env</code> variable is not defined in Lua.
+We use them here only for explanatory purposes.)
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.4 - <a name="2.4">Statements</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua supports an almost conventional set of statements,
+similar to those in Pascal or C.
+This set includes
+assignments, control structures, function calls,
+and variable declarations.
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.1 - <a name="2.4.1">Chunks</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The unit of execution of Lua is called a <em>chunk</em>.
+A chunk is simply a sequence of statements,
+which are executed sequentially.
+Each statement can be optionally followed by a semicolon:
+
+<pre>
+ chunk ::= {stat [`<b>;</b>´]}
+</pre><p>
+There are no empty statements and thus '<code>;;</code>' is not legal.
+
+
+<p>
+Lua handles a chunk as the body of an anonymous function
+with a variable number of arguments
+(see <a href="#2.5.9">§2.5.9</a>).
+As such, chunks can define local variables,
+receive arguments, and return values.
+
+
+<p>
+A chunk can be stored in a file or in a string inside the host program.
+To execute a chunk,
+Lua first pre-compiles the chunk into instructions for a virtual machine,
+and then it executes the compiled code
+with an interpreter for the virtual machine.
+
+
+<p>
+Chunks can also be pre-compiled into binary form;
+see program <code>luac</code> for details.
+Programs in source and compiled forms are interchangeable;
+Lua automatically detects the file type and acts accordingly.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.2 - <a name="2.4.2">Blocks</a></h3><p>
+A block is a list of statements;
+syntactically, a block is the same as a chunk:
+
+<pre>
+ block ::= chunk
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+A block can be explicitly delimited to produce a single statement:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
+</pre><p>
+Explicit blocks are useful
+to control the scope of variable declarations.
+Explicit blocks are also sometimes used to
+add a <b>return</b> or <b>break</b> statement in the middle
+of another block (see <a href="#2.4.4">§2.4.4</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.3 - <a name="2.4.3">Assignment</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Lua allows multiple assignments.
+Therefore, the syntax for assignment
+defines a list of variables on the left side
+and a list of expressions on the right side.
+The elements in both lists are separated by commas:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= varlist `<b>=</b>´ explist
+ varlist ::= var {`<b>,</b>´ var}
+ explist ::= exp {`<b>,</b>´ exp}
+</pre><p>
+Expressions are discussed in <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Before the assignment,
+the list of values is <em>adjusted</em> to the length of
+the list of variables.
+If there are more values than needed,
+the excess values are thrown away.
+If there are fewer values than needed,
+the list is extended with as many <b>nil</b>'s as needed.
+If the list of expressions ends with a function call,
+then all values returned by that call enter the list of values,
+before the adjustment
+(except when the call is enclosed in parentheses; see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The assignment statement first evaluates all its expressions
+and only then are the assignments performed.
+Thus the code
+
+<pre>
+ i = 3
+ i, a[i] = i+1, 20
+</pre><p>
+sets <code>a[3]</code> to 20, without affecting <code>a[4]</code>
+because the <code>i</code> in <code>a[i]</code> is evaluated (to 3)
+before it is assigned 4.
+Similarly, the line
+
+<pre>
+ x, y = y, x
+</pre><p>
+exchanges the values of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>,
+and
+
+<pre>
+ x, y, z = y, z, x
+</pre><p>
+cyclically permutes the values of <code>x</code>, <code>y</code>, and <code>z</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+The meaning of assignments to global variables
+and table fields can be changed via metatables.
+An assignment to an indexed variable <code>t[i] = val</code> is equivalent to
+<code>settable_event(t,i,val)</code>.
+(See <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a> for a complete description of the
+<code>settable_event</code> function.
+This function is not defined or callable in Lua.
+We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
+
+
+<p>
+An assignment to a global variable <code>x = val</code>
+is equivalent to the assignment
+<code>_env.x = val</code>,
+which in turn is equivalent to
+
+<pre>
+ settable_event(_env, "x", val)
+</pre><p>
+where <code>_env</code> is the environment of the running function.
+(The <code>_env</code> variable is not defined in Lua.
+We use it here only for explanatory purposes.)
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.4 - <a name="2.4.4">Control Structures</a></h3><p>
+The control structures
+<b>if</b>, <b>while</b>, and <b>repeat</b> have the usual meaning and
+familiar syntax:
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
+ stat ::= <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp
+ stat ::= <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b>
+</pre><p>
+Lua also has a <b>for</b> statement, in two flavors (see <a href="#2.4.5">§2.4.5</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The condition expression of a
+control structure can return any value.
+Both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> are considered false.
+All values different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b> are considered true
+(in particular, the number 0 and the empty string are also true).
+
+
+<p>
+In the <b>repeat</b>–<b>until</b> loop,
+the inner block does not end at the <b>until</b> keyword,
+but only after the condition.
+So, the condition can refer to local variables
+declared inside the loop block.
+
+
+<p>
+The <b>return</b> statement is used to return values
+from a function or a chunk (which is just a function).
+
+Functions and chunks can return more than one value,
+and so the syntax for the <b>return</b> statement is
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>return</b> [explist]
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The <b>break</b> statement is used to terminate the execution of a
+<b>while</b>, <b>repeat</b>, or <b>for</b> loop,
+skipping to the next statement after the loop:
+
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>break</b>
+</pre><p>
+A <b>break</b> ends the innermost enclosing loop.
+
+
+<p>
+The <b>return</b> and <b>break</b>
+statements can only be written as the <em>last</em> statement of a block.
+If it is really necessary to <b>return</b> or <b>break</b> in the
+middle of a block,
+then an explicit inner block can be used,
+as in the idioms
+<code>do return end</code> and <code>do break end</code>,
+because now <b>return</b> and <b>break</b> are the last statements in
+their (inner) blocks.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.5 - <a name="2.4.5">For Statement</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+
+The <b>for</b> statement has two forms:
+one numeric and one generic.
+
+
+<p>
+The numeric <b>for</b> loop repeats a block of code while a
+control variable runs through an arithmetic progression.
+It has the following syntax:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>for</b> Name `<b>=</b>´ exp `<b>,</b>´ exp [`<b>,</b>´ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
+</pre><p>
+The <em>block</em> is repeated for <em>name</em> starting at the value of
+the first <em>exp</em>, until it passes the second <em>exp</em> by steps of the
+third <em>exp</em>.
+More precisely, a <b>for</b> statement like
+
+<pre>
+ for v = <em>e1</em>, <em>e2</em>, <em>e3</em> do <em>block</em> end
+</pre><p>
+is equivalent to the code:
+
+<pre>
+ do
+ local <em>var</em>, <em>limit</em>, <em>step</em> = tonumber(<em>e1</em>), tonumber(<em>e2</em>), tonumber(<em>e3</em>)
+ if not (<em>var</em> and <em>limit</em> and <em>step</em>) then error() end
+ while (<em>step</em> > 0 and <em>var</em> <= <em>limit</em>) or (<em>step</em> <= 0 and <em>var</em> >= <em>limit</em>) do
+ local v = <em>var</em>
+ <em>block</em>
+ <em>var</em> = <em>var</em> + <em>step</em>
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+Note the following:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+All three control expressions are evaluated only once,
+before the loop starts.
+They must all result in numbers.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<code><em>var</em></code>, <code><em>limit</em></code>, and <code><em>step</em></code> are invisible variables.
+The names shown here are for explanatory purposes only.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+If the third expression (the step) is absent,
+then a step of 1 is used.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+The loop variable <code>v</code> is local to the loop;
+you cannot use its value after the <b>for</b> ends or is broken.
+If you need this value,
+assign it to another variable before breaking or exiting the loop.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The generic <b>for</b> statement works over functions,
+called <em>iterators</em>.
+On each iteration, the iterator function is called to produce a new value,
+stopping when this new value is <b>nil</b>.
+The generic <b>for</b> loop has the following syntax:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b>
+ namelist ::= Name {`<b>,</b>´ Name}
+</pre><p>
+A <b>for</b> statement like
+
+<pre>
+ for <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> in <em>explist</em> do <em>block</em> end
+</pre><p>
+is equivalent to the code:
+
+<pre>
+ do
+ local <em>f</em>, <em>s</em>, <em>var</em> = <em>explist</em>
+ while true do
+ local <em>var_1</em>, ···, <em>var_n</em> = <em>f</em>(<em>s</em>, <em>var</em>)
+ <em>var</em> = <em>var_1</em>
+ if <em>var</em> == nil then break end
+ <em>block</em>
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+Note the following:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+<code><em>explist</em></code> is evaluated only once.
+Its results are an <em>iterator</em> function,
+a <em>state</em>,
+and an initial value for the first <em>iterator variable</em>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<code><em>f</em></code>, <code><em>s</em></code>, and <code><em>var</em></code> are invisible variables.
+The names are here for explanatory purposes only.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+You can use <b>break</b> to exit a <b>for</b> loop.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+The loop variables <code><em>var_i</em></code> are local to the loop;
+you cannot use their values after the <b>for</b> ends.
+If you need these values,
+then assign them to other variables before breaking or exiting the loop.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.6 - <a name="2.4.6">Function Calls as Statements</a></h3><p>
+To allow possible side-effects,
+function calls can be executed as statements:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= functioncall
+</pre><p>
+In this case, all returned values are thrown away.
+Function calls are explained in <a href="#2.5.8">§2.5.8</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.4.7 - <a name="2.4.7">Local Declarations</a></h3><p>
+Local variables can be declared anywhere inside a block.
+The declaration can include an initial assignment:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>local</b> namelist [`<b>=</b>´ explist]
+</pre><p>
+If present, an initial assignment has the same semantics
+of a multiple assignment (see <a href="#2.4.3">§2.4.3</a>).
+Otherwise, all variables are initialized with <b>nil</b>.
+
+
+<p>
+A chunk is also a block (see <a href="#2.4.1">§2.4.1</a>),
+and so local variables can be declared in a chunk outside any explicit block.
+The scope of such local variables extends until the end of the chunk.
+
+
+<p>
+The visibility rules for local variables are explained in <a href="#2.6">§2.6</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.5 - <a name="2.5">Expressions</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+The basic expressions in Lua are the following:
+
+<pre>
+ exp ::= prefixexp
+ exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b>
+ exp ::= Number
+ exp ::= String
+ exp ::= function
+ exp ::= tableconstructor
+ exp ::= `<b>...</b>´
+ exp ::= exp binop exp
+ exp ::= unop exp
+ prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | `<b>(</b>´ exp `<b>)</b>´
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Numbers and literal strings are explained in <a href="#2.1">§2.1</a>;
+variables are explained in <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>;
+function definitions are explained in <a href="#2.5.9">§2.5.9</a>;
+function calls are explained in <a href="#2.5.8">§2.5.8</a>;
+table constructors are explained in <a href="#2.5.7">§2.5.7</a>.
+Vararg expressions,
+denoted by three dots ('<code>...</code>'), can only be used when
+directly inside a vararg function;
+they are explained in <a href="#2.5.9">§2.5.9</a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Binary operators comprise arithmetic operators (see <a href="#2.5.1">§2.5.1</a>),
+relational operators (see <a href="#2.5.2">§2.5.2</a>), logical operators (see <a href="#2.5.3">§2.5.3</a>),
+and the concatenation operator (see <a href="#2.5.4">§2.5.4</a>).
+Unary operators comprise the unary minus (see <a href="#2.5.1">§2.5.1</a>),
+the unary <b>not</b> (see <a href="#2.5.3">§2.5.3</a>),
+and the unary <em>length operator</em> (see <a href="#2.5.5">§2.5.5</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Both function calls and vararg expressions can result in multiple values.
+If an expression is used as a statement
+(only possible for function calls (see <a href="#2.4.6">§2.4.6</a>)),
+then its return list is adjusted to zero elements,
+thus discarding all returned values.
+If an expression is used as the last (or the only) element
+of a list of expressions,
+then no adjustment is made
+(unless the call is enclosed in parentheses).
+In all other contexts,
+Lua adjusts the result list to one element,
+discarding all values except the first one.
+
+
+<p>
+Here are some examples:
+
+<pre>
+ f() -- adjusted to 0 results
+ g(f(), x) -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
+ g(x, f()) -- g gets x plus all results from f()
+ a,b,c = f(), x -- f() is adjusted to 1 result (c gets nil)
+ a,b = ... -- a gets the first vararg parameter, b gets
+ -- the second (both a and b can get nil if there
+ -- is no corresponding vararg parameter)
+
+ a,b,c = x, f() -- f() is adjusted to 2 results
+ a,b,c = f() -- f() is adjusted to 3 results
+ return f() -- returns all results from f()
+ return ... -- returns all received vararg parameters
+ return x,y,f() -- returns x, y, and all results from f()
+ {f()} -- creates a list with all results from f()
+ {...} -- creates a list with all vararg parameters
+ {f(), nil} -- f() is adjusted to 1 result
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Any expression enclosed in parentheses always results in only one value.
+Thus,
+<code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is always a single value,
+even if <code>f</code> returns several values.
+(The value of <code>(f(x,y,z))</code> is the first value returned by <code>f</code>
+or <b>nil</b> if <code>f</code> does not return any values.)
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.1 - <a name="2.5.1">Arithmetic Operators</a></h3><p>
+Lua supports the usual arithmetic operators:
+the binary <code>+</code> (addition),
+<code>-</code> (subtraction), <code>*</code> (multiplication),
+<code>/</code> (division), <code>%</code> (modulo), and <code>^</code> (exponentiation);
+and unary <code>-</code> (negation).
+If the operands are numbers, or strings that can be converted to
+numbers (see <a href="#2.2.1">§2.2.1</a>),
+then all operations have the usual meaning.
+Exponentiation works for any exponent.
+For instance, <code>x^(-0.5)</code> computes the inverse of the square root of <code>x</code>.
+Modulo is defined as
+
+<pre>
+ a % b == a - math.floor(a/b)*b
+</pre><p>
+That is, it is the remainder of a division that rounds
+the quotient towards minus infinity.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.2 - <a name="2.5.2">Relational Operators</a></h3><p>
+The relational operators in Lua are
+
+<pre>
+ == ~= < > <= >=
+</pre><p>
+These operators always result in <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
+
+
+<p>
+Equality (<code>==</code>) first compares the type of its operands.
+If the types are different, then the result is <b>false</b>.
+Otherwise, the values of the operands are compared.
+Numbers and strings are compared in the usual way.
+Objects (tables, userdata, threads, and functions)
+are compared by <em>reference</em>:
+two objects are considered equal only if they are the <em>same</em> object.
+Every time you create a new object
+(a table, userdata, thread, or function),
+this new object is different from any previously existing object.
+
+
+<p>
+You can change the way that Lua compares tables and userdata
+by using the "eq" metamethod (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The conversion rules of <a href="#2.2.1">§2.2.1</a>
+<em>do not</em> apply to equality comparisons.
+Thus, <code>"0"==0</code> evaluates to <b>false</b>,
+and <code>t[0]</code> and <code>t["0"]</code> denote different
+entries in a table.
+
+
+<p>
+The operator <code>~=</code> is exactly the negation of equality (<code>==</code>).
+
+
+<p>
+The order operators work as follows.
+If both arguments are numbers, then they are compared as such.
+Otherwise, if both arguments are strings,
+then their values are compared according to the current locale.
+Otherwise, Lua tries to call the "lt" or the "le"
+metamethod (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+A comparison <code>a > b</code> is translated to <code>b < a</code>
+and <code>a >= b</code> is translated to <code>b <= a</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.3 - <a name="2.5.3">Logical Operators</a></h3><p>
+The logical operators in Lua are
+<b>and</b>, <b>or</b>, and <b>not</b>.
+Like the control structures (see <a href="#2.4.4">§2.4.4</a>),
+all logical operators consider both <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b> as false
+and anything else as true.
+
+
+<p>
+The negation operator <b>not</b> always returns <b>false</b> or <b>true</b>.
+The conjunction operator <b>and</b> returns its first argument
+if this value is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>;
+otherwise, <b>and</b> returns its second argument.
+The disjunction operator <b>or</b> returns its first argument
+if this value is different from <b>nil</b> and <b>false</b>;
+otherwise, <b>or</b> returns its second argument.
+Both <b>and</b> and <b>or</b> use short-cut evaluation;
+that is,
+the second operand is evaluated only if necessary.
+Here are some examples:
+
+<pre>
+ 10 or 20 --> 10
+ 10 or error() --> 10
+ nil or "a" --> "a"
+ nil and 10 --> nil
+ false and error() --> false
+ false and nil --> false
+ false or nil --> nil
+ 10 and 20 --> 20
+</pre><p>
+(In this manual,
+<code>--></code> indicates the result of the preceding expression.)
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.4 - <a name="2.5.4">Concatenation</a></h3><p>
+The string concatenation operator in Lua is
+denoted by two dots ('<code>..</code>').
+If both operands are strings or numbers, then they are converted to
+strings according to the rules mentioned in <a href="#2.2.1">§2.2.1</a>.
+Otherwise, the "concat" metamethod is called (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.5 - <a name="2.5.5">The Length Operator</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The length operator is denoted by the unary operator <code>#</code>.
+The length of a string is its number of bytes
+(that is, the usual meaning of string length when each
+character is one byte).
+
+
+<p>
+The length of a table <code>t</code> is defined to be any
+integer index <code>n</code>
+such that <code>t[n]</code> is not <b>nil</b> and <code>t[n+1]</code> is <b>nil</b>;
+moreover, if <code>t[1]</code> is <b>nil</b>, <code>n</code> can be zero.
+For a regular array, with non-nil values from 1 to a given <code>n</code>,
+its length is exactly that <code>n</code>,
+the index of its last value.
+If the array has "holes"
+(that is, <b>nil</b> values between other non-nil values),
+then <code>#t</code> can be any of the indices that
+directly precedes a <b>nil</b> value
+(that is, it may consider any such <b>nil</b> value as the end of
+the array).
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.6 - <a name="2.5.6">Precedence</a></h3><p>
+Operator precedence in Lua follows the table below,
+from lower to higher priority:
+
+<pre>
+ or
+ and
+ < > <= >= ~= ==
+ ..
+ + -
+ * / %
+ not # - (unary)
+ ^
+</pre><p>
+As usual,
+you can use parentheses to change the precedences of an expression.
+The concatenation ('<code>..</code>') and exponentiation ('<code>^</code>')
+operators are right associative.
+All other binary operators are left associative.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.7 - <a name="2.5.7">Table Constructors</a></h3><p>
+Table constructors are expressions that create tables.
+Every time a constructor is evaluated, a new table is created.
+A constructor can be used to create an empty table
+or to create a table and initialize some of its fields.
+The general syntax for constructors is
+
+<pre>
+ tableconstructor ::= `<b>{</b>´ [fieldlist] `<b>}</b>´
+ fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
+ field ::= `<b>[</b>´ exp `<b>]</b>´ `<b>=</b>´ exp | Name `<b>=</b>´ exp | exp
+ fieldsep ::= `<b>,</b>´ | `<b>;</b>´
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Each field of the form <code>[exp1] = exp2</code> adds to the new table an entry
+with key <code>exp1</code> and value <code>exp2</code>.
+A field of the form <code>name = exp</code> is equivalent to
+<code>["name"] = exp</code>.
+Finally, fields of the form <code>exp</code> are equivalent to
+<code>[i] = exp</code>, where <code>i</code> are consecutive numerical integers,
+starting with 1.
+Fields in the other formats do not affect this counting.
+For example,
+
+<pre>
+ a = { [f(1)] = g; "x", "y"; x = 1, f(x), [30] = 23; 45 }
+</pre><p>
+is equivalent to
+
+<pre>
+ do
+ local t = {}
+ t[f(1)] = g
+ t[1] = "x" -- 1st exp
+ t[2] = "y" -- 2nd exp
+ t.x = 1 -- t["x"] = 1
+ t[3] = f(x) -- 3rd exp
+ t[30] = 23
+ t[4] = 45 -- 4th exp
+ a = t
+ end
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the last field in the list has the form <code>exp</code>
+and the expression is a function call or a vararg expression,
+then all values returned by this expression enter the list consecutively
+(see <a href="#2.5.8">§2.5.8</a>).
+To avoid this,
+enclose the function call or the vararg expression
+in parentheses (see <a href="#2.5">§2.5</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The field list can have an optional trailing separator,
+as a convenience for machine-generated code.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.8 - <a name="2.5.8">Function Calls</a></h3><p>
+A function call in Lua has the following syntax:
+
+<pre>
+ functioncall ::= prefixexp args
+</pre><p>
+In a function call,
+first prefixexp and args are evaluated.
+If the value of prefixexp has type <em>function</em>,
+then this function is called
+with the given arguments.
+Otherwise, the prefixexp "call" metamethod is called,
+having as first parameter the value of prefixexp,
+followed by the original call arguments
+(see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The form
+
+<pre>
+ functioncall ::= prefixexp `<b>:</b>´ Name args
+</pre><p>
+can be used to call "methods".
+A call <code>v:name(<em>args</em>)</code>
+is syntactic sugar for <code>v.name(v,<em>args</em>)</code>,
+except that <code>v</code> is evaluated only once.
+
+
+<p>
+Arguments have the following syntax:
+
+<pre>
+ args ::= `<b>(</b>´ [explist] `<b>)</b>´
+ args ::= tableconstructor
+ args ::= String
+</pre><p>
+All argument expressions are evaluated before the call.
+A call of the form <code>f{<em>fields</em>}</code> is
+syntactic sugar for <code>f({<em>fields</em>})</code>;
+that is, the argument list is a single new table.
+A call of the form <code>f'<em>string</em>'</code>
+(or <code>f"<em>string</em>"</code> or <code>f[[<em>string</em>]]</code>)
+is syntactic sugar for <code>f('<em>string</em>')</code>;
+that is, the argument list is a single literal string.
+
+
+<p>
+As an exception to the free-format syntax of Lua,
+you cannot put a line break before the '<code>(</code>' in a function call.
+This restriction avoids some ambiguities in the language.
+If you write
+
+<pre>
+ a = f
+ (g).x(a)
+</pre><p>
+Lua would see that as a single statement, <code>a = f(g).x(a)</code>.
+So, if you want two statements, you must add a semi-colon between them.
+If you actually want to call <code>f</code>,
+you must remove the line break before <code>(g)</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+A call of the form <code>return</code> <em>functioncall</em> is called
+a <em>tail call</em>.
+Lua implements <em>proper tail calls</em>
+(or <em>proper tail recursion</em>):
+in a tail call,
+the called function reuses the stack entry of the calling function.
+Therefore, there is no limit on the number of nested tail calls that
+a program can execute.
+However, a tail call erases any debug information about the
+calling function.
+Note that a tail call only happens with a particular syntax,
+where the <b>return</b> has one single function call as argument;
+this syntax makes the calling function return exactly
+the returns of the called function.
+So, none of the following examples are tail calls:
+
+<pre>
+ return (f(x)) -- results adjusted to 1
+ return 2 * f(x)
+ return x, f(x) -- additional results
+ f(x); return -- results discarded
+ return x or f(x) -- results adjusted to 1
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.5.9 - <a name="2.5.9">Function Definitions</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+The syntax for function definition is
+
+<pre>
+ function ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
+ funcbody ::= `<b>(</b>´ [parlist] `<b>)</b>´ block <b>end</b>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The following syntactic sugar simplifies function definitions:
+
+<pre>
+ stat ::= <b>function</b> funcname funcbody
+ stat ::= <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody
+ funcname ::= Name {`<b>.</b>´ Name} [`<b>:</b>´ Name]
+</pre><p>
+The statement
+
+<pre>
+ function f () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+translates to
+
+<pre>
+ f = function () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+The statement
+
+<pre>
+ function t.a.b.c.f () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+translates to
+
+<pre>
+ t.a.b.c.f = function () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+The statement
+
+<pre>
+ local function f () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+translates to
+
+<pre>
+ local f; f = function () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+<em>not</em> to
+
+<pre>
+ local f = function () <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+(This only makes a difference when the body of the function
+contains references to <code>f</code>.)
+
+
+<p>
+A function definition is an executable expression,
+whose value has type <em>function</em>.
+When Lua pre-compiles a chunk,
+all its function bodies are pre-compiled too.
+Then, whenever Lua executes the function definition,
+the function is <em>instantiated</em> (or <em>closed</em>).
+This function instance (or <em>closure</em>)
+is the final value of the expression.
+Different instances of the same function
+can refer to different external local variables
+and can have different environment tables.
+
+
+<p>
+Parameters act as local variables that are
+initialized with the argument values:
+
+<pre>
+ parlist ::= namelist [`<b>,</b>´ `<b>...</b>´] | `<b>...</b>´
+</pre><p>
+When a function is called,
+the list of arguments is adjusted to
+the length of the list of parameters,
+unless the function is a variadic or <em>vararg function</em>,
+which is
+indicated by three dots ('<code>...</code>') at the end of its parameter list.
+A vararg function does not adjust its argument list;
+instead, it collects all extra arguments and supplies them
+to the function through a <em>vararg expression</em>,
+which is also written as three dots.
+The value of this expression is a list of all actual extra arguments,
+similar to a function with multiple results.
+If a vararg expression is used inside another expression
+or in the middle of a list of expressions,
+then its return list is adjusted to one element.
+If the expression is used as the last element of a list of expressions,
+then no adjustment is made
+(unless that last expression is enclosed in parentheses).
+
+
+<p>
+As an example, consider the following definitions:
+
+<pre>
+ function f(a, b) end
+ function g(a, b, ...) end
+ function r() return 1,2,3 end
+</pre><p>
+Then, we have the following mapping from arguments to parameters and
+to the vararg expression:
+
+<pre>
+ CALL PARAMETERS
+
+ f(3) a=3, b=nil
+ f(3, 4) a=3, b=4
+ f(3, 4, 5) a=3, b=4
+ f(r(), 10) a=1, b=10
+ f(r()) a=1, b=2
+
+ g(3) a=3, b=nil, ... --> (nothing)
+ g(3, 4) a=3, b=4, ... --> (nothing)
+ g(3, 4, 5, 8) a=3, b=4, ... --> 5 8
+ g(5, r()) a=5, b=1, ... --> 2 3
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Results are returned using the <b>return</b> statement (see <a href="#2.4.4">§2.4.4</a>).
+If control reaches the end of a function
+without encountering a <b>return</b> statement,
+then the function returns with no results.
+
+
+<p>
+The <em>colon</em> syntax
+is used for defining <em>methods</em>,
+that is, functions that have an implicit extra parameter <code>self</code>.
+Thus, the statement
+
+<pre>
+ function t.a.b.c:f (<em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+is syntactic sugar for
+
+<pre>
+ t.a.b.c.f = function (self, <em>params</em>) <em>body</em> end
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.6 - <a name="2.6">Visibility Rules</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+
+Lua is a lexically scoped language.
+The scope of variables begins at the first statement <em>after</em>
+their declaration and lasts until the end of the innermost block that
+includes the declaration.
+Consider the following example:
+
+<pre>
+ x = 10 -- global variable
+ do -- new block
+ local x = x -- new 'x', with value 10
+ print(x) --> 10
+ x = x+1
+ do -- another block
+ local x = x+1 -- another 'x'
+ print(x) --> 12
+ end
+ print(x) --> 11
+ end
+ print(x) --> 10 (the global one)
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Notice that, in a declaration like <code>local x = x</code>,
+the new <code>x</code> being declared is not in scope yet,
+and so the second <code>x</code> refers to the outside variable.
+
+
+<p>
+Because of the lexical scoping rules,
+local variables can be freely accessed by functions
+defined inside their scope.
+A local variable used by an inner function is called
+an <em>upvalue</em>, or <em>external local variable</em>,
+inside the inner function.
+
+
+<p>
+Notice that each execution of a <b>local</b> statement
+defines new local variables.
+Consider the following example:
+
+<pre>
+ a = {}
+ local x = 20
+ for i=1,10 do
+ local y = 0
+ a[i] = function () y=y+1; return x+y end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+The loop creates ten closures
+(that is, ten instances of the anonymous function).
+Each of these closures uses a different <code>y</code> variable,
+while all of them share the same <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.7 - <a name="2.7">Error Handling</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Because Lua is an embedded extension language,
+all Lua actions start from C code in the host program
+calling a function from the Lua library (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>).
+Whenever an error occurs during Lua compilation or execution,
+control returns to C,
+which can take appropriate measures
+(such as printing an error message).
+
+
+<p>
+Lua code can explicitly generate an error by calling the
+<a href="#pdf-error"><code>error</code></a> function.
+If you need to catch errors in Lua,
+you can use the <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a> function.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.8 - <a name="2.8">Metatables</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Every value in Lua can have a <em>metatable</em>.
+This <em>metatable</em> is an ordinary Lua table
+that defines the behavior of the original value
+under certain special operations.
+You can change several aspects of the behavior
+of operations over a value by setting specific fields in its metatable.
+For instance, when a non-numeric value is the operand of an addition,
+Lua checks for a function in the field <code>"__add"</code> in its metatable.
+If it finds one,
+Lua calls this function to perform the addition.
+
+
+<p>
+We call the keys in a metatable <em>events</em>
+and the values <em>metamethods</em>.
+In the previous example, the event is <code>"add"</code>
+and the metamethod is the function that performs the addition.
+
+
+<p>
+You can query the metatable of any value
+through the <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a> function.
+
+
+<p>
+You can replace the metatable of tables
+through the <a href="#pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable</code></a>
+function.
+You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua
+(except by using the debug library);
+you must use the C API for that.
+
+
+<p>
+Tables and full userdata have individual metatables
+(although multiple tables and userdata can share their metatables).
+Values of all other types share one single metatable per type;
+that is, there is one single metatable for all numbers,
+one for all strings, etc.
+
+
+<p>
+A metatable controls how an object behaves in arithmetic operations,
+order comparisons, concatenation, length operation, and indexing.
+A metatable also can define a function to be called when a userdata
+is garbage collected.
+For each of these operations Lua associates a specific key
+called an <em>event</em>.
+When Lua performs one of these operations over a value,
+it checks whether this value has a metatable with the corresponding event.
+If so, the value associated with that key (the metamethod)
+controls how Lua will perform the operation.
+
+
+<p>
+Metatables control the operations listed next.
+Each operation is identified by its corresponding name.
+The key for each operation is a string with its name prefixed by
+two underscores, '<code>__</code>';
+for instance, the key for operation "add" is the
+string <code>"__add"</code>.
+The semantics of these operations is better explained by a Lua function
+describing how the interpreter executes the operation.
+
+
+<p>
+The code shown here in Lua is only illustrative;
+the real behavior is hard coded in the interpreter
+and it is much more efficient than this simulation.
+All functions used in these descriptions
+(<a href="#pdf-rawget"><code>rawget</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber</code></a>, etc.)
+are described in <a href="#5.1">§5.1</a>.
+In particular, to retrieve the metamethod of a given object,
+we use the expression
+
+<pre>
+ metatable(obj)[event]
+</pre><p>
+This should be read as
+
+<pre>
+ rawget(getmetatable(obj) or {}, event)
+</pre><p>
+
+That is, the access to a metamethod does not invoke other metamethods,
+and the access to objects with no metatables does not fail
+(it simply results in <b>nil</b>).
+
+
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>"add":</b>
+the <code>+</code> operation.
+
+
+
+<p>
+The function <code>getbinhandler</code> below defines how Lua chooses a handler
+for a binary operation.
+First, Lua tries the first operand.
+If its type does not define a handler for the operation,
+then Lua tries the second operand.
+
+<pre>
+ function getbinhandler (op1, op2, event)
+ return metatable(op1)[event] or metatable(op2)[event]
+ end
+</pre><p>
+By using this function,
+the behavior of the <code>op1 + op2</code> is
+
+<pre>
+ function add_event (op1, op2)
+ local o1, o2 = tonumber(op1), tonumber(op2)
+ if o1 and o2 then -- both operands are numeric?
+ return o1 + o2 -- '+' here is the primitive 'add'
+ else -- at least one of the operands is not numeric
+ local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__add")
+ if h then
+ -- call the handler with both operands
+ return (h(op1, op2))
+ else -- no handler available: default behavior
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"sub":</b>
+the <code>-</code> operation.
+
+Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"mul":</b>
+the <code>*</code> operation.
+
+Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"div":</b>
+the <code>/</code> operation.
+
+Behavior similar to the "add" operation.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"mod":</b>
+the <code>%</code> operation.
+
+Behavior similar to the "add" operation,
+with the operation
+<code>o1 - floor(o1/o2)*o2</code> as the primitive operation.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"pow":</b>
+the <code>^</code> (exponentiation) operation.
+
+Behavior similar to the "add" operation,
+with the function <code>pow</code> (from the C math library)
+as the primitive operation.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"unm":</b>
+the unary <code>-</code> operation.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function unm_event (op)
+ local o = tonumber(op)
+ if o then -- operand is numeric?
+ return -o -- '-' here is the primitive 'unm'
+ else -- the operand is not numeric.
+ -- Try to get a handler from the operand
+ local h = metatable(op).__unm
+ if h then
+ -- call the handler with the operand
+ return (h(op))
+ else -- no handler available: default behavior
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"concat":</b>
+the <code>..</code> (concatenation) operation.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function concat_event (op1, op2)
+ if (type(op1) == "string" or type(op1) == "number") and
+ (type(op2) == "string" or type(op2) == "number") then
+ return op1 .. op2 -- primitive string concatenation
+ else
+ local h = getbinhandler(op1, op2, "__concat")
+ if h then
+ return (h(op1, op2))
+ else
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"len":</b>
+the <code>#</code> operation.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function len_event (op)
+ if type(op) == "string" then
+ return strlen(op) -- primitive string length
+ elseif type(op) == "table" then
+ return #op -- primitive table length
+ else
+ local h = metatable(op).__len
+ if h then
+ -- call the handler with the operand
+ return (h(op))
+ else -- no handler available: default behavior
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+See <a href="#2.5.5">§2.5.5</a> for a description of the length of a table.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"eq":</b>
+the <code>==</code> operation.
+
+The function <code>getcomphandler</code> defines how Lua chooses a metamethod
+for comparison operators.
+A metamethod only is selected when both objects
+being compared have the same type
+and the same metamethod for the selected operation.
+
+<pre>
+ function getcomphandler (op1, op2, event)
+ if type(op1) ~= type(op2) then return nil end
+ local mm1 = metatable(op1)[event]
+ local mm2 = metatable(op2)[event]
+ if mm1 == mm2 then return mm1 else return nil end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+The "eq" event is defined as follows:
+
+<pre>
+ function eq_event (op1, op2)
+ if type(op1) ~= type(op2) then -- different types?
+ return false -- different objects
+ end
+ if op1 == op2 then -- primitive equal?
+ return true -- objects are equal
+ end
+ -- try metamethod
+ local h = getcomphandler(op1, op2, "__eq")
+ if h then
+ return (h(op1, op2))
+ else
+ return false
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+<code>a ~= b</code> is equivalent to <code>not (a == b)</code>.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"lt":</b>
+the <code><</code> operation.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function lt_event (op1, op2)
+ if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then
+ return op1 < op2 -- numeric comparison
+ elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then
+ return op1 < op2 -- lexicographic comparison
+ else
+ local h = getcomphandler(op1, op2, "__lt")
+ if h then
+ return (h(op1, op2))
+ else
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+<code>a > b</code> is equivalent to <code>b < a</code>.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"le":</b>
+the <code><=</code> operation.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function le_event (op1, op2)
+ if type(op1) == "number" and type(op2) == "number" then
+ return op1 <= op2 -- numeric comparison
+ elseif type(op1) == "string" and type(op2) == "string" then
+ return op1 <= op2 -- lexicographic comparison
+ else
+ local h = getcomphandler(op1, op2, "__le")
+ if h then
+ return (h(op1, op2))
+ else
+ h = getcomphandler(op1, op2, "__lt")
+ if h then
+ return not h(op2, op1)
+ else
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+<code>a >= b</code> is equivalent to <code>b <= a</code>.
+Note that, in the absence of a "le" metamethod,
+Lua tries the "lt", assuming that <code>a <= b</code> is
+equivalent to <code>not (b < a)</code>.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"index":</b>
+The indexing access <code>table[key]</code>.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function gettable_event (table, key)
+ local h
+ if type(table) == "table" then
+ local v = rawget(table, key)
+ if v ~= nil then return v end
+ h = metatable(table).__index
+ if h == nil then return nil end
+ else
+ h = metatable(table).__index
+ if h == nil then
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ if type(h) == "function" then
+ return (h(table, key)) -- call the handler
+ else return h[key] -- or repeat operation on it
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"newindex":</b>
+The indexing assignment <code>table[key] = value</code>.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function settable_event (table, key, value)
+ local h
+ if type(table) == "table" then
+ local v = rawget(table, key)
+ if v ~= nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end
+ h = metatable(table).__newindex
+ if h == nil then rawset(table, key, value); return end
+ else
+ h = metatable(table).__newindex
+ if h == nil then
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ if type(h) == "function" then
+ h(table, key,value) -- call the handler
+ else h[key] = value -- or repeat operation on it
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"call":</b>
+called when Lua calls a value.
+
+
+<pre>
+ function function_event (func, ...)
+ if type(func) == "function" then
+ return func(...) -- primitive call
+ else
+ local h = metatable(func).__call
+ if h then
+ return h(func, ...)
+ else
+ error(···)
+ end
+ end
+ end
+</pre><p>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.9 - <a name="2.9">Environments</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Besides metatables,
+objects of types thread, function, and userdata
+have another table associated with them,
+called their <em>environment</em>.
+Like metatables, environments are regular tables and
+multiple objects can share the same environment.
+
+
+<p>
+Threads are created sharing the environment of the creating thread.
+Userdata and C functions are created sharing the environment
+of the creating C function.
+Non-nested Lua functions
+(created by <a href="#pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile</code></a>, <a href="#pdf-loadstring"><code>loadstring</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>)
+are created sharing the environment of the creating thread.
+Nested Lua functions are created sharing the environment of
+the creating Lua function.
+
+
+<p>
+Environments associated with userdata have no meaning for Lua.
+It is only a convenience feature for programmers to associate a table to
+a userdata.
+
+
+<p>
+Environments associated with threads are called
+<em>global environments</em>.
+They are used as the default environment for threads and
+non-nested Lua functions created by the thread
+and can be directly accessed by C code (see <a href="#3.3">§3.3</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The environment associated with a C function can be directly
+accessed by C code (see <a href="#3.3">§3.3</a>).
+It is used as the default environment for other C functions
+and userdata created by the function.
+
+
+<p>
+Environments associated with Lua functions are used to resolve
+all accesses to global variables within the function (see <a href="#2.3">§2.3</a>).
+They are used as the default environment for nested Lua functions
+created by the function.
+
+
+<p>
+You can change the environment of a Lua function or the
+running thread by calling <a href="#pdf-setfenv"><code>setfenv</code></a>.
+You can get the environment of a Lua function or the running thread
+by calling <a href="#pdf-getfenv"><code>getfenv</code></a>.
+To manipulate the environment of other objects
+(userdata, C functions, other threads) you must
+use the C API.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.10 - <a name="2.10">Garbage Collection</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua performs automatic memory management.
+This means that
+you have to worry neither about allocating memory for new objects
+nor about freeing it when the objects are no longer needed.
+Lua manages memory automatically by running
+a <em>garbage collector</em> from time to time
+to collect all <em>dead objects</em>
+(that is, objects that are no longer accessible from Lua).
+All memory used by Lua is subject to automatic management:
+tables, userdata, functions, threads, strings, etc.
+
+
+<p>
+Lua implements an incremental mark-and-sweep collector.
+It uses two numbers to control its garbage-collection cycles:
+the <em>garbage-collector pause</em> and
+the <em>garbage-collector step multiplier</em>.
+Both use percentage points as units
+(so that a value of 100 means an internal value of 1).
+
+
+<p>
+The garbage-collector pause
+controls how long the collector waits before starting a new cycle.
+Larger values make the collector less aggressive.
+Values smaller than 100 mean the collector will not wait to
+start a new cycle.
+A value of 200 means that the collector waits for the total memory in use
+to double before starting a new cycle.
+
+
+<p>
+The step multiplier
+controls the relative speed of the collector relative to
+memory allocation.
+Larger values make the collector more aggressive but also increase
+the size of each incremental step.
+Values smaller than 100 make the collector too slow and
+can result in the collector never finishing a cycle.
+The default, 200, means that the collector runs at "twice"
+the speed of memory allocation.
+
+
+<p>
+You can change these numbers by calling <a href="#lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a> in C
+or <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a> in Lua.
+With these functions you can also control
+the collector directly (e.g., stop and restart it).
+
+
+
+<h3>2.10.1 - <a name="2.10.1">Garbage-Collection Metamethods</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+Using the C API,
+you can set garbage-collector metamethods for userdata (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+These metamethods are also called <em>finalizers</em>.
+Finalizers allow you to coordinate Lua's garbage collection
+with external resource management
+(such as closing files, network or database connections,
+or freeing your own memory).
+
+
+<p>
+Garbage userdata with a field <code>__gc</code> in their metatables are not
+collected immediately by the garbage collector.
+Instead, Lua puts them in a list.
+After the collection,
+Lua does the equivalent of the following function
+for each userdata in that list:
+
+<pre>
+ function gc_event (udata)
+ local h = metatable(udata).__gc
+ if h then
+ h(udata)
+ end
+ end
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+At the end of each garbage-collection cycle,
+the finalizers for userdata are called in <em>reverse</em>
+order of their creation,
+among those collected in that cycle.
+That is, the first finalizer to be called is the one associated
+with the userdata created last in the program.
+The userdata itself is freed only in the next garbage-collection cycle.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3>2.10.2 - <a name="2.10.2">Weak Tables</a></h3>
+
+<p>
+A <em>weak table</em> is a table whose elements are
+<em>weak references</em>.
+A weak reference is ignored by the garbage collector.
+In other words,
+if the only references to an object are weak references,
+then the garbage collector will collect this object.
+
+
+<p>
+A weak table can have weak keys, weak values, or both.
+A table with weak keys allows the collection of its keys,
+but prevents the collection of its values.
+A table with both weak keys and weak values allows the collection of
+both keys and values.
+In any case, if either the key or the value is collected,
+the whole pair is removed from the table.
+The weakness of a table is controlled by the
+<code>__mode</code> field of its metatable.
+If the <code>__mode</code> field is a string containing the character '<code>k</code>',
+the keys in the table are weak.
+If <code>__mode</code> contains '<code>v</code>',
+the values in the table are weak.
+
+
+<p>
+After you use a table as a metatable,
+you should not change the value of its <code>__mode</code> field.
+Otherwise, the weak behavior of the tables controlled by this
+metatable is undefined.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>2.11 - <a name="2.11">Coroutines</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua supports coroutines,
+also called <em>collaborative multithreading</em>.
+A coroutine in Lua represents an independent thread of execution.
+Unlike threads in multithread systems, however,
+a coroutine only suspends its execution by explicitly calling
+a yield function.
+
+
+<p>
+You create a coroutine with a call to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>.
+Its sole argument is a function
+that is the main function of the coroutine.
+The <code>create</code> function only creates a new coroutine and
+returns a handle to it (an object of type <em>thread</em>);
+it does not start the coroutine execution.
+
+
+<p>
+When you first call <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>,
+passing as its first argument
+a thread returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>,
+the coroutine starts its execution,
+at the first line of its main function.
+Extra arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> are passed on
+to the coroutine main function.
+After the coroutine starts running,
+it runs until it terminates or <em>yields</em>.
+
+
+<p>
+A coroutine can terminate its execution in two ways:
+normally, when its main function returns
+(explicitly or implicitly, after the last instruction);
+and abnormally, if there is an unprotected error.
+In the first case, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>true</b>,
+plus any values returned by the coroutine main function.
+In case of errors, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns <b>false</b>
+plus an error message.
+
+
+<p>
+A coroutine yields by calling <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>.
+When a coroutine yields,
+the corresponding <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> returns immediately,
+even if the yield happens inside nested function calls
+(that is, not in the main function,
+but in a function directly or indirectly called by the main function).
+In the case of a yield, <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a> also returns <b>true</b>,
+plus any values passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a>.
+The next time you resume the same coroutine,
+it continues its execution from the point where it yielded,
+with the call to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield</code></a> returning any extra
+arguments passed to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Like <a href="#pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create</code></a>,
+the <a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> function also creates a coroutine,
+but instead of returning the coroutine itself,
+it returns a function that, when called, resumes the coroutine.
+Any arguments passed to this function
+go as extra arguments to <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>.
+<a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> returns all the values returned by <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>,
+except the first one (the boolean error code).
+Unlike <a href="#pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume</code></a>,
+<a href="#pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap</code></a> does not catch errors;
+any error is propagated to the caller.
+
+
+<p>
+As an example,
+consider the following code:
+
+<pre>
+ function foo (a)
+ print("foo", a)
+ return coroutine.yield(2*a)
+ end
+
+ co = coroutine.create(function (a,b)
+ print("co-body", a, b)
+ local r = foo(a+1)
+ print("co-body", r)
+ local r, s = coroutine.yield(a+b, a-b)
+ print("co-body", r, s)
+ return b, "end"
+ end)
+
+ print("main", coroutine.resume(co, 1, 10))
+ print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "r"))
+ print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y"))
+ print("main", coroutine.resume(co, "x", "y"))
+</pre><p>
+When you run it, it produces the following output:
+
+<pre>
+ co-body 1 10
+ foo 2
+
+ main true 4
+ co-body r
+ main true 11 -9
+ co-body x y
+ main true 10 end
+ main false cannot resume dead coroutine
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>3 - <a name="3">The Application Program Interface</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+
+This section describes the C API for Lua, that is,
+the set of C functions available to the host program to communicate
+with Lua.
+All API functions and related types and constants
+are declared in the header file <a name="pdf-lua.h"><code>lua.h</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Even when we use the term "function",
+any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead.
+All such macros use each of their arguments exactly once
+(except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state),
+and so do not generate any hidden side-effects.
+
+
+<p>
+As in most C libraries,
+the Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency.
+However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua
+with a proper definition for the macro <a name="pdf-luai_apicheck"><code>luai_apicheck</code></a>,
+in file <code>luaconf.h</code>.
+
+
+
+<h2>3.1 - <a name="3.1">The Stack</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua uses a <em>virtual stack</em> to pass values to and from C.
+Each element in this stack represents a Lua value
+(<b>nil</b>, number, string, etc.).
+
+
+<p>
+Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack,
+which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of
+C functions that are still active.
+This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function
+and it is where the C function pushes its results
+to be returned to the caller (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+For convenience,
+most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline.
+Instead, they can refer to any element in the stack
+by using an <em>index</em>:
+A positive index represents an <em>absolute</em> stack position
+(starting at 1);
+a negative index represents an <em>offset</em> relative to the top of the stack.
+More specifically, if the stack has <em>n</em> elements,
+then index 1 represents the first element
+(that is, the element that was pushed onto the stack first)
+and
+index <em>n</em> represents the last element;
+index -1 also represents the last element
+(that is, the element at the top)
+and index <em>-n</em> represents the first element.
+We say that an index is <em>valid</em>
+if it lies between 1 and the stack top
+(that is, if <code>1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top</code>).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.2 - <a name="3.2">Stack Size</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+When you interact with Lua API,
+you are responsible for ensuring consistency.
+In particular,
+<em>you are responsible for controlling stack overflow</em>.
+You can use the function <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>
+to grow the stack size.
+
+
+<p>
+Whenever Lua calls C,
+it ensures that at least <a name="pdf-LUA_MINSTACK"><code>LUA_MINSTACK</code></a> stack positions are available.
+<code>LUA_MINSTACK</code> is defined as 20,
+so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space
+unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+Most query functions accept as indices any value inside the
+available stack space, that is, indices up to the maximum stack size
+you have set through <a href="#lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a>.
+Such indices are called <em>acceptable indices</em>.
+More formally, we define an <em>acceptable index</em>
+as follows:
+
+<pre>
+ (index < 0 && abs(index) <= top) ||
+ (index > 0 && index <= stackspace)
+</pre><p>
+Note that 0 is never an acceptable index.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.3 - <a name="3.3">Pseudo-Indices</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Unless otherwise noted,
+any function that accepts valid indices can also be called with
+<em>pseudo-indices</em>,
+which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code
+but which are not in the stack.
+Pseudo-indices are used to access the thread environment,
+the function environment,
+the registry,
+and the upvalues of a C function (see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>).
+
+
+<p>
+The thread environment (where global variables live) is
+always at pseudo-index <a name="pdf-LUA_GLOBALSINDEX"><code>LUA_GLOBALSINDEX</code></a>.
+The environment of the running C function is always
+at pseudo-index <a name="pdf-LUA_ENVIRONINDEX"><code>LUA_ENVIRONINDEX</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+To access and change the value of global variables,
+you can use regular table operations over an environment table.
+For instance, to access the value of a global variable, do
+
+<pre>
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, varname);
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.4 - <a name="3.4">C Closures</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+When a C function is created,
+it is possible to associate some values with it,
+thus creating a <em>C closure</em>;
+these values are called <em>upvalues</em> and are
+accessible to the function whenever it is called
+(see <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Whenever a C function is called,
+its upvalues are located at specific pseudo-indices.
+These pseudo-indices are produced by the macro
+<a name="lua_upvalueindex"><code>lua_upvalueindex</code></a>.
+The first value associated with a function is at position
+<code>lua_upvalueindex(1)</code>, and so on.
+Any access to <code>lua_upvalueindex(<em>n</em>)</code>,
+where <em>n</em> is greater than the number of upvalues of the
+current function (but not greater than 256),
+produces an acceptable (but invalid) index.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.5 - <a name="3.5">Registry</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua provides a <em>registry</em>,
+a pre-defined table that can be used by any C code to
+store whatever Lua value it needs to store.
+This table is always located at pseudo-index
+<a name="pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX"><code>LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</code></a>.
+Any C library can store data into this table,
+but it should take care to choose keys different from those used
+by other libraries, to avoid collisions.
+Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name
+or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code.
+
+
+<p>
+The integer keys in the registry are used by the reference mechanism,
+implemented by the auxiliary library,
+and therefore should not be used for other purposes.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.6 - <a name="3.6">Error Handling in C</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Internally, Lua uses the C <code>longjmp</code> facility to handle errors.
+(You can also choose to use exceptions if you use C++;
+see file <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+When Lua faces any error
+(such as memory allocation errors, type errors, syntax errors,
+and runtime errors)
+it <em>raises</em> an error;
+that is, it does a long jump.
+A <em>protected environment</em> uses <code>setjmp</code>
+to set a recover point;
+any error jumps to the most recent active recover point.
+
+
+<p>
+Most functions in the API can throw an error,
+for instance due to a memory allocation error.
+The documentation for each function indicates whether
+it can throw errors.
+
+
+<p>
+Inside a C function you can throw an error by calling <a href="#lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.7 - <a name="3.7">Functions and Types</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Here we list all functions and types from the C API in
+alphabetical order.
+Each function has an indicator like this:
+<span class="apii">[-o, +p, <em>x</em>]</span>
+
+
+<p>
+The first field, <code>o</code>,
+is how many elements the function pops from the stack.
+The second field, <code>p</code>,
+is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack.
+(Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.)
+A field in the form <code>x|y</code> means the function can push (or pop)
+<code>x</code> or <code>y</code> elements,
+depending on the situation;
+an interrogation mark '<code>?</code>' means that
+we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes
+by looking only at its arguments
+(e.g., they may depend on what is on the stack).
+The third field, <code>x</code>,
+tells whether the function may throw errors:
+'<code>-</code>' means the function never throws any error;
+'<code>m</code>' means the function may throw an error
+only due to not enough memory;
+'<code>e</code>' means the function may throw other kinds of errors;
+'<code>v</code>' means the function may throw an error on purpose.
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Alloc"><code>lua_Alloc</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud,
+ void *ptr,
+ size_t osize,
+ size_t nsize);</pre>
+
+<p>
+The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states.
+The allocator function must provide a
+functionality similar to <code>realloc</code>,
+but not exactly the same.
+Its arguments are
+<code>ud</code>, an opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>;
+<code>ptr</code>, a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed;
+<code>osize</code>, the original size of the block;
+<code>nsize</code>, the new size of the block.
+<code>ptr</code> is <code>NULL</code> if and only if <code>osize</code> is zero.
+When <code>nsize</code> is zero, the allocator must return <code>NULL</code>;
+if <code>osize</code> is not zero,
+it should free the block pointed to by <code>ptr</code>.
+When <code>nsize</code> is not zero, the allocator returns <code>NULL</code>
+if and only if it cannot fill the request.
+When <code>nsize</code> is not zero and <code>osize</code> is zero,
+the allocator should behave like <code>malloc</code>.
+When <code>nsize</code> and <code>osize</code> are not zero,
+the allocator behaves like <code>realloc</code>.
+Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when
+<code>osize >= nsize</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function.
+It is used in the auxiliary library by <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a>.
+
+<pre>
+ static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize,
+ size_t nsize) {
+ (void)ud; (void)osize; /* not used */
+ if (nsize == 0) {
+ free(ptr);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ else
+ return realloc(ptr, nsize);
+ }
+</pre><p>
+This code assumes
+that <code>free(NULL)</code> has no effect and that
+<code>realloc(NULL, size)</code> is equivalent to <code>malloc(size)</code>.
+ANSI C ensures both behaviors.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Sets a new panic function and returns the old one.
+
+
+<p>
+If an error happens outside any protected environment,
+Lua calls a <em>panic function</em>
+and then calls <code>exit(EXIT_FAILURE)</code>,
+thus exiting the host application.
+Your panic function can avoid this exit by
+never returning (e.g., doing a long jump).
+
+
+<p>
+The panic function can access the error message at the top of the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +nresults, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Calls a function.
+
+
+<p>
+To call a function you must use the following protocol:
+first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack;
+then, the arguments to the function are pushed
+in direct order;
+that is, the first argument is pushed first.
+Finally you call <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>;
+<code>nargs</code> is the number of arguments that you pushed onto the stack.
+All arguments and the function value are popped from the stack
+when the function is called.
+The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns.
+The number of results is adjusted to <code>nresults</code>,
+unless <code>nresults</code> is <a name="pdf-LUA_MULTRET"><code>LUA_MULTRET</code></a>.
+In this case, <em>all</em> results from the function are pushed.
+Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space.
+The function results are pushed onto the stack in direct order
+(the first result is pushed first),
+so that after the call the last result is on the top of the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards
+(with a <code>longjmp</code>).
+
+
+<p>
+The following example shows how the host program can do the
+equivalent to this Lua code:
+
+<pre>
+ a = f("how", t.x, 14)
+</pre><p>
+Here it is in C:
+
+<pre>
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "f"); /* function to be called */
+ lua_pushstring(L, "how"); /* 1st argument */
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "t"); /* table to be indexed */
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "x"); /* push result of t.x (2nd arg) */
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 't' from the stack */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, 14); /* 3rd argument */
+ lua_call(L, 3, 1); /* call 'f' with 3 arguments and 1 result */
+ lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "a"); /* set global 'a' */
+</pre><p>
+Note that the code above is "balanced":
+at its end, the stack is back to its original configuration.
+This is considered good programming practice.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Type for C functions.
+
+
+<p>
+In order to communicate properly with Lua,
+a C function must use the following protocol,
+which defines the way parameters and results are passed:
+a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack
+in direct order (the first argument is pushed first).
+So, when the function starts,
+<code>lua_gettop(L)</code> returns the number of arguments received by the function.
+The first argument (if any) is at index 1
+and its last argument is at index <code>lua_gettop(L)</code>.
+To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack,
+in direct order (the first result is pushed first),
+and returns the number of results.
+Any other value in the stack below the results will be properly
+discarded by Lua.
+Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return
+many results.
+
+
+<p>
+As an example, the following function receives a variable number
+of numerical arguments and returns their average and sum:
+
+<pre>
+ static int foo (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */
+ lua_Number sum = 0;
+ int i;
+ for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+ if (!lua_isnumber(L, i)) {
+ lua_pushstring(L, "incorrect argument");
+ lua_error(L);
+ }
+ sum += lua_tonumber(L, i);
+ }
+ lua_pushnumber(L, sum/n); /* first result */
+ lua_pushnumber(L, sum); /* second result */
+ return 2; /* number of results */
+ }
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_checkstack"><code>lua_checkstack</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int extra);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Ensures that there are at least <code>extra</code> free stack slots in the stack.
+It returns false if it cannot grow the stack to that size.
+This function never shrinks the stack;
+if the stack is already larger than the new size,
+it is left unchanged.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_close"><code>lua_close</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_close (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Destroys all objects in the given Lua state
+(calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any)
+and frees all dynamic memory used by this state.
+On several platforms, you may not need to call this function,
+because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends.
+On the other hand, long-running programs,
+such as a daemon or a web server,
+might need to release states as soon as they are not needed,
+to avoid growing too large.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_concat"><code>lua_concat</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Concatenates the <code>n</code> values at the top of the stack,
+pops them, and leaves the result at the top.
+If <code>n</code> is 1, the result is the single value on the stack
+(that is, the function does nothing);
+if <code>n</code> is 0, the result is the empty string.
+Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua
+(see <a href="#2.5.4">§2.5.4</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_cpcall"><code>lua_cpcall</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_cpcall (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Calls the C function <code>func</code> in protected mode.
+<code>func</code> starts with only one element in its stack,
+a light userdata containing <code>ud</code>.
+In case of errors,
+<a href="#lua_cpcall"><code>lua_cpcall</code></a> returns the same error codes as <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>,
+plus the error object on the top of the stack;
+otherwise, it returns zero, and does not change the stack.
+All values returned by <code>func</code> are discarded.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_createtable"><code>lua_createtable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack.
+The new table has space pre-allocated
+for <code>narr</code> array elements and <code>nrec</code> non-array elements.
+This pre-allocation is useful when you know exactly how many elements
+the table will have.
+Otherwise you can use the function <a href="#lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_dump (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Dumps a function as a binary chunk.
+Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack
+and produces a binary chunk that,
+if loaded again,
+results in a function equivalent to the one dumped.
+As it produces parts of the chunk,
+<a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls function <code>writer</code> (see <a href="#lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a>)
+with the given <code>data</code>
+to write them.
+
+
+<p>
+The value returned is the error code returned by the last
+call to the writer;
+0 means no errors.
+
+
+<p>
+This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_equal"><code>lua_equal</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_equal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the two values in acceptable indices <code>index1</code> and
+<code>index2</code> are equal,
+following the semantics of the Lua <code>==</code> operator
+(that is, may call metamethods).
+Otherwise returns 0.
+Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_error"><code>lua_error</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_error (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Generates a Lua error.
+The error message (which can actually be a Lua value of any type)
+must be on the stack top.
+This function does a long jump,
+and therefore never returns.
+(see <a href="#luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_gc"><code>lua_gc</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Controls the garbage collector.
+
+
+<p>
+This function performs several tasks,
+according to the value of the parameter <code>what</code>:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCSTOP</code>:</b>
+stops the garbage collector.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCRESTART</code>:</b>
+restarts the garbage collector.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCCOLLECT</code>:</b>
+performs a full garbage-collection cycle.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNT</code>:</b>
+returns the current amount of memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCCOUNTB</code>:</b>
+returns the remainder of dividing the current amount of bytes of
+memory in use by Lua by 1024.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCSTEP</code>:</b>
+performs an incremental step of garbage collection.
+The step "size" is controlled by <code>data</code>
+(larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way.
+If you want to control the step size
+you must experimentally tune the value of <code>data</code>.
+The function returns 1 if the step finished a
+garbage-collection cycle.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCSETPAUSE</code>:</b>
+sets <code>data</code> as the new value
+for the <em>pause</em> of the collector (see <a href="#2.10">§2.10</a>).
+The function returns the previous value of the pause.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL</code>:</b>
+sets <code>data</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of
+the collector (see <a href="#2.10">§2.10</a>).
+The function returns the previous value of the step multiplier.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getallocf"><code>lua_getallocf</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state.
+If <code>ud</code> is not <code>NULL</code>, Lua stores in <code>*ud</code> the
+opaque pointer passed to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getfenv"><code>lua_getfenv</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_getfenv (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the environment table of
+the value at the given index.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getfield"><code>lua_getfield</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>,
+where <code>t</code> is the value at the given valid index.
+As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod
+for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getglobal"><code>lua_getglobal</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_getglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the value of the global <code>name</code>.
+It is defined as a macro:
+
+<pre>
+ #define lua_getglobal(L,s) lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, s)
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getmetatable"><code>lua_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the metatable of the value at the given
+acceptable index.
+If the index is not valid,
+or if the value does not have a metatable,
+the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[k]</code>,
+where <code>t</code> is the value at the given valid index
+and <code>k</code> is the value at the top of the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+This function pops the key from the stack
+(putting the resulting value in its place).
+As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod
+for the "index" event (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_gettop"><code>lua_gettop</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_gettop (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the index of the top element in the stack.
+Because indices start at 1,
+this result is equal to the number of elements in the stack
+(and so 0 means an empty stack).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_insert"><code>lua_insert</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Moves the top element into the given valid index,
+shifting up the elements above this index to open space.
+Cannot be called with a pseudo-index,
+because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef ptrdiff_t lua_Integer;</pre>
+
+<p>
+The type used by the Lua API to represent integral values.
+
+
+<p>
+By default it is a <code>ptrdiff_t</code>,
+which is usually the largest signed integral type the machine handles
+"comfortably".
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index has type boolean,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_iscfunction"><code>lua_iscfunction</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a C function,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isfunction"><code>lua_isfunction</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a function
+(either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_islightuserdata"><code>lua_islightuserdata</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_islightuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a light userdata,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isnil"><code>lua_isnil</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isnil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is <b>nil</b>,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isnone"><code>lua_isnone</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isnone (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the given acceptable index is not valid
+(that is, it refers to an element outside the current stack),
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isnoneornil"><code>lua_isnoneornil</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isnoneornil (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the given acceptable index is not valid
+(that is, it refers to an element outside the current stack)
+or if the value at this index is <b>nil</b>,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isnumber"><code>lua_isnumber</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a number
+or a string convertible to a number,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isstring"><code>lua_isstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a string
+or a number (which is always convertible to a string),
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_istable"><code>lua_istable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_istable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a table,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isthread"><code>lua_isthread</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isthread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a thread,
+and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_isuserdata"><code>lua_isuserdata</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a userdata
+(either full or light), and 0 otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_lessthan"><code>lua_lessthan</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_lessthan (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the value at acceptable index <code>index1</code> is smaller
+than the value at acceptable index <code>index2</code>,
+following the semantics of the Lua <code><</code> operator
+(that is, may call metamethods).
+Otherwise returns 0.
+Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_load (lua_State *L,
+ lua_Reader reader,
+ void *data,
+ const char *chunkname);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Loads a Lua chunk.
+If there are no errors,
+<a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua
+function on top of the stack.
+Otherwise, it pushes an error message.
+The return values of <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> are:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>0:</b> no errors;</li>
+
+<li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX"><code>LUA_ERRSYNTAX</code></a>:</b>
+syntax error during pre-compilation;</li>
+
+<li><b><a href="#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>:</b>
+memory allocation error.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+This function only loads a chunk;
+it does not run it.
+
+
+<p>
+<a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> automatically detects whether the chunk is text or binary,
+and loads it accordingly (see program <code>luac</code>).
+
+
+<p>
+The <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> function uses a user-supplied <code>reader</code> function
+to read the chunk (see <a href="#lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a>).
+The <code>data</code> argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function.
+
+
+<p>
+The <code>chunkname</code> argument gives a name to the chunk,
+which is used for error messages and in debug information (see <a href="#3.8">§3.8</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates a new, independent state.
+Returns <code>NULL</code> if cannot create the state
+(due to lack of memory).
+The argument <code>f</code> is the allocator function;
+Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function.
+The second argument, <code>ud</code>, is an opaque pointer that Lua
+simply passes to the allocator in every call.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_newtable"><code>lua_newtable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_newtable (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack.
+It is equivalent to <code>lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates a new thread, pushes it on the stack,
+and returns a pointer to a <a href="#lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a> that represents this new thread.
+The new state returned by this function shares with the original state
+all global objects (such as tables),
+but has an independent execution stack.
+
+
+<p>
+There is no explicit function to close or to destroy a thread.
+Threads are subject to garbage collection,
+like any Lua object.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_newuserdata"><code>lua_newuserdata</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size);</pre>
+
+<p>
+This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size,
+pushes onto the stack a new full userdata with the block address,
+and returns this address.
+
+
+<p>
+Userdata represent C values in Lua.
+A <em>full userdata</em> represents a block of memory.
+It is an object (like a table):
+you must create it, it can have its own metatable,
+and you can detect when it is being collected.
+A full userdata is only equal to itself (under raw equality).
+
+
+<p>
+When Lua collects a full userdata with a <code>gc</code> metamethod,
+Lua calls the metamethod and marks the userdata as finalized.
+When this userdata is collected again then
+Lua frees its corresponding memory.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +(2|0), <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_next (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pops a key from the stack,
+and pushes a key-value pair from the table at the given index
+(the "next" pair after the given key).
+If there are no more elements in the table,
+then <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a> returns 0 (and pushes nothing).
+
+
+<p>
+A typical traversal looks like this:
+
+<pre>
+ /* table is in the stack at index 't' */
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */
+ while (lua_next(L, t) != 0) {
+ /* uses 'key' (at index -2) and 'value' (at index -1) */
+ printf("%s - %s\n",
+ lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -2)),
+ lua_typename(L, lua_type(L, -1)));
+ /* removes 'value'; keeps 'key' for next iteration */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ }
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+While traversing a table,
+do not call <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> directly on a key,
+unless you know that the key is actually a string.
+Recall that <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> <em>changes</em>
+the value at the given index;
+this confuses the next call to <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef double lua_Number;</pre>
+
+<p>
+The type of numbers in Lua.
+By default, it is double, but that can be changed in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+Through the configuration file you can change
+Lua to operate with another type for numbers (e.g., float or long).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_objlen"><code>lua_objlen</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>size_t lua_objlen (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the "length" of the value at the given acceptable index:
+for strings, this is the string length;
+for tables, this is the result of the length operator ('<code>#</code>');
+for userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated
+for the userdata;
+for other values, it is 0.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-(nargs + 1), +(nresults|1), <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Calls a function in protected mode.
+
+
+<p>
+Both <code>nargs</code> and <code>nresults</code> have the same meaning as
+in <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>.
+If there are no errors during the call,
+<a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> behaves exactly like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>.
+However, if there is any error,
+<a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> catches it,
+pushes a single value on the stack (the error message),
+and returns an error code.
+Like <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>,
+<a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> always removes the function
+and its arguments from the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>errfunc</code> is 0,
+then the error message returned on the stack
+is exactly the original error message.
+Otherwise, <code>errfunc</code> is the stack index of an
+<em>error handler function</em>.
+(In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.)
+In case of runtime errors,
+this function will be called with the error message
+and its return value will be the message returned on the stack by <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Typically, the error handler function is used to add more debug
+information to the error message, such as a stack traceback.
+Such information cannot be gathered after the return of <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>,
+since by then the stack has unwound.
+
+
+<p>
+The <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a> function returns 0 in case of success
+or one of the following error codes
+(defined in <code>lua.h</code>):
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRRUN"><code>LUA_ERRRUN</code></a>:</b>
+a runtime error.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRMEM"><code>LUA_ERRMEM</code></a>:</b>
+memory allocation error.
+For such errors, Lua does not call the error handler function.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><a name="pdf-LUA_ERRERR"><code>LUA_ERRERR</code></a>:</b>
+error while running the error handler function.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pop"><code>lua_pop</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-n, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pop (lua_State *L, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pops <code>n</code> elements from the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushboolean"><code>lua_pushboolean</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a boolean value with value <code>b</code> onto the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-n, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a new C closure onto the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+When a C function is created,
+it is possible to associate some values with it,
+thus creating a C closure (see <a href="#3.4">§3.4</a>);
+these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is called.
+To associate values with a C function,
+first these values should be pushed onto the stack
+(when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first).
+Then <a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a>
+is called to create and push the C function onto the stack,
+with the argument <code>n</code> telling how many values should be
+associated with the function.
+<a href="#lua_pushcclosure"><code>lua_pushcclosure</code></a> also pops these values from the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+The maximum value for <code>n</code> is 255.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushcfunction"><code>lua_pushcfunction</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushcfunction (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction f);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a C function onto the stack.
+This function receives a pointer to a C function
+and pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type <code>function</code> that,
+when called, invokes the corresponding C function.
+
+
+<p>
+Any function to be registered in Lua must
+follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters
+and return its results (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+<code>lua_pushcfunction</code> is defined as a macro:
+
+<pre>
+ #define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L,f,0)
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack a formatted string
+and returns a pointer to this string.
+It is similar to the C function <code>sprintf</code>,
+but has some important differences:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+You do not have to allocate space for the result:
+the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation
+(and deallocation, through garbage collection).
+</li>
+
+<li>
+The conversion specifiers are quite restricted.
+There are no flags, widths, or precisions.
+The conversion specifiers can only be
+'<code>%%</code>' (inserts a '<code>%</code>' in the string),
+'<code>%s</code>' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions),
+'<code>%f</code>' (inserts a <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>),
+'<code>%p</code>' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral),
+'<code>%d</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code>), and
+'<code>%c</code>' (inserts an <code>int</code> as a character).
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushinteger"><code>lua_pushinteger</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlightuserdata"><code>lua_pushlightuserdata</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a light userdata onto the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+Userdata represent C values in Lua.
+A <em>light userdata</em> represents a pointer.
+It is a value (like a number):
+you do not create it, it has no individual metatable,
+and it is not collected (as it was never created).
+A light userdata is equal to "any"
+light userdata with the same C address.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushliteral"><code>lua_pushliteral</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushliteral (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre>
+
+<p>
+This macro is equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a>,
+but can be used only when <code>s</code> is a literal string.
+In these cases, it automatically provides the string length.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushlstring"><code>lua_pushlstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with size <code>len</code>
+onto the stack.
+Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string,
+so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after
+the function returns.
+The string can contain embedded zeros.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnil"><code>lua_pushnil</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a nil value onto the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushnumber"><code>lua_pushnumber</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a number with value <code>n</code> onto the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushstring"><code>lua_pushstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code>
+onto the stack.
+Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string,
+so the memory at <code>s</code> can be freed or reused immediately after
+the function returns.
+The string cannot contain embedded zeros;
+it is assumed to end at the first zero.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushthread"><code>lua_pushthread</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes the thread represented by <code>L</code> onto the stack.
+Returns 1 if this thread is the main thread of its state.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvalue"><code>lua_pushvalue</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes a copy of the element at the given valid index
+onto the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_pushvfstring"><code>lua_pushvfstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L,
+ const char *fmt,
+ va_list argp);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Equivalent to <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>, except that it receives a <code>va_list</code>
+instead of a variable number of arguments.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_rawequal"><code>lua_rawequal</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns 1 if the two values in acceptable indices <code>index1</code> and
+<code>index2</code> are primitively equal
+(that is, without calling metamethods).
+Otherwise returns 0.
+Also returns 0 if any of the indices are non valid.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_rawget"><code>lua_rawget</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Similar to <a href="#lua_gettable"><code>lua_gettable</code></a>, but does a raw access
+(i.e., without metamethods).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_rawgeti"><code>lua_rawgeti</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the value <code>t[n]</code>,
+where <code>t</code> is the value at the given valid index.
+The access is raw;
+that is, it does not invoke metamethods.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_rawset"><code>lua_rawset</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Similar to <a href="#lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a>, but does a raw assignment
+(i.e., without metamethods).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_rawseti"><code>lua_rawseti</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int index, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Does the equivalent of <code>t[n] = v</code>,
+where <code>t</code> is the value at the given valid index
+and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+This function pops the value from the stack.
+The assignment is raw;
+that is, it does not invoke metamethods.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Reader"><code>lua_Reader</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L,
+ void *data,
+ size_t *size);</pre>
+
+<p>
+The reader function used by <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>.
+Every time it needs another piece of the chunk,
+<a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> calls the reader,
+passing along its <code>data</code> parameter.
+The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory
+with a new piece of the chunk
+and set <code>size</code> to the block size.
+The block must exist until the reader function is called again.
+To signal the end of the chunk,
+the reader must return <code>NULL</code> or set <code>size</code> to zero.
+The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_register"><code>lua_register</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_register (lua_State *L,
+ const char *name,
+ lua_CFunction f);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Sets the C function <code>f</code> as the new value of global <code>name</code>.
+It is defined as a macro:
+
+<pre>
+ #define lua_register(L,n,f) \
+ (lua_pushcfunction(L, f), lua_setglobal(L, n))
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_remove"><code>lua_remove</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Removes the element at the given valid index,
+shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap.
+Cannot be called with a pseudo-index,
+because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_replace"><code>lua_replace</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Moves the top element into the given position (and pops it),
+without shifting any element
+(therefore replacing the value at the given position).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_resume (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread.
+
+
+<p>
+To start a coroutine, you first create a new thread
+(see <a href="#lua_newthread"><code>lua_newthread</code></a>);
+then you push onto its stack the main function plus any arguments;
+then you call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>,
+with <code>narg</code> being the number of arguments.
+This call returns when the coroutine suspends or finishes its execution.
+When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a>,
+or all values returned by the body function.
+<a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> returns
+<a href="#pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the coroutine yields,
+0 if the coroutine finishes its execution
+without errors,
+or an error code in case of errors (see <a href="#lua_pcall"><code>lua_pcall</code></a>).
+In case of errors,
+the stack is not unwound,
+so you can use the debug API over it.
+The error message is on the top of the stack.
+To restart a coroutine, you put on its stack only the values to
+be passed as results from <code>yield</code>,
+and then call <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setallocf"><code>lua_setallocf</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Changes the allocator function of a given state to <code>f</code>
+with user data <code>ud</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setfenv"><code>lua_setfenv</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_setfenv (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pops a table from the stack and sets it as
+the new environment for the value at the given index.
+If the value at the given index is
+neither a function nor a thread nor a userdata,
+<a href="#lua_setfenv"><code>lua_setfenv</code></a> returns 0.
+Otherwise it returns 1.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setfield"><code>lua_setfield</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int index, const char *k);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>,
+where <code>t</code> is the value at the given valid index
+and <code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+This function pops the value from the stack.
+As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod
+for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setglobal"><code>lua_setglobal</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_setglobal (lua_State *L, const char *name);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pops a value from the stack and
+sets it as the new value of global <code>name</code>.
+It is defined as a macro:
+
+<pre>
+ #define lua_setglobal(L,s) lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, s)
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setmetatable"><code>lua_setmetatable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pops a table from the stack and
+sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given
+acceptable index.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_settable"><code>lua_settable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-2, +0, <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Does the equivalent to <code>t[k] = v</code>,
+where <code>t</code> is the value at the given valid index,
+<code>v</code> is the value at the top of the stack,
+and <code>k</code> is the value just below the top.
+
+
+<p>
+This function pops both the key and the value from the stack.
+As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod
+for the "newindex" event (see <a href="#2.8">§2.8</a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_settop"><code>lua_settop</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Accepts any acceptable index, or 0,
+and sets the stack top to this index.
+If the new top is larger than the old one,
+then the new elements are filled with <b>nil</b>.
+If <code>index</code> is 0, then all stack elements are removed.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_State"><code>lua_State</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef struct lua_State lua_State;</pre>
+
+<p>
+Opaque structure that keeps the whole state of a Lua interpreter.
+The Lua library is fully reentrant:
+it has no global variables.
+All information about a state is kept in this structure.
+
+
+<p>
+A pointer to this state must be passed as the first argument to
+every function in the library, except to <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a>,
+which creates a Lua state from scratch.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_status"><code>lua_status</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_status (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the status of the thread <code>L</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+The status can be 0 for a normal thread,
+an error code if the thread finished its execution with an error,
+or <a name="pdf-LUA_YIELD"><code>LUA_YIELD</code></a> if the thread is suspended.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index to a C boolean
+value (0 or 1).
+Like all tests in Lua,
+<a href="#lua_toboolean"><code>lua_toboolean</code></a> returns 1 for any Lua value
+different from <b>false</b> and <b>nil</b>;
+otherwise it returns 0.
+It also returns 0 when called with a non-valid index.
+(If you want to accept only actual boolean values,
+use <a href="#lua_isboolean"><code>lua_isboolean</code></a> to test the value's type.)
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_tocfunction"><code>lua_tocfunction</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts a value at the given acceptable index to a C function.
+That value must be a C function;
+otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index
+to the signed integral type <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>.
+The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number
+(see <a href="#2.2.1">§2.2.1</a>);
+otherwise, <a href="#lua_tointeger"><code>lua_tointeger</code></a> returns 0.
+
+
+<p>
+If the number is not an integer,
+it is truncated in some non-specified way.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int index, size_t *len);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index to a C string.
+If <code>len</code> is not <code>NULL</code>,
+it also sets <code>*len</code> with the string length.
+The Lua value must be a string or a number;
+otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>.
+If the value is a number,
+then <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> also
+<em>changes the actual value in the stack to a string</em>.
+(This change confuses <a href="#lua_next"><code>lua_next</code></a>
+when <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> is applied to keys during a table traversal.)
+
+
+<p>
+<a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> returns a fully aligned pointer
+to a string inside the Lua state.
+This string always has a zero ('<code>\0</code>')
+after its last character (as in C),
+but can contain other zeros in its body.
+Because Lua has garbage collection,
+there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a>
+will be valid after the corresponding value is removed from the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index
+to the C type <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a> (see <a href="#lua_Number"><code>lua_Number</code></a>).
+The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number
+(see <a href="#2.2.1">§2.2.1</a>);
+otherwise, <a href="#lua_tonumber"><code>lua_tonumber</code></a> returns 0.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts the value at the given acceptable index to a generic
+C pointer (<code>void*</code>).
+The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function;
+otherwise, <a href="#lua_topointer"><code>lua_topointer</code></a> returns <code>NULL</code>.
+Different objects will give different pointers.
+There is no way to convert the pointer back to its original value.
+
+
+<p>
+Typically this function is used only for debug information.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_tostring"><code>lua_tostring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_tostring (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Equivalent to <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> with <code>len</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_tothread"><code>lua_tothread</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Converts the value at the given acceptable index to a Lua thread
+(represented as <code>lua_State*</code>).
+This value must be a thread;
+otherwise, the function returns <code>NULL</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_touserdata"><code>lua_touserdata</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the value at the given acceptable index is a full userdata,
+returns its block address.
+If the value is a light userdata,
+returns its pointer.
+Otherwise, returns <code>NULL</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_type (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the type of the value in the given acceptable index,
+or <code>LUA_TNONE</code> for a non-valid index
+(that is, an index to an "empty" stack position).
+The types returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> are coded by the following constants
+defined in <code>lua.h</code>:
+<code>LUA_TNIL</code>,
+<code>LUA_TNUMBER</code>,
+<code>LUA_TBOOLEAN</code>,
+<code>LUA_TSTRING</code>,
+<code>LUA_TTABLE</code>,
+<code>LUA_TFUNCTION</code>,
+<code>LUA_TUSERDATA</code>,
+<code>LUA_TTHREAD</code>,
+and
+<code>LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_typename"><code>lua_typename</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int tp);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the name of the type encoded by the value <code>tp</code>,
+which must be one the values returned by <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Writer"><code>lua_Writer</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L,
+ const void* p,
+ size_t sz,
+ void* ud);</pre>
+
+<p>
+The type of the writer function used by <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>.
+Every time it produces another piece of chunk,
+<a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> calls the writer,
+passing along the buffer to be written (<code>p</code>),
+its size (<code>sz</code>),
+and the <code>data</code> parameter supplied to <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+The writer returns an error code:
+0 means no errors;
+any other value means an error and stops <a href="#lua_dump"><code>lua_dump</code></a> from
+calling the writer again.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_xmove"><code>lua_xmove</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Exchange values between different threads of the <em>same</em> global state.
+
+
+<p>
+This function pops <code>n</code> values from the stack <code>from</code>,
+and pushes them onto the stack <code>to</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-?, +?, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Yields a coroutine.
+
+
+<p>
+This function should only be called as the
+return expression of a C function, as follows:
+
+<pre>
+ return lua_yield (L, nresults);
+</pre><p>
+When a C function calls <a href="#lua_yield"><code>lua_yield</code></a> in that way,
+the running coroutine suspends its execution,
+and the call to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a> that started this coroutine returns.
+The parameter <code>nresults</code> is the number of values from the stack
+that are passed as results to <a href="#lua_resume"><code>lua_resume</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>3.8 - <a name="3.8">The Debug Interface</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Lua has no built-in debugging facilities.
+Instead, it offers a special interface
+by means of functions and <em>hooks</em>.
+This interface allows the construction of different
+kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools
+that need "inside information" from the interpreter.
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef struct lua_Debug {
+ int event;
+ const char *name; /* (n) */
+ const char *namewhat; /* (n) */
+ const char *what; /* (S) */
+ const char *source; /* (S) */
+ int currentline; /* (l) */
+ int nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */
+ int linedefined; /* (S) */
+ int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */
+ char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */
+ /* private part */
+ <em>other fields</em>
+} lua_Debug;</pre>
+
+<p>
+A structure used to carry different pieces of
+information about an active function.
+<a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> fills only the private part
+of this structure, for later use.
+To fill the other fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> with useful information,
+call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+The fields of <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> have the following meaning:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b><code>source</code>:</b>
+If the function was defined in a string,
+then <code>source</code> is that string.
+If the function was defined in a file,
+then <code>source</code> starts with a '<code>@</code>' followed by the file name.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>short_src</code>:</b>
+a "printable" version of <code>source</code>, to be used in error messages.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>linedefined</code>:</b>
+the line number where the definition of the function starts.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>lastlinedefined</code>:</b>
+the line number where the definition of the function ends.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>what</code>:</b>
+the string <code>"Lua"</code> if the function is a Lua function,
+<code>"C"</code> if it is a C function,
+<code>"main"</code> if it is the main part of a chunk,
+and <code>"tail"</code> if it was a function that did a tail call.
+In the latter case,
+Lua has no other information about the function.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>currentline</code>:</b>
+the current line where the given function is executing.
+When no line information is available,
+<code>currentline</code> is set to -1.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>name</code>:</b>
+a reasonable name for the given function.
+Because functions in Lua are first-class values,
+they do not have a fixed name:
+some functions can be the value of multiple global variables,
+while others can be stored only in a table field.
+The <code>lua_getinfo</code> function checks how the function was
+called to find a suitable name.
+If it cannot find a name,
+then <code>name</code> is set to <code>NULL</code>.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>namewhat</code>:</b>
+explains the <code>name</code> field.
+The value of <code>namewhat</code> can be
+<code>"global"</code>, <code>"local"</code>, <code>"method"</code>,
+<code>"field"</code>, <code>"upvalue"</code>, or <code>""</code> (the empty string),
+according to how the function was called.
+(Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.)
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>nups</code>:</b>
+the number of upvalues of the function.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_gethook"><code>lua_gethook</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the current hook function.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookcount"><code>lua_gethookcount</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the current hook count.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_gethookmask"><code>lua_gethookmask</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the current hook mask.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-(0|1), +(0|1|2), <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns information about a specific function or function invocation.
+
+
+<p>
+To get information about a function invocation,
+the parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was
+filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or
+given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+To get information about a function you push it onto the stack
+and start the <code>what</code> string with the character '<code>></code>'.
+(In that case,
+<code>lua_getinfo</code> pops the function in the top of the stack.)
+For instance, to know in which line a function <code>f</code> was defined,
+you can write the following code:
+
+<pre>
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "f"); /* get global 'f' */
+ lua_getinfo(L, ">S", &ar);
+ printf("%d\n", ar.linedefined);
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Each character in the string <code>what</code>
+selects some fields of the structure <code>ar</code> to be filled or
+a value to be pushed on the stack:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>'<code>n</code>':</b> fills in the field <code>name</code> and <code>namewhat</code>;
+</li>
+
+<li><b>'<code>S</code>':</b>
+fills in the fields <code>source</code>, <code>short_src</code>,
+<code>linedefined</code>, <code>lastlinedefined</code>, and <code>what</code>;
+</li>
+
+<li><b>'<code>l</code>':</b> fills in the field <code>currentline</code>;
+</li>
+
+<li><b>'<code>u</code>':</b> fills in the field <code>nups</code>;
+</li>
+
+<li><b>'<code>f</code>':</b>
+pushes onto the stack the function that is
+running at the given level;
+</li>
+
+<li><b>'<code>L</code>':</b>
+pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the
+numbers of the lines that are valid on the function.
+(A <em>valid line</em> is a line with some associated code,
+that is, a line where you can put a break point.
+Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.)
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+This function returns 0 on error
+(for instance, an invalid option in <code>what</code>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Gets information about a local variable of a given activation record.
+The parameter <code>ar</code> must be a valid activation record that was
+filled by a previous call to <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> or
+given as argument to a hook (see <a href="#lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a>).
+The index <code>n</code> selects which local variable to inspect
+(1 is the first parameter or active local variable, and so on,
+until the last active local variable).
+<a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a> pushes the variable's value onto the stack
+and returns its name.
+
+
+<p>
+Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parentheses)
+represent internal variables
+(loop control variables, temporaries, and C function locals).
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing)
+when the index is greater than
+the number of active local variables.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Get information about the interpreter runtime stack.
+
+
+<p>
+This function fills parts of a <a href="#lua_Debug"><code>lua_Debug</code></a> structure with
+an identification of the <em>activation record</em>
+of the function executing at a given level.
+Level 0 is the current running function,
+whereas level <em>n+1</em> is the function that has called level <em>n</em>.
+When there are no errors, <a href="#lua_getstack"><code>lua_getstack</code></a> returns 1;
+when called with a level greater than the stack depth,
+it returns 0.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Gets information about a closure's upvalue.
+(For Lua functions,
+upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses,
+and that are consequently included in its closure.)
+<a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a> gets the index <code>n</code> of an upvalue,
+pushes the upvalue's value onto the stack,
+and returns its name.
+<code>funcindex</code> points to the closure in the stack.
+(Upvalues have no particular order,
+as they are active through the whole function.
+So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.)
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pushes nothing)
+when the index is greater than the number of upvalues.
+For C functions, this function uses the empty string <code>""</code>
+as a name for all upvalues.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_Hook"><code>lua_Hook</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Type for debugging hook functions.
+
+
+<p>
+Whenever a hook is called, its <code>ar</code> argument has its field
+<code>event</code> set to the specific event that triggered the hook.
+Lua identifies these events with the following constants:
+<a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL"><code>LUA_HOOKCALL</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKRET"><code>LUA_HOOKRET</code></a>,
+<a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILRET"><code>LUA_HOOKTAILRET</code></a>, <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE"><code>LUA_HOOKLINE</code></a>,
+and <a name="pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT"><code>LUA_HOOKCOUNT</code></a>.
+Moreover, for line events, the field <code>currentline</code> is also set.
+To get the value of any other field in <code>ar</code>,
+the hook must call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>.
+For return events, <code>event</code> can be <code>LUA_HOOKRET</code>,
+the normal value, or <code>LUA_HOOKTAILRET</code>.
+In the latter case, Lua is simulating a return from
+a function that did a tail call;
+in this case, it is useless to call <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks.
+Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk,
+this execution occurs without any calls to hooks.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_sethook"><code>lua_sethook</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>int lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook f, int mask, int count);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Sets the debugging hook function.
+
+
+<p>
+Argument <code>f</code> is the hook function.
+<code>mask</code> specifies on which events the hook will be called:
+it is formed by a bitwise or of the constants
+<a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCALL"><code>LUA_MASKCALL</code></a>,
+<a name="pdf-LUA_MASKRET"><code>LUA_MASKRET</code></a>,
+<a name="pdf-LUA_MASKLINE"><code>LUA_MASKLINE</code></a>,
+and <a name="pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT"><code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code></a>.
+The <code>count</code> argument is only meaningful when the mask
+includes <code>LUA_MASKCOUNT</code>.
+For each event, the hook is called as explained below:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>The call hook:</b> is called when the interpreter calls a function.
+The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function,
+before the function gets its arguments.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>The return hook:</b> is called when the interpreter returns from a function.
+The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function.
+You have no access to the values to be returned by the function.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>The line hook:</b> is called when the interpreter is about to
+start the execution of a new line of code,
+or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line).
+(This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.)
+</li>
+
+<li><b>The count hook:</b> is called after the interpreter executes every
+<code>count</code> instructions.
+(This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.)
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A hook is disabled by setting <code>mask</code> to zero.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Sets the value of a local variable of a given activation record.
+Parameters <code>ar</code> and <code>n</code> are as in <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>
+(see <a href="#lua_getlocal"><code>lua_getlocal</code></a>).
+<a href="#lua_setlocal"><code>lua_setlocal</code></a> assigns the value at the top of the stack
+to the variable and returns its name.
+It also pops the value from the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing)
+when the index is greater than
+the number of active local variables.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="lua_setupvalue"><code>lua_setupvalue</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-(0|1), +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Sets the value of a closure's upvalue.
+It assigns the value at the top of the stack
+to the upvalue and returns its name.
+It also pops the value from the stack.
+Parameters <code>funcindex</code> and <code>n</code> are as in the <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>
+(see <a href="#lua_getupvalue"><code>lua_getupvalue</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <code>NULL</code> (and pops nothing)
+when the index is greater than the number of upvalues.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>4 - <a name="4">The Auxiliary Library</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+
+The <em>auxiliary library</em> provides several convenient functions
+to interface C with Lua.
+While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all
+interactions between C and Lua,
+the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some
+common tasks.
+
+
+<p>
+All functions from the auxiliary library
+are defined in header file <code>lauxlib.h</code> and
+have a prefix <code>luaL_</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+All functions in the auxiliary library are built on
+top of the basic API,
+and so they provide nothing that cannot be done with this API.
+
+
+<p>
+Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to
+check C function arguments.
+Their names are always <code>luaL_check*</code> or <code>luaL_opt*</code>.
+All of these functions throw an error if the check is not satisfied.
+Because the error message is formatted for arguments
+(e.g., "<code>bad argument #1</code>"),
+you should not use these functions for other stack values.
+
+
+
+<h2>4.1 - <a name="4.1">Functions and Types</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+Here we list all functions and types from the auxiliary library
+in alphabetical order.
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_addchar"><code>luaL_addchar</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_addchar (luaL_Buffer *B, char c);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Adds the character <code>c</code> to the buffer <code>B</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_addlstring"><code>luaL_addlstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Adds the string pointed to by <code>s</code> with length <code>l</code> to
+the buffer <code>B</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>).
+The string may contain embedded zeros.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_addsize (luaL_Buffer *B, size_t n);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Adds to the buffer <code>B</code> (see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>)
+a string of length <code>n</code> previously copied to the
+buffer area (see <a href="#luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_addstring"><code>luaL_addstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Adds the zero-terminated string pointed to by <code>s</code>
+to the buffer <code>B</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>).
+The string may not contain embedded zeros.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Adds the value at the top of the stack
+to the buffer <code>B</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>).
+Pops the value.
+
+
+<p>
+This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must)
+be called with an extra element on the stack,
+which is the value to be added to the buffer.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_argcheck"><code>luaL_argcheck</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_argcheck (lua_State *L,
+ int cond,
+ int narg,
+ const char *extramsg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether <code>cond</code> is true.
+If not, raises an error with the following message,
+where <code>func</code> is retrieved from the call stack:
+
+<pre>
+ bad argument #<narg> to <func> (<extramsg>)
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_argerror"><code>luaL_argerror</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *extramsg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Raises an error with the following message,
+where <code>func</code> is retrieved from the call stack:
+
+<pre>
+ bad argument #<narg> to <func> (<extramsg>)
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+This function never returns,
+but it is an idiom to use it in C functions
+as <code>return luaL_argerror(<em>args</em>)</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef struct luaL_Buffer luaL_Buffer;</pre>
+
+<p>
+Type for a <em>string buffer</em>.
+
+
+<p>
+A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal.
+Its pattern of use is as follows:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>First you declare a variable <code>b</code> of type <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>.</li>
+
+<li>Then you initialize it with a call <code>luaL_buffinit(L, &b)</code>.</li>
+
+<li>
+Then you add string pieces to the buffer calling any of
+the <code>luaL_add*</code> functions.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+You finish by calling <code>luaL_pushresult(&b)</code>.
+This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+During its normal operation,
+a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots.
+So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where
+the top of the stack is.
+You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations
+as long as that use is balanced;
+that is,
+when you call a buffer operation,
+the stack is at the same level
+it was immediately after the previous buffer operation.
+(The only exception to this rule is <a href="#luaL_addvalue"><code>luaL_addvalue</code></a>.)
+After calling <a href="#luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a> the stack is back to its
+level when the buffer was initialized,
+plus the final string on its top.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_buffinit"><code>luaL_buffinit</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Initializes a buffer <code>B</code>.
+This function does not allocate any space;
+the buffer must be declared as a variable
+(see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_callmeta"><code>luaL_callmeta</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>e</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Calls a metamethod.
+
+
+<p>
+If the object at index <code>obj</code> has a metatable and this
+metatable has a field <code>e</code>,
+this function calls this field and passes the object as its only argument.
+In this case this function returns 1 and pushes onto the
+stack the value returned by the call.
+If there is no metatable or no metamethod,
+this function returns 0 (without pushing any value on the stack).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkany"><code>luaL_checkany</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function has an argument
+of any type (including <b>nil</b>) at position <code>narg</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkint"><code>luaL_checkint</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_checkint (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number
+and returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkinteger"><code>luaL_checkinteger</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number
+and returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklong"><code>luaL_checklong</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>long luaL_checklong (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number
+and returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checklstring"><code>luaL_checklstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int narg, size_t *l);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a string
+and returns this string;
+if <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code> fills <code>*l</code>
+with the string's length.
+
+
+<p>
+This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result,
+so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checknumber"><code>luaL_checknumber</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number
+and returns this number.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkoption"><code>luaL_checkoption</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L,
+ int narg,
+ const char *def,
+ const char *const lst[]);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a string and
+searches for this string in the array <code>lst</code>
+(which must be NULL-terminated).
+Returns the index in the array where the string was found.
+Raises an error if the argument is not a string or
+if the string cannot be found.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>def</code> is not <code>NULL</code>,
+the function uses <code>def</code> as a default value when
+there is no argument <code>narg</code> or if this argument is <b>nil</b>.
+
+
+<p>
+This is a useful function for mapping strings to C enums.
+(The usual convention in Lua libraries is
+to use strings instead of numbers to select options.)
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstack"><code>luaL_checkstack</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Grows the stack size to <code>top + sz</code> elements,
+raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size.
+<code>msg</code> is an additional text to go into the error message.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkstring"><code>luaL_checkstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *luaL_checkstring (lua_State *L, int narg);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a string
+and returns this string.
+
+
+<p>
+This function uses <a href="#lua_tolstring"><code>lua_tolstring</code></a> to get its result,
+so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checktype"><code>luaL_checktype</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int narg, int t);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> has type <code>t</code>.
+See <a href="#lua_type"><code>lua_type</code></a> for the encoding of types for <code>t</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_checkudata"><code>luaL_checkudata</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *tname);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Checks whether the function argument <code>narg</code> is a userdata
+of the type <code>tname</code> (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_dofile"><code>luaL_dofile</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_dofile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Loads and runs the given file.
+It is defined as the following macro:
+
+<pre>
+ (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))
+</pre><p>
+It returns 0 if there are no errors
+or 1 in case of errors.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_dostring"><code>luaL_dostring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +?, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_dostring (lua_State *L, const char *str);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Loads and runs the given string.
+It is defined as the following macro:
+
+<pre>
+ (luaL_loadstring(L, str) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))
+</pre><p>
+It returns 0 if there are no errors
+or 1 in case of errors.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_error"><code>luaL_error</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Raises an error.
+The error message format is given by <code>fmt</code>
+plus any extra arguments,
+following the same rules of <a href="#lua_pushfstring"><code>lua_pushfstring</code></a>.
+It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and
+the line number where the error occurred,
+if this information is available.
+
+
+<p>
+This function never returns,
+but it is an idiom to use it in C functions
+as <code>return luaL_error(<em>args</em>)</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetafield"><code>luaL_getmetafield</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +(0|1), <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the field <code>e</code> from the metatable
+of the object at index <code>obj</code>.
+If the object does not have a metatable,
+or if the metatable does not have this field,
+returns 0 and pushes nothing.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_getmetatable"><code>luaL_getmetatable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_getmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack the metatable associated with name <code>tname</code>
+in the registry (see <a href="#luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_gsub"><code>luaL_gsub</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L,
+ const char *s,
+ const char *p,
+ const char *r);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates a copy of string <code>s</code> by replacing
+any occurrence of the string <code>p</code>
+with the string <code>r</code>.
+Pushes the resulting string on the stack and returns it.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadbuffer"><code>luaL_loadbuffer</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L,
+ const char *buff,
+ size_t sz,
+ const char *name);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk.
+This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the
+buffer pointed to by <code>buff</code> with size <code>sz</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>.
+<code>name</code> is the chunk name,
+used for debug information and error messages.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadfile"><code>luaL_loadfile</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Loads a file as a Lua chunk.
+This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in the file
+named <code>filename</code>.
+If <code>filename</code> is <code>NULL</code>,
+then it loads from the standard input.
+The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a <code>#</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>,
+but it has an extra error code <a name="pdf-LUA_ERRFILE"><code>LUA_ERRFILE</code></a>
+if it cannot open/read the file.
+
+
+<p>
+As <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk;
+it does not run it.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_loadstring"><code>luaL_loadstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_loadstring (lua_State *L, const char *s);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Loads a string as a Lua chunk.
+This function uses <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a> to load the chunk in
+the zero-terminated string <code>s</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns the same results as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Also as <a href="#lua_load"><code>lua_load</code></a>, this function only loads the chunk;
+it does not run it.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_newmetatable"><code>luaL_newmetatable</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the registry already has the key <code>tname</code>,
+returns 0.
+Otherwise,
+creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata,
+adds it to the registry with key <code>tname</code>,
+and returns 1.
+
+
+<p>
+In both cases pushes onto the stack the final value associated
+with <code>tname</code> in the registry.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_State *luaL_newstate (void);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates a new Lua state.
+It calls <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> with an
+allocator based on the standard C <code>realloc</code> function
+and then sets a panic function (see <a href="#lua_atpanic"><code>lua_atpanic</code></a>) that prints
+an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal
+errors.
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the new state,
+or <code>NULL</code> if there is a memory allocation error.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_optint"><code>luaL_optint</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_optint (lua_State *L, int narg, int d);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number,
+returns this number cast to an <code>int</code>.
+If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>,
+returns <code>d</code>.
+Otherwise, raises an error.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_optinteger"><code>luaL_optinteger</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L,
+ int narg,
+ lua_Integer d);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number,
+returns this number cast to a <a href="#lua_Integer"><code>lua_Integer</code></a>.
+If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>,
+returns <code>d</code>.
+Otherwise, raises an error.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlong"><code>luaL_optlong</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>long luaL_optlong (lua_State *L, int narg, long d);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number,
+returns this number cast to a <code>long</code>.
+If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>,
+returns <code>d</code>.
+Otherwise, raises an error.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_optlstring"><code>luaL_optlstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L,
+ int narg,
+ const char *d,
+ size_t *l);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the function argument <code>narg</code> is a string,
+returns this string.
+If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>,
+returns <code>d</code>.
+Otherwise, raises an error.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>l</code> is not <code>NULL</code>,
+fills the position <code>*l</code> with the results's length.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_optnumber"><code>luaL_optnumber</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int narg, lua_Number d);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the function argument <code>narg</code> is a number,
+returns this number.
+If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>,
+returns <code>d</code>.
+Otherwise, raises an error.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_optstring"><code>luaL_optstring</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *luaL_optstring (lua_State *L,
+ int narg,
+ const char *d);</pre>
+
+<p>
+If the function argument <code>narg</code> is a string,
+returns this string.
+If this argument is absent or is <b>nil</b>,
+returns <code>d</code>.
+Otherwise, raises an error.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_prepbuffer"><code>luaL_prepbuffer</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns an address to a space of size <a name="pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE"><code>LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</code></a>
+where you can copy a string to be added to buffer <code>B</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_Buffer"><code>luaL_Buffer</code></a>).
+After copying the string into this space you must call
+<a href="#luaL_addsize"><code>luaL_addsize</code></a> with the size of the string to actually add
+it to the buffer.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_pushresult"><code>luaL_pushresult</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-?, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Finishes the use of buffer <code>B</code> leaving the final string on
+the top of the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-1, +0, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Creates and returns a <em>reference</em>,
+in the table at index <code>t</code>,
+for the object at the top of the stack (and pops the object).
+
+
+<p>
+A reference is a unique integer key.
+As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table <code>t</code>,
+<a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns.
+You can retrieve an object referred by reference <code>r</code>
+by calling <code>lua_rawgeti(L, t, r)</code>.
+Function <a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> frees a reference and its associated object.
+
+
+<p>
+If the object at the top of the stack is <b>nil</b>,
+<a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a> returns the constant <a name="pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>.
+The constant <a name="pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> is guaranteed to be different
+from any reference returned by <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a></h3>
+<pre>typedef struct luaL_Reg {
+ const char *name;
+ lua_CFunction func;
+} luaL_Reg;</pre>
+
+<p>
+Type for arrays of functions to be registered by
+<a href="#luaL_register"><code>luaL_register</code></a>.
+<code>name</code> is the function name and <code>func</code> is a pointer to
+the function.
+Any array of <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a> must end with an sentinel entry
+in which both <code>name</code> and <code>func</code> are <code>NULL</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_register"><code>luaL_register</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-(0|1), +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_register (lua_State *L,
+ const char *libname,
+ const luaL_Reg *l);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Opens a library.
+
+
+<p>
+When called with <code>libname</code> equal to <code>NULL</code>,
+it simply registers all functions in the list <code>l</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_Reg"><code>luaL_Reg</code></a>) into the table on the top of the stack.
+
+
+<p>
+When called with a non-null <code>libname</code>,
+<code>luaL_register</code> creates a new table <code>t</code>,
+sets it as the value of the global variable <code>libname</code>,
+sets it as the value of <code>package.loaded[libname]</code>,
+and registers on it all functions in the list <code>l</code>.
+If there is a table in <code>package.loaded[libname]</code> or in
+variable <code>libname</code>,
+reuses this table instead of creating a new one.
+
+
+<p>
+In any case the function leaves the table
+on the top of the stack.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_typename"><code>luaL_typename</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>const char *luaL_typename (lua_State *L, int index);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_typerror"><code>luaL_typerror</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>v</em>]</span>
+<pre>int luaL_typerror (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *tname);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Generates an error with a message like the following:
+
+<pre>
+ <em>location</em>: bad argument <em>narg</em> to '<em>func</em>' (<em>tname</em> expected, got <em>rt</em>)
+</pre><p>
+where <code><em>location</em></code> is produced by <a href="#luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a>,
+<code><em>func</em></code> is the name of the current function,
+and <code><em>rt</em></code> is the type name of the actual argument.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +0, <em>-</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Releases reference <code>ref</code> from the table at index <code>t</code>
+(see <a href="#luaL_ref"><code>luaL_ref</code></a>).
+The entry is removed from the table,
+so that the referred object can be collected.
+The reference <code>ref</code> is also freed to be used again.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>ref</code> is <a href="#pdf-LUA_NOREF"><code>LUA_NOREF</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-LUA_REFNIL"><code>LUA_REFNIL</code></a>,
+<a href="#luaL_unref"><code>luaL_unref</code></a> does nothing.
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr><h3><a name="luaL_where"><code>luaL_where</code></a></h3><p>
+<span class="apii">[-0, +1, <em>m</em>]</span>
+<pre>void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int lvl);</pre>
+
+<p>
+Pushes onto the stack a string identifying the current position
+of the control at level <code>lvl</code> in the call stack.
+Typically this string has the following format:
+
+<pre>
+ <em>chunkname</em>:<em>currentline</em>:
+</pre><p>
+Level 0 is the running function,
+level 1 is the function that called the running function,
+etc.
+
+
+<p>
+This function is used to build a prefix for error messages.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>5 - <a name="5">Standard Libraries</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions
+that are implemented directly through the C API.
+Some of these functions provide essential services to the language
+(e.g., <a href="#pdf-type"><code>type</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable</code></a>);
+others provide access to "outside" services (e.g., I/O);
+and others could be implemented in Lua itself,
+but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that
+deserve an implementation in C (e.g., <a href="#pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+All libraries are implemented through the official C API
+and are provided as separate C modules.
+Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>basic library,</li> which includes the coroutine sub-library;
+
+<li>package library;</li>
+
+<li>string manipulation;</li>
+
+<li>table manipulation;</li>
+
+<li>mathematical functions (sin, log, etc.);</li>
+
+<li>input and output;</li>
+
+<li>operating system facilities;</li>
+
+<li>debug facilities.</li>
+
+</ul><p>
+Except for the basic and package libraries,
+each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table
+or as methods of its objects.
+
+
+<p>
+To have access to these libraries,
+the C host program should call the <a href="#luaL_openlibs"><code>luaL_openlibs</code></a> function,
+which opens all standard libraries.
+Alternatively,
+it can open them individually by calling
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_base"><code>luaopen_base</code></a> (for the basic library),
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_package"><code>luaopen_package</code></a> (for the package library),
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_string"><code>luaopen_string</code></a> (for the string library),
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_table"><code>luaopen_table</code></a> (for the table library),
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_math"><code>luaopen_math</code></a> (for the mathematical library),
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_io"><code>luaopen_io</code></a> (for the I/O library),
+<a name="pdf-luaopen_os"><code>luaopen_os</code></a> (for the Operating System library),
+and <a name="pdf-luaopen_debug"><code>luaopen_debug</code></a> (for the debug library).
+These functions are declared in <a name="pdf-lualib.h"><code>lualib.h</code></a>
+and should not be called directly:
+you must call them like any other Lua C function,
+e.g., by using <a href="#lua_call"><code>lua_call</code></a>.
+
+
+
+<h2>5.1 - <a name="5.1">Basic Functions</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+The basic library provides some core functions to Lua.
+If you do not include this library in your application,
+you should check carefully whether you need to provide
+implementations for some of its facilities.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-assert"><code>assert (v [, message])</code></a></h3>
+Issues an error when
+the value of its argument <code>v</code> is false (i.e., <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b>);
+otherwise, returns all its arguments.
+<code>message</code> is an error message;
+when absent, it defaults to "assertion failed!"
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage (opt [, arg])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector.
+It performs different functions according to its first argument, <code>opt</code>:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>"stop":</b>
+stops the garbage collector.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"restart":</b>
+restarts the garbage collector.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"collect":</b>
+performs a full garbage-collection cycle.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"count":</b>
+returns the total memory in use by Lua (in Kbytes).
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"step":</b>
+performs a garbage-collection step.
+The step "size" is controlled by <code>arg</code>
+(larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way.
+If you want to control the step size
+you must experimentally tune the value of <code>arg</code>.
+Returns <b>true</b> if the step finished a collection cycle.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"setpause":</b>
+sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>pause</em> of
+the collector (see <a href="#2.10">§2.10</a>).
+Returns the previous value for <em>pause</em>.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"setstepmul":</b>
+sets <code>arg</code> as the new value for the <em>step multiplier</em> of
+the collector (see <a href="#2.10">§2.10</a>).
+Returns the previous value for <em>step</em>.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-dofile"><code>dofile (filename)</code></a></h3>
+Opens the named file and executes its contents as a Lua chunk.
+When called without arguments,
+<code>dofile</code> executes the contents of the standard input (<code>stdin</code>).
+Returns all values returned by the chunk.
+In case of errors, <code>dofile</code> propagates the error
+to its caller (that is, <code>dofile</code> does not run in protected mode).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-error"><code>error (message [, level])</code></a></h3>
+Terminates the last protected function called
+and returns <code>message</code> as the error message.
+Function <code>error</code> never returns.
+
+
+<p>
+Usually, <code>error</code> adds some information about the error position
+at the beginning of the message.
+The <code>level</code> argument specifies how to get the error position.
+With level 1 (the default), the error position is where the
+<code>error</code> function was called.
+Level 2 points the error to where the function
+that called <code>error</code> was called; and so on.
+Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information
+to the message.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-_G"><code>_G</code></a></h3>
+A global variable (not a function) that
+holds the global environment (that is, <code>_G._G = _G</code>).
+Lua itself does not use this variable;
+changing its value does not affect any environment,
+nor vice-versa.
+(Use <a href="#pdf-setfenv"><code>setfenv</code></a> to change environments.)
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-getfenv"><code>getfenv ([f])</code></a></h3>
+Returns the current environment in use by the function.
+<code>f</code> can be a Lua function or a number
+that specifies the function at that stack level:
+Level 1 is the function calling <code>getfenv</code>.
+If the given function is not a Lua function,
+or if <code>f</code> is 0,
+<code>getfenv</code> returns the global environment.
+The default for <code>f</code> is 1.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-getmetatable"><code>getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>object</code> does not have a metatable, returns <b>nil</b>.
+Otherwise,
+if the object's metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
+returns the associated value.
+Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs (t)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns three values: an iterator function, the table <code>t</code>, and 0,
+so that the construction
+
+<pre>
+ for i,v in ipairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+will iterate over the pairs (<code>1,t[1]</code>), (<code>2,t[2]</code>), ···,
+up to the first integer key absent from the table.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-load"><code>load (func [, chunkname])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Loads a chunk using function <code>func</code> to get its pieces.
+Each call to <code>func</code> must return a string that concatenates
+with previous results.
+A return of an empty string, <b>nil</b>, or no value signals the end of the chunk.
+
+
+<p>
+If there are no errors,
+returns the compiled chunk as a function;
+otherwise, returns <b>nil</b> plus the error message.
+The environment of the returned function is the global environment.
+
+
+<p>
+<code>chunkname</code> is used as the chunk name for error messages
+and debug information.
+When absent,
+it defaults to "<code>=(load)</code>".
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadfile"><code>loadfile ([filename])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>,
+but gets the chunk from file <code>filename</code>
+or from the standard input,
+if no file name is given.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-loadstring"><code>loadstring (string [, chunkname])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Similar to <a href="#pdf-load"><code>load</code></a>,
+but gets the chunk from the given string.
+
+
+<p>
+To load and run a given string, use the idiom
+
+<pre>
+ assert(loadstring(s))()
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+When absent,
+<code>chunkname</code> defaults to the given string.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-next"><code>next (table [, index])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table.
+Its first argument is a table and its second argument
+is an index in this table.
+<code>next</code> returns the next index of the table
+and its associated value.
+When called with <b>nil</b> as its second argument,
+<code>next</code> returns an initial index
+and its associated value.
+When called with the last index,
+or with <b>nil</b> in an empty table,
+<code>next</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
+If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as <b>nil</b>.
+In particular,
+you can use <code>next(t)</code> to check whether a table is empty.
+
+
+<p>
+The order in which the indices are enumerated is not specified,
+<em>even for numeric indices</em>.
+(To traverse a table in numeric order,
+use a numerical <b>for</b> or the <a href="#pdf-ipairs"><code>ipairs</code></a> function.)
+
+
+<p>
+The behavior of <code>next</code> is <em>undefined</em> if,
+during the traversal,
+you assign any value to a non-existent field in the table.
+You may however modify existing fields.
+In particular, you may clear existing fields.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-pairs"><code>pairs (t)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns three values: the <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> function, the table <code>t</code>, and <b>nil</b>,
+so that the construction
+
+<pre>
+ for k,v in pairs(t) do <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+will iterate over all key–value pairs of table <code>t</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+See function <a href="#pdf-next"><code>next</code></a> for the caveats of modifying
+the table during its traversal.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-pcall"><code>pcall (f, arg1, ···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Calls function <code>f</code> with
+the given arguments in <em>protected mode</em>.
+This means that any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated;
+instead, <code>pcall</code> catches the error
+and returns a status code.
+Its first result is the status code (a boolean),
+which is true if the call succeeds without errors.
+In such case, <code>pcall</code> also returns all results from the call,
+after this first result.
+In case of any error, <code>pcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-print"><code>print (···)</code></a></h3>
+Receives any number of arguments,
+and prints their values to <code>stdout</code>,
+using the <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> function to convert them to strings.
+<code>print</code> is not intended for formatted output,
+but only as a quick way to show a value,
+typically for debugging.
+For formatted output, use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawequal"><code>rawequal (v1, v2)</code></a></h3>
+Checks whether <code>v1</code> is equal to <code>v2</code>,
+without invoking any metamethod.
+Returns a boolean.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawget"><code>rawget (table, index)</code></a></h3>
+Gets the real value of <code>table[index]</code>,
+without invoking any metamethod.
+<code>table</code> must be a table;
+<code>index</code> may be any value.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-rawset"><code>rawset (table, index, value)</code></a></h3>
+Sets the real value of <code>table[index]</code> to <code>value</code>,
+without invoking any metamethod.
+<code>table</code> must be a table,
+<code>index</code> any value different from <b>nil</b>,
+and <code>value</code> any Lua value.
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns <code>table</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-select"><code>select (index, ···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>index</code> is a number,
+returns all arguments after argument number <code>index</code>.
+Otherwise, <code>index</code> must be the string <code>"#"</code>,
+and <code>select</code> returns the total number of extra arguments it received.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-setfenv"><code>setfenv (f, table)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the environment to be used by the given function.
+<code>f</code> can be a Lua function or a number
+that specifies the function at that stack level:
+Level 1 is the function calling <code>setfenv</code>.
+<code>setfenv</code> returns the given function.
+
+
+<p>
+As a special case, when <code>f</code> is 0 <code>setfenv</code> changes
+the environment of the running thread.
+In this case, <code>setfenv</code> returns no values.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-setmetatable"><code>setmetatable (table, metatable)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the metatable for the given table.
+(You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.)
+If <code>metatable</code> is <b>nil</b>,
+removes the metatable of the given table.
+If the original metatable has a <code>"__metatable"</code> field,
+raises an error.
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns <code>table</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-tonumber"><code>tonumber (e [, base])</code></a></h3>
+Tries to convert its argument to a number.
+If the argument is already a number or a string convertible
+to a number, then <code>tonumber</code> returns this number;
+otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
+
+
+<p>
+An optional argument specifies the base to interpret the numeral.
+The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive.
+In bases above 10, the letter '<code>A</code>' (in either upper or lower case)
+represents 10, '<code>B</code>' represents 11, and so forth,
+with '<code>Z</code>' representing 35.
+In base 10 (the default), the number can have a decimal part,
+as well as an optional exponent part (see <a href="#2.1">§2.1</a>).
+In other bases, only unsigned integers are accepted.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-tostring"><code>tostring (e)</code></a></h3>
+Receives an argument of any type and
+converts it to a string in a reasonable format.
+For complete control of how numbers are converted,
+use <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+If the metatable of <code>e</code> has a <code>"__tostring"</code> field,
+then <code>tostring</code> calls the corresponding value
+with <code>e</code> as argument,
+and uses the result of the call as its result.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-type"><code>type (v)</code></a></h3>
+Returns the type of its only argument, coded as a string.
+The possible results of this function are
+"<code>nil</code>" (a string, not the value <b>nil</b>),
+"<code>number</code>",
+"<code>string</code>",
+"<code>boolean</code>",
+"<code>table</code>",
+"<code>function</code>",
+"<code>thread</code>",
+and "<code>userdata</code>".
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-unpack"><code>unpack (list [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3>
+Returns the elements from the given table.
+This function is equivalent to
+
+<pre>
+ return list[i], list[i+1], ···, list[j]
+</pre><p>
+except that the above code can be written only for a fixed number
+of elements.
+By default, <code>i</code> is 1 and <code>j</code> is the length of the list,
+as defined by the length operator (see <a href="#2.5.5">§2.5.5</a>).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-_VERSION"><code>_VERSION</code></a></h3>
+A global variable (not a function) that
+holds a string containing the current interpreter version.
+The current contents of this variable is "<code>Lua 5.1</code>".
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-xpcall"><code>xpcall (f, err)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function is similar to <a href="#pdf-pcall"><code>pcall</code></a>,
+except that you can set a new error handler.
+
+
+<p>
+<code>xpcall</code> calls function <code>f</code> in protected mode,
+using <code>err</code> as the error handler.
+Any error inside <code>f</code> is not propagated;
+instead, <code>xpcall</code> catches the error,
+calls the <code>err</code> function with the original error object,
+and returns a status code.
+Its first result is the status code (a boolean),
+which is true if the call succeeds without errors.
+In this case, <code>xpcall</code> also returns all results from the call,
+after this first result.
+In case of any error,
+<code>xpcall</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the result from <code>err</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.2 - <a name="5.2">Coroutine Manipulation</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+The operations related to coroutines comprise a sub-library of
+the basic library and come inside the table <a name="pdf-coroutine"><code>coroutine</code></a>.
+See <a href="#2.11">§2.11</a> for a general description of coroutines.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.create"><code>coroutine.create (f)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>.
+<code>f</code> must be a Lua function.
+Returns this new coroutine,
+an object with type <code>"thread"</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.resume"><code>coroutine.resume (co [, val1, ···])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Starts or continues the execution of coroutine <code>co</code>.
+The first time you resume a coroutine,
+it starts running its body.
+The values <code>val1</code>, ··· are passed
+as the arguments to the body function.
+If the coroutine has yielded,
+<code>resume</code> restarts it;
+the values <code>val1</code>, ··· are passed
+as the results from the yield.
+
+
+<p>
+If the coroutine runs without any errors,
+<code>resume</code> returns <b>true</b> plus any values passed to <code>yield</code>
+(if the coroutine yields) or any values returned by the body function
+(if the coroutine terminates).
+If there is any error,
+<code>resume</code> returns <b>false</b> plus the error message.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.running"><code>coroutine.running ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the running coroutine,
+or <b>nil</b> when called by the main thread.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.status"><code>coroutine.status (co)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the status of coroutine <code>co</code>, as a string:
+<code>"running"</code>,
+if the coroutine is running (that is, it called <code>status</code>);
+<code>"suspended"</code>, if the coroutine is suspended in a call to <code>yield</code>,
+or if it has not started running yet;
+<code>"normal"</code> if the coroutine is active but not running
+(that is, it has resumed another coroutine);
+and <code>"dead"</code> if the coroutine has finished its body function,
+or if it has stopped with an error.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.wrap"><code>coroutine.wrap (f)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Creates a new coroutine, with body <code>f</code>.
+<code>f</code> must be a Lua function.
+Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is called.
+Any arguments passed to the function behave as the
+extra arguments to <code>resume</code>.
+Returns the same values returned by <code>resume</code>,
+except the first boolean.
+In case of error, propagates the error.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-coroutine.yield"><code>coroutine.yield (···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine.
+The coroutine cannot be running a C function,
+a metamethod, or an iterator.
+Any arguments to <code>yield</code> are passed as extra results to <code>resume</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.3 - <a name="5.3">Modules</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+The package library provides basic
+facilities for loading and building modules in Lua.
+It exports two of its functions directly in the global environment:
+<a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> and <a href="#pdf-module"><code>module</code></a>.
+Everything else is exported in a table <a name="pdf-package"><code>package</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-module"><code>module (name [, ···])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Creates a module.
+If there is a table in <code>package.loaded[name]</code>,
+this table is the module.
+Otherwise, if there is a global table <code>t</code> with the given name,
+this table is the module.
+Otherwise creates a new table <code>t</code> and
+sets it as the value of the global <code>name</code> and
+the value of <code>package.loaded[name]</code>.
+This function also initializes <code>t._NAME</code> with the given name,
+<code>t._M</code> with the module (<code>t</code> itself),
+and <code>t._PACKAGE</code> with the package name
+(the full module name minus last component; see below).
+Finally, <code>module</code> sets <code>t</code> as the new environment
+of the current function and the new value of <code>package.loaded[name]</code>,
+so that <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> returns <code>t</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>name</code> is a compound name
+(that is, one with components separated by dots),
+<code>module</code> creates (or reuses, if they already exist)
+tables for each component.
+For instance, if <code>name</code> is <code>a.b.c</code>,
+then <code>module</code> stores the module table in field <code>c</code> of
+field <code>b</code> of global <code>a</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+This function can receive optional <em>options</em> after
+the module name,
+where each option is a function to be applied over the module.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-require"><code>require (modname)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Loads the given module.
+The function starts by looking into the <a href="#pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a> table
+to determine whether <code>modname</code> is already loaded.
+If it is, then <code>require</code> returns the value stored
+at <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>.
+Otherwise, it tries to find a <em>loader</em> for the module.
+
+
+<p>
+To find a loader,
+<code>require</code> is guided by the <a href="#pdf-package.loaders"><code>package.loaders</code></a> array.
+By changing this array,
+we can change how <code>require</code> looks for a module.
+The following explanation is based on the default configuration
+for <a href="#pdf-package.loaders"><code>package.loaders</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+First <code>require</code> queries <code>package.preload[modname]</code>.
+If it has a value,
+this value (which should be a function) is the loader.
+Otherwise <code>require</code> searches for a Lua loader using the
+path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>.
+If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the
+path stored in <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>.
+If that also fails,
+it tries an <em>all-in-one</em> loader (see <a href="#pdf-package.loaders"><code>package.loaders</code></a>).
+
+
+<p>
+Once a loader is found,
+<code>require</code> calls the loader with a single argument, <code>modname</code>.
+If the loader returns any value,
+<code>require</code> assigns the returned value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>.
+If the loader returns no value and
+has not assigned any value to <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>,
+then <code>require</code> assigns <b>true</b> to this entry.
+In any case, <code>require</code> returns the
+final value of <code>package.loaded[modname]</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+If there is any error loading or running the module,
+or if it cannot find any loader for the module,
+then <code>require</code> signals an error.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a C loader.
+
+
+<p>
+Lua initializes the C path <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a> in the same way
+it initializes the Lua path <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>,
+using the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_CPATH"><code>LUA_CPATH</code></a>
+or a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaded"><code>package.loaded</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control which
+modules are already loaded.
+When you require a module <code>modname</code> and
+<code>package.loaded[modname]</code> is not false,
+<a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> simply returns the value stored there.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loaders"><code>package.loaders</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+A table used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to control how to load modules.
+
+
+<p>
+Each entry in this table is a <em>searcher function</em>.
+When looking for a module,
+<a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> calls each of these searchers in ascending order,
+with the module name (the argument given to <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>) as its
+sole parameter.
+The function can return another function (the module <em>loader</em>)
+or a string explaining why it did not find that module
+(or <b>nil</b> if it has nothing to say).
+Lua initializes this table with four functions.
+
+
+<p>
+The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the
+<a href="#pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a> table.
+
+
+<p>
+The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library,
+using the path stored at <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a>.
+A path is a sequence of <em>templates</em> separated by semicolons.
+For each template,
+the searcher will change each interrogation
+mark in the template by <code>filename</code>,
+which is the module name with each dot replaced by a
+"directory separator" (such as "<code>/</code>" in Unix);
+then it will try to open the resulting file name.
+So, for instance, if the Lua path is the string
+
+<pre>
+ "./?.lua;./?.lc;/usr/local/?/init.lua"
+</pre><p>
+the search for a Lua file for module <code>foo</code>
+will try to open the files
+<code>./foo.lua</code>, <code>./foo.lc</code>, and
+<code>/usr/local/foo/init.lua</code>, in that order.
+
+
+<p>
+The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library,
+using the path given by the variable <a href="#pdf-package.cpath"><code>package.cpath</code></a>.
+For instance,
+if the C path is the string
+
+<pre>
+ "./?.so;./?.dll;/usr/local/?/init.so"
+</pre><p>
+the searcher for module <code>foo</code>
+will try to open the files <code>./foo.so</code>, <code>./foo.dll</code>,
+and <code>/usr/local/foo/init.so</code>, in that order.
+Once it finds a C library,
+this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the
+application with the library.
+Then it tries to find a C function inside the library to
+be used as the loader.
+The name of this C function is the string "<code>luaopen_</code>"
+concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot
+is replaced by an underscore.
+Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen,
+its prefix up to (and including) the first hyphen is removed.
+For instance, if the module name is <code>a.v1-b.c</code>,
+the function name will be <code>luaopen_b_c</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+The fourth searcher tries an <em>all-in-one loader</em>.
+It searches the C path for a library for
+the root name of the given module.
+For instance, when requiring <code>a.b.c</code>,
+it will search for a C library for <code>a</code>.
+If found, it looks into it for an open function for
+the submodule;
+in our example, that would be <code>luaopen_a_b_c</code>.
+With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules
+into one single library,
+with each submodule keeping its original open function.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib (libname, funcname)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Dynamically links the host program with the C library <code>libname</code>.
+Inside this library, looks for a function <code>funcname</code>
+and returns this function as a C function.
+(So, <code>funcname</code> must follow the protocol (see <a href="#lua_CFunction"><code>lua_CFunction</code></a>)).
+
+
+<p>
+This is a low-level function.
+It completely bypasses the package and module system.
+Unlike <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>,
+it does not perform any path searching and
+does not automatically adds extensions.
+<code>libname</code> must be the complete file name of the C library,
+including if necessary a path and extension.
+<code>funcname</code> must be the exact name exported by the C library
+(which may depend on the C compiler and linker used).
+
+
+<p>
+This function is not supported by ANSI C.
+As such, it is only available on some platforms
+(Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD,
+plus other Unix systems that support the <code>dlfcn</code> standard).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The path used by <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> to search for a Lua loader.
+
+
+<p>
+At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with
+the value of the environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_PATH"><code>LUA_PATH</code></a> or
+with a default path defined in <code>luaconf.h</code>,
+if the environment variable is not defined.
+Any "<code>;;</code>" in the value of the environment variable
+is replaced by the default path.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.preload"><code>package.preload</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+A table to store loaders for specific modules
+(see <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a>).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-package.seeall"><code>package.seeall (module)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets a metatable for <code>module</code> with
+its <code>__index</code> field referring to the global environment,
+so that this module inherits values
+from the global environment.
+To be used as an option to function <a href="#pdf-module"><code>module</code></a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.4 - <a name="5.4">String Manipulation</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+This library provides generic functions for string manipulation,
+such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching.
+When indexing a string in Lua, the first character is at position 1
+(not at 0, as in C).
+Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards,
+from the end of the string.
+Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on.
+
+
+<p>
+The string library provides all its functions inside the table
+<a name="pdf-string"><code>string</code></a>.
+It also sets a metatable for strings
+where the <code>__index</code> field points to the <code>string</code> table.
+Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style.
+For instance, <code>string.byte(s, i)</code>
+can be written as <code>s:byte(i)</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+The string library assumes one-byte character encodings.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.byte"><code>string.byte (s [, i [, j]])</code></a></h3>
+Returns the internal numerical codes of the characters <code>s[i]</code>,
+<code>s[i+1]</code>, ···, <code>s[j]</code>.
+The default value for <code>i</code> is 1;
+the default value for <code>j</code> is <code>i</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.char"><code>string.char (···)</code></a></h3>
+Receives zero or more integers.
+Returns a string with length equal to the number of arguments,
+in which each character has the internal numerical code equal
+to its corresponding argument.
+
+
+<p>
+Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.dump"><code>string.dump (function)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns a string containing a binary representation of the given function,
+so that a later <a href="#pdf-loadstring"><code>loadstring</code></a> on this string returns
+a copy of the function.
+<code>function</code> must be a Lua function without upvalues.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.find"><code>string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]])</code></a></h3>
+Looks for the first match of
+<code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>.
+If it finds a match, then <code>find</code> returns the indices of <code>s</code>
+where this occurrence starts and ends;
+otherwise, it returns <b>nil</b>.
+A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
+where to start the search;
+its default value is 1 and can be negative.
+A value of <b>true</b> as a fourth, optional argument <code>plain</code>
+turns off the pattern matching facilities,
+so the function does a plain "find substring" operation,
+with no characters in <code>pattern</code> being considered "magic".
+Note that if <code>plain</code> is given, then <code>init</code> must be given as well.
+
+
+<p>
+If the pattern has captures,
+then in a successful match
+the captured values are also returned,
+after the two indices.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.format"><code>string.format (formatstring, ···)</code></a></h3>
+Returns a formatted version of its variable number of arguments
+following the description given in its first argument (which must be a string).
+The format string follows the same rules as the <code>printf</code> family of
+standard C functions.
+The only differences are that the options/modifiers
+<code>*</code>, <code>l</code>, <code>L</code>, <code>n</code>, <code>p</code>,
+and <code>h</code> are not supported
+and that there is an extra option, <code>q</code>.
+The <code>q</code> option formats a string in a form suitable to be safely read
+back by the Lua interpreter:
+the string is written between double quotes,
+and all double quotes, newlines, embedded zeros,
+and backslashes in the string
+are correctly escaped when written.
+For instance, the call
+
+<pre>
+ string.format('%q', 'a string with "quotes" and \n new line')
+</pre><p>
+will produce the string:
+
+<pre>
+ "a string with \"quotes\" and \
+ new line"
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The options <code>c</code>, <code>d</code>, <code>E</code>, <code>e</code>, <code>f</code>,
+<code>g</code>, <code>G</code>, <code>i</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>u</code>, <code>X</code>, and <code>x</code> all
+expect a number as argument,
+whereas <code>q</code> and <code>s</code> expect a string.
+
+
+<p>
+This function does not accept string values
+containing embedded zeros,
+except as arguments to the <code>q</code> option.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch (s, pattern)</code></a></h3>
+Returns an iterator function that,
+each time it is called,
+returns the next captures from <code>pattern</code> over string <code>s</code>.
+If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
+then the whole match is produced in each call.
+
+
+<p>
+As an example, the following loop
+
+<pre>
+ s = "hello world from Lua"
+ for w in string.gmatch(s, "%a+") do
+ print(w)
+ end
+</pre><p>
+will iterate over all the words from string <code>s</code>,
+printing one per line.
+The next example collects all pairs <code>key=value</code> from the
+given string into a table:
+
+<pre>
+ t = {}
+ s = "from=world, to=Lua"
+ for k, v in string.gmatch(s, "(%w+)=(%w+)") do
+ t[k] = v
+ end
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+For this function, a '<code>^</code>' at the start of a pattern does not
+work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub (s, pattern, repl [, n])</code></a></h3>
+Returns a copy of <code>s</code>
+in which all (or the first <code>n</code>, if given)
+occurrences of the <code>pattern</code> have been
+replaced by a replacement string specified by <code>repl</code>,
+which can be a string, a table, or a function.
+<code>gsub</code> also returns, as its second value,
+the total number of matches that occurred.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>repl</code> is a string, then its value is used for replacement.
+The character <code>%</code> works as an escape character:
+any sequence in <code>repl</code> of the form <code>%<em>n</em></code>,
+with <em>n</em> between 1 and 9,
+stands for the value of the <em>n</em>-th captured substring (see below).
+The sequence <code>%0</code> stands for the whole match.
+The sequence <code>%%</code> stands for a single <code>%</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>repl</code> is a table, then the table is queried for every match,
+using the first capture as the key;
+if the pattern specifies no captures,
+then the whole match is used as the key.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>repl</code> is a function, then this function is called every time a
+match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments,
+in order;
+if the pattern specifies no captures,
+then the whole match is passed as a sole argument.
+
+
+<p>
+If the value returned by the table query or by the function call
+is a string or a number,
+then it is used as the replacement string;
+otherwise, if it is <b>false</b> or <b>nil</b>,
+then there is no replacement
+(that is, the original match is kept in the string).
+
+
+<p>
+Here are some examples:
+
+<pre>
+ x = string.gsub("hello world", "(%w+)", "%1 %1")
+ --> x="hello hello world world"
+
+ x = string.gsub("hello world", "%w+", "%0 %0", 1)
+ --> x="hello hello world"
+
+ x = string.gsub("hello world from Lua", "(%w+)%s*(%w+)", "%2 %1")
+ --> x="world hello Lua from"
+
+ x = string.gsub("home = $HOME, user = $USER", "%$(%w+)", os.getenv)
+ --> x="home = /home/roberto, user = roberto"
+
+ x = string.gsub("4+5 = $return 4+5$", "%$(.-)%$", function (s)
+ return loadstring(s)()
+ end)
+ --> x="4+5 = 9"
+
+ local t = {name="lua", version="5.1"}
+ x = string.gsub("$name-$version.tar.gz", "%$(%w+)", t)
+ --> x="lua-5.1.tar.gz"
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.len"><code>string.len (s)</code></a></h3>
+Receives a string and returns its length.
+The empty string <code>""</code> has length 0.
+Embedded zeros are counted,
+so <code>"a\000bc\000"</code> has length 5.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.lower"><code>string.lower (s)</code></a></h3>
+Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
+uppercase letters changed to lowercase.
+All other characters are left unchanged.
+The definition of what an uppercase letter is depends on the current locale.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.match"><code>string.match (s, pattern [, init])</code></a></h3>
+Looks for the first <em>match</em> of
+<code>pattern</code> in the string <code>s</code>.
+If it finds one, then <code>match</code> returns
+the captures from the pattern;
+otherwise it returns <b>nil</b>.
+If <code>pattern</code> specifies no captures,
+then the whole match is returned.
+A third, optional numerical argument <code>init</code> specifies
+where to start the search;
+its default value is 1 and can be negative.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.rep"><code>string.rep (s, n)</code></a></h3>
+Returns a string that is the concatenation of <code>n</code> copies of
+the string <code>s</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.reverse"><code>string.reverse (s)</code></a></h3>
+Returns a string that is the string <code>s</code> reversed.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.sub"><code>string.sub (s, i [, j])</code></a></h3>
+Returns the substring of <code>s</code> that
+starts at <code>i</code> and continues until <code>j</code>;
+<code>i</code> and <code>j</code> can be negative.
+If <code>j</code> is absent, then it is assumed to be equal to -1
+(which is the same as the string length).
+In particular,
+the call <code>string.sub(s,1,j)</code> returns a prefix of <code>s</code>
+with length <code>j</code>,
+and <code>string.sub(s, -i)</code> returns a suffix of <code>s</code>
+with length <code>i</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-string.upper"><code>string.upper (s)</code></a></h3>
+Receives a string and returns a copy of this string with all
+lowercase letters changed to uppercase.
+All other characters are left unchanged.
+The definition of what a lowercase letter is depends on the current locale.
+
+
+
+<h3>5.4.1 - <a name="5.4.1">Patterns</a></h3>
+
+
+<h4>Character Class:</h4><p>
+A <em>character class</em> is used to represent a set of characters.
+The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b><em>x</em>:</b>
+(where <em>x</em> is not one of the <em>magic characters</em>
+<code>^$()%.[]*+-?</code>)
+represents the character <em>x</em> itself.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>.</code>:</b> (a dot) represents all characters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%a</code>:</b> represents all letters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%c</code>:</b> represents all control characters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%d</code>:</b> represents all digits.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%l</code>:</b> represents all lowercase letters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%p</code>:</b> represents all punctuation characters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%s</code>:</b> represents all space characters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%u</code>:</b> represents all uppercase letters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%w</code>:</b> represents all alphanumeric characters.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%x</code>:</b> represents all hexadecimal digits.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%z</code>:</b> represents the character with representation 0.</li>
+
+<li><b><code>%<em>x</em></code>:</b> (where <em>x</em> is any non-alphanumeric character)
+represents the character <em>x</em>.
+This is the standard way to escape the magic characters.
+Any punctuation character (even the non magic)
+can be preceded by a '<code>%</code>'
+when used to represent itself in a pattern.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>[<em>set</em>]</code>:</b>
+represents the class which is the union of all
+characters in <em>set</em>.
+A range of characters can be specified by
+separating the end characters of the range with a '<code>-</code>'.
+All classes <code>%</code><em>x</em> described above can also be used as
+components in <em>set</em>.
+All other characters in <em>set</em> represent themselves.
+For example, <code>[%w_]</code> (or <code>[_%w]</code>)
+represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore,
+<code>[0-7]</code> represents the octal digits,
+and <code>[0-7%l%-]</code> represents the octal digits plus
+the lowercase letters plus the '<code>-</code>' character.
+
+
+<p>
+The interaction between ranges and classes is not defined.
+Therefore, patterns like <code>[%a-z]</code> or <code>[a-%%]</code>
+have no meaning.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><code>[^<em>set</em>]</code>:</b>
+represents the complement of <em>set</em>,
+where <em>set</em> is interpreted as above.
+</li>
+
+</ul><p>
+For all classes represented by single letters (<code>%a</code>, <code>%c</code>, etc.),
+the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class.
+For instance, <code>%S</code> represents all non-space characters.
+
+
+<p>
+The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups
+depend on the current locale.
+In particular, the class <code>[a-z]</code> may not be equivalent to <code>%l</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h4>Pattern Item:</h4><p>
+A <em>pattern item</em> can be
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+a single character class,
+which matches any single character in the class;
+</li>
+
+<li>
+a single character class followed by '<code>*</code>',
+which matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class.
+These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;
+</li>
+
+<li>
+a single character class followed by '<code>+</code>',
+which matches 1 or more repetitions of characters in the class.
+These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence;
+</li>
+
+<li>
+a single character class followed by '<code>-</code>',
+which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class.
+Unlike '<code>*</code>',
+these repetition items will always match the <em>shortest</em> possible sequence;
+</li>
+
+<li>
+a single character class followed by '<code>?</code>',
+which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class;
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<code>%<em>n</em></code>, for <em>n</em> between 1 and 9;
+such item matches a substring equal to the <em>n</em>-th captured string
+(see below);
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<code>%b<em>xy</em></code>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are two distinct characters;
+such item matches strings that start with <em>x</em>, end with <em>y</em>,
+and where the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> are <em>balanced</em>.
+This means that, if one reads the string from left to right,
+counting <em>+1</em> for an <em>x</em> and <em>-1</em> for a <em>y</em>,
+the ending <em>y</em> is the first <em>y</em> where the count reaches 0.
+For instance, the item <code>%b()</code> matches expressions with
+balanced parentheses.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h4>Pattern:</h4><p>
+A <em>pattern</em> is a sequence of pattern items.
+A '<code>^</code>' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at the
+beginning of the subject string.
+A '<code>$</code>' at the end of a pattern anchors the match at the
+end of the subject string.
+At other positions,
+'<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>' have no special meaning and represent themselves.
+
+
+
+
+
+<h4>Captures:</h4><p>
+A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses;
+they describe <em>captures</em>.
+When a match succeeds, the substrings of the subject string
+that match captures are stored (<em>captured</em>) for future use.
+Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses.
+For instance, in the pattern <code>"(a*(.)%w(%s*))"</code>,
+the part of the string matching <code>"a*(.)%w(%s*)"</code> is
+stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1);
+the character matching "<code>.</code>" is captured with number 2,
+and the part matching "<code>%s*</code>" has number 3.
+
+
+<p>
+As a special case, the empty capture <code>()</code> captures
+the current string position (a number).
+For instance, if we apply the pattern <code>"()aa()"</code> on the
+string <code>"flaaap"</code>, there will be two captures: 3 and 5.
+
+
+<p>
+A pattern cannot contain embedded zeros. Use <code>%z</code> instead.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.5 - <a name="5.5">Table Manipulation</a></h2><p>
+This library provides generic functions for table manipulation.
+It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-table"><code>table</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+Most functions in the table library assume that the table
+represents an array or a list.
+For these functions, when we talk about the "length" of a table
+we mean the result of the length operator.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.concat"><code>table.concat (table [, sep [, i [, j]]])</code></a></h3>
+Given an array where all elements are strings or numbers,
+returns <code>table[i]..sep..table[i+1] ··· sep..table[j]</code>.
+The default value for <code>sep</code> is the empty string,
+the default for <code>i</code> is 1,
+and the default for <code>j</code> is the length of the table.
+If <code>i</code> is greater than <code>j</code>, returns the empty string.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.insert"><code>table.insert (table, [pos,] value)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Inserts element <code>value</code> at position <code>pos</code> in <code>table</code>,
+shifting up other elements to open space, if necessary.
+The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>n+1</code>,
+where <code>n</code> is the length of the table (see <a href="#2.5.5">§2.5.5</a>),
+so that a call <code>table.insert(t,x)</code> inserts <code>x</code> at the end
+of table <code>t</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.maxn"><code>table.maxn (table)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the largest positive numerical index of the given table,
+or zero if the table has no positive numerical indices.
+(To do its job this function does a linear traversal of
+the whole table.)
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.remove"><code>table.remove (table [, pos])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Removes from <code>table</code> the element at position <code>pos</code>,
+shifting down other elements to close the space, if necessary.
+Returns the value of the removed element.
+The default value for <code>pos</code> is <code>n</code>,
+where <code>n</code> is the length of the table,
+so that a call <code>table.remove(t)</code> removes the last element
+of table <code>t</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-table.sort"><code>table.sort (table [, comp])</code></a></h3>
+Sorts table elements in a given order, <em>in-place</em>,
+from <code>table[1]</code> to <code>table[n]</code>,
+where <code>n</code> is the length of the table.
+If <code>comp</code> is given,
+then it must be a function that receives two table elements,
+and returns true
+when the first is less than the second
+(so that <code>not comp(a[i+1],a[i])</code> will be true after the sort).
+If <code>comp</code> is not given,
+then the standard Lua operator <code><</code> is used instead.
+
+
+<p>
+The sort algorithm is not stable;
+that is, elements considered equal by the given order
+may have their relative positions changed by the sort.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.6 - <a name="5.6">Mathematical Functions</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+This library is an interface to the standard C math library.
+It provides all its functions inside the table <a name="pdf-math"><code>math</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.abs"><code>math.abs (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the absolute value of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.acos"><code>math.acos (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the arc cosine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.asin"><code>math.asin (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the arc sine of <code>x</code> (in radians).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan"><code>math.atan (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the arc tangent of <code>x</code> (in radians).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.atan2"><code>math.atan2 (y, x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the arc tangent of <code>y/x</code> (in radians),
+but uses the signs of both parameters to find the
+quadrant of the result.
+(It also handles correctly the case of <code>x</code> being zero.)
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ceil"><code>math.ceil (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the smallest integer larger than or equal to <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cos"><code>math.cos (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the cosine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.cosh"><code>math.cosh (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the hyperbolic cosine of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.deg"><code>math.deg (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in radians) in degrees.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.exp"><code>math.exp (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the value <em>e<sup>x</sup></em>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.floor"><code>math.floor (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod (x, y)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the remainder of the division of <code>x</code> by <code>y</code>
+that rounds the quotient towards zero.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.frexp"><code>math.frexp (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <code>m</code> and <code>e</code> such that <em>x = m2<sup>e</sup></em>,
+<code>e</code> is an integer and the absolute value of <code>m</code> is
+in the range <em>[0.5, 1)</em>
+(or zero when <code>x</code> is zero).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.huge"><code>math.huge</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The value <code>HUGE_VAL</code>,
+a value larger than or equal to any other numerical value.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.ldexp"><code>math.ldexp (m, e)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <em>m2<sup>e</sup></em> (<code>e</code> should be an integer).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log"><code>math.log (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the natural logarithm of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.log10"><code>math.log10 (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the base-10 logarithm of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.max"><code>math.max (x, ···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the maximum value among its arguments.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.min"><code>math.min (x, ···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the minimum value among its arguments.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.modf"><code>math.modf (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns two numbers,
+the integral part of <code>x</code> and the fractional part of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pi"><code>math.pi</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The value of <em>pi</em>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.pow"><code>math.pow (x, y)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns <em>x<sup>y</sup></em>.
+(You can also use the expression <code>x^y</code> to compute this value.)
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.rad"><code>math.rad (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the angle <code>x</code> (given in degrees) in radians.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.random"><code>math.random ([m [, n]])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function is an interface to the simple
+pseudo-random generator function <code>rand</code> provided by ANSI C.
+(No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.)
+
+
+<p>
+When called without arguments,
+returns a uniform pseudo-random real number
+in the range <em>[0,1)</em>.
+When called with an integer number <code>m</code>,
+<code>math.random</code> returns
+a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range <em>[1, m]</em>.
+When called with two integer numbers <code>m</code> and <code>n</code>,
+<code>math.random</code> returns a uniform pseudo-random
+integer in the range <em>[m, n]</em>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.randomseed"><code>math.randomseed (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets <code>x</code> as the "seed"
+for the pseudo-random generator:
+equal seeds produce equal sequences of numbers.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sin"><code>math.sin (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the sine of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sinh"><code>math.sinh (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the hyperbolic sine of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.sqrt"><code>math.sqrt (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the square root of <code>x</code>.
+(You can also use the expression <code>x^0.5</code> to compute this value.)
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tan"><code>math.tan (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the tangent of <code>x</code> (assumed to be in radians).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-math.tanh"><code>math.tanh (x)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the hyperbolic tangent of <code>x</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.7 - <a name="5.7">Input and Output Facilities</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation.
+The first one uses implicit file descriptors;
+that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a
+default output file,
+and all input/output operations are over these default files.
+The second style uses explicit file descriptors.
+
+
+<p>
+When using implicit file descriptors,
+all operations are supplied by table <a name="pdf-io"><code>io</code></a>.
+When using explicit file descriptors,
+the operation <a href="#pdf-io.open"><code>io.open</code></a> returns a file descriptor
+and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file descriptor.
+
+
+<p>
+The table <code>io</code> also provides
+three predefined file descriptors with their usual meanings from C:
+<a name="pdf-io.stdin"><code>io.stdin</code></a>, <a name="pdf-io.stdout"><code>io.stdout</code></a>, and <a name="pdf-io.stderr"><code>io.stderr</code></a>.
+The I/O library never closes these files.
+
+
+<p>
+Unless otherwise stated,
+all I/O functions return <b>nil</b> on failure
+(plus an error message as a second result and
+a system-dependent error code as a third result)
+and some value different from <b>nil</b> on success.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.close"><code>io.close ([file])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Equivalent to <code>file:close()</code>.
+Without a <code>file</code>, closes the default output file.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Equivalent to <code>file:flush</code> over the default output file.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.input"><code>io.input ([file])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode),
+and sets its handle as the default input file.
+When called with a file handle,
+it simply sets this file handle as the default input file.
+When called without parameters,
+it returns the current default input file.
+
+
+<p>
+In case of errors this function raises the error,
+instead of returning an error code.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines ([filename])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Opens the given file name in read mode
+and returns an iterator function that,
+each time it is called,
+returns a new line from the file.
+Therefore, the construction
+
+<pre>
+ for line in io.lines(filename) do <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+will iterate over all lines of the file.
+When the iterator function detects the end of file,
+it returns <b>nil</b> (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file.
+
+
+<p>
+The call <code>io.lines()</code> (with no file name) is equivalent
+to <code>io.input():lines()</code>;
+that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file.
+In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.open"><code>io.open (filename [, mode])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function opens a file,
+in the mode specified in the string <code>mode</code>.
+It returns a new file handle,
+or, in case of errors, <b>nil</b> plus an error message.
+
+
+<p>
+The <code>mode</code> string can be any of the following:
+
+<ul>
+<li><b>"r":</b> read mode (the default);</li>
+<li><b>"w":</b> write mode;</li>
+<li><b>"a":</b> append mode;</li>
+<li><b>"r+":</b> update mode, all previous data is preserved;</li>
+<li><b>"w+":</b> update mode, all previous data is erased;</li>
+<li><b>"a+":</b> append update mode, previous data is preserved,
+ writing is only allowed at the end of file.</li>
+</ul><p>
+The <code>mode</code> string can also have a '<code>b</code>' at the end,
+which is needed in some systems to open the file in binary mode.
+This string is exactly what is used in the
+standard C function <code>fopen</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.output"><code>io.output ([file])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Similar to <a href="#pdf-io.input"><code>io.input</code></a>, but operates over the default output file.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.popen"><code>io.popen (prog [, mode])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Starts program <code>prog</code> in a separated process and returns
+a file handle that you can use to read data from this program
+(if <code>mode</code> is <code>"r"</code>, the default)
+or to write data to this program
+(if <code>mode</code> is <code>"w"</code>).
+
+
+<p>
+This function is system dependent and is not available
+on all platforms.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.read"><code>io.read (···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Equivalent to <code>io.input():read</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns a handle for a temporary file.
+This file is opened in update mode
+and it is automatically removed when the program ends.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.type"><code>io.type (obj)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Checks whether <code>obj</code> is a valid file handle.
+Returns the string <code>"file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is an open file handle,
+<code>"closed file"</code> if <code>obj</code> is a closed file handle,
+or <b>nil</b> if <code>obj</code> is not a file handle.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-io.write"><code>io.write (···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Equivalent to <code>io.output():write</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:close"><code>file:close ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Closes <code>file</code>.
+Note that files are automatically closed when
+their handles are garbage collected,
+but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:flush"><code>file:flush ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Saves any written data to <code>file</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:lines"><code>file:lines ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns an iterator function that,
+each time it is called,
+returns a new line from the file.
+Therefore, the construction
+
+<pre>
+ for line in file:lines() do <em>body</em> end
+</pre><p>
+will iterate over all lines of the file.
+(Unlike <a href="#pdf-io.lines"><code>io.lines</code></a>, this function does not close the file
+when the loop ends.)
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:read"><code>file:read (···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Reads the file <code>file</code>,
+according to the given formats, which specify what to read.
+For each format,
+the function returns a string (or a number) with the characters read,
+or <b>nil</b> if it cannot read data with the specified format.
+When called without formats,
+it uses a default format that reads the entire next line
+(see below).
+
+
+<p>
+The available formats are
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>"*n":</b>
+reads a number;
+this is the only format that returns a number instead of a string.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"*a":</b>
+reads the whole file, starting at the current position.
+On end of file, it returns the empty string.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"*l":</b>
+reads the next line (skipping the end of line),
+returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
+This is the default format.
+</li>
+
+<li><b><em>number</em>:</b>
+reads a string with up to this number of characters,
+returning <b>nil</b> on end of file.
+If number is zero,
+it reads nothing and returns an empty string,
+or <b>nil</b> on end of file.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:seek"><code>file:seek ([whence] [, offset])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets and gets the file position,
+measured from the beginning of the file,
+to the position given by <code>offset</code> plus a base
+specified by the string <code>whence</code>, as follows:
+
+<ul>
+<li><b>"set":</b> base is position 0 (beginning of the file);</li>
+<li><b>"cur":</b> base is current position;</li>
+<li><b>"end":</b> base is end of file;</li>
+</ul><p>
+In case of success, function <code>seek</code> returns the final file position,
+measured in bytes from the beginning of the file.
+If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
+plus a string describing the error.
+
+
+<p>
+The default value for <code>whence</code> is <code>"cur"</code>,
+and for <code>offset</code> is 0.
+Therefore, the call <code>file:seek()</code> returns the current
+file position, without changing it;
+the call <code>file:seek("set")</code> sets the position to the
+beginning of the file (and returns 0);
+and the call <code>file:seek("end")</code> sets the position to the
+end of the file, and returns its size.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:setvbuf"><code>file:setvbuf (mode [, size])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the buffering mode for an output file.
+There are three available modes:
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><b>"no":</b>
+no buffering; the result of any output operation appears immediately.
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"full":</b>
+full buffering; output operation is performed only
+when the buffer is full (or when you explicitly <code>flush</code> the file
+(see <a href="#pdf-io.flush"><code>io.flush</code></a>)).
+</li>
+
+<li><b>"line":</b>
+line buffering; output is buffered until a newline is output
+or there is any input from some special files
+(such as a terminal device).
+</li>
+
+</ul><p>
+For the last two cases, <code>size</code>
+specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes.
+The default is an appropriate size.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-file:write"><code>file:write (···)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Writes the value of each of its arguments to
+the <code>file</code>.
+The arguments must be strings or numbers.
+To write other values,
+use <a href="#pdf-tostring"><code>tostring</code></a> or <a href="#pdf-string.format"><code>string.format</code></a> before <code>write</code>.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.8 - <a name="5.8">Operating System Facilities</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+This library is implemented through table <a name="pdf-os"><code>os</code></a>.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.clock"><code>os.clock ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of CPU time
+used by the program.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.date"><code>os.date ([format [, time]])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns a string or a table containing date and time,
+formatted according to the given string <code>format</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+If the <code>time</code> argument is present,
+this is the time to be formatted
+(see the <a href="#pdf-os.time"><code>os.time</code></a> function for a description of this value).
+Otherwise, <code>date</code> formats the current time.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>format</code> starts with '<code>!</code>',
+then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time.
+After this optional character,
+if <code>format</code> is the string "<code>*t</code>",
+then <code>date</code> returns a table with the following fields:
+<code>year</code> (four digits), <code>month</code> (1--12), <code>day</code> (1--31),
+<code>hour</code> (0--23), <code>min</code> (0--59), <code>sec</code> (0--61),
+<code>wday</code> (weekday, Sunday is 1),
+<code>yday</code> (day of the year),
+and <code>isdst</code> (daylight saving flag, a boolean).
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>format</code> is not "<code>*t</code>",
+then <code>date</code> returns the date as a string,
+formatted according to the same rules as the C function <code>strftime</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+When called without arguments,
+<code>date</code> returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on
+the host system and on the current locale
+(that is, <code>os.date()</code> is equivalent to <code>os.date("%c")</code>).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.difftime"><code>os.difftime (t2, t1)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the number of seconds from time <code>t1</code> to time <code>t2</code>.
+In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems,
+this value is exactly <code>t2</code><em>-</em><code>t1</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.execute"><code>os.execute ([command])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function is equivalent to the C function <code>system</code>.
+It passes <code>command</code> to be executed by an operating system shell.
+It returns a status code, which is system-dependent.
+If <code>command</code> is absent, then it returns nonzero if a shell is available
+and zero otherwise.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.exit"><code>os.exit ([code])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Calls the C function <code>exit</code>,
+with an optional <code>code</code>,
+to terminate the host program.
+The default value for <code>code</code> is the success code.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.getenv"><code>os.getenv (varname)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the value of the process environment variable <code>varname</code>,
+or <b>nil</b> if the variable is not defined.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.remove"><code>os.remove (filename)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Deletes the file or directory with the given name.
+Directories must be empty to be removed.
+If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
+plus a string describing the error.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.rename"><code>os.rename (oldname, newname)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Renames file or directory named <code>oldname</code> to <code>newname</code>.
+If this function fails, it returns <b>nil</b>,
+plus a string describing the error.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.setlocale"><code>os.setlocale (locale [, category])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the current locale of the program.
+<code>locale</code> is a string specifying a locale;
+<code>category</code> is an optional string describing which category to change:
+<code>"all"</code>, <code>"collate"</code>, <code>"ctype"</code>,
+<code>"monetary"</code>, <code>"numeric"</code>, or <code>"time"</code>;
+the default category is <code>"all"</code>.
+The function returns the name of the new locale,
+or <b>nil</b> if the request cannot be honored.
+
+
+<p>
+If <code>locale</code> is the empty string,
+the current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale.
+If <code>locale</code> is the string "<code>C</code>",
+the current locale is set to the standard C locale.
+
+
+<p>
+When called with <b>nil</b> as the first argument,
+this function only returns the name of the current locale
+for the given category.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.time"><code>os.time ([table])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the current time when called without arguments,
+or a time representing the date and time specified by the given table.
+This table must have fields <code>year</code>, <code>month</code>, and <code>day</code>,
+and may have fields <code>hour</code>, <code>min</code>, <code>sec</code>, and <code>isdst</code>
+(for a description of these fields, see the <a href="#pdf-os.date"><code>os.date</code></a> function).
+
+
+<p>
+The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system.
+In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, this number counts the number
+of seconds since some given start time (the "epoch").
+In other systems, the meaning is not specified,
+and the number returned by <code>time</code> can be used only as an argument to
+<code>date</code> and <code>difftime</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-os.tmpname"><code>os.tmpname ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns a string with a file name that can
+be used for a temporary file.
+The file must be explicitly opened before its use
+and explicitly removed when no longer needed.
+
+
+<p>
+On some systems (POSIX),
+this function also creates a file with that name,
+to avoid security risks.
+(Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions
+in the time between getting the name and creating the file.)
+You still have to open the file to use it
+and to remove it (even if you do not use it).
+
+
+<p>
+When possible,
+you may prefer to use <a href="#pdf-io.tmpfile"><code>io.tmpfile</code></a>,
+which automatically removes the file when the program ends.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>5.9 - <a name="5.9">The Debug Library</a></h2>
+
+<p>
+This library provides
+the functionality of the debug interface to Lua programs.
+You should exert care when using this library.
+The functions provided here should be used exclusively for debugging
+and similar tasks, such as profiling.
+Please resist the temptation to use them as a
+usual programming tool:
+they can be very slow.
+Moreover, several of these functions
+violate some assumptions about Lua code
+(e.g., that variables local to a function
+cannot be accessed from outside or
+that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code)
+and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code.
+
+
+<p>
+All functions in this library are provided
+inside the <a name="pdf-debug"><code>debug</code></a> table.
+All functions that operate over a thread
+have an optional first argument which is the
+thread to operate over.
+The default is always the current thread.
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.debug"><code>debug.debug ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Enters an interactive mode with the user,
+running each string that the user enters.
+Using simple commands and other debug facilities,
+the user can inspect global and local variables,
+change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on.
+A line containing only the word <code>cont</code> finishes this function,
+so that the caller continues its execution.
+
+
+<p>
+Note that commands for <code>debug.debug</code> are not lexically nested
+within any function, and so have no direct access to local variables.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getfenv"><code>debug.getfenv (o)</code></a></h3>
+Returns the environment of object <code>o</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.gethook"><code>debug.gethook ([thread])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the current hook settings of the thread, as three values:
+the current hook function, the current hook mask,
+and the current hook count
+(as set by the <a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> function).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo ([thread,] function [, what])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns a table with information about a function.
+You can give the function directly,
+or you can give a number as the value of <code>function</code>,
+which means the function running at level <code>function</code> of the call stack
+of the given thread:
+level 0 is the current function (<code>getinfo</code> itself);
+level 1 is the function that called <code>getinfo</code>;
+and so on.
+If <code>function</code> is a number larger than the number of active functions,
+then <code>getinfo</code> returns <b>nil</b>.
+
+
+<p>
+The returned table can contain all the fields returned by <a href="#lua_getinfo"><code>lua_getinfo</code></a>,
+with the string <code>what</code> describing which fields to fill in.
+The default for <code>what</code> is to get all information available,
+except the table of valid lines.
+If present,
+the option '<code>f</code>'
+adds a field named <code>func</code> with the function itself.
+If present,
+the option '<code>L</code>'
+adds a field named <code>activelines</code> with the table of
+valid lines.
+
+
+<p>
+For instance, the expression <code>debug.getinfo(1,"n").name</code> returns
+a table with a name for the current function,
+if a reasonable name can be found,
+and the expression <code>debug.getinfo(print)</code>
+returns a table with all available information
+about the <a href="#pdf-print"><code>print</code></a> function.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getlocal"><code>debug.getlocal ([thread,] level, local)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns the name and the value of the local variable
+with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack.
+(The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on,
+until the last active local variable.)
+The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local
+variable with the given index,
+and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range.
+(You can call <a href="#pdf-debug.getinfo"><code>debug.getinfo</code></a> to check whether the level is valid.)
+
+
+<p>
+Variable names starting with '<code>(</code>' (open parentheses)
+represent internal variables
+(loop control variables, temporaries, and C function locals).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getmetatable"><code>debug.getmetatable (object)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the metatable of the given <code>object</code>
+or <b>nil</b> if it does not have a metatable.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getregistry"><code>debug.getregistry ()</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns the registry table (see <a href="#3.5">§3.5</a>).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.getupvalue"><code>debug.getupvalue (func, up)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue
+with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>func</code>.
+The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue with the given index.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setfenv"><code>debug.setfenv (object, table)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the environment of the given <code>object</code> to the given <code>table</code>.
+Returns <code>object</code>.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the given function as a hook.
+The string <code>mask</code> and the number <code>count</code> describe
+when the hook will be called.
+The string mask may have the following characters,
+with the given meaning:
+
+<ul>
+<li><b><code>"c"</code>:</b> the hook is called every time Lua calls a function;</li>
+<li><b><code>"r"</code>:</b> the hook is called every time Lua returns from a function;</li>
+<li><b><code>"l"</code>:</b> the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code.</li>
+</ul><p>
+With a <code>count</code> different from zero,
+the hook is called after every <code>count</code> instructions.
+
+
+<p>
+When called without arguments,
+<a href="#pdf-debug.sethook"><code>debug.sethook</code></a> turns off the hook.
+
+
+<p>
+When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string
+describing the event that has triggered its call:
+<code>"call"</code>, <code>"return"</code> (or <code>"tail return"</code>,
+when simulating a return from a tail call),
+<code>"line"</code>, and <code>"count"</code>.
+For line events,
+the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter.
+Inside a hook,
+you can call <code>getinfo</code> with level 2 to get more information about
+the running function
+(level 0 is the <code>getinfo</code> function,
+and level 1 is the hook function),
+unless the event is <code>"tail return"</code>.
+In this case, Lua is only simulating the return,
+and a call to <code>getinfo</code> will return invalid data.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setlocal"><code>debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the local variable
+with index <code>local</code> of the function at level <code>level</code> of the stack.
+The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no local
+variable with the given index,
+and raises an error when called with a <code>level</code> out of range.
+(You can call <code>getinfo</code> to check whether the level is valid.)
+Otherwise, it returns the name of the local variable.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setmetatable"><code>debug.setmetatable (object, table)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Sets the metatable for the given <code>object</code> to the given <code>table</code>
+(which can be <b>nil</b>).
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.setupvalue"><code>debug.setupvalue (func, up, value)</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+This function assigns the value <code>value</code> to the upvalue
+with index <code>up</code> of the function <code>func</code>.
+The function returns <b>nil</b> if there is no upvalue
+with the given index.
+Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue.
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+<hr><h3><a name="pdf-debug.traceback"><code>debug.traceback ([thread,] [message] [, level])</code></a></h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Returns a string with a traceback of the call stack.
+An optional <code>message</code> string is appended
+at the beginning of the traceback.
+An optional <code>level</code> number tells at which level
+to start the traceback
+(default is 1, the function calling <code>traceback</code>).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>6 - <a name="6">Lua Stand-alone</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+Although Lua has been designed as an extension language,
+to be embedded in a host C program,
+it is also frequently used as a stand-alone language.
+An interpreter for Lua as a stand-alone language,
+called simply <code>lua</code>,
+is provided with the standard distribution.
+The stand-alone interpreter includes
+all standard libraries, including the debug library.
+Its usage is:
+
+<pre>
+ lua [options] [script [args]]
+</pre><p>
+The options are:
+
+<ul>
+<li><b><code>-e <em>stat</em></code>:</b> executes string <em>stat</em>;</li>
+<li><b><code>-l <em>mod</em></code>:</b> "requires" <em>mod</em>;</li>
+<li><b><code>-i</code>:</b> enters interactive mode after running <em>script</em>;</li>
+<li><b><code>-v</code>:</b> prints version information;</li>
+<li><b><code>--</code>:</b> stops handling options;</li>
+<li><b><code>-</code>:</b> executes <code>stdin</code> as a file and stops handling options.</li>
+</ul><p>
+After handling its options, <code>lua</code> runs the given <em>script</em>,
+passing to it the given <em>args</em> as string arguments.
+When called without arguments,
+<code>lua</code> behaves as <code>lua -v -i</code>
+when the standard input (<code>stdin</code>) is a terminal,
+and as <code>lua -</code> otherwise.
+
+
+<p>
+Before running any argument,
+the interpreter checks for an environment variable <a name="pdf-LUA_INIT"><code>LUA_INIT</code></a>.
+If its format is <code>@<em>filename</em></code>,
+then <code>lua</code> executes the file.
+Otherwise, <code>lua</code> executes the string itself.
+
+
+<p>
+All options are handled in order, except <code>-i</code>.
+For instance, an invocation like
+
+<pre>
+ $ lua -e'a=1' -e 'print(a)' script.lua
+</pre><p>
+will first set <code>a</code> to 1, then print the value of <code>a</code> (which is '<code>1</code>'),
+and finally run the file <code>script.lua</code> with no arguments.
+(Here <code>$</code> is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)
+
+
+<p>
+Before starting to run the script,
+<code>lua</code> collects all arguments in the command line
+in a global table called <code>arg</code>.
+The script name is stored at index 0,
+the first argument after the script name goes to index 1,
+and so on.
+Any arguments before the script name
+(that is, the interpreter name plus the options)
+go to negative indices.
+For instance, in the call
+
+<pre>
+ $ lua -la b.lua t1 t2
+</pre><p>
+the interpreter first runs the file <code>a.lua</code>,
+then creates a table
+
+<pre>
+ arg = { [-2] = "lua", [-1] = "-la",
+ [0] = "b.lua",
+ [1] = "t1", [2] = "t2" }
+</pre><p>
+and finally runs the file <code>b.lua</code>.
+The script is called with <code>arg[1]</code>, <code>arg[2]</code>, ···
+as arguments;
+it can also access these arguments with the vararg expression '<code>...</code>'.
+
+
+<p>
+In interactive mode,
+if you write an incomplete statement,
+the interpreter waits for its completion
+by issuing a different prompt.
+
+
+<p>
+If the global variable <a name="pdf-_PROMPT"><code>_PROMPT</code></a> contains a string,
+then its value is used as the prompt.
+Similarly, if the global variable <a name="pdf-_PROMPT2"><code>_PROMPT2</code></a> contains a string,
+its value is used as the secondary prompt
+(issued during incomplete statements).
+Therefore, both prompts can be changed directly on the command line
+or in any Lua programs by assigning to <code>_PROMPT</code>.
+See the next example:
+
+<pre>
+ $ lua -e"_PROMPT='myprompt> '" -i
+</pre><p>
+(The outer pair of quotes is for the shell,
+the inner pair is for Lua.)
+Note the use of <code>-i</code> to enter interactive mode;
+otherwise,
+the program would just end silently
+right after the assignment to <code>_PROMPT</code>.
+
+
+<p>
+To allow the use of Lua as a
+script interpreter in Unix systems,
+the stand-alone interpreter skips
+the first line of a chunk if it starts with <code>#</code>.
+Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs
+by using <code>chmod +x</code> and the <code>#!</code> form,
+as in
+
+<pre>
+ #!/usr/local/bin/lua
+</pre><p>
+(Of course,
+the location of the Lua interpreter may be different in your machine.
+If <code>lua</code> is in your <code>PATH</code>,
+then
+
+<pre>
+ #!/usr/bin/env lua
+</pre><p>
+is a more portable solution.)
+
+
+
+<h1>7 - <a name="7">Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program
+from Lua 5.0 to Lua 5.1.
+You can avoid most of the incompatibilities compiling Lua with
+appropriate options (see file <code>luaconf.h</code>).
+However,
+all these compatibility options will be removed in the next version of Lua.
+
+
+
+<h2>7.1 - <a name="7.1">Changes in the Language</a></h2>
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+The vararg system changed from the pseudo-argument <code>arg</code> with a
+table with the extra arguments to the vararg expression.
+(See compile-time option <code>LUA_COMPAT_VARARG</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+</li>
+
+<li>
+There was a subtle change in the scope of the implicit
+variables of the <b>for</b> statement and for the <b>repeat</b> statement.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+The long string/long comment syntax (<code>[[<em>string</em>]]</code>)
+does not allow nesting.
+You can use the new syntax (<code>[=[<em>string</em>]=]</code>) in these cases.
+(See compile-time option <code>LUA_COMPAT_LSTR</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>7.2 - <a name="7.2">Changes in the Libraries</a></h2>
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>string.gfind</code> was renamed <a href="#pdf-string.gmatch"><code>string.gmatch</code></a>.
+(See compile-time option <code>LUA_COMPAT_GFIND</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+</li>
+
+<li>
+When <a href="#pdf-string.gsub"><code>string.gsub</code></a> is called with a function as its
+third argument,
+whenever this function returns <b>nil</b> or <b>false</b> the
+replacement string is the whole match,
+instead of the empty string.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>table.setn</code> was deprecated.
+Function <code>table.getn</code> corresponds
+to the new length operator (<code>#</code>);
+use the operator instead of the function.
+(See compile-time option <code>LUA_COMPAT_GETN</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>loadlib</code> was renamed <a href="#pdf-package.loadlib"><code>package.loadlib</code></a>.
+(See compile-time option <code>LUA_COMPAT_LOADLIB</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>math.mod</code> was renamed <a href="#pdf-math.fmod"><code>math.fmod</code></a>.
+(See compile-time option <code>LUA_COMPAT_MOD</code> in <code>luaconf.h</code>.)
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Functions <code>table.foreach</code> and <code>table.foreachi</code> are deprecated.
+You can use a for loop with <code>pairs</code> or <code>ipairs</code> instead.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+There were substantial changes in function <a href="#pdf-require"><code>require</code></a> due to
+the new module system.
+However, the new behavior is mostly compatible with the old,
+but <code>require</code> gets the path from <a href="#pdf-package.path"><code>package.path</code></a> instead
+of from <code>LUA_PATH</code>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <a href="#pdf-collectgarbage"><code>collectgarbage</code></a> has different arguments.
+Function <code>gcinfo</code> is deprecated;
+use <code>collectgarbage("count")</code> instead.
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>7.3 - <a name="7.3">Changes in the API</a></h2>
+<ul>
+
+<li>
+The <code>luaopen_*</code> functions (to open libraries)
+cannot be called directly,
+like a regular C function.
+They must be called through Lua,
+like a Lua function.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>lua_open</code> was replaced by <a href="#lua_newstate"><code>lua_newstate</code></a> to
+allow the user to set a memory-allocation function.
+You can use <a href="#luaL_newstate"><code>luaL_newstate</code></a> from the standard library to
+create a state with a standard allocation function
+(based on <code>realloc</code>).
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Functions <code>luaL_getn</code> and <code>luaL_setn</code>
+(from the auxiliary library) are deprecated.
+Use <a href="#lua_objlen"><code>lua_objlen</code></a> instead of <code>luaL_getn</code>
+and nothing instead of <code>luaL_setn</code>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>luaL_openlib</code> was replaced by <a href="#luaL_register"><code>luaL_register</code></a>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+Function <code>luaL_checkudata</code> now throws an error when the given value
+is not a userdata of the expected type.
+(In Lua 5.0 it returned <code>NULL</code>.)
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>8 - <a name="8">The Complete Syntax of Lua</a></h1>
+
+<p>
+Here is the complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF.
+(It does not describe operator precedences.)
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+ chunk ::= {stat [`<b>;</b>´]} [laststat [`<b>;</b>´]]
+
+ block ::= chunk
+
+ stat ::= varlist `<b>=</b>´ explist |
+ functioncall |
+ <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
+ <b>while</b> exp <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
+ <b>repeat</b> block <b>until</b> exp |
+ <b>if</b> exp <b>then</b> block {<b>elseif</b> exp <b>then</b> block} [<b>else</b> block] <b>end</b> |
+ <b>for</b> Name `<b>=</b>´ exp `<b>,</b>´ exp [`<b>,</b>´ exp] <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
+ <b>for</b> namelist <b>in</b> explist <b>do</b> block <b>end</b> |
+ <b>function</b> funcname funcbody |
+ <b>local</b> <b>function</b> Name funcbody |
+ <b>local</b> namelist [`<b>=</b>´ explist]
+
+ laststat ::= <b>return</b> [explist] | <b>break</b>
+
+ funcname ::= Name {`<b>.</b>´ Name} [`<b>:</b>´ Name]
+
+ varlist ::= var {`<b>,</b>´ var}
+
+ var ::= Name | prefixexp `<b>[</b>´ exp `<b>]</b>´ | prefixexp `<b>.</b>´ Name
+
+ namelist ::= Name {`<b>,</b>´ Name}
+
+ explist ::= {exp `<b>,</b>´} exp
+
+ exp ::= <b>nil</b> | <b>false</b> | <b>true</b> | Number | String | `<b>...</b>´ | function |
+ prefixexp | tableconstructor | exp binop exp | unop exp
+
+ prefixexp ::= var | functioncall | `<b>(</b>´ exp `<b>)</b>´
+
+ functioncall ::= prefixexp args | prefixexp `<b>:</b>´ Name args
+
+ args ::= `<b>(</b>´ [explist] `<b>)</b>´ | tableconstructor | String
+
+ function ::= <b>function</b> funcbody
+
+ funcbody ::= `<b>(</b>´ [parlist] `<b>)</b>´ block <b>end</b>
+
+ parlist ::= namelist [`<b>,</b>´ `<b>...</b>´] | `<b>...</b>´
+
+ tableconstructor ::= `<b>{</b>´ [fieldlist] `<b>}</b>´
+
+ fieldlist ::= field {fieldsep field} [fieldsep]
+
+ field ::= `<b>[</b>´ exp `<b>]</b>´ `<b>=</b>´ exp | Name `<b>=</b>´ exp | exp
+
+ fieldsep ::= `<b>,</b>´ | `<b>;</b>´
+
+ binop ::= `<b>+</b>´ | `<b>-</b>´ | `<b>*</b>´ | `<b>/</b>´ | `<b>^</b>´ | `<b>%</b>´ | `<b>..</b>´ |
+ `<b><</b>´ | `<b><=</b>´ | `<b>></b>´ | `<b>>=</b>´ | `<b>==</b>´ | `<b>~=</b>´ |
+ <b>and</b> | <b>or</b>
+
+ unop ::= `<b>-</b>´ | <b>not</b> | `<b>#</b>´
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<HR>
+<SMALL>
+Last update:
+Mon Aug 18 13:25:46 BRT 2008
+</SMALL>
+<!--
+Last change: revised for Lua 5.1.4
+-->
+
+</body></html>
+
--- /dev/null
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Lua documentation</TITLE>
+<LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css">
+</HEAD>
+
+<BODY>
+
+<HR>
+<H1>
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="Lua" BORDER=0></A>
+Documentation
+</H1>
+
+This is the documentation included in the source distribution of Lua 5.1.4.
+
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="contents.html">Reference manual</A>
+<LI><A HREF="lua.html">lua man page</A>
+<LI><A HREF="luac.html">luac man page</A>
+<LI><A HREF="../README">lua/README</A>
+<LI><A HREF="../etc/README">lua/etc/README</A>
+<LI><A HREF="../test/README">lua/test/README</A>
+</UL>
+
+Lua's
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/">official web site</A>
+contains updated documentation,
+especially the
+<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/">reference manual</A>.
+<P>
+
+<HR>
+<SMALL>
+Last update:
+Tue Aug 12 14:46:07 BRT 2008
+</SMALL>
+
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
--- /dev/null
+# makefile for Lua etc
+
+TOP= ..
+LIB= $(TOP)/src
+INC= $(TOP)/src
+BIN= $(TOP)/src
+SRC= $(TOP)/src
+TST= $(TOP)/test
+
+CC= gcc
+CFLAGS= -O2 -Wall -I$(INC) $(MYCFLAGS)
+MYCFLAGS=
+MYLDFLAGS= -Wl,-E
+MYLIBS= -lm
+#MYLIBS= -lm -Wl,-E -ldl -lreadline -lhistory -lncurses
+RM= rm -f
+
+default:
+ @echo 'Please choose a target: min noparser one strict clean'
+
+min: min.c
+ $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $@.c -L$(LIB) -llua $(MYLIBS)
+ echo 'print"Hello there!"' | ./a.out
+
+noparser: noparser.o
+ $(CC) noparser.o $(SRC)/lua.o -L$(LIB) -llua $(MYLIBS)
+ $(BIN)/luac $(TST)/hello.lua
+ -./a.out luac.out
+ -./a.out -e'a=1'
+
+one:
+ $(CC) $(CFLAGS) all.c $(MYLIBS)
+ ./a.out $(TST)/hello.lua
+
+strict:
+ -$(BIN)/lua -e 'print(a);b=2'
+ -$(BIN)/lua -lstrict -e 'print(a)'
+ -$(BIN)/lua -e 'function f() b=2 end f()'
+ -$(BIN)/lua -lstrict -e 'function f() b=2 end f()'
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) a.out core core.* *.o luac.out
+
+.PHONY: default min noparser one strict clean
--- /dev/null
+This directory contains some useful files and code.
+Unlike the code in ../src, everything here is in the public domain.
+
+If any of the makes fail, you're probably not using the same libraries
+used to build Lua. Set MYLIBS in Makefile accordingly.
+
+all.c
+ Full Lua interpreter in a single file.
+ Do "make one" for a demo.
+
+lua.hpp
+ Lua header files for C++ using 'extern "C"'.
+
+lua.ico
+ A Lua icon for Windows (and web sites: save as favicon.ico).
+ Drawn by hand by Markus Gritsch <gritsch@iue.tuwien.ac.at>.
+
+lua.pc
+ pkg-config data for Lua
+
+luavs.bat
+ Script to build Lua under "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt".
+ Run it from the toplevel as etc\luavs.bat.
+
+min.c
+ A minimal Lua interpreter.
+ Good for learning and for starting your own.
+ Do "make min" for a demo.
+
+noparser.c
+ Linking with noparser.o avoids loading the parsing modules in lualib.a.
+ Do "make noparser" for a demo.
+
+strict.lua
+ Traps uses of undeclared global variables.
+ Do "make strict" for a demo.
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+* all.c -- Lua core, libraries and interpreter in a single file
+*/
+
+#define luaall_c
+
+#include "lapi.c"
+#include "lcode.c"
+#include "ldebug.c"
+#include "ldo.c"
+#include "ldump.c"
+#include "lfunc.c"
+#include "lgc.c"
+#include "llex.c"
+#include "lmem.c"
+#include "lobject.c"
+#include "lopcodes.c"
+#include "lparser.c"
+#include "lstate.c"
+#include "lstring.c"
+#include "ltable.c"
+#include "ltm.c"
+#include "lundump.c"
+#include "lvm.c"
+#include "lzio.c"
+
+#include "lauxlib.c"
+#include "lbaselib.c"
+#include "ldblib.c"
+#include "liolib.c"
+#include "linit.c"
+#include "lmathlib.c"
+#include "loadlib.c"
+#include "loslib.c"
+#include "lstrlib.c"
+#include "ltablib.c"
+
+#include "lua.c"
--- /dev/null
+// lua.hpp
+// Lua header files for C++
+// <<extern "C">> not supplied automatically because Lua also compiles as C++
+
+extern "C" {
+#include "lua.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+}
--- /dev/null
+# lua.pc -- pkg-config data for Lua
+
+# vars from install Makefile
+
+# grep '^V=' ../Makefile
+V= 5.1
+# grep '^R=' ../Makefile
+R= 5.1.4
+
+# grep '^INSTALL_.*=' ../Makefile | sed 's/INSTALL_TOP/prefix/'
+prefix= /usr/local
+INSTALL_BIN= ${prefix}/bin
+INSTALL_INC= ${prefix}/include
+INSTALL_LIB= ${prefix}/lib
+INSTALL_MAN= ${prefix}/man/man1
+INSTALL_LMOD= ${prefix}/share/lua/${V}
+INSTALL_CMOD= ${prefix}/lib/lua/${V}
+
+# canonical vars
+exec_prefix=${prefix}
+libdir=${exec_prefix}/lib
+includedir=${prefix}/include
+
+Name: Lua
+Description: An Extensible Extension Language
+Version: ${R}
+Requires:
+Libs: -L${libdir} -llua -lm
+Cflags: -I${includedir}
+
+# (end of lua.pc)
--- /dev/null
+@rem Script to build Lua under "Visual Studio .NET Command Prompt".\r
+@rem Do not run from this directory; run it from the toplevel: etc\luavs.bat .\r
+@rem It creates lua51.dll, lua51.lib, lua.exe, and luac.exe in src.\r
+@rem (contributed by David Manura and Mike Pall)\r
+\r
+@setlocal\r
+@set MYCOMPILE=cl /nologo /MD /O2 /W3 /c /D_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE\r
+@set MYLINK=link /nologo\r
+@set MYMT=mt /nologo\r
+\r
+cd src\r
+%MYCOMPILE% /DLUA_BUILD_AS_DLL l*.c\r
+del lua.obj luac.obj\r
+%MYLINK% /DLL /out:lua51.dll l*.obj\r
+if exist lua51.dll.manifest^\r
+ %MYMT% -manifest lua51.dll.manifest -outputresource:lua51.dll;2\r
+%MYCOMPILE% /DLUA_BUILD_AS_DLL lua.c\r
+%MYLINK% /out:lua.exe lua.obj lua51.lib\r
+if exist lua.exe.manifest^\r
+ %MYMT% -manifest lua.exe.manifest -outputresource:lua.exe\r
+%MYCOMPILE% l*.c print.c\r
+del lua.obj linit.obj lbaselib.obj ldblib.obj liolib.obj lmathlib.obj^\r
+ loslib.obj ltablib.obj lstrlib.obj loadlib.obj\r
+%MYLINK% /out:luac.exe *.obj\r
+if exist luac.exe.manifest^\r
+ %MYMT% -manifest luac.exe.manifest -outputresource:luac.exe\r
+del *.obj *.manifest\r
+cd ..\r
--- /dev/null
+/*
+* min.c -- a minimal Lua interpreter
+* loads stdin only with minimal error handling.
+* no interaction, and no standard library, only a "print" function.
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "lua.h"
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+
+static int print(lua_State *L)
+{
+ int n=lua_gettop(L);
+ int i;
+ for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
+ {
+ if (i>1) printf("\t");
+ if (lua_isstring(L,i))
+ printf("%s",lua_tostring(L,i));
+ else if (lua_isnil(L,i))
+ printf("%s","nil");
+ else if (lua_isboolean(L,i))
+ printf("%s",lua_toboolean(L,i) ? "true" : "false");
+ else
+ printf("%s:%p",luaL_typename(L,i),lua_topointer(L,i));
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+ lua_State *L=lua_open();
+ lua_register(L,"print",print);
+ if (luaL_dofile(L,NULL)!=0) fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",lua_tostring(L,-1));
+ lua_close(L);
+ return 0;
+}
--- /dev/null
+/*
+* The code below can be used to make a Lua core that does not contain the
+* parsing modules (lcode, llex, lparser), which represent 35% of the total core.
+* You'll only be able to load binary files and strings, precompiled with luac.
+* (Of course, you'll have to build luac with the original parsing modules!)
+*
+* To use this module, simply compile it ("make noparser" does that) and list
+* its object file before the Lua libraries. The linker should then not load
+* the parsing modules. To try it, do "make luab".
+*
+* If you also want to avoid the dump module (ldump.o), define NODUMP.
+* #define NODUMP
+*/
+
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "llex.h"
+#include "lparser.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_init (lua_State *L) {
+ UNUSED(L);
+}
+
+LUAI_FUNC Proto *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, Mbuffer *buff, const char *name) {
+ UNUSED(z);
+ UNUSED(buff);
+ UNUSED(name);
+ lua_pushliteral(L,"parser not loaded");
+ lua_error(L);
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+#ifdef NODUMP
+#include "lundump.h"
+
+LUAI_FUNC int luaU_dump (lua_State* L, const Proto* f, lua_Writer w, void* data, int strip) {
+ UNUSED(f);
+ UNUSED(w);
+ UNUSED(data);
+ UNUSED(strip);
+#if 1
+ UNUSED(L);
+ return 0;
+#else
+ lua_pushliteral(L,"dumper not loaded");
+ lua_error(L);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+--
+-- strict.lua
+-- checks uses of undeclared global variables
+-- All global variables must be 'declared' through a regular assignment
+-- (even assigning nil will do) in a main chunk before being used
+-- anywhere or assigned to inside a function.
+--
+
+local getinfo, error, rawset, rawget = debug.getinfo, error, rawset, rawget
+
+local mt = getmetatable(_G)
+if mt == nil then
+ mt = {}
+ setmetatable(_G, mt)
+end
+
+mt.__declared = {}
+
+local function what ()
+ local d = getinfo(3, "S")
+ return d and d.what or "C"
+end
+
+mt.__newindex = function (t, n, v)
+ if not mt.__declared[n] then
+ local w = what()
+ if w ~= "main" and w ~= "C" then
+ error("assign to undeclared variable '"..n.."'", 2)
+ end
+ mt.__declared[n] = true
+ end
+ rawset(t, n, v)
+end
+
+mt.__index = function (t, n)
+ if not mt.__declared[n] and what() ~= "C" then
+ error("variable '"..n.."' is not declared", 2)
+ end
+ return rawget(t, n)
+end
+
--- /dev/null
+# makefile for building Lua
+# see ../INSTALL for installation instructions
+# see ../Makefile and luaconf.h for further customization
+
+# == CHANGE THE SETTINGS BELOW TO SUIT YOUR ENVIRONMENT =======================
+
+# Your platform. See PLATS for possible values.
+PLAT= none
+
+CC= gcc
+CFLAGS= -O2 -Wall $(MYCFLAGS) $(ARCH)
+AR= ar rcu
+RANLIB= ranlib
+RM= rm -f
+LIBS= -lm $(MYLIBS)
+
+MYCFLAGS=
+MYLDFLAGS=
+MYLIBS=
+
+# == END OF USER SETTINGS. NO NEED TO CHANGE ANYTHING BELOW THIS LINE =========
+
+PLATS= aix ansi bsd freebsd generic linux macosx mingw posix solaris
+
+LUA_A= liblua.a
+CORE_O= lapi.o lcode.o ldebug.o ldo.o ldump.o lfunc.o lgc.o llex.o lmem.o \
+ lobject.o lopcodes.o lparser.o lstate.o lstring.o ltable.o ltm.o \
+ lundump.o lvm.o lzio.o
+LIB_O= lauxlib.o lbaselib.o ldblib.o liolib.o lmathlib.o loslib.o ltablib.o \
+ lstrlib.o loadlib.o linit.o
+
+LUA_T= lua
+LUA_O= lua.o
+
+LUAC_T= luac
+LUAC_O= luac.o print.o
+
+ALL_O= $(CORE_O) $(LIB_O) $(LUA_O) $(LUAC_O)
+ALL_T= $(LUA_A) $(LUA_T) $(LUAC_T)
+ALL_A= $(LUA_A)
+
+default: $(PLAT)
+
+all: $(ALL_T)
+
+o: $(ALL_O)
+
+a: $(ALL_A)
+
+$(LUA_A): $(CORE_O) $(LIB_O)
+ $(AR) $@ $?
+ $(RANLIB) $@
+
+$(LUA_T): $(LUA_O) $(LUA_A)
+ $(CC) -o $@ $(MYLDFLAGS) $(LUA_O) $(LUA_A) $(LIBS) $(ARCH)
+
+$(LUAC_T): $(LUAC_O) $(LUA_A)
+ $(CC) -o $@ $(MYLDFLAGS) $(LUAC_O) $(LUA_A) $(LIBS) $(ARCH)
+
+clean:
+ $(RM) $(ALL_T) $(ALL_O)
+
+depend:
+ @$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -MM l*.c print.c
+
+echo:
+ @echo "PLAT = $(PLAT)"
+ @echo "CC = $(CC)"
+ @echo "CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS)"
+ @echo "AR = $(AR)"
+ @echo "RANLIB = $(RANLIB)"
+ @echo "RM = $(RM)"
+ @echo "MYCFLAGS = $(MYCFLAGS)"
+ @echo "MYLDFLAGS = $(MYLDFLAGS)"
+ @echo "MYLIBS = $(MYLIBS)"
+
+# convenience targets for popular platforms
+
+none:
+ @echo "Please choose a platform:"
+ @echo " $(PLATS)"
+
+aix:
+ $(MAKE) all CC="xlc" CFLAGS="-O2 -DLUA_USE_POSIX -DLUA_USE_DLOPEN" MYLIBS="-ldl" MYLDFLAGS="-brtl -bexpall"
+
+ansi:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS=-DLUA_ANSI ARCH="$(ARCH)"
+
+bsd:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS="-DLUA_USE_POSIX -DLUA_USE_DLOPEN" MYLIBS="-Wl,-E"
+
+freebsd:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS="-DLUA_USE_LINUX" MYLIBS="-Wl,-E -lreadline"
+
+generic:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS=
+
+linux:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS=-DLUA_USE_LINUX MYLIBS="-Wl,-E -ldl -lreadline -lhistory -lncurses"
+
+macosx:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS=-DLUA_USE_LINUX MYLIBS="-lreadline"
+# use this on Mac OS X 10.3-
+# $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS=-DLUA_USE_MACOSX
+
+mingw:
+ $(MAKE) "LUA_A=lua51.dll" "LUA_T=lua.exe" \
+ "AR=$(CC) -shared -o" "RANLIB=strip --strip-unneeded" \
+ "MYCFLAGS=-DLUA_BUILD_AS_DLL" "MYLIBS=" "MYLDFLAGS=-s" lua.exe
+ $(MAKE) "LUAC_T=luac.exe" luac.exe
+
+posix:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS=-DLUA_USE_POSIX
+
+solaris:
+ $(MAKE) all MYCFLAGS="-DLUA_USE_POSIX -DLUA_USE_DLOPEN" MYLIBS="-ldl"
+
+# list targets that do not create files (but not all makes understand .PHONY)
+.PHONY: all $(PLATS) default o a clean depend echo none
+
+# DO NOT DELETE
+
+lapi.o: lapi.c lua.h luaconf.h lapi.h lobject.h llimits.h ldebug.h \
+ lstate.h ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lfunc.h lgc.h lstring.h ltable.h \
+ lundump.h lvm.h
+lauxlib.o: lauxlib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h
+lbaselib.o: lbaselib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+lcode.o: lcode.c lua.h luaconf.h lcode.h llex.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h lopcodes.h lparser.h ldebug.h lstate.h ltm.h ldo.h lgc.h \
+ ltable.h
+ldblib.o: ldblib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+ldebug.o: ldebug.c lua.h luaconf.h lapi.h lobject.h llimits.h lcode.h \
+ llex.h lzio.h lmem.h lopcodes.h lparser.h ldebug.h lstate.h ltm.h ldo.h \
+ lfunc.h lstring.h lgc.h ltable.h lvm.h
+ldo.o: ldo.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h llimits.h ltm.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lfunc.h lgc.h lopcodes.h lparser.h lstring.h \
+ ltable.h lundump.h lvm.h
+ldump.o: ldump.c lua.h luaconf.h lobject.h llimits.h lstate.h ltm.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h lundump.h
+lfunc.o: lfunc.c lua.h luaconf.h lfunc.h lobject.h llimits.h lgc.h lmem.h \
+ lstate.h ltm.h lzio.h
+lgc.o: lgc.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h llimits.h ltm.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lfunc.h lgc.h lstring.h ltable.h
+linit.o: linit.c lua.h luaconf.h lualib.h lauxlib.h
+liolib.o: liolib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+llex.o: llex.c lua.h luaconf.h ldo.h lobject.h llimits.h lstate.h ltm.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h llex.h lparser.h lstring.h lgc.h ltable.h
+lmathlib.o: lmathlib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+lmem.o: lmem.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h
+loadlib.o: loadlib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+lobject.o: lobject.c lua.h luaconf.h ldo.h lobject.h llimits.h lstate.h \
+ ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h lstring.h lgc.h lvm.h
+lopcodes.o: lopcodes.c lopcodes.h llimits.h lua.h luaconf.h
+loslib.o: loslib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+lparser.o: lparser.c lua.h luaconf.h lcode.h llex.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h lopcodes.h lparser.h ldebug.h lstate.h ltm.h ldo.h \
+ lfunc.h lstring.h lgc.h ltable.h
+lstate.o: lstate.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lfunc.h lgc.h llex.h lstring.h ltable.h
+lstring.o: lstring.c lua.h luaconf.h lmem.h llimits.h lobject.h lstate.h \
+ ltm.h lzio.h lstring.h lgc.h
+lstrlib.o: lstrlib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+ltable.o: ltable.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lgc.h ltable.h
+ltablib.o: ltablib.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+ltm.o: ltm.c lua.h luaconf.h lobject.h llimits.h lstate.h ltm.h lzio.h \
+ lmem.h lstring.h lgc.h ltable.h
+lua.o: lua.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h lualib.h
+luac.o: luac.c lua.h luaconf.h lauxlib.h ldo.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ lstate.h ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h lfunc.h lopcodes.h lstring.h lgc.h \
+ lundump.h
+lundump.o: lundump.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h \
+ llimits.h ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lfunc.h lstring.h lgc.h lundump.h
+lvm.o: lvm.c lua.h luaconf.h ldebug.h lstate.h lobject.h llimits.h ltm.h \
+ lzio.h lmem.h ldo.h lfunc.h lgc.h lopcodes.h lstring.h ltable.h lvm.h
+lzio.o: lzio.c lua.h luaconf.h llimits.h lmem.h lstate.h lobject.h ltm.h \
+ lzio.h
+print.o: print.c ldebug.h lstate.h lua.h luaconf.h lobject.h llimits.h \
+ ltm.h lzio.h lmem.h lopcodes.h lundump.h
+
+# (end of Makefile)
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lapi.c,v 2.55.1.5 2008/07/04 18:41:18 roberto Exp $
+** Lua API
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lapi_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lapi.h"
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+#include "lundump.h"
+#include "lvm.h"
+
+
+
+const char lua_ident[] =
+ "$Lua: " LUA_RELEASE " " LUA_COPYRIGHT " $\n"
+ "$Authors: " LUA_AUTHORS " $\n"
+ "$URL: www.lua.org $\n";
+
+
+
+#define api_checknelems(L, n) api_check(L, (n) <= (L->top - L->base))
+
+#define api_checkvalidindex(L, i) api_check(L, (i) != luaO_nilobject)
+
+#define api_incr_top(L) {api_check(L, L->top < L->ci->top); L->top++;}
+
+
+
+static TValue *index2adr (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ if (idx > 0) {
+ TValue *o = L->base + (idx - 1);
+ api_check(L, idx <= L->ci->top - L->base);
+ if (o >= L->top) return cast(TValue *, luaO_nilobject);
+ else return o;
+ }
+ else if (idx > LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) {
+ api_check(L, idx != 0 && -idx <= L->top - L->base);
+ return L->top + idx;
+ }
+ else switch (idx) { /* pseudo-indices */
+ case LUA_REGISTRYINDEX: return registry(L);
+ case LUA_ENVIRONINDEX: {
+ Closure *func = curr_func(L);
+ sethvalue(L, &L->env, func->c.env);
+ return &L->env;
+ }
+ case LUA_GLOBALSINDEX: return gt(L);
+ default: {
+ Closure *func = curr_func(L);
+ idx = LUA_GLOBALSINDEX - idx;
+ return (idx <= func->c.nupvalues)
+ ? &func->c.upvalue[idx-1]
+ : cast(TValue *, luaO_nilobject);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static Table *getcurrenv (lua_State *L) {
+ if (L->ci == L->base_ci) /* no enclosing function? */
+ return hvalue(gt(L)); /* use global table as environment */
+ else {
+ Closure *func = curr_func(L);
+ return func->c.env;
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaA_pushobject (lua_State *L, const TValue *o) {
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, o);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_checkstack (lua_State *L, int size) {
+ int res = 1;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (size > LUAI_MAXCSTACK || (L->top - L->base + size) > LUAI_MAXCSTACK)
+ res = 0; /* stack overflow */
+ else if (size > 0) {
+ luaD_checkstack(L, size);
+ if (L->ci->top < L->top + size)
+ L->ci->top = L->top + size;
+ }
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_xmove (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n) {
+ int i;
+ if (from == to) return;
+ lua_lock(to);
+ api_checknelems(from, n);
+ api_check(from, G(from) == G(to));
+ api_check(from, to->ci->top - to->top >= n);
+ from->top -= n;
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+ setobj2s(to, to->top++, from->top + i);
+ }
+ lua_unlock(to);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_setlevel (lua_State *from, lua_State *to) {
+ to->nCcalls = from->nCcalls;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_CFunction lua_atpanic (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf) {
+ lua_CFunction old;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ old = G(L)->panic;
+ G(L)->panic = panicf;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return old;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_State *lua_newthread (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_State *L1;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ L1 = luaE_newthread(L);
+ setthvalue(L, L->top, L1);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ luai_userstatethread(L, L1);
+ return L1;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** basic stack manipulation
+*/
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_gettop (lua_State *L) {
+ return cast_int(L->top - L->base);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_settop (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (idx >= 0) {
+ api_check(L, idx <= L->stack_last - L->base);
+ while (L->top < L->base + idx)
+ setnilvalue(L->top++);
+ L->top = L->base + idx;
+ }
+ else {
+ api_check(L, -(idx+1) <= (L->top - L->base));
+ L->top += idx+1; /* `subtract' index (index is negative) */
+ }
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_remove (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId p;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ p = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, p);
+ while (++p < L->top) setobjs2s(L, p-1, p);
+ L->top--;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_insert (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId p;
+ StkId q;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ p = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, p);
+ for (q = L->top; q>p; q--) setobjs2s(L, q, q-1);
+ setobjs2s(L, p, L->top);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_replace (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ /* explicit test for incompatible code */
+ if (idx == LUA_ENVIRONINDEX && L->ci == L->base_ci)
+ luaG_runerror(L, "no calling environment");
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+ if (idx == LUA_ENVIRONINDEX) {
+ Closure *func = curr_func(L);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(L->top - 1));
+ func->c.env = hvalue(L->top - 1);
+ luaC_barrier(L, func, L->top - 1);
+ }
+ else {
+ setobj(L, o, L->top - 1);
+ if (idx < LUA_GLOBALSINDEX) /* function upvalue? */
+ luaC_barrier(L, curr_func(L), L->top - 1);
+ }
+ L->top--;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushvalue (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, index2adr(L, idx));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** access functions (stack -> C)
+*/
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_type (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return (o == luaO_nilobject) ? LUA_TNONE : ttype(o);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_typename (lua_State *L, int t) {
+ UNUSED(L);
+ return (t == LUA_TNONE) ? "no value" : luaT_typenames[t];
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_iscfunction (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return iscfunction(o);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_isnumber (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ TValue n;
+ const TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return tonumber(o, &n);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_isstring (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ int t = lua_type(L, idx);
+ return (t == LUA_TSTRING || t == LUA_TNUMBER);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_isuserdata (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ const TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return (ttisuserdata(o) || ttislightuserdata(o));
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_rawequal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2) {
+ StkId o1 = index2adr(L, index1);
+ StkId o2 = index2adr(L, index2);
+ return (o1 == luaO_nilobject || o2 == luaO_nilobject) ? 0
+ : luaO_rawequalObj(o1, o2);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_equal (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2) {
+ StkId o1, o2;
+ int i;
+ lua_lock(L); /* may call tag method */
+ o1 = index2adr(L, index1);
+ o2 = index2adr(L, index2);
+ i = (o1 == luaO_nilobject || o2 == luaO_nilobject) ? 0 : equalobj(L, o1, o2);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return i;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_lessthan (lua_State *L, int index1, int index2) {
+ StkId o1, o2;
+ int i;
+ lua_lock(L); /* may call tag method */
+ o1 = index2adr(L, index1);
+ o2 = index2adr(L, index2);
+ i = (o1 == luaO_nilobject || o2 == luaO_nilobject) ? 0
+ : luaV_lessthan(L, o1, o2);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return i;
+}
+
+
+
+LUA_API lua_Number lua_tonumber (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ TValue n;
+ const TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ if (tonumber(o, &n))
+ return nvalue(o);
+ else
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_Integer lua_tointeger (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ TValue n;
+ const TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ if (tonumber(o, &n)) {
+ lua_Integer res;
+ lua_Number num = nvalue(o);
+ lua_number2integer(res, num);
+ return res;
+ }
+ else
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_toboolean (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ const TValue *o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return !l_isfalse(o);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_tolstring (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ if (!ttisstring(o)) {
+ lua_lock(L); /* `luaV_tostring' may create a new string */
+ if (!luaV_tostring(L, o)) { /* conversion failed? */
+ if (len != NULL) *len = 0;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ o = index2adr(L, idx); /* previous call may reallocate the stack */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ }
+ if (len != NULL) *len = tsvalue(o)->len;
+ return svalue(o);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API size_t lua_objlen (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ switch (ttype(o)) {
+ case LUA_TSTRING: return tsvalue(o)->len;
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA: return uvalue(o)->len;
+ case LUA_TTABLE: return luaH_getn(hvalue(o));
+ case LUA_TNUMBER: {
+ size_t l;
+ lua_lock(L); /* `luaV_tostring' may create a new string */
+ l = (luaV_tostring(L, o) ? tsvalue(o)->len : 0);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return l;
+ }
+ default: return 0;
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_CFunction lua_tocfunction (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return (!iscfunction(o)) ? NULL : clvalue(o)->c.f;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void *lua_touserdata (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ switch (ttype(o)) {
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA: return (rawuvalue(o) + 1);
+ case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: return pvalue(o);
+ default: return NULL;
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_State *lua_tothread (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ return (!ttisthread(o)) ? NULL : thvalue(o);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const void *lua_topointer (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ switch (ttype(o)) {
+ case LUA_TTABLE: return hvalue(o);
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION: return clvalue(o);
+ case LUA_TTHREAD: return thvalue(o);
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA:
+ case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA:
+ return lua_touserdata(L, idx);
+ default: return NULL;
+ }
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** push functions (C -> stack)
+*/
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushnil (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setnilvalue(L->top);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushnumber (lua_State *L, lua_Number n) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setnvalue(L->top, n);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushinteger (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setnvalue(L->top, cast_num(n));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushlstring (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t len) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_newlstr(L, s, len));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushstring (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
+ if (s == NULL)
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ else
+ lua_pushlstring(L, s, strlen(s));
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
+ va_list argp) {
+ const char *ret;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ ret = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return ret;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
+ const char *ret;
+ va_list argp;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ va_start(argp, fmt);
+ ret = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
+ va_end(argp);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return ret;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushcclosure (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n) {
+ Closure *cl;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, n);
+ cl = luaF_newCclosure(L, n, getcurrenv(L));
+ cl->c.f = fn;
+ L->top -= n;
+ while (n--)
+ setobj2n(L, &cl->c.upvalue[n], L->top+n);
+ setclvalue(L, L->top, cl);
+ lua_assert(iswhite(obj2gco(cl)));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushboolean (lua_State *L, int b) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setbvalue(L->top, (b != 0)); /* ensure that true is 1 */
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_pushlightuserdata (lua_State *L, void *p) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setpvalue(L->top, p);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_pushthread (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ setthvalue(L, L->top, L);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return (G(L)->mainthread == L);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** get functions (Lua -> stack)
+*/
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_gettable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId t;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
+ luaV_gettable(L, t, L->top - 1, L->top - 1);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_getfield (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k) {
+ StkId t;
+ TValue key;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
+ setsvalue(L, &key, luaS_new(L, k));
+ luaV_gettable(L, t, &key, L->top);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_rawget (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId t;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(t));
+ setobj2s(L, L->top - 1, luaH_get(hvalue(t), L->top - 1));
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_rawgeti (lua_State *L, int idx, int n) {
+ StkId o;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(o));
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, luaH_getnum(hvalue(o), n));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_createtable (lua_State *L, int narray, int nrec) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ sethvalue(L, L->top, luaH_new(L, narray, nrec));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_getmetatable (lua_State *L, int objindex) {
+ const TValue *obj;
+ Table *mt = NULL;
+ int res;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ obj = index2adr(L, objindex);
+ switch (ttype(obj)) {
+ case LUA_TTABLE:
+ mt = hvalue(obj)->metatable;
+ break;
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA:
+ mt = uvalue(obj)->metatable;
+ break;
+ default:
+ mt = G(L)->mt[ttype(obj)];
+ break;
+ }
+ if (mt == NULL)
+ res = 0;
+ else {
+ sethvalue(L, L->top, mt);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ res = 1;
+ }
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_getfenv (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+ switch (ttype(o)) {
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION:
+ sethvalue(L, L->top, clvalue(o)->c.env);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA:
+ sethvalue(L, L->top, uvalue(o)->env);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TTHREAD:
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, gt(thvalue(o)));
+ break;
+ default:
+ setnilvalue(L->top);
+ break;
+ }
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** set functions (stack -> Lua)
+*/
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_settable (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId t;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 2);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
+ luaV_settable(L, t, L->top - 2, L->top - 1);
+ L->top -= 2; /* pop index and value */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_setfield (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k) {
+ StkId t;
+ TValue key;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, t);
+ setsvalue(L, &key, luaS_new(L, k));
+ luaV_settable(L, t, &key, L->top - 1);
+ L->top--; /* pop value */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_rawset (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId t;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 2);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(t));
+ setobj2t(L, luaH_set(L, hvalue(t), L->top-2), L->top-1);
+ luaC_barriert(L, hvalue(t), L->top-1);
+ L->top -= 2;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_rawseti (lua_State *L, int idx, int n) {
+ StkId o;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(o));
+ setobj2t(L, luaH_setnum(L, hvalue(o), n), L->top-1);
+ luaC_barriert(L, hvalue(o), L->top-1);
+ L->top--;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_setmetatable (lua_State *L, int objindex) {
+ TValue *obj;
+ Table *mt;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ obj = index2adr(L, objindex);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, obj);
+ if (ttisnil(L->top - 1))
+ mt = NULL;
+ else {
+ api_check(L, ttistable(L->top - 1));
+ mt = hvalue(L->top - 1);
+ }
+ switch (ttype(obj)) {
+ case LUA_TTABLE: {
+ hvalue(obj)->metatable = mt;
+ if (mt)
+ luaC_objbarriert(L, hvalue(obj), mt);
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA: {
+ uvalue(obj)->metatable = mt;
+ if (mt)
+ luaC_objbarrier(L, rawuvalue(obj), mt);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ G(L)->mt[ttype(obj)] = mt;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ L->top--;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_setfenv (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId o;
+ int res = 1;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ o = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(L->top - 1));
+ switch (ttype(o)) {
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION:
+ clvalue(o)->c.env = hvalue(L->top - 1);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA:
+ uvalue(o)->env = hvalue(L->top - 1);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TTHREAD:
+ sethvalue(L, gt(thvalue(o)), hvalue(L->top - 1));
+ break;
+ default:
+ res = 0;
+ break;
+ }
+ if (res) luaC_objbarrier(L, gcvalue(o), hvalue(L->top - 1));
+ L->top--;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** `load' and `call' functions (run Lua code)
+*/
+
+
+#define adjustresults(L,nres) \
+ { if (nres == LUA_MULTRET && L->top >= L->ci->top) L->ci->top = L->top; }
+
+
+#define checkresults(L,na,nr) \
+ api_check(L, (nr) == LUA_MULTRET || (L->ci->top - L->top >= (nr) - (na)))
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_call (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults) {
+ StkId func;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, nargs+1);
+ checkresults(L, nargs, nresults);
+ func = L->top - (nargs+1);
+ luaD_call(L, func, nresults);
+ adjustresults(L, nresults);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Execute a protected call.
+*/
+struct CallS { /* data to `f_call' */
+ StkId func;
+ int nresults;
+};
+
+
+static void f_call (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
+ struct CallS *c = cast(struct CallS *, ud);
+ luaD_call(L, c->func, c->nresults);
+}
+
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_pcall (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc) {
+ struct CallS c;
+ int status;
+ ptrdiff_t func;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, nargs+1);
+ checkresults(L, nargs, nresults);
+ if (errfunc == 0)
+ func = 0;
+ else {
+ StkId o = index2adr(L, errfunc);
+ api_checkvalidindex(L, o);
+ func = savestack(L, o);
+ }
+ c.func = L->top - (nargs+1); /* function to be called */
+ c.nresults = nresults;
+ status = luaD_pcall(L, f_call, &c, savestack(L, c.func), func);
+ adjustresults(L, nresults);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Execute a protected C call.
+*/
+struct CCallS { /* data to `f_Ccall' */
+ lua_CFunction func;
+ void *ud;
+};
+
+
+static void f_Ccall (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
+ struct CCallS *c = cast(struct CCallS *, ud);
+ Closure *cl;
+ cl = luaF_newCclosure(L, 0, getcurrenv(L));
+ cl->c.f = c->func;
+ setclvalue(L, L->top, cl); /* push function */
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ setpvalue(L->top, c->ud); /* push only argument */
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ luaD_call(L, L->top - 2, 0);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_cpcall (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud) {
+ struct CCallS c;
+ int status;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ c.func = func;
+ c.ud = ud;
+ status = luaD_pcall(L, f_Ccall, &c, savestack(L, L->top), 0);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_load (lua_State *L, lua_Reader reader, void *data,
+ const char *chunkname) {
+ ZIO z;
+ int status;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (!chunkname) chunkname = "?";
+ luaZ_init(L, &z, reader, data);
+ status = luaD_protectedparser(L, &z, chunkname);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_dump (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data) {
+ int status;
+ TValue *o;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ o = L->top - 1;
+ if (isLfunction(o))
+ status = luaU_dump(L, clvalue(o)->l.p, writer, data, 0);
+ else
+ status = 1;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_status (lua_State *L) {
+ return L->status;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Garbage-collection function
+*/
+
+LUA_API int lua_gc (lua_State *L, int what, int data) {
+ int res = 0;
+ global_State *g;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ g = G(L);
+ switch (what) {
+ case LUA_GCSTOP: {
+ g->GCthreshold = MAX_LUMEM;
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCRESTART: {
+ g->GCthreshold = g->totalbytes;
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCCOLLECT: {
+ luaC_fullgc(L);
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCCOUNT: {
+ /* GC values are expressed in Kbytes: #bytes/2^10 */
+ res = cast_int(g->totalbytes >> 10);
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCCOUNTB: {
+ res = cast_int(g->totalbytes & 0x3ff);
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCSTEP: {
+ lu_mem a = (cast(lu_mem, data) << 10);
+ if (a <= g->totalbytes)
+ g->GCthreshold = g->totalbytes - a;
+ else
+ g->GCthreshold = 0;
+ while (g->GCthreshold <= g->totalbytes) {
+ luaC_step(L);
+ if (g->gcstate == GCSpause) { /* end of cycle? */
+ res = 1; /* signal it */
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCSETPAUSE: {
+ res = g->gcpause;
+ g->gcpause = data;
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL: {
+ res = g->gcstepmul;
+ g->gcstepmul = data;
+ break;
+ }
+ default: res = -1; /* invalid option */
+ }
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** miscellaneous functions
+*/
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_error (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ luaG_errormsg(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return 0; /* to avoid warnings */
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_next (lua_State *L, int idx) {
+ StkId t;
+ int more;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ t = index2adr(L, idx);
+ api_check(L, ttistable(t));
+ more = luaH_next(L, hvalue(t), L->top - 1);
+ if (more) {
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ }
+ else /* no more elements */
+ L->top -= 1; /* remove key */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return more;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_concat (lua_State *L, int n) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ api_checknelems(L, n);
+ if (n >= 2) {
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ luaV_concat(L, n, cast_int(L->top - L->base) - 1);
+ L->top -= (n-1);
+ }
+ else if (n == 0) { /* push empty string */
+ setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_newlstr(L, "", 0));
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ }
+ /* else n == 1; nothing to do */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_Alloc lua_getallocf (lua_State *L, void **ud) {
+ lua_Alloc f;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (ud) *ud = G(L)->ud;
+ f = G(L)->frealloc;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return f;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud) {
+ lua_lock(L);
+ G(L)->ud = ud;
+ G(L)->frealloc = f;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void *lua_newuserdata (lua_State *L, size_t size) {
+ Udata *u;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ u = luaS_newudata(L, size, getcurrenv(L));
+ setuvalue(L, L->top, u);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return u + 1;
+}
+
+
+
+
+static const char *aux_upvalue (StkId fi, int n, TValue **val) {
+ Closure *f;
+ if (!ttisfunction(fi)) return NULL;
+ f = clvalue(fi);
+ if (f->c.isC) {
+ if (!(1 <= n && n <= f->c.nupvalues)) return NULL;
+ *val = &f->c.upvalue[n-1];
+ return "";
+ }
+ else {
+ Proto *p = f->l.p;
+ if (!(1 <= n && n <= p->sizeupvalues)) return NULL;
+ *val = f->l.upvals[n-1]->v;
+ return getstr(p->upvalues[n-1]);
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n) {
+ const char *name;
+ TValue *val;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ name = aux_upvalue(index2adr(L, funcindex), n, &val);
+ if (name) {
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, val);
+ api_incr_top(L);
+ }
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return name;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n) {
+ const char *name;
+ TValue *val;
+ StkId fi;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ fi = index2adr(L, funcindex);
+ api_checknelems(L, 1);
+ name = aux_upvalue(fi, n, &val);
+ if (name) {
+ L->top--;
+ setobj(L, val, L->top);
+ luaC_barrier(L, clvalue(fi), L->top);
+ }
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return name;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lapi.h,v 2.2.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Auxiliary functions from Lua API
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lapi_h
+#define lapi_h
+
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaA_pushobject (lua_State *L, const TValue *o);
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lauxlib.c,v 1.159.1.3 2008/01/21 13:20:51 roberto Exp $
+** Auxiliary functions for building Lua libraries
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+
+/* This file uses only the official API of Lua.
+** Any function declared here could be written as an application function.
+*/
+
+#define lauxlib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+
+
+#define FREELIST_REF 0 /* free list of references */
+
+
+/* convert a stack index to positive */
+#define abs_index(L, i) ((i) > 0 || (i) <= LUA_REGISTRYINDEX ? (i) : \
+ lua_gettop(L) + (i) + 1)
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Error-report functions
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_argerror (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *extramsg) {
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ if (!lua_getstack(L, 0, &ar)) /* no stack frame? */
+ return luaL_error(L, "bad argument #%d (%s)", narg, extramsg);
+ lua_getinfo(L, "n", &ar);
+ if (strcmp(ar.namewhat, "method") == 0) {
+ narg--; /* do not count `self' */
+ if (narg == 0) /* error is in the self argument itself? */
+ return luaL_error(L, "calling " LUA_QS " on bad self (%s)",
+ ar.name, extramsg);
+ }
+ if (ar.name == NULL)
+ ar.name = "?";
+ return luaL_error(L, "bad argument #%d to " LUA_QS " (%s)",
+ narg, ar.name, extramsg);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_typerror (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *tname) {
+ const char *msg = lua_pushfstring(L, "%s expected, got %s",
+ tname, luaL_typename(L, narg));
+ return luaL_argerror(L, narg, msg);
+}
+
+
+static void tag_error (lua_State *L, int narg, int tag) {
+ luaL_typerror(L, narg, lua_typename(L, tag));
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_where (lua_State *L, int level) {
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ if (lua_getstack(L, level, &ar)) { /* check function at level */
+ lua_getinfo(L, "Sl", &ar); /* get info about it */
+ if (ar.currentline > 0) { /* is there info? */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s:%d: ", ar.short_src, ar.currentline);
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ lua_pushliteral(L, ""); /* else, no information available... */
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_error (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
+ va_list argp;
+ va_start(argp, fmt);
+ luaL_where(L, 1);
+ lua_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
+ va_end(argp);
+ lua_concat(L, 2);
+ return lua_error(L);
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_checkoption (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *def,
+ const char *const lst[]) {
+ const char *name = (def) ? luaL_optstring(L, narg, def) :
+ luaL_checkstring(L, narg);
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; lst[i]; i++)
+ if (strcmp(lst[i], name) == 0)
+ return i;
+ return luaL_argerror(L, narg,
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "invalid option " LUA_QS, name));
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_newmetatable (lua_State *L, const char *tname) {
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, tname); /* get registry.name */
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) /* name already in use? */
+ return 0; /* leave previous value on top, but return 0 */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ lua_newtable(L); /* create metatable */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, tname); /* registry.name = metatable */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void *luaL_checkudata (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname) {
+ void *p = lua_touserdata(L, ud);
+ if (p != NULL) { /* value is a userdata? */
+ if (lua_getmetatable(L, ud)) { /* does it have a metatable? */
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, tname); /* get correct metatable */
+ if (lua_rawequal(L, -1, -2)) { /* does it have the correct mt? */
+ lua_pop(L, 2); /* remove both metatables */
+ return p;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ luaL_typerror(L, ud, tname); /* else error */
+ return NULL; /* to avoid warnings */
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_checkstack (lua_State *L, int space, const char *mes) {
+ if (!lua_checkstack(L, space))
+ luaL_error(L, "stack overflow (%s)", mes);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_checktype (lua_State *L, int narg, int t) {
+ if (lua_type(L, narg) != t)
+ tag_error(L, narg, t);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_checkany (lua_State *L, int narg) {
+ if (lua_type(L, narg) == LUA_TNONE)
+ luaL_argerror(L, narg, "value expected");
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API const char *luaL_checklstring (lua_State *L, int narg, size_t *len) {
+ const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, narg, len);
+ if (!s) tag_error(L, narg, LUA_TSTRING);
+ return s;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API const char *luaL_optlstring (lua_State *L, int narg,
+ const char *def, size_t *len) {
+ if (lua_isnoneornil(L, narg)) {
+ if (len)
+ *len = (def ? strlen(def) : 0);
+ return def;
+ }
+ else return luaL_checklstring(L, narg, len);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_checknumber (lua_State *L, int narg) {
+ lua_Number d = lua_tonumber(L, narg);
+ if (d == 0 && !lua_isnumber(L, narg)) /* avoid extra test when d is not 0 */
+ tag_error(L, narg, LUA_TNUMBER);
+ return d;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API lua_Number luaL_optnumber (lua_State *L, int narg, lua_Number def) {
+ return luaL_opt(L, luaL_checknumber, narg, def);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API lua_Integer luaL_checkinteger (lua_State *L, int narg) {
+ lua_Integer d = lua_tointeger(L, narg);
+ if (d == 0 && !lua_isnumber(L, narg)) /* avoid extra test when d is not 0 */
+ tag_error(L, narg, LUA_TNUMBER);
+ return d;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API lua_Integer luaL_optinteger (lua_State *L, int narg,
+ lua_Integer def) {
+ return luaL_opt(L, luaL_checkinteger, narg, def);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_getmetafield (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *event) {
+ if (!lua_getmetatable(L, obj)) /* no metatable? */
+ return 0;
+ lua_pushstring(L, event);
+ lua_rawget(L, -2);
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+ lua_pop(L, 2); /* remove metatable and metafield */
+ return 0;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove only metatable */
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_callmeta (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *event) {
+ obj = abs_index(L, obj);
+ if (!luaL_getmetafield(L, obj, event)) /* no metafield? */
+ return 0;
+ lua_pushvalue(L, obj);
+ lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_register) (lua_State *L, const char *libname,
+ const luaL_Reg *l) {
+ luaI_openlib(L, libname, l, 0);
+}
+
+
+static int libsize (const luaL_Reg *l) {
+ int size = 0;
+ for (; l->name; l++) size++;
+ return size;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaI_openlib (lua_State *L, const char *libname,
+ const luaL_Reg *l, int nup) {
+ if (libname) {
+ int size = libsize(l);
+ /* check whether lib already exists */
+ luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED", 1);
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, libname); /* get _LOADED[libname] */
+ if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) { /* not found? */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove previous result */
+ /* try global variable (and create one if it does not exist) */
+ if (luaL_findtable(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, libname, size) != NULL)
+ luaL_error(L, "name conflict for module " LUA_QS, libname);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_setfield(L, -3, libname); /* _LOADED[libname] = new table */
+ }
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove _LOADED table */
+ lua_insert(L, -(nup+1)); /* move library table to below upvalues */
+ }
+ for (; l->name; l++) {
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<nup; i++) /* copy upvalues to the top */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -nup);
+ lua_pushcclosure(L, l->func, nup);
+ lua_setfield(L, -(nup+2), l->name);
+ }
+ lua_pop(L, nup); /* remove upvalues */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** getn-setn: size for arrays
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_GETN)
+
+static int checkint (lua_State *L, int topop) {
+ int n = (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TNUMBER) ? lua_tointeger(L, -1) : -1;
+ lua_pop(L, topop);
+ return n;
+}
+
+
+static void getsizes (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "LUA_SIZES");
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) { /* no `size' table? */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove nil */
+ lua_newtable(L); /* create it */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* `size' will be its own metatable */
+ lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "kv");
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__mode"); /* metatable(N).__mode = "kv" */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_setfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "LUA_SIZES"); /* store in register */
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_setn (lua_State *L, int t, int n) {
+ t = abs_index(L, t);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "n");
+ lua_rawget(L, t);
+ if (checkint(L, 1) >= 0) { /* is there a numeric field `n'? */
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "n"); /* use it */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+ lua_rawset(L, t);
+ }
+ else { /* use `sizes' */
+ getsizes(L);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, t);
+ lua_pushinteger(L, n);
+ lua_rawset(L, -3); /* sizes[t] = n */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove `sizes' */
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_getn (lua_State *L, int t) {
+ int n;
+ t = abs_index(L, t);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "n"); /* try t.n */
+ lua_rawget(L, t);
+ if ((n = checkint(L, 1)) >= 0) return n;
+ getsizes(L); /* else try sizes[t] */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, t);
+ lua_rawget(L, -2);
+ if ((n = checkint(L, 2)) >= 0) return n;
+ return (int)lua_objlen(L, t);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+LUALIB_API const char *luaL_gsub (lua_State *L, const char *s, const char *p,
+ const char *r) {
+ const char *wild;
+ size_t l = strlen(p);
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ while ((wild = strstr(s, p)) != NULL) {
+ luaL_addlstring(&b, s, wild - s); /* push prefix */
+ luaL_addstring(&b, r); /* push replacement in place of pattern */
+ s = wild + l; /* continue after `p' */
+ }
+ luaL_addstring(&b, s); /* push last suffix */
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return lua_tostring(L, -1);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API const char *luaL_findtable (lua_State *L, int idx,
+ const char *fname, int szhint) {
+ const char *e;
+ lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+ do {
+ e = strchr(fname, '.');
+ if (e == NULL) e = fname + strlen(fname);
+ lua_pushlstring(L, fname, e - fname);
+ lua_rawget(L, -2);
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) { /* no such field? */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove this nil */
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, (*e == '.' ? 1 : szhint)); /* new table for field */
+ lua_pushlstring(L, fname, e - fname);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ lua_settable(L, -4); /* set new table into field */
+ }
+ else if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) { /* field has a non-table value? */
+ lua_pop(L, 2); /* remove table and value */
+ return fname; /* return problematic part of the name */
+ }
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove previous table */
+ fname = e + 1;
+ } while (*e == '.');
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Generic Buffer manipulation
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+#define bufflen(B) ((B)->p - (B)->buffer)
+#define bufffree(B) ((size_t)(LUAL_BUFFERSIZE - bufflen(B)))
+
+#define LIMIT (LUA_MINSTACK/2)
+
+
+static int emptybuffer (luaL_Buffer *B) {
+ size_t l = bufflen(B);
+ if (l == 0) return 0; /* put nothing on stack */
+ else {
+ lua_pushlstring(B->L, B->buffer, l);
+ B->p = B->buffer;
+ B->lvl++;
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void adjuststack (luaL_Buffer *B) {
+ if (B->lvl > 1) {
+ lua_State *L = B->L;
+ int toget = 1; /* number of levels to concat */
+ size_t toplen = lua_strlen(L, -1);
+ do {
+ size_t l = lua_strlen(L, -(toget+1));
+ if (B->lvl - toget + 1 >= LIMIT || toplen > l) {
+ toplen += l;
+ toget++;
+ }
+ else break;
+ } while (toget < B->lvl);
+ lua_concat(L, toget);
+ B->lvl = B->lvl - toget + 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API char *luaL_prepbuffer (luaL_Buffer *B) {
+ if (emptybuffer(B))
+ adjuststack(B);
+ return B->buffer;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addlstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l) {
+ while (l--)
+ luaL_addchar(B, *s++);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addstring (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s) {
+ luaL_addlstring(B, s, strlen(s));
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_pushresult (luaL_Buffer *B) {
+ emptybuffer(B);
+ lua_concat(B->L, B->lvl);
+ B->lvl = 1;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_addvalue (luaL_Buffer *B) {
+ lua_State *L = B->L;
+ size_t vl;
+ const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, -1, &vl);
+ if (vl <= bufffree(B)) { /* fit into buffer? */
+ memcpy(B->p, s, vl); /* put it there */
+ B->p += vl;
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove from stack */
+ }
+ else {
+ if (emptybuffer(B))
+ lua_insert(L, -2); /* put buffer before new value */
+ B->lvl++; /* add new value into B stack */
+ adjuststack(B);
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_buffinit (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B) {
+ B->L = L;
+ B->p = B->buffer;
+ B->lvl = 0;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_ref (lua_State *L, int t) {
+ int ref;
+ t = abs_index(L, t);
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove from stack */
+ return LUA_REFNIL; /* `nil' has a unique fixed reference */
+ }
+ lua_rawgeti(L, t, FREELIST_REF); /* get first free element */
+ ref = (int)lua_tointeger(L, -1); /* ref = t[FREELIST_REF] */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove it from stack */
+ if (ref != 0) { /* any free element? */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, t, ref); /* remove it from list */
+ lua_rawseti(L, t, FREELIST_REF); /* (t[FREELIST_REF] = t[ref]) */
+ }
+ else { /* no free elements */
+ ref = (int)lua_objlen(L, t);
+ ref++; /* create new reference */
+ }
+ lua_rawseti(L, t, ref);
+ return ref;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_unref (lua_State *L, int t, int ref) {
+ if (ref >= 0) {
+ t = abs_index(L, t);
+ lua_rawgeti(L, t, FREELIST_REF);
+ lua_rawseti(L, t, ref); /* t[ref] = t[FREELIST_REF] */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, ref);
+ lua_rawseti(L, t, FREELIST_REF); /* t[FREELIST_REF] = ref */
+ }
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Load functions
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+typedef struct LoadF {
+ int extraline;
+ FILE *f;
+ char buff[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];
+} LoadF;
+
+
+static const char *getF (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *size) {
+ LoadF *lf = (LoadF *)ud;
+ (void)L;
+ if (lf->extraline) {
+ lf->extraline = 0;
+ *size = 1;
+ return "\n";
+ }
+ if (feof(lf->f)) return NULL;
+ *size = fread(lf->buff, 1, sizeof(lf->buff), lf->f);
+ return (*size > 0) ? lf->buff : NULL;
+}
+
+
+static int errfile (lua_State *L, const char *what, int fnameindex) {
+ const char *serr = strerror(errno);
+ const char *filename = lua_tostring(L, fnameindex) + 1;
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "cannot %s %s: %s", what, filename, serr);
+ lua_remove(L, fnameindex);
+ return LUA_ERRFILE;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_loadfile (lua_State *L, const char *filename) {
+ LoadF lf;
+ int status, readstatus;
+ int c;
+ int fnameindex = lua_gettop(L) + 1; /* index of filename on the stack */
+ lf.extraline = 0;
+ if (filename == NULL) {
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "=stdin");
+ lf.f = stdin;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "@%s", filename);
+ lf.f = fopen(filename, "r");
+ if (lf.f == NULL) return errfile(L, "open", fnameindex);
+ }
+ c = getc(lf.f);
+ if (c == '#') { /* Unix exec. file? */
+ lf.extraline = 1;
+ while ((c = getc(lf.f)) != EOF && c != '\n') ; /* skip first line */
+ if (c == '\n') c = getc(lf.f);
+ }
+ if (c == LUA_SIGNATURE[0] && filename) { /* binary file? */
+ lf.f = freopen(filename, "rb", lf.f); /* reopen in binary mode */
+ if (lf.f == NULL) return errfile(L, "reopen", fnameindex);
+ /* skip eventual `#!...' */
+ while ((c = getc(lf.f)) != EOF && c != LUA_SIGNATURE[0]) ;
+ lf.extraline = 0;
+ }
+ ungetc(c, lf.f);
+ status = lua_load(L, getF, &lf, lua_tostring(L, -1));
+ readstatus = ferror(lf.f);
+ if (filename) fclose(lf.f); /* close file (even in case of errors) */
+ if (readstatus) {
+ lua_settop(L, fnameindex); /* ignore results from `lua_load' */
+ return errfile(L, "read", fnameindex);
+ }
+ lua_remove(L, fnameindex);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+typedef struct LoadS {
+ const char *s;
+ size_t size;
+} LoadS;
+
+
+static const char *getS (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *size) {
+ LoadS *ls = (LoadS *)ud;
+ (void)L;
+ if (ls->size == 0) return NULL;
+ *size = ls->size;
+ ls->size = 0;
+ return ls->s;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaL_loadbuffer (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t size,
+ const char *name) {
+ LoadS ls;
+ ls.s = buff;
+ ls.size = size;
+ return lua_load(L, getS, &ls, name);
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s) {
+ return luaL_loadbuffer(L, s, strlen(s), s);
+}
+
+
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+static void *l_alloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize) {
+ (void)ud;
+ (void)osize;
+ if (nsize == 0) {
+ free(ptr);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ else
+ return realloc(ptr, nsize);
+}
+
+
+static int panic (lua_State *L) {
+ (void)L; /* to avoid warnings */
+ fprintf(stderr, "PANIC: unprotected error in call to Lua API (%s)\n",
+ lua_tostring(L, -1));
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API lua_State *luaL_newstate (void) {
+ lua_State *L = lua_newstate(l_alloc, NULL);
+ if (L) lua_atpanic(L, &panic);
+ return L;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lauxlib.h,v 1.88.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Auxiliary functions for building Lua libraries
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef lauxlib_h
+#define lauxlib_h
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_GETN)
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_getn) (lua_State *L, int t);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_setn) (lua_State *L, int t, int n);
+#else
+#define luaL_getn(L,i) ((int)lua_objlen(L, i))
+#define luaL_setn(L,i,j) ((void)0) /* no op! */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_OPENLIB)
+#define luaI_openlib luaL_openlib
+#endif
+
+
+/* extra error code for `luaL_load' */
+#define LUA_ERRFILE (LUA_ERRERR+1)
+
+
+typedef struct luaL_Reg {
+ const char *name;
+ lua_CFunction func;
+} luaL_Reg;
+
+
+
+LUALIB_API void (luaI_openlib) (lua_State *L, const char *libname,
+ const luaL_Reg *l, int nup);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_register) (lua_State *L, const char *libname,
+ const luaL_Reg *l);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_getmetafield) (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_callmeta) (lua_State *L, int obj, const char *e);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_typerror) (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *tname);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_argerror) (lua_State *L, int numarg, const char *extramsg);
+LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_checklstring) (lua_State *L, int numArg,
+ size_t *l);
+LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_optlstring) (lua_State *L, int numArg,
+ const char *def, size_t *l);
+LUALIB_API lua_Number (luaL_checknumber) (lua_State *L, int numArg);
+LUALIB_API lua_Number (luaL_optnumber) (lua_State *L, int nArg, lua_Number def);
+
+LUALIB_API lua_Integer (luaL_checkinteger) (lua_State *L, int numArg);
+LUALIB_API lua_Integer (luaL_optinteger) (lua_State *L, int nArg,
+ lua_Integer def);
+
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_checkstack) (lua_State *L, int sz, const char *msg);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_checktype) (lua_State *L, int narg, int t);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_checkany) (lua_State *L, int narg);
+
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_newmetatable) (lua_State *L, const char *tname);
+LUALIB_API void *(luaL_checkudata) (lua_State *L, int ud, const char *tname);
+
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_where) (lua_State *L, int lvl);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_error) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_checkoption) (lua_State *L, int narg, const char *def,
+ const char *const lst[]);
+
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_ref) (lua_State *L, int t);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_unref) (lua_State *L, int t, int ref);
+
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadfile) (lua_State *L, const char *filename);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadbuffer) (lua_State *L, const char *buff, size_t sz,
+ const char *name);
+LUALIB_API int (luaL_loadstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s);
+
+LUALIB_API lua_State *(luaL_newstate) (void);
+
+
+LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_gsub) (lua_State *L, const char *s, const char *p,
+ const char *r);
+
+LUALIB_API const char *(luaL_findtable) (lua_State *L, int idx,
+ const char *fname, int szhint);
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** ===============================================================
+** some useful macros
+** ===============================================================
+*/
+
+#define luaL_argcheck(L, cond,numarg,extramsg) \
+ ((void)((cond) || luaL_argerror(L, (numarg), (extramsg))))
+#define luaL_checkstring(L,n) (luaL_checklstring(L, (n), NULL))
+#define luaL_optstring(L,n,d) (luaL_optlstring(L, (n), (d), NULL))
+#define luaL_checkint(L,n) ((int)luaL_checkinteger(L, (n)))
+#define luaL_optint(L,n,d) ((int)luaL_optinteger(L, (n), (d)))
+#define luaL_checklong(L,n) ((long)luaL_checkinteger(L, (n)))
+#define luaL_optlong(L,n,d) ((long)luaL_optinteger(L, (n), (d)))
+
+#define luaL_typename(L,i) lua_typename(L, lua_type(L,(i)))
+
+#define luaL_dofile(L, fn) \
+ (luaL_loadfile(L, fn) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))
+
+#define luaL_dostring(L, s) \
+ (luaL_loadstring(L, s) || lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 0))
+
+#define luaL_getmetatable(L,n) (lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (n)))
+
+#define luaL_opt(L,f,n,d) (lua_isnoneornil(L,(n)) ? (d) : f(L,(n)))
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Generic Buffer manipulation
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+
+typedef struct luaL_Buffer {
+ char *p; /* current position in buffer */
+ int lvl; /* number of strings in the stack (level) */
+ lua_State *L;
+ char buffer[LUAL_BUFFERSIZE];
+} luaL_Buffer;
+
+#define luaL_addchar(B,c) \
+ ((void)((B)->p < ((B)->buffer+LUAL_BUFFERSIZE) || luaL_prepbuffer(B)), \
+ (*(B)->p++ = (char)(c)))
+
+/* compatibility only */
+#define luaL_putchar(B,c) luaL_addchar(B,c)
+
+#define luaL_addsize(B,n) ((B)->p += (n))
+
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_buffinit) (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *B);
+LUALIB_API char *(luaL_prepbuffer) (luaL_Buffer *B);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_addlstring) (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s, size_t l);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_addstring) (luaL_Buffer *B, const char *s);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_addvalue) (luaL_Buffer *B);
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_pushresult) (luaL_Buffer *B);
+
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+/* compatibility with ref system */
+
+/* pre-defined references */
+#define LUA_NOREF (-2)
+#define LUA_REFNIL (-1)
+
+#define lua_ref(L,lock) ((lock) ? luaL_ref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX) : \
+ (lua_pushstring(L, "unlocked references are obsolete"), lua_error(L), 0))
+
+#define lua_unref(L,ref) luaL_unref(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (ref))
+
+#define lua_getref(L,ref) lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, (ref))
+
+
+#define luaL_reg luaL_Reg
+
+#endif
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lbaselib.c,v 1.191.1.6 2008/02/14 16:46:22 roberto Exp $
+** Basic library
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lbaselib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** If your system does not support `stdout', you can just remove this function.
+** If you need, you can define your own `print' function, following this
+** model but changing `fputs' to put the strings at a proper place
+** (a console window or a log file, for instance).
+*/
+static int luaB_print (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */
+ int i;
+ lua_getglobal(L, "tostring");
+ for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
+ const char *s;
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* function to be called */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, i); /* value to print */
+ lua_call(L, 1, 1);
+ s = lua_tostring(L, -1); /* get result */
+ if (s == NULL)
+ return luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("tostring") " must return a string to "
+ LUA_QL("print"));
+ if (i>1) fputs("\t", stdout);
+ fputs(s, stdout);
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* pop result */
+ }
+ fputs("\n", stdout);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_tonumber (lua_State *L) {
+ int base = luaL_optint(L, 2, 10);
+ if (base == 10) { /* standard conversion */
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ if (lua_isnumber(L, 1)) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, lua_tonumber(L, 1));
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ const char *s1 = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ char *s2;
+ unsigned long n;
+ luaL_argcheck(L, 2 <= base && base <= 36, 2, "base out of range");
+ n = strtoul(s1, &s2, base);
+ if (s1 != s2) { /* at least one valid digit? */
+ while (isspace((unsigned char)(*s2))) s2++; /* skip trailing spaces */
+ if (*s2 == '\0') { /* no invalid trailing characters? */
+ lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)n);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* else not a number */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_error (lua_State *L) {
+ int level = luaL_optint(L, 2, 1);
+ lua_settop(L, 1);
+ if (lua_isstring(L, 1) && level > 0) { /* add extra information? */
+ luaL_where(L, level);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
+ lua_concat(L, 2);
+ }
+ return lua_error(L);
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_getmetatable (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ if (!lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ return 1; /* no metatable */
+ }
+ luaL_getmetafield(L, 1, "__metatable");
+ return 1; /* returns either __metatable field (if present) or metatable */
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_setmetatable (lua_State *L) {
+ int t = lua_type(L, 2);
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, t == LUA_TNIL || t == LUA_TTABLE, 2,
+ "nil or table expected");
+ if (luaL_getmetafield(L, 1, "__metatable"))
+ luaL_error(L, "cannot change a protected metatable");
+ lua_settop(L, 2);
+ lua_setmetatable(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void getfunc (lua_State *L, int opt) {
+ if (lua_isfunction(L, 1)) lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
+ else {
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ int level = opt ? luaL_optint(L, 1, 1) : luaL_checkint(L, 1);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, level >= 0, 1, "level must be non-negative");
+ if (lua_getstack(L, level, &ar) == 0)
+ luaL_argerror(L, 1, "invalid level");
+ lua_getinfo(L, "f", &ar);
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, "no function environment for tail call at level %d",
+ level);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_getfenv (lua_State *L) {
+ getfunc(L, 1);
+ if (lua_iscfunction(L, -1)) /* is a C function? */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX); /* return the thread's global env. */
+ else
+ lua_getfenv(L, -1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_setfenv (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TTABLE);
+ getfunc(L, 0);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
+ if (lua_isnumber(L, 1) && lua_tonumber(L, 1) == 0) {
+ /* change environment of current thread */
+ lua_pushthread(L);
+ lua_insert(L, -2);
+ lua_setfenv(L, -2);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ else if (lua_iscfunction(L, -2) || lua_setfenv(L, -2) == 0)
+ luaL_error(L,
+ LUA_QL("setfenv") " cannot change environment of given object");
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_rawequal (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ luaL_checkany(L, 2);
+ lua_pushboolean(L, lua_rawequal(L, 1, 2));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_rawget (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ luaL_checkany(L, 2);
+ lua_settop(L, 2);
+ lua_rawget(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int luaB_rawset (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ luaL_checkany(L, 2);
+ luaL_checkany(L, 3);
+ lua_settop(L, 3);
+ lua_rawset(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_gcinfo (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, lua_getgccount(L));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_collectgarbage (lua_State *L) {
+ static const char *const opts[] = {"stop", "restart", "collect",
+ "count", "step", "setpause", "setstepmul", NULL};
+ static const int optsnum[] = {LUA_GCSTOP, LUA_GCRESTART, LUA_GCCOLLECT,
+ LUA_GCCOUNT, LUA_GCSTEP, LUA_GCSETPAUSE, LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL};
+ int o = luaL_checkoption(L, 1, "collect", opts);
+ int ex = luaL_optint(L, 2, 0);
+ int res = lua_gc(L, optsnum[o], ex);
+ switch (optsnum[o]) {
+ case LUA_GCCOUNT: {
+ int b = lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOUNTB, 0);
+ lua_pushnumber(L, res + ((lua_Number)b/1024));
+ return 1;
+ }
+ case LUA_GCSTEP: {
+ lua_pushboolean(L, res);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ default: {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, res);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_type (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ lua_pushstring(L, luaL_typename(L, 1));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_next (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ lua_settop(L, 2); /* create a 2nd argument if there isn't one */
+ if (lua_next(L, 1))
+ return 2;
+ else {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_pairs (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1)); /* return generator, */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1); /* state, */
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* and initial value */
+ return 3;
+}
+
+
+static int ipairsaux (lua_State *L) {
+ int i = luaL_checkint(L, 2);
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ i++; /* next value */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, i);
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i);
+ return (lua_isnil(L, -1)) ? 0 : 2;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_ipairs (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1)); /* return generator, */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1); /* state, */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, 0); /* and initial value */
+ return 3;
+}
+
+
+static int load_aux (lua_State *L, int status) {
+ if (status == 0) /* OK? */
+ return 1;
+ else {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ lua_insert(L, -2); /* put before error message */
+ return 2; /* return nil plus error message */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_loadstring (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ const char *chunkname = luaL_optstring(L, 2, s);
+ return load_aux(L, luaL_loadbuffer(L, s, l, chunkname));
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_loadfile (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *fname = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
+ return load_aux(L, luaL_loadfile(L, fname));
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Reader for generic `load' function: `lua_load' uses the
+** stack for internal stuff, so the reader cannot change the
+** stack top. Instead, it keeps its resulting string in a
+** reserved slot inside the stack.
+*/
+static const char *generic_reader (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *size) {
+ (void)ud; /* to avoid warnings */
+ luaL_checkstack(L, 2, "too many nested functions");
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1); /* get function */
+ lua_call(L, 0, 1); /* call it */
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+ *size = 0;
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ else if (lua_isstring(L, -1)) {
+ lua_replace(L, 3); /* save string in a reserved stack slot */
+ return lua_tolstring(L, 3, size);
+ }
+ else luaL_error(L, "reader function must return a string");
+ return NULL; /* to avoid warnings */
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_load (lua_State *L) {
+ int status;
+ const char *cname = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "=(load)");
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ lua_settop(L, 3); /* function, eventual name, plus one reserved slot */
+ status = lua_load(L, generic_reader, NULL, cname);
+ return load_aux(L, status);
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_dofile (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *fname = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
+ int n = lua_gettop(L);
+ if (luaL_loadfile(L, fname) != 0) lua_error(L);
+ lua_call(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET);
+ return lua_gettop(L) - n;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_assert (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ if (!lua_toboolean(L, 1))
+ return luaL_error(L, "%s", luaL_optstring(L, 2, "assertion failed!"));
+ return lua_gettop(L);
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_unpack (lua_State *L) {
+ int i, e, n;
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ i = luaL_optint(L, 2, 1);
+ e = luaL_opt(L, luaL_checkint, 3, luaL_getn(L, 1));
+ if (i > e) return 0; /* empty range */
+ n = e - i + 1; /* number of elements */
+ if (n <= 0 || !lua_checkstack(L, n)) /* n <= 0 means arith. overflow */
+ return luaL_error(L, "too many results to unpack");
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i); /* push arg[i] (avoiding overflow problems) */
+ while (i++ < e) /* push arg[i + 1...e] */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i);
+ return n;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_select (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = lua_gettop(L);
+ if (lua_type(L, 1) == LUA_TSTRING && *lua_tostring(L, 1) == '#') {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, n-1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else {
+ int i = luaL_checkint(L, 1);
+ if (i < 0) i = n + i;
+ else if (i > n) i = n;
+ luaL_argcheck(L, 1 <= i, 1, "index out of range");
+ return n - i;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_pcall (lua_State *L) {
+ int status;
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ status = lua_pcall(L, lua_gettop(L) - 1, LUA_MULTRET, 0);
+ lua_pushboolean(L, (status == 0));
+ lua_insert(L, 1);
+ return lua_gettop(L); /* return status + all results */
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_xpcall (lua_State *L) {
+ int status;
+ luaL_checkany(L, 2);
+ lua_settop(L, 2);
+ lua_insert(L, 1); /* put error function under function to be called */
+ status = lua_pcall(L, 0, LUA_MULTRET, 1);
+ lua_pushboolean(L, (status == 0));
+ lua_replace(L, 1);
+ return lua_gettop(L); /* return status + all results */
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_tostring (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ if (luaL_callmeta(L, 1, "__tostring")) /* is there a metafield? */
+ return 1; /* use its value */
+ switch (lua_type(L, 1)) {
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ lua_pushstring(L, lua_tostring(L, 1));
+ break;
+ case LUA_TSTRING:
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
+ lua_pushstring(L, (lua_toboolean(L, 1) ? "true" : "false"));
+ break;
+ case LUA_TNIL:
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "nil");
+ break;
+ default:
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %p", luaL_typename(L, 1), lua_topointer(L, 1));
+ break;
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_newproxy (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_settop(L, 1);
+ lua_newuserdata(L, 0); /* create proxy */
+ if (lua_toboolean(L, 1) == 0)
+ return 1; /* no metatable */
+ else if (lua_isboolean(L, 1)) {
+ lua_newtable(L); /* create a new metatable `m' ... */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* ... and mark `m' as a valid metatable */
+ lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+ lua_rawset(L, lua_upvalueindex(1)); /* weaktable[m] = true */
+ }
+ else {
+ int validproxy = 0; /* to check if weaktable[metatable(u)] == true */
+ if (lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
+ lua_rawget(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
+ validproxy = lua_toboolean(L, -1);
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove value */
+ }
+ luaL_argcheck(L, validproxy, 1, "boolean or proxy expected");
+ lua_getmetatable(L, 1); /* metatable is valid; get it */
+ }
+ lua_setmetatable(L, 2);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg base_funcs[] = {
+ {"assert", luaB_assert},
+ {"collectgarbage", luaB_collectgarbage},
+ {"dofile", luaB_dofile},
+ {"error", luaB_error},
+ {"gcinfo", luaB_gcinfo},
+ {"getfenv", luaB_getfenv},
+ {"getmetatable", luaB_getmetatable},
+ {"loadfile", luaB_loadfile},
+ {"load", luaB_load},
+ {"loadstring", luaB_loadstring},
+ {"next", luaB_next},
+ {"pcall", luaB_pcall},
+ {"print", luaB_print},
+ {"rawequal", luaB_rawequal},
+ {"rawget", luaB_rawget},
+ {"rawset", luaB_rawset},
+ {"select", luaB_select},
+ {"setfenv", luaB_setfenv},
+ {"setmetatable", luaB_setmetatable},
+ {"tonumber", luaB_tonumber},
+ {"tostring", luaB_tostring},
+ {"type", luaB_type},
+ {"unpack", luaB_unpack},
+ {"xpcall", luaB_xpcall},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Coroutine library
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+#define CO_RUN 0 /* running */
+#define CO_SUS 1 /* suspended */
+#define CO_NOR 2 /* 'normal' (it resumed another coroutine) */
+#define CO_DEAD 3
+
+static const char *const statnames[] =
+ {"running", "suspended", "normal", "dead"};
+
+static int costatus (lua_State *L, lua_State *co) {
+ if (L == co) return CO_RUN;
+ switch (lua_status(co)) {
+ case LUA_YIELD:
+ return CO_SUS;
+ case 0: {
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ if (lua_getstack(co, 0, &ar) > 0) /* does it have frames? */
+ return CO_NOR; /* it is running */
+ else if (lua_gettop(co) == 0)
+ return CO_DEAD;
+ else
+ return CO_SUS; /* initial state */
+ }
+ default: /* some error occured */
+ return CO_DEAD;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_costatus (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_State *co = lua_tothread(L, 1);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, co, 1, "coroutine expected");
+ lua_pushstring(L, statnames[costatus(L, co)]);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int auxresume (lua_State *L, lua_State *co, int narg) {
+ int status = costatus(L, co);
+ if (!lua_checkstack(co, narg))
+ luaL_error(L, "too many arguments to resume");
+ if (status != CO_SUS) {
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "cannot resume %s coroutine", statnames[status]);
+ return -1; /* error flag */
+ }
+ lua_xmove(L, co, narg);
+ lua_setlevel(L, co);
+ status = lua_resume(co, narg);
+ if (status == 0 || status == LUA_YIELD) {
+ int nres = lua_gettop(co);
+ if (!lua_checkstack(L, nres + 1))
+ luaL_error(L, "too many results to resume");
+ lua_xmove(co, L, nres); /* move yielded values */
+ return nres;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_xmove(co, L, 1); /* move error message */
+ return -1; /* error flag */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_coresume (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_State *co = lua_tothread(L, 1);
+ int r;
+ luaL_argcheck(L, co, 1, "coroutine expected");
+ r = auxresume(L, co, lua_gettop(L) - 1);
+ if (r < 0) {
+ lua_pushboolean(L, 0);
+ lua_insert(L, -2);
+ return 2; /* return false + error message */
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+ lua_insert(L, -(r + 1));
+ return r + 1; /* return true + `resume' returns */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_auxwrap (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_State *co = lua_tothread(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
+ int r = auxresume(L, co, lua_gettop(L));
+ if (r < 0) {
+ if (lua_isstring(L, -1)) { /* error object is a string? */
+ luaL_where(L, 1); /* add extra info */
+ lua_insert(L, -2);
+ lua_concat(L, 2);
+ }
+ lua_error(L); /* propagate error */
+ }
+ return r;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_cocreate (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_State *NL = lua_newthread(L);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, lua_isfunction(L, 1) && !lua_iscfunction(L, 1), 1,
+ "Lua function expected");
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1); /* move function to top */
+ lua_xmove(L, NL, 1); /* move function from L to NL */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_cowrap (lua_State *L) {
+ luaB_cocreate(L);
+ lua_pushcclosure(L, luaB_auxwrap, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_yield (lua_State *L) {
+ return lua_yield(L, lua_gettop(L));
+}
+
+
+static int luaB_corunning (lua_State *L) {
+ if (lua_pushthread(L))
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* main thread is not a coroutine */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg co_funcs[] = {
+ {"create", luaB_cocreate},
+ {"resume", luaB_coresume},
+ {"running", luaB_corunning},
+ {"status", luaB_costatus},
+ {"wrap", luaB_cowrap},
+ {"yield", luaB_yield},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+static void auxopen (lua_State *L, const char *name,
+ lua_CFunction f, lua_CFunction u) {
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, u);
+ lua_pushcclosure(L, f, 1);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, name);
+}
+
+
+static void base_open (lua_State *L) {
+ /* set global _G */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+ lua_setglobal(L, "_G");
+ /* open lib into global table */
+ luaL_register(L, "_G", base_funcs);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, LUA_VERSION);
+ lua_setglobal(L, "_VERSION"); /* set global _VERSION */
+ /* `ipairs' and `pairs' need auxliliary functions as upvalues */
+ auxopen(L, "ipairs", luaB_ipairs, ipairsaux);
+ auxopen(L, "pairs", luaB_pairs, luaB_next);
+ /* `newproxy' needs a weaktable as upvalue */
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 1); /* new table `w' */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* `w' will be its own metatable */
+ lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "kv");
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__mode"); /* metatable(w).__mode = "kv" */
+ lua_pushcclosure(L, luaB_newproxy, 1);
+ lua_setglobal(L, "newproxy"); /* set global `newproxy' */
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_base (lua_State *L) {
+ base_open(L);
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_COLIBNAME, co_funcs);
+ return 2;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lcode.c,v 2.25.1.3 2007/12/28 15:32:23 roberto Exp $
+** Code generator for Lua
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#define lcode_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lcode.h"
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "llex.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lparser.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+
+
+#define hasjumps(e) ((e)->t != (e)->f)
+
+
+static int isnumeral(expdesc *e) {
+ return (e->k == VKNUM && e->t == NO_JUMP && e->f == NO_JUMP);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_nil (FuncState *fs, int from, int n) {
+ Instruction *previous;
+ if (fs->pc > fs->lasttarget) { /* no jumps to current position? */
+ if (fs->pc == 0) { /* function start? */
+ if (from >= fs->nactvar)
+ return; /* positions are already clean */
+ }
+ else {
+ previous = &fs->f->code[fs->pc-1];
+ if (GET_OPCODE(*previous) == OP_LOADNIL) {
+ int pfrom = GETARG_A(*previous);
+ int pto = GETARG_B(*previous);
+ if (pfrom <= from && from <= pto+1) { /* can connect both? */
+ if (from+n-1 > pto)
+ SETARG_B(*previous, from+n-1);
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADNIL, from, from+n-1, 0); /* else no optimization */
+}
+
+
+int luaK_jump (FuncState *fs) {
+ int jpc = fs->jpc; /* save list of jumps to here */
+ int j;
+ fs->jpc = NO_JUMP;
+ j = luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_JMP, 0, NO_JUMP);
+ luaK_concat(fs, &j, jpc); /* keep them on hold */
+ return j;
+}
+
+
+void luaK_ret (FuncState *fs, int first, int nret) {
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_RETURN, first, nret+1, 0);
+}
+
+
+static int condjump (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, int A, int B, int C) {
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, op, A, B, C);
+ return luaK_jump(fs);
+}
+
+
+static void fixjump (FuncState *fs, int pc, int dest) {
+ Instruction *jmp = &fs->f->code[pc];
+ int offset = dest-(pc+1);
+ lua_assert(dest != NO_JUMP);
+ if (abs(offset) > MAXARG_sBx)
+ luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "control structure too long");
+ SETARG_sBx(*jmp, offset);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** returns current `pc' and marks it as a jump target (to avoid wrong
+** optimizations with consecutive instructions not in the same basic block).
+*/
+int luaK_getlabel (FuncState *fs) {
+ fs->lasttarget = fs->pc;
+ return fs->pc;
+}
+
+
+static int getjump (FuncState *fs, int pc) {
+ int offset = GETARG_sBx(fs->f->code[pc]);
+ if (offset == NO_JUMP) /* point to itself represents end of list */
+ return NO_JUMP; /* end of list */
+ else
+ return (pc+1)+offset; /* turn offset into absolute position */
+}
+
+
+static Instruction *getjumpcontrol (FuncState *fs, int pc) {
+ Instruction *pi = &fs->f->code[pc];
+ if (pc >= 1 && testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*(pi-1))))
+ return pi-1;
+ else
+ return pi;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** check whether list has any jump that do not produce a value
+** (or produce an inverted value)
+*/
+static int need_value (FuncState *fs, int list) {
+ for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list)) {
+ Instruction i = *getjumpcontrol(fs, list);
+ if (GET_OPCODE(i) != OP_TESTSET) return 1;
+ }
+ return 0; /* not found */
+}
+
+
+static int patchtestreg (FuncState *fs, int node, int reg) {
+ Instruction *i = getjumpcontrol(fs, node);
+ if (GET_OPCODE(*i) != OP_TESTSET)
+ return 0; /* cannot patch other instructions */
+ if (reg != NO_REG && reg != GETARG_B(*i))
+ SETARG_A(*i, reg);
+ else /* no register to put value or register already has the value */
+ *i = CREATE_ABC(OP_TEST, GETARG_B(*i), 0, GETARG_C(*i));
+
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void removevalues (FuncState *fs, int list) {
+ for (; list != NO_JUMP; list = getjump(fs, list))
+ patchtestreg(fs, list, NO_REG);
+}
+
+
+static void patchlistaux (FuncState *fs, int list, int vtarget, int reg,
+ int dtarget) {
+ while (list != NO_JUMP) {
+ int next = getjump(fs, list);
+ if (patchtestreg(fs, list, reg))
+ fixjump(fs, list, vtarget);
+ else
+ fixjump(fs, list, dtarget); /* jump to default target */
+ list = next;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void dischargejpc (FuncState *fs) {
+ patchlistaux(fs, fs->jpc, fs->pc, NO_REG, fs->pc);
+ fs->jpc = NO_JUMP;
+}
+
+
+void luaK_patchlist (FuncState *fs, int list, int target) {
+ if (target == fs->pc)
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, list);
+ else {
+ lua_assert(target < fs->pc);
+ patchlistaux(fs, list, target, NO_REG, target);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_patchtohere (FuncState *fs, int list) {
+ luaK_getlabel(fs);
+ luaK_concat(fs, &fs->jpc, list);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_concat (FuncState *fs, int *l1, int l2) {
+ if (l2 == NO_JUMP) return;
+ else if (*l1 == NO_JUMP)
+ *l1 = l2;
+ else {
+ int list = *l1;
+ int next;
+ while ((next = getjump(fs, list)) != NO_JUMP) /* find last element */
+ list = next;
+ fixjump(fs, list, l2);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_checkstack (FuncState *fs, int n) {
+ int newstack = fs->freereg + n;
+ if (newstack > fs->f->maxstacksize) {
+ if (newstack >= MAXSTACK)
+ luaX_syntaxerror(fs->ls, "function or expression too complex");
+ fs->f->maxstacksize = cast_byte(newstack);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_reserveregs (FuncState *fs, int n) {
+ luaK_checkstack(fs, n);
+ fs->freereg += n;
+}
+
+
+static void freereg (FuncState *fs, int reg) {
+ if (!ISK(reg) && reg >= fs->nactvar) {
+ fs->freereg--;
+ lua_assert(reg == fs->freereg);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void freeexp (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ if (e->k == VNONRELOC)
+ freereg(fs, e->u.s.info);
+}
+
+
+static int addk (FuncState *fs, TValue *k, TValue *v) {
+ lua_State *L = fs->L;
+ TValue *idx = luaH_set(L, fs->h, k);
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ int oldsize = f->sizek;
+ if (ttisnumber(idx)) {
+ lua_assert(luaO_rawequalObj(&fs->f->k[cast_int(nvalue(idx))], v));
+ return cast_int(nvalue(idx));
+ }
+ else { /* constant not found; create a new entry */
+ setnvalue(idx, cast_num(fs->nk));
+ luaM_growvector(L, f->k, fs->nk, f->sizek, TValue,
+ MAXARG_Bx, "constant table overflow");
+ while (oldsize < f->sizek) setnilvalue(&f->k[oldsize++]);
+ setobj(L, &f->k[fs->nk], v);
+ luaC_barrier(L, f, v);
+ return fs->nk++;
+ }
+}
+
+
+int luaK_stringK (FuncState *fs, TString *s) {
+ TValue o;
+ setsvalue(fs->L, &o, s);
+ return addk(fs, &o, &o);
+}
+
+
+int luaK_numberK (FuncState *fs, lua_Number r) {
+ TValue o;
+ setnvalue(&o, r);
+ return addk(fs, &o, &o);
+}
+
+
+static int boolK (FuncState *fs, int b) {
+ TValue o;
+ setbvalue(&o, b);
+ return addk(fs, &o, &o);
+}
+
+
+static int nilK (FuncState *fs) {
+ TValue k, v;
+ setnilvalue(&v);
+ /* cannot use nil as key; instead use table itself to represent nil */
+ sethvalue(fs->L, &k, fs->h);
+ return addk(fs, &k, &v);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_setreturns (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int nresults) {
+ if (e->k == VCALL) { /* expression is an open function call? */
+ SETARG_C(getcode(fs, e), nresults+1);
+ }
+ else if (e->k == VVARARG) {
+ SETARG_B(getcode(fs, e), nresults+1);
+ SETARG_A(getcode(fs, e), fs->freereg);
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_setoneret (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ if (e->k == VCALL) { /* expression is an open function call? */
+ e->k = VNONRELOC;
+ e->u.s.info = GETARG_A(getcode(fs, e));
+ }
+ else if (e->k == VVARARG) {
+ SETARG_B(getcode(fs, e), 2);
+ e->k = VRELOCABLE; /* can relocate its simple result */
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_dischargevars (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ switch (e->k) {
+ case VLOCAL: {
+ e->k = VNONRELOC;
+ break;
+ }
+ case VUPVAL: {
+ e->u.s.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETUPVAL, 0, e->u.s.info, 0);
+ e->k = VRELOCABLE;
+ break;
+ }
+ case VGLOBAL: {
+ e->u.s.info = luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_GETGLOBAL, 0, e->u.s.info);
+ e->k = VRELOCABLE;
+ break;
+ }
+ case VINDEXED: {
+ freereg(fs, e->u.s.aux);
+ freereg(fs, e->u.s.info);
+ e->u.s.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_GETTABLE, 0, e->u.s.info, e->u.s.aux);
+ e->k = VRELOCABLE;
+ break;
+ }
+ case VVARARG:
+ case VCALL: {
+ luaK_setoneret(fs, e);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: break; /* there is one value available (somewhere) */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int code_label (FuncState *fs, int A, int b, int jump) {
+ luaK_getlabel(fs); /* those instructions may be jump targets */
+ return luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADBOOL, A, b, jump);
+}
+
+
+static void discharge2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) {
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+ switch (e->k) {
+ case VNIL: {
+ luaK_nil(fs, reg, 1);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VFALSE: case VTRUE: {
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_LOADBOOL, reg, e->k == VTRUE, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VK: {
+ luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADK, reg, e->u.s.info);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VKNUM: {
+ luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADK, reg, luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval));
+ break;
+ }
+ case VRELOCABLE: {
+ Instruction *pc = &getcode(fs, e);
+ SETARG_A(*pc, reg);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VNONRELOC: {
+ if (reg != e->u.s.info)
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_MOVE, reg, e->u.s.info, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ lua_assert(e->k == VVOID || e->k == VJMP);
+ return; /* nothing to do... */
+ }
+ }
+ e->u.s.info = reg;
+ e->k = VNONRELOC;
+}
+
+
+static void discharge2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ if (e->k != VNONRELOC) {
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
+ discharge2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg-1);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void exp2reg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int reg) {
+ discharge2reg(fs, e, reg);
+ if (e->k == VJMP)
+ luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, e->u.s.info); /* put this jump in `t' list */
+ if (hasjumps(e)) {
+ int final; /* position after whole expression */
+ int p_f = NO_JUMP; /* position of an eventual LOAD false */
+ int p_t = NO_JUMP; /* position of an eventual LOAD true */
+ if (need_value(fs, e->t) || need_value(fs, e->f)) {
+ int fj = (e->k == VJMP) ? NO_JUMP : luaK_jump(fs);
+ p_f = code_label(fs, reg, 0, 1);
+ p_t = code_label(fs, reg, 1, 0);
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, fj);
+ }
+ final = luaK_getlabel(fs);
+ patchlistaux(fs, e->f, final, reg, p_f);
+ patchlistaux(fs, e->t, final, reg, p_t);
+ }
+ e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
+ e->u.s.info = reg;
+ e->k = VNONRELOC;
+}
+
+
+void luaK_exp2nextreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+ freeexp(fs, e);
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
+ exp2reg(fs, e, fs->freereg - 1);
+}
+
+
+int luaK_exp2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+ if (e->k == VNONRELOC) {
+ if (!hasjumps(e)) return e->u.s.info; /* exp is already in a register */
+ if (e->u.s.info >= fs->nactvar) { /* reg. is not a local? */
+ exp2reg(fs, e, e->u.s.info); /* put value on it */
+ return e->u.s.info;
+ }
+ }
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e); /* default */
+ return e->u.s.info;
+}
+
+
+void luaK_exp2val (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ if (hasjumps(e))
+ luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
+ else
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+}
+
+
+int luaK_exp2RK (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ luaK_exp2val(fs, e);
+ switch (e->k) {
+ case VKNUM:
+ case VTRUE:
+ case VFALSE:
+ case VNIL: {
+ if (fs->nk <= MAXINDEXRK) { /* constant fit in RK operand? */
+ e->u.s.info = (e->k == VNIL) ? nilK(fs) :
+ (e->k == VKNUM) ? luaK_numberK(fs, e->u.nval) :
+ boolK(fs, (e->k == VTRUE));
+ e->k = VK;
+ return RKASK(e->u.s.info);
+ }
+ else break;
+ }
+ case VK: {
+ if (e->u.s.info <= MAXINDEXRK) /* constant fit in argC? */
+ return RKASK(e->u.s.info);
+ else break;
+ }
+ default: break;
+ }
+ /* not a constant in the right range: put it in a register */
+ return luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_storevar (FuncState *fs, expdesc *var, expdesc *ex) {
+ switch (var->k) {
+ case VLOCAL: {
+ freeexp(fs, ex);
+ exp2reg(fs, ex, var->u.s.info);
+ return;
+ }
+ case VUPVAL: {
+ int e = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, ex);
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETUPVAL, e, var->u.s.info, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VGLOBAL: {
+ int e = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, ex);
+ luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_SETGLOBAL, e, var->u.s.info);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VINDEXED: {
+ int e = luaK_exp2RK(fs, ex);
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETTABLE, var->u.s.info, var->u.s.aux, e);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ lua_assert(0); /* invalid var kind to store */
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ freeexp(fs, ex);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_self (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, expdesc *key) {
+ int func;
+ luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e);
+ freeexp(fs, e);
+ func = fs->freereg;
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 2);
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SELF, func, e->u.s.info, luaK_exp2RK(fs, key));
+ freeexp(fs, key);
+ e->u.s.info = func;
+ e->k = VNONRELOC;
+}
+
+
+static void invertjump (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ Instruction *pc = getjumpcontrol(fs, e->u.s.info);
+ lua_assert(testTMode(GET_OPCODE(*pc)) && GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TESTSET &&
+ GET_OPCODE(*pc) != OP_TEST);
+ SETARG_A(*pc, !(GETARG_A(*pc)));
+}
+
+
+static int jumponcond (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int cond) {
+ if (e->k == VRELOCABLE) {
+ Instruction ie = getcode(fs, e);
+ if (GET_OPCODE(ie) == OP_NOT) {
+ fs->pc--; /* remove previous OP_NOT */
+ return condjump(fs, OP_TEST, GETARG_B(ie), 0, !cond);
+ }
+ /* else go through */
+ }
+ discharge2anyreg(fs, e);
+ freeexp(fs, e);
+ return condjump(fs, OP_TESTSET, NO_REG, e->u.s.info, cond);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_goiftrue (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ int pc; /* pc of last jump */
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+ switch (e->k) {
+ case VK: case VKNUM: case VTRUE: {
+ pc = NO_JUMP; /* always true; do nothing */
+ break;
+ }
+ case VFALSE: {
+ pc = luaK_jump(fs); /* always jump */
+ break;
+ }
+ case VJMP: {
+ invertjump(fs, e);
+ pc = e->u.s.info;
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ luaK_concat(fs, &e->f, pc); /* insert last jump in `f' list */
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->t);
+ e->t = NO_JUMP;
+}
+
+
+static void luaK_goiffalse (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ int pc; /* pc of last jump */
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+ switch (e->k) {
+ case VNIL: case VFALSE: {
+ pc = NO_JUMP; /* always false; do nothing */
+ break;
+ }
+ case VTRUE: {
+ pc = luaK_jump(fs); /* always jump */
+ break;
+ }
+ case VJMP: {
+ pc = e->u.s.info;
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ pc = jumponcond(fs, e, 1);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ luaK_concat(fs, &e->t, pc); /* insert last jump in `t' list */
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, e->f);
+ e->f = NO_JUMP;
+}
+
+
+static void codenot (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e) {
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e);
+ switch (e->k) {
+ case VNIL: case VFALSE: {
+ e->k = VTRUE;
+ break;
+ }
+ case VK: case VKNUM: case VTRUE: {
+ e->k = VFALSE;
+ break;
+ }
+ case VJMP: {
+ invertjump(fs, e);
+ break;
+ }
+ case VRELOCABLE:
+ case VNONRELOC: {
+ discharge2anyreg(fs, e);
+ freeexp(fs, e);
+ e->u.s.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NOT, 0, e->u.s.info, 0);
+ e->k = VRELOCABLE;
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ lua_assert(0); /* cannot happen */
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ /* interchange true and false lists */
+ { int temp = e->f; e->f = e->t; e->t = temp; }
+ removevalues(fs, e->f);
+ removevalues(fs, e->t);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_indexed (FuncState *fs, expdesc *t, expdesc *k) {
+ t->u.s.aux = luaK_exp2RK(fs, k);
+ t->k = VINDEXED;
+}
+
+
+static int constfolding (OpCode op, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
+ lua_Number v1, v2, r;
+ if (!isnumeral(e1) || !isnumeral(e2)) return 0;
+ v1 = e1->u.nval;
+ v2 = e2->u.nval;
+ switch (op) {
+ case OP_ADD: r = luai_numadd(v1, v2); break;
+ case OP_SUB: r = luai_numsub(v1, v2); break;
+ case OP_MUL: r = luai_nummul(v1, v2); break;
+ case OP_DIV:
+ if (v2 == 0) return 0; /* do not attempt to divide by 0 */
+ r = luai_numdiv(v1, v2); break;
+ case OP_MOD:
+ if (v2 == 0) return 0; /* do not attempt to divide by 0 */
+ r = luai_nummod(v1, v2); break;
+ case OP_POW: r = luai_numpow(v1, v2); break;
+ case OP_UNM: r = luai_numunm(v1); break;
+ case OP_LEN: return 0; /* no constant folding for 'len' */
+ default: lua_assert(0); r = 0; break;
+ }
+ if (luai_numisnan(r)) return 0; /* do not attempt to produce NaN */
+ e1->u.nval = r;
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void codearith (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
+ if (constfolding(op, e1, e2))
+ return;
+ else {
+ int o2 = (op != OP_UNM && op != OP_LEN) ? luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2) : 0;
+ int o1 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e1);
+ if (o1 > o2) {
+ freeexp(fs, e1);
+ freeexp(fs, e2);
+ }
+ else {
+ freeexp(fs, e2);
+ freeexp(fs, e1);
+ }
+ e1->u.s.info = luaK_codeABC(fs, op, 0, o1, o2);
+ e1->k = VRELOCABLE;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void codecomp (FuncState *fs, OpCode op, int cond, expdesc *e1,
+ expdesc *e2) {
+ int o1 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e1);
+ int o2 = luaK_exp2RK(fs, e2);
+ freeexp(fs, e2);
+ freeexp(fs, e1);
+ if (cond == 0 && op != OP_EQ) {
+ int temp; /* exchange args to replace by `<' or `<=' */
+ temp = o1; o1 = o2; o2 = temp; /* o1 <==> o2 */
+ cond = 1;
+ }
+ e1->u.s.info = condjump(fs, op, cond, o1, o2);
+ e1->k = VJMP;
+}
+
+
+void luaK_prefix (FuncState *fs, UnOpr op, expdesc *e) {
+ expdesc e2;
+ e2.t = e2.f = NO_JUMP; e2.k = VKNUM; e2.u.nval = 0;
+ switch (op) {
+ case OPR_MINUS: {
+ if (!isnumeral(e))
+ luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); /* cannot operate on non-numeric constants */
+ codearith(fs, OP_UNM, e, &e2);
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_NOT: codenot(fs, e); break;
+ case OPR_LEN: {
+ luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, e); /* cannot operate on constants */
+ codearith(fs, OP_LEN, e, &e2);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: lua_assert(0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_infix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v) {
+ switch (op) {
+ case OPR_AND: {
+ luaK_goiftrue(fs, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_OR: {
+ luaK_goiffalse(fs, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_CONCAT: {
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v); /* operand must be on the `stack' */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_ADD: case OPR_SUB: case OPR_MUL: case OPR_DIV:
+ case OPR_MOD: case OPR_POW: {
+ if (!isnumeral(v)) luaK_exp2RK(fs, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ luaK_exp2RK(fs, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_posfix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *e1, expdesc *e2) {
+ switch (op) {
+ case OPR_AND: {
+ lua_assert(e1->t == NO_JUMP); /* list must be closed */
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2);
+ luaK_concat(fs, &e2->f, e1->f);
+ *e1 = *e2;
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_OR: {
+ lua_assert(e1->f == NO_JUMP); /* list must be closed */
+ luaK_dischargevars(fs, e2);
+ luaK_concat(fs, &e2->t, e1->t);
+ *e1 = *e2;
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_CONCAT: {
+ luaK_exp2val(fs, e2);
+ if (e2->k == VRELOCABLE && GET_OPCODE(getcode(fs, e2)) == OP_CONCAT) {
+ lua_assert(e1->u.s.info == GETARG_B(getcode(fs, e2))-1);
+ freeexp(fs, e1);
+ SETARG_B(getcode(fs, e2), e1->u.s.info);
+ e1->k = VRELOCABLE; e1->u.s.info = e2->u.s.info;
+ }
+ else {
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e2); /* operand must be on the 'stack' */
+ codearith(fs, OP_CONCAT, e1, e2);
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case OPR_ADD: codearith(fs, OP_ADD, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_SUB: codearith(fs, OP_SUB, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_MUL: codearith(fs, OP_MUL, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_DIV: codearith(fs, OP_DIV, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_MOD: codearith(fs, OP_MOD, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_POW: codearith(fs, OP_POW, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_EQ: codecomp(fs, OP_EQ, 1, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_NE: codecomp(fs, OP_EQ, 0, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_LT: codecomp(fs, OP_LT, 1, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_LE: codecomp(fs, OP_LE, 1, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_GT: codecomp(fs, OP_LT, 0, e1, e2); break;
+ case OPR_GE: codecomp(fs, OP_LE, 0, e1, e2); break;
+ default: lua_assert(0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaK_fixline (FuncState *fs, int line) {
+ fs->f->lineinfo[fs->pc - 1] = line;
+}
+
+
+static int luaK_code (FuncState *fs, Instruction i, int line) {
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ dischargejpc(fs); /* `pc' will change */
+ /* put new instruction in code array */
+ luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->code, fs->pc, f->sizecode, Instruction,
+ MAX_INT, "code size overflow");
+ f->code[fs->pc] = i;
+ /* save corresponding line information */
+ luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->lineinfo, fs->pc, f->sizelineinfo, int,
+ MAX_INT, "code size overflow");
+ f->lineinfo[fs->pc] = line;
+ return fs->pc++;
+}
+
+
+int luaK_codeABC (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, int b, int c) {
+ lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABC);
+ lua_assert(getBMode(o) != OpArgN || b == 0);
+ lua_assert(getCMode(o) != OpArgN || c == 0);
+ return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABC(o, a, b, c), fs->ls->lastline);
+}
+
+
+int luaK_codeABx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int a, unsigned int bc) {
+ lua_assert(getOpMode(o) == iABx || getOpMode(o) == iAsBx);
+ lua_assert(getCMode(o) == OpArgN);
+ return luaK_code(fs, CREATE_ABx(o, a, bc), fs->ls->lastline);
+}
+
+
+void luaK_setlist (FuncState *fs, int base, int nelems, int tostore) {
+ int c = (nelems - 1)/LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH + 1;
+ int b = (tostore == LUA_MULTRET) ? 0 : tostore;
+ lua_assert(tostore != 0);
+ if (c <= MAXARG_C)
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, b, c);
+ else {
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETLIST, base, b, 0);
+ luaK_code(fs, cast(Instruction, c), fs->ls->lastline);
+ }
+ fs->freereg = base + 1; /* free registers with list values */
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lcode.h,v 1.48.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Code generator for Lua
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lcode_h
+#define lcode_h
+
+#include "llex.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lparser.h"
+
+
+/*
+** Marks the end of a patch list. It is an invalid value both as an absolute
+** address, and as a list link (would link an element to itself).
+*/
+#define NO_JUMP (-1)
+
+
+/*
+** grep "ORDER OPR" if you change these enums
+*/
+typedef enum BinOpr {
+ OPR_ADD, OPR_SUB, OPR_MUL, OPR_DIV, OPR_MOD, OPR_POW,
+ OPR_CONCAT,
+ OPR_NE, OPR_EQ,
+ OPR_LT, OPR_LE, OPR_GT, OPR_GE,
+ OPR_AND, OPR_OR,
+ OPR_NOBINOPR
+} BinOpr;
+
+
+typedef enum UnOpr { OPR_MINUS, OPR_NOT, OPR_LEN, OPR_NOUNOPR } UnOpr;
+
+
+#define getcode(fs,e) ((fs)->f->code[(e)->u.s.info])
+
+#define luaK_codeAsBx(fs,o,A,sBx) luaK_codeABx(fs,o,A,(sBx)+MAXARG_sBx)
+
+#define luaK_setmultret(fs,e) luaK_setreturns(fs, e, LUA_MULTRET)
+
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_codeABx (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int A, unsigned int Bx);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_codeABC (FuncState *fs, OpCode o, int A, int B, int C);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_fixline (FuncState *fs, int line);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_nil (FuncState *fs, int from, int n);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_reserveregs (FuncState *fs, int n);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_checkstack (FuncState *fs, int n);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_stringK (FuncState *fs, TString *s);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_numberK (FuncState *fs, lua_Number r);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_dischargevars (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_exp2anyreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_exp2nextreg (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_exp2val (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_exp2RK (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_self (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, expdesc *key);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_indexed (FuncState *fs, expdesc *t, expdesc *k);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_goiftrue (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_storevar (FuncState *fs, expdesc *var, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_setreturns (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e, int nresults);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_setoneret (FuncState *fs, expdesc *e);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_jump (FuncState *fs);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_ret (FuncState *fs, int first, int nret);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_patchlist (FuncState *fs, int list, int target);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_patchtohere (FuncState *fs, int list);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_concat (FuncState *fs, int *l1, int l2);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaK_getlabel (FuncState *fs);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_prefix (FuncState *fs, UnOpr op, expdesc *v);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_infix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_posfix (FuncState *fs, BinOpr op, expdesc *v1, expdesc *v2);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaK_setlist (FuncState *fs, int base, int nelems, int tostore);
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ldblib.c,v 1.104.1.3 2008/01/21 13:11:21 roberto Exp $
+** Interface from Lua to its debug API
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define ldblib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+
+static int db_getregistry (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int db_getmetatable (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ if (!lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* no metatable */
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int db_setmetatable (lua_State *L) {
+ int t = lua_type(L, 2);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, t == LUA_TNIL || t == LUA_TTABLE, 2,
+ "nil or table expected");
+ lua_settop(L, 2);
+ lua_pushboolean(L, lua_setmetatable(L, 1));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int db_getfenv (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_getfenv(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int db_setfenv (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TTABLE);
+ lua_settop(L, 2);
+ if (lua_setfenv(L, 1) == 0)
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("setfenv")
+ " cannot change environment of given object");
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void settabss (lua_State *L, const char *i, const char *v) {
+ lua_pushstring(L, v);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, i);
+}
+
+
+static void settabsi (lua_State *L, const char *i, int v) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, v);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, i);
+}
+
+
+static lua_State *getthread (lua_State *L, int *arg) {
+ if (lua_isthread(L, 1)) {
+ *arg = 1;
+ return lua_tothread(L, 1);
+ }
+ else {
+ *arg = 0;
+ return L;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void treatstackoption (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1, const char *fname) {
+ if (L == L1) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ lua_remove(L, -3);
+ }
+ else
+ lua_xmove(L1, L, 1);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, fname);
+}
+
+
+static int db_getinfo (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ int arg;
+ lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
+ const char *options = luaL_optstring(L, arg+2, "flnSu");
+ if (lua_isnumber(L, arg+1)) {
+ if (!lua_getstack(L1, (int)lua_tointeger(L, arg+1), &ar)) {
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* level out of range */
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+ else if (lua_isfunction(L, arg+1)) {
+ lua_pushfstring(L, ">%s", options);
+ options = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, arg+1);
+ lua_xmove(L, L1, 1);
+ }
+ else
+ return luaL_argerror(L, arg+1, "function or level expected");
+ if (!lua_getinfo(L1, options, &ar))
+ return luaL_argerror(L, arg+2, "invalid option");
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 2);
+ if (strchr(options, 'S')) {
+ settabss(L, "source", ar.source);
+ settabss(L, "short_src", ar.short_src);
+ settabsi(L, "linedefined", ar.linedefined);
+ settabsi(L, "lastlinedefined", ar.lastlinedefined);
+ settabss(L, "what", ar.what);
+ }
+ if (strchr(options, 'l'))
+ settabsi(L, "currentline", ar.currentline);
+ if (strchr(options, 'u'))
+ settabsi(L, "nups", ar.nups);
+ if (strchr(options, 'n')) {
+ settabss(L, "name", ar.name);
+ settabss(L, "namewhat", ar.namewhat);
+ }
+ if (strchr(options, 'L'))
+ treatstackoption(L, L1, "activelines");
+ if (strchr(options, 'f'))
+ treatstackoption(L, L1, "func");
+ return 1; /* return table */
+}
+
+
+static int db_getlocal (lua_State *L) {
+ int arg;
+ lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ const char *name;
+ if (!lua_getstack(L1, luaL_checkint(L, arg+1), &ar)) /* out of range? */
+ return luaL_argerror(L, arg+1, "level out of range");
+ name = lua_getlocal(L1, &ar, luaL_checkint(L, arg+2));
+ if (name) {
+ lua_xmove(L1, L, 1);
+ lua_pushstring(L, name);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ return 2;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int db_setlocal (lua_State *L) {
+ int arg;
+ lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ if (!lua_getstack(L1, luaL_checkint(L, arg+1), &ar)) /* out of range? */
+ return luaL_argerror(L, arg+1, "level out of range");
+ luaL_checkany(L, arg+3);
+ lua_settop(L, arg+3);
+ lua_xmove(L, L1, 1);
+ lua_pushstring(L, lua_setlocal(L1, &ar, luaL_checkint(L, arg+2)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int auxupvalue (lua_State *L, int get) {
+ const char *name;
+ int n = luaL_checkint(L, 2);
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ if (lua_iscfunction(L, 1)) return 0; /* cannot touch C upvalues from Lua */
+ name = get ? lua_getupvalue(L, 1, n) : lua_setupvalue(L, 1, n);
+ if (name == NULL) return 0;
+ lua_pushstring(L, name);
+ lua_insert(L, -(get+1));
+ return get + 1;
+}
+
+
+static int db_getupvalue (lua_State *L) {
+ return auxupvalue(L, 1);
+}
+
+
+static int db_setupvalue (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkany(L, 3);
+ return auxupvalue(L, 0);
+}
+
+
+
+static const char KEY_HOOK = 'h';
+
+
+static void hookf (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar) {
+ static const char *const hooknames[] =
+ {"call", "return", "line", "count", "tail return"};
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&KEY_HOOK);
+ lua_rawget(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, L);
+ lua_rawget(L, -2);
+ if (lua_isfunction(L, -1)) {
+ lua_pushstring(L, hooknames[(int)ar->event]);
+ if (ar->currentline >= 0)
+ lua_pushinteger(L, ar->currentline);
+ else lua_pushnil(L);
+ lua_assert(lua_getinfo(L, "lS", ar));
+ lua_call(L, 2, 0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int makemask (const char *smask, int count) {
+ int mask = 0;
+ if (strchr(smask, 'c')) mask |= LUA_MASKCALL;
+ if (strchr(smask, 'r')) mask |= LUA_MASKRET;
+ if (strchr(smask, 'l')) mask |= LUA_MASKLINE;
+ if (count > 0) mask |= LUA_MASKCOUNT;
+ return mask;
+}
+
+
+static char *unmakemask (int mask, char *smask) {
+ int i = 0;
+ if (mask & LUA_MASKCALL) smask[i++] = 'c';
+ if (mask & LUA_MASKRET) smask[i++] = 'r';
+ if (mask & LUA_MASKLINE) smask[i++] = 'l';
+ smask[i] = '\0';
+ return smask;
+}
+
+
+static void gethooktable (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&KEY_HOOK);
+ lua_rawget(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+ if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&KEY_HOOK);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ lua_rawset(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int db_sethook (lua_State *L) {
+ int arg, mask, count;
+ lua_Hook func;
+ lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
+ if (lua_isnoneornil(L, arg+1)) {
+ lua_settop(L, arg+1);
+ func = NULL; mask = 0; count = 0; /* turn off hooks */
+ }
+ else {
+ const char *smask = luaL_checkstring(L, arg+2);
+ luaL_checktype(L, arg+1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ count = luaL_optint(L, arg+3, 0);
+ func = hookf; mask = makemask(smask, count);
+ }
+ gethooktable(L);
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, L1);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, arg+1);
+ lua_rawset(L, -3); /* set new hook */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove hook table */
+ lua_sethook(L1, func, mask, count); /* set hooks */
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int db_gethook (lua_State *L) {
+ int arg;
+ lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
+ char buff[5];
+ int mask = lua_gethookmask(L1);
+ lua_Hook hook = lua_gethook(L1);
+ if (hook != NULL && hook != hookf) /* external hook? */
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "external hook");
+ else {
+ gethooktable(L);
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, L1);
+ lua_rawget(L, -2); /* get hook */
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove hook table */
+ }
+ lua_pushstring(L, unmakemask(mask, buff));
+ lua_pushinteger(L, lua_gethookcount(L1));
+ return 3;
+}
+
+
+static int db_debug (lua_State *L) {
+ for (;;) {
+ char buffer[250];
+ fputs("lua_debug> ", stderr);
+ if (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin) == 0 ||
+ strcmp(buffer, "cont\n") == 0)
+ return 0;
+ if (luaL_loadbuffer(L, buffer, strlen(buffer), "=(debug command)") ||
+ lua_pcall(L, 0, 0, 0)) {
+ fputs(lua_tostring(L, -1), stderr);
+ fputs("\n", stderr);
+ }
+ lua_settop(L, 0); /* remove eventual returns */
+ }
+}
+
+
+#define LEVELS1 12 /* size of the first part of the stack */
+#define LEVELS2 10 /* size of the second part of the stack */
+
+static int db_errorfb (lua_State *L) {
+ int level;
+ int firstpart = 1; /* still before eventual `...' */
+ int arg;
+ lua_State *L1 = getthread(L, &arg);
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ if (lua_isnumber(L, arg+2)) {
+ level = (int)lua_tointeger(L, arg+2);
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ }
+ else
+ level = (L == L1) ? 1 : 0; /* level 0 may be this own function */
+ if (lua_gettop(L) == arg)
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "");
+ else if (!lua_isstring(L, arg+1)) return 1; /* message is not a string */
+ else lua_pushliteral(L, "\n");
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "stack traceback:");
+ while (lua_getstack(L1, level++, &ar)) {
+ if (level > LEVELS1 && firstpart) {
+ /* no more than `LEVELS2' more levels? */
+ if (!lua_getstack(L1, level+LEVELS2, &ar))
+ level--; /* keep going */
+ else {
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t..."); /* too many levels */
+ while (lua_getstack(L1, level+LEVELS2, &ar)) /* find last levels */
+ level++;
+ }
+ firstpart = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "\n\t");
+ lua_getinfo(L1, "Snl", &ar);
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s:", ar.short_src);
+ if (ar.currentline > 0)
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%d:", ar.currentline);
+ if (*ar.namewhat != '\0') /* is there a name? */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, " in function " LUA_QS, ar.name);
+ else {
+ if (*ar.what == 'm') /* main? */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, " in main chunk");
+ else if (*ar.what == 'C' || *ar.what == 't')
+ lua_pushliteral(L, " ?"); /* C function or tail call */
+ else
+ lua_pushfstring(L, " in function <%s:%d>",
+ ar.short_src, ar.linedefined);
+ }
+ lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - arg);
+ }
+ lua_concat(L, lua_gettop(L) - arg);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg dblib[] = {
+ {"debug", db_debug},
+ {"getfenv", db_getfenv},
+ {"gethook", db_gethook},
+ {"getinfo", db_getinfo},
+ {"getlocal", db_getlocal},
+ {"getregistry", db_getregistry},
+ {"getmetatable", db_getmetatable},
+ {"getupvalue", db_getupvalue},
+ {"setfenv", db_setfenv},
+ {"sethook", db_sethook},
+ {"setlocal", db_setlocal},
+ {"setmetatable", db_setmetatable},
+ {"setupvalue", db_setupvalue},
+ {"traceback", db_errorfb},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_debug (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_DBLIBNAME, dblib);
+ return 1;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ldebug.c,v 2.29.1.6 2008/05/08 16:56:26 roberto Exp $
+** Debug Interface
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+
+#define ldebug_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lapi.h"
+#include "lcode.h"
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+#include "lvm.h"
+
+
+
+static const char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, const char **name);
+
+
+static int currentpc (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci) {
+ if (!isLua(ci)) return -1; /* function is not a Lua function? */
+ if (ci == L->ci)
+ ci->savedpc = L->savedpc;
+ return pcRel(ci->savedpc, ci_func(ci)->l.p);
+}
+
+
+static int currentline (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci) {
+ int pc = currentpc(L, ci);
+ if (pc < 0)
+ return -1; /* only active lua functions have current-line information */
+ else
+ return getline(ci_func(ci)->l.p, pc);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** this function can be called asynchronous (e.g. during a signal)
+*/
+LUA_API int lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func, int mask, int count) {
+ if (func == NULL || mask == 0) { /* turn off hooks? */
+ mask = 0;
+ func = NULL;
+ }
+ L->hook = func;
+ L->basehookcount = count;
+ resethookcount(L);
+ L->hookmask = cast_byte(mask);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L) {
+ return L->hook;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L) {
+ return L->hookmask;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L) {
+ return L->basehookcount;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar) {
+ int status;
+ CallInfo *ci;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ for (ci = L->ci; level > 0 && ci > L->base_ci; ci--) {
+ level--;
+ if (f_isLua(ci)) /* Lua function? */
+ level -= ci->tailcalls; /* skip lost tail calls */
+ }
+ if (level == 0 && ci > L->base_ci) { /* level found? */
+ status = 1;
+ ar->i_ci = cast_int(ci - L->base_ci);
+ }
+ else if (level < 0) { /* level is of a lost tail call? */
+ status = 1;
+ ar->i_ci = 0;
+ }
+ else status = 0; /* no such level */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+static Proto *getluaproto (CallInfo *ci) {
+ return (isLua(ci) ? ci_func(ci)->l.p : NULL);
+}
+
+
+static const char *findlocal (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int n) {
+ const char *name;
+ Proto *fp = getluaproto(ci);
+ if (fp && (name = luaF_getlocalname(fp, n, currentpc(L, ci))) != NULL)
+ return name; /* is a local variable in a Lua function */
+ else {
+ StkId limit = (ci == L->ci) ? L->top : (ci+1)->func;
+ if (limit - ci->base >= n && n > 0) /* is 'n' inside 'ci' stack? */
+ return "(*temporary)";
+ else
+ return NULL;
+ }
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
+ CallInfo *ci = L->base_ci + ar->i_ci;
+ const char *name = findlocal(L, ci, n);
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (name)
+ luaA_pushobject(L, ci->base + (n - 1));
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return name;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n) {
+ CallInfo *ci = L->base_ci + ar->i_ci;
+ const char *name = findlocal(L, ci, n);
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (name)
+ setobjs2s(L, ci->base + (n - 1), L->top - 1);
+ L->top--; /* pop value */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return name;
+}
+
+
+static void funcinfo (lua_Debug *ar, Closure *cl) {
+ if (cl->c.isC) {
+ ar->source = "=[C]";
+ ar->linedefined = -1;
+ ar->lastlinedefined = -1;
+ ar->what = "C";
+ }
+ else {
+ ar->source = getstr(cl->l.p->source);
+ ar->linedefined = cl->l.p->linedefined;
+ ar->lastlinedefined = cl->l.p->lastlinedefined;
+ ar->what = (ar->linedefined == 0) ? "main" : "Lua";
+ }
+ luaO_chunkid(ar->short_src, ar->source, LUA_IDSIZE);
+}
+
+
+static void info_tailcall (lua_Debug *ar) {
+ ar->name = ar->namewhat = "";
+ ar->what = "tail";
+ ar->lastlinedefined = ar->linedefined = ar->currentline = -1;
+ ar->source = "=(tail call)";
+ luaO_chunkid(ar->short_src, ar->source, LUA_IDSIZE);
+ ar->nups = 0;
+}
+
+
+static void collectvalidlines (lua_State *L, Closure *f) {
+ if (f == NULL || f->c.isC) {
+ setnilvalue(L->top);
+ }
+ else {
+ Table *t = luaH_new(L, 0, 0);
+ int *lineinfo = f->l.p->lineinfo;
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<f->l.p->sizelineinfo; i++)
+ setbvalue(luaH_setnum(L, t, lineinfo[i]), 1);
+ sethvalue(L, L->top, t);
+ }
+ incr_top(L);
+}
+
+
+static int auxgetinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar,
+ Closure *f, CallInfo *ci) {
+ int status = 1;
+ if (f == NULL) {
+ info_tailcall(ar);
+ return status;
+ }
+ for (; *what; what++) {
+ switch (*what) {
+ case 'S': {
+ funcinfo(ar, f);
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'l': {
+ ar->currentline = (ci) ? currentline(L, ci) : -1;
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'u': {
+ ar->nups = f->c.nupvalues;
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'n': {
+ ar->namewhat = (ci) ? getfuncname(L, ci, &ar->name) : NULL;
+ if (ar->namewhat == NULL) {
+ ar->namewhat = ""; /* not found */
+ ar->name = NULL;
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'L':
+ case 'f': /* handled by lua_getinfo */
+ break;
+ default: status = 0; /* invalid option */
+ }
+ }
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar) {
+ int status;
+ Closure *f = NULL;
+ CallInfo *ci = NULL;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (*what == '>') {
+ StkId func = L->top - 1;
+ luai_apicheck(L, ttisfunction(func));
+ what++; /* skip the '>' */
+ f = clvalue(func);
+ L->top--; /* pop function */
+ }
+ else if (ar->i_ci != 0) { /* no tail call? */
+ ci = L->base_ci + ar->i_ci;
+ lua_assert(ttisfunction(ci->func));
+ f = clvalue(ci->func);
+ }
+ status = auxgetinfo(L, what, ar, f, ci);
+ if (strchr(what, 'f')) {
+ if (f == NULL) setnilvalue(L->top);
+ else setclvalue(L, L->top, f);
+ incr_top(L);
+ }
+ if (strchr(what, 'L'))
+ collectvalidlines(L, f);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Symbolic Execution and code checker
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+#define check(x) if (!(x)) return 0;
+
+#define checkjump(pt,pc) check(0 <= pc && pc < pt->sizecode)
+
+#define checkreg(pt,reg) check((reg) < (pt)->maxstacksize)
+
+
+
+static int precheck (const Proto *pt) {
+ check(pt->maxstacksize <= MAXSTACK);
+ check(pt->numparams+(pt->is_vararg & VARARG_HASARG) <= pt->maxstacksize);
+ check(!(pt->is_vararg & VARARG_NEEDSARG) ||
+ (pt->is_vararg & VARARG_HASARG));
+ check(pt->sizeupvalues <= pt->nups);
+ check(pt->sizelineinfo == pt->sizecode || pt->sizelineinfo == 0);
+ check(pt->sizecode > 0 && GET_OPCODE(pt->code[pt->sizecode-1]) == OP_RETURN);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+#define checkopenop(pt,pc) luaG_checkopenop((pt)->code[(pc)+1])
+
+int luaG_checkopenop (Instruction i) {
+ switch (GET_OPCODE(i)) {
+ case OP_CALL:
+ case OP_TAILCALL:
+ case OP_RETURN:
+ case OP_SETLIST: {
+ check(GETARG_B(i) == 0);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ default: return 0; /* invalid instruction after an open call */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int checkArgMode (const Proto *pt, int r, enum OpArgMask mode) {
+ switch (mode) {
+ case OpArgN: check(r == 0); break;
+ case OpArgU: break;
+ case OpArgR: checkreg(pt, r); break;
+ case OpArgK:
+ check(ISK(r) ? INDEXK(r) < pt->sizek : r < pt->maxstacksize);
+ break;
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static Instruction symbexec (const Proto *pt, int lastpc, int reg) {
+ int pc;
+ int last; /* stores position of last instruction that changed `reg' */
+ last = pt->sizecode-1; /* points to final return (a `neutral' instruction) */
+ check(precheck(pt));
+ for (pc = 0; pc < lastpc; pc++) {
+ Instruction i = pt->code[pc];
+ OpCode op = GET_OPCODE(i);
+ int a = GETARG_A(i);
+ int b = 0;
+ int c = 0;
+ check(op < NUM_OPCODES);
+ checkreg(pt, a);
+ switch (getOpMode(op)) {
+ case iABC: {
+ b = GETARG_B(i);
+ c = GETARG_C(i);
+ check(checkArgMode(pt, b, getBMode(op)));
+ check(checkArgMode(pt, c, getCMode(op)));
+ break;
+ }
+ case iABx: {
+ b = GETARG_Bx(i);
+ if (getBMode(op) == OpArgK) check(b < pt->sizek);
+ break;
+ }
+ case iAsBx: {
+ b = GETARG_sBx(i);
+ if (getBMode(op) == OpArgR) {
+ int dest = pc+1+b;
+ check(0 <= dest && dest < pt->sizecode);
+ if (dest > 0) {
+ int j;
+ /* check that it does not jump to a setlist count; this
+ is tricky, because the count from a previous setlist may
+ have the same value of an invalid setlist; so, we must
+ go all the way back to the first of them (if any) */
+ for (j = 0; j < dest; j++) {
+ Instruction d = pt->code[dest-1-j];
+ if (!(GET_OPCODE(d) == OP_SETLIST && GETARG_C(d) == 0)) break;
+ }
+ /* if 'j' is even, previous value is not a setlist (even if
+ it looks like one) */
+ check((j&1) == 0);
+ }
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (testAMode(op)) {
+ if (a == reg) last = pc; /* change register `a' */
+ }
+ if (testTMode(op)) {
+ check(pc+2 < pt->sizecode); /* check skip */
+ check(GET_OPCODE(pt->code[pc+1]) == OP_JMP);
+ }
+ switch (op) {
+ case OP_LOADBOOL: {
+ if (c == 1) { /* does it jump? */
+ check(pc+2 < pt->sizecode); /* check its jump */
+ check(GET_OPCODE(pt->code[pc+1]) != OP_SETLIST ||
+ GETARG_C(pt->code[pc+1]) != 0);
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_LOADNIL: {
+ if (a <= reg && reg <= b)
+ last = pc; /* set registers from `a' to `b' */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_GETUPVAL:
+ case OP_SETUPVAL: {
+ check(b < pt->nups);
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_GETGLOBAL:
+ case OP_SETGLOBAL: {
+ check(ttisstring(&pt->k[b]));
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_SELF: {
+ checkreg(pt, a+1);
+ if (reg == a+1) last = pc;
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_CONCAT: {
+ check(b < c); /* at least two operands */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_TFORLOOP: {
+ check(c >= 1); /* at least one result (control variable) */
+ checkreg(pt, a+2+c); /* space for results */
+ if (reg >= a+2) last = pc; /* affect all regs above its base */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_FORLOOP:
+ case OP_FORPREP:
+ checkreg(pt, a+3);
+ /* go through */
+ case OP_JMP: {
+ int dest = pc+1+b;
+ /* not full check and jump is forward and do not skip `lastpc'? */
+ if (reg != NO_REG && pc < dest && dest <= lastpc)
+ pc += b; /* do the jump */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_CALL:
+ case OP_TAILCALL: {
+ if (b != 0) {
+ checkreg(pt, a+b-1);
+ }
+ c--; /* c = num. returns */
+ if (c == LUA_MULTRET) {
+ check(checkopenop(pt, pc));
+ }
+ else if (c != 0)
+ checkreg(pt, a+c-1);
+ if (reg >= a) last = pc; /* affect all registers above base */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_RETURN: {
+ b--; /* b = num. returns */
+ if (b > 0) checkreg(pt, a+b-1);
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_SETLIST: {
+ if (b > 0) checkreg(pt, a + b);
+ if (c == 0) {
+ pc++;
+ check(pc < pt->sizecode - 1);
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_CLOSURE: {
+ int nup, j;
+ check(b < pt->sizep);
+ nup = pt->p[b]->nups;
+ check(pc + nup < pt->sizecode);
+ for (j = 1; j <= nup; j++) {
+ OpCode op1 = GET_OPCODE(pt->code[pc + j]);
+ check(op1 == OP_GETUPVAL || op1 == OP_MOVE);
+ }
+ if (reg != NO_REG) /* tracing? */
+ pc += nup; /* do not 'execute' these pseudo-instructions */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_VARARG: {
+ check((pt->is_vararg & VARARG_ISVARARG) &&
+ !(pt->is_vararg & VARARG_NEEDSARG));
+ b--;
+ if (b == LUA_MULTRET) check(checkopenop(pt, pc));
+ checkreg(pt, a+b-1);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: break;
+ }
+ }
+ return pt->code[last];
+}
+
+#undef check
+#undef checkjump
+#undef checkreg
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+int luaG_checkcode (const Proto *pt) {
+ return (symbexec(pt, pt->sizecode, NO_REG) != 0);
+}
+
+
+static const char *kname (Proto *p, int c) {
+ if (ISK(c) && ttisstring(&p->k[INDEXK(c)]))
+ return svalue(&p->k[INDEXK(c)]);
+ else
+ return "?";
+}
+
+
+static const char *getobjname (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, int stackpos,
+ const char **name) {
+ if (isLua(ci)) { /* a Lua function? */
+ Proto *p = ci_func(ci)->l.p;
+ int pc = currentpc(L, ci);
+ Instruction i;
+ *name = luaF_getlocalname(p, stackpos+1, pc);
+ if (*name) /* is a local? */
+ return "local";
+ i = symbexec(p, pc, stackpos); /* try symbolic execution */
+ lua_assert(pc != -1);
+ switch (GET_OPCODE(i)) {
+ case OP_GETGLOBAL: {
+ int g = GETARG_Bx(i); /* global index */
+ lua_assert(ttisstring(&p->k[g]));
+ *name = svalue(&p->k[g]);
+ return "global";
+ }
+ case OP_MOVE: {
+ int a = GETARG_A(i);
+ int b = GETARG_B(i); /* move from `b' to `a' */
+ if (b < a)
+ return getobjname(L, ci, b, name); /* get name for `b' */
+ break;
+ }
+ case OP_GETTABLE: {
+ int k = GETARG_C(i); /* key index */
+ *name = kname(p, k);
+ return "field";
+ }
+ case OP_GETUPVAL: {
+ int u = GETARG_B(i); /* upvalue index */
+ *name = p->upvalues ? getstr(p->upvalues[u]) : "?";
+ return "upvalue";
+ }
+ case OP_SELF: {
+ int k = GETARG_C(i); /* key index */
+ *name = kname(p, k);
+ return "method";
+ }
+ default: break;
+ }
+ }
+ return NULL; /* no useful name found */
+}
+
+
+static const char *getfuncname (lua_State *L, CallInfo *ci, const char **name) {
+ Instruction i;
+ if ((isLua(ci) && ci->tailcalls > 0) || !isLua(ci - 1))
+ return NULL; /* calling function is not Lua (or is unknown) */
+ ci--; /* calling function */
+ i = ci_func(ci)->l.p->code[currentpc(L, ci)];
+ if (GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_CALL || GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TAILCALL ||
+ GET_OPCODE(i) == OP_TFORLOOP)
+ return getobjname(L, ci, GETARG_A(i), name);
+ else
+ return NULL; /* no useful name can be found */
+}
+
+
+/* only ANSI way to check whether a pointer points to an array */
+static int isinstack (CallInfo *ci, const TValue *o) {
+ StkId p;
+ for (p = ci->base; p < ci->top; p++)
+ if (o == p) return 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+void luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o, const char *op) {
+ const char *name = NULL;
+ const char *t = luaT_typenames[ttype(o)];
+ const char *kind = (isinstack(L->ci, o)) ?
+ getobjname(L, L->ci, cast_int(o - L->base), &name) :
+ NULL;
+ if (kind)
+ luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to %s %s " LUA_QS " (a %s value)",
+ op, kind, name, t);
+ else
+ luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to %s a %s value", op, t);
+}
+
+
+void luaG_concaterror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, StkId p2) {
+ if (ttisstring(p1) || ttisnumber(p1)) p1 = p2;
+ lua_assert(!ttisstring(p1) && !ttisnumber(p1));
+ luaG_typeerror(L, p1, "concatenate");
+}
+
+
+void luaG_aritherror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2) {
+ TValue temp;
+ if (luaV_tonumber(p1, &temp) == NULL)
+ p2 = p1; /* first operand is wrong */
+ luaG_typeerror(L, p2, "perform arithmetic on");
+}
+
+
+int luaG_ordererror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2) {
+ const char *t1 = luaT_typenames[ttype(p1)];
+ const char *t2 = luaT_typenames[ttype(p2)];
+ if (t1[2] == t2[2])
+ luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to compare two %s values", t1);
+ else
+ luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to compare %s with %s", t1, t2);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static void addinfo (lua_State *L, const char *msg) {
+ CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
+ if (isLua(ci)) { /* is Lua code? */
+ char buff[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* add file:line information */
+ int line = currentline(L, ci);
+ luaO_chunkid(buff, getstr(getluaproto(ci)->source), LUA_IDSIZE);
+ luaO_pushfstring(L, "%s:%d: %s", buff, line, msg);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaG_errormsg (lua_State *L) {
+ if (L->errfunc != 0) { /* is there an error handling function? */
+ StkId errfunc = restorestack(L, L->errfunc);
+ if (!ttisfunction(errfunc)) luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR);
+ setobjs2s(L, L->top, L->top - 1); /* move argument */
+ setobjs2s(L, L->top - 1, errfunc); /* push function */
+ incr_top(L);
+ luaD_call(L, L->top - 2, 1); /* call it */
+ }
+ luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRRUN);
+}
+
+
+void luaG_runerror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
+ va_list argp;
+ va_start(argp, fmt);
+ addinfo(L, luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp));
+ va_end(argp);
+ luaG_errormsg(L);
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ldebug.h,v 2.3.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Auxiliary functions from Debug Interface module
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef ldebug_h
+#define ldebug_h
+
+
+#include "lstate.h"
+
+
+#define pcRel(pc, p) (cast(int, (pc) - (p)->code) - 1)
+
+#define getline(f,pc) (((f)->lineinfo) ? (f)->lineinfo[pc] : 0)
+
+#define resethookcount(L) (L->hookcount = L->basehookcount)
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaG_typeerror (lua_State *L, const TValue *o,
+ const char *opname);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaG_concaterror (lua_State *L, StkId p1, StkId p2);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaG_aritherror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
+ const TValue *p2);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaG_ordererror (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1,
+ const TValue *p2);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaG_runerror (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaG_errormsg (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaG_checkcode (const Proto *pt);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaG_checkopenop (Instruction i);
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ldo.c,v 2.38.1.3 2008/01/18 22:31:22 roberto Exp $
+** Stack and Call structure of Lua
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <setjmp.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define ldo_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lparser.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+#include "lundump.h"
+#include "lvm.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Error-recovery functions
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+/* chain list of long jump buffers */
+struct lua_longjmp {
+ struct lua_longjmp *previous;
+ luai_jmpbuf b;
+ volatile int status; /* error code */
+};
+
+
+void luaD_seterrorobj (lua_State *L, int errcode, StkId oldtop) {
+ switch (errcode) {
+ case LUA_ERRMEM: {
+ setsvalue2s(L, oldtop, luaS_newliteral(L, MEMERRMSG));
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_ERRERR: {
+ setsvalue2s(L, oldtop, luaS_newliteral(L, "error in error handling"));
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_ERRSYNTAX:
+ case LUA_ERRRUN: {
+ setobjs2s(L, oldtop, L->top - 1); /* error message on current top */
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ L->top = oldtop + 1;
+}
+
+
+static void restore_stack_limit (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_assert(L->stack_last - L->stack == L->stacksize - EXTRA_STACK - 1);
+ if (L->size_ci > LUAI_MAXCALLS) { /* there was an overflow? */
+ int inuse = cast_int(L->ci - L->base_ci);
+ if (inuse + 1 < LUAI_MAXCALLS) /* can `undo' overflow? */
+ luaD_reallocCI(L, LUAI_MAXCALLS);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void resetstack (lua_State *L, int status) {
+ L->ci = L->base_ci;
+ L->base = L->ci->base;
+ luaF_close(L, L->base); /* close eventual pending closures */
+ luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, L->base);
+ L->nCcalls = L->baseCcalls;
+ L->allowhook = 1;
+ restore_stack_limit(L);
+ L->errfunc = 0;
+ L->errorJmp = NULL;
+}
+
+
+void luaD_throw (lua_State *L, int errcode) {
+ if (L->errorJmp) {
+ L->errorJmp->status = errcode;
+ LUAI_THROW(L, L->errorJmp);
+ }
+ else {
+ L->status = cast_byte(errcode);
+ if (G(L)->panic) {
+ resetstack(L, errcode);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ G(L)->panic(L);
+ }
+ exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+ }
+}
+
+
+int luaD_rawrunprotected (lua_State *L, Pfunc f, void *ud) {
+ struct lua_longjmp lj;
+ lj.status = 0;
+ lj.previous = L->errorJmp; /* chain new error handler */
+ L->errorJmp = &lj;
+ LUAI_TRY(L, &lj,
+ (*f)(L, ud);
+ );
+ L->errorJmp = lj.previous; /* restore old error handler */
+ return lj.status;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+static void correctstack (lua_State *L, TValue *oldstack) {
+ CallInfo *ci;
+ GCObject *up;
+ L->top = (L->top - oldstack) + L->stack;
+ for (up = L->openupval; up != NULL; up = up->gch.next)
+ gco2uv(up)->v = (gco2uv(up)->v - oldstack) + L->stack;
+ for (ci = L->base_ci; ci <= L->ci; ci++) {
+ ci->top = (ci->top - oldstack) + L->stack;
+ ci->base = (ci->base - oldstack) + L->stack;
+ ci->func = (ci->func - oldstack) + L->stack;
+ }
+ L->base = (L->base - oldstack) + L->stack;
+}
+
+
+void luaD_reallocstack (lua_State *L, int newsize) {
+ TValue *oldstack = L->stack;
+ int realsize = newsize + 1 + EXTRA_STACK;
+ lua_assert(L->stack_last - L->stack == L->stacksize - EXTRA_STACK - 1);
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, L->stack, L->stacksize, realsize, TValue);
+ L->stacksize = realsize;
+ L->stack_last = L->stack+newsize;
+ correctstack(L, oldstack);
+}
+
+
+void luaD_reallocCI (lua_State *L, int newsize) {
+ CallInfo *oldci = L->base_ci;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, L->base_ci, L->size_ci, newsize, CallInfo);
+ L->size_ci = newsize;
+ L->ci = (L->ci - oldci) + L->base_ci;
+ L->end_ci = L->base_ci + L->size_ci - 1;
+}
+
+
+void luaD_growstack (lua_State *L, int n) {
+ if (n <= L->stacksize) /* double size is enough? */
+ luaD_reallocstack(L, 2*L->stacksize);
+ else
+ luaD_reallocstack(L, L->stacksize + n);
+}
+
+
+static CallInfo *growCI (lua_State *L) {
+ if (L->size_ci > LUAI_MAXCALLS) /* overflow while handling overflow? */
+ luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR);
+ else {
+ luaD_reallocCI(L, 2*L->size_ci);
+ if (L->size_ci > LUAI_MAXCALLS)
+ luaG_runerror(L, "stack overflow");
+ }
+ return ++L->ci;
+}
+
+
+void luaD_callhook (lua_State *L, int event, int line) {
+ lua_Hook hook = L->hook;
+ if (hook && L->allowhook) {
+ ptrdiff_t top = savestack(L, L->top);
+ ptrdiff_t ci_top = savestack(L, L->ci->top);
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ ar.event = event;
+ ar.currentline = line;
+ if (event == LUA_HOOKTAILRET)
+ ar.i_ci = 0; /* tail call; no debug information about it */
+ else
+ ar.i_ci = cast_int(L->ci - L->base_ci);
+ luaD_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK); /* ensure minimum stack size */
+ L->ci->top = L->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
+ lua_assert(L->ci->top <= L->stack_last);
+ L->allowhook = 0; /* cannot call hooks inside a hook */
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ (*hook)(L, &ar);
+ lua_lock(L);
+ lua_assert(!L->allowhook);
+ L->allowhook = 1;
+ L->ci->top = restorestack(L, ci_top);
+ L->top = restorestack(L, top);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static StkId adjust_varargs (lua_State *L, Proto *p, int actual) {
+ int i;
+ int nfixargs = p->numparams;
+ Table *htab = NULL;
+ StkId base, fixed;
+ for (; actual < nfixargs; ++actual)
+ setnilvalue(L->top++);
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_VARARG)
+ if (p->is_vararg & VARARG_NEEDSARG) { /* compat. with old-style vararg? */
+ int nvar = actual - nfixargs; /* number of extra arguments */
+ lua_assert(p->is_vararg & VARARG_HASARG);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ htab = luaH_new(L, nvar, 1); /* create `arg' table */
+ for (i=0; i<nvar; i++) /* put extra arguments into `arg' table */
+ setobj2n(L, luaH_setnum(L, htab, i+1), L->top - nvar + i);
+ /* store counter in field `n' */
+ setnvalue(luaH_setstr(L, htab, luaS_newliteral(L, "n")), cast_num(nvar));
+ }
+#endif
+ /* move fixed parameters to final position */
+ fixed = L->top - actual; /* first fixed argument */
+ base = L->top; /* final position of first argument */
+ for (i=0; i<nfixargs; i++) {
+ setobjs2s(L, L->top++, fixed+i);
+ setnilvalue(fixed+i);
+ }
+ /* add `arg' parameter */
+ if (htab) {
+ sethvalue(L, L->top++, htab);
+ lua_assert(iswhite(obj2gco(htab)));
+ }
+ return base;
+}
+
+
+static StkId tryfuncTM (lua_State *L, StkId func) {
+ const TValue *tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, func, TM_CALL);
+ StkId p;
+ ptrdiff_t funcr = savestack(L, func);
+ if (!ttisfunction(tm))
+ luaG_typeerror(L, func, "call");
+ /* Open a hole inside the stack at `func' */
+ for (p = L->top; p > func; p--) setobjs2s(L, p, p-1);
+ incr_top(L);
+ func = restorestack(L, funcr); /* previous call may change stack */
+ setobj2s(L, func, tm); /* tag method is the new function to be called */
+ return func;
+}
+
+
+
+#define inc_ci(L) \
+ ((L->ci == L->end_ci) ? growCI(L) : \
+ (condhardstacktests(luaD_reallocCI(L, L->size_ci)), ++L->ci))
+
+
+int luaD_precall (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nresults) {
+ LClosure *cl;
+ ptrdiff_t funcr;
+ if (!ttisfunction(func)) /* `func' is not a function? */
+ func = tryfuncTM(L, func); /* check the `function' tag method */
+ funcr = savestack(L, func);
+ cl = &clvalue(func)->l;
+ L->ci->savedpc = L->savedpc;
+ if (!cl->isC) { /* Lua function? prepare its call */
+ CallInfo *ci;
+ StkId st, base;
+ Proto *p = cl->p;
+ luaD_checkstack(L, p->maxstacksize);
+ func = restorestack(L, funcr);
+ if (!p->is_vararg) { /* no varargs? */
+ base = func + 1;
+ if (L->top > base + p->numparams)
+ L->top = base + p->numparams;
+ }
+ else { /* vararg function */
+ int nargs = cast_int(L->top - func) - 1;
+ base = adjust_varargs(L, p, nargs);
+ func = restorestack(L, funcr); /* previous call may change the stack */
+ }
+ ci = inc_ci(L); /* now `enter' new function */
+ ci->func = func;
+ L->base = ci->base = base;
+ ci->top = L->base + p->maxstacksize;
+ lua_assert(ci->top <= L->stack_last);
+ L->savedpc = p->code; /* starting point */
+ ci->tailcalls = 0;
+ ci->nresults = nresults;
+ for (st = L->top; st < ci->top; st++)
+ setnilvalue(st);
+ L->top = ci->top;
+ if (L->hookmask & LUA_MASKCALL) {
+ L->savedpc++; /* hooks assume 'pc' is already incremented */
+ luaD_callhook(L, LUA_HOOKCALL, -1);
+ L->savedpc--; /* correct 'pc' */
+ }
+ return PCRLUA;
+ }
+ else { /* if is a C function, call it */
+ CallInfo *ci;
+ int n;
+ luaD_checkstack(L, LUA_MINSTACK); /* ensure minimum stack size */
+ ci = inc_ci(L); /* now `enter' new function */
+ ci->func = restorestack(L, funcr);
+ L->base = ci->base = ci->func + 1;
+ ci->top = L->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
+ lua_assert(ci->top <= L->stack_last);
+ ci->nresults = nresults;
+ if (L->hookmask & LUA_MASKCALL)
+ luaD_callhook(L, LUA_HOOKCALL, -1);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ n = (*curr_func(L)->c.f)(L); /* do the actual call */
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (n < 0) /* yielding? */
+ return PCRYIELD;
+ else {
+ luaD_poscall(L, L->top - n);
+ return PCRC;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static StkId callrethooks (lua_State *L, StkId firstResult) {
+ ptrdiff_t fr = savestack(L, firstResult); /* next call may change stack */
+ luaD_callhook(L, LUA_HOOKRET, -1);
+ if (f_isLua(L->ci)) { /* Lua function? */
+ while ((L->hookmask & LUA_MASKRET) && L->ci->tailcalls--) /* tail calls */
+ luaD_callhook(L, LUA_HOOKTAILRET, -1);
+ }
+ return restorestack(L, fr);
+}
+
+
+int luaD_poscall (lua_State *L, StkId firstResult) {
+ StkId res;
+ int wanted, i;
+ CallInfo *ci;
+ if (L->hookmask & LUA_MASKRET)
+ firstResult = callrethooks(L, firstResult);
+ ci = L->ci--;
+ res = ci->func; /* res == final position of 1st result */
+ wanted = ci->nresults;
+ L->base = (ci - 1)->base; /* restore base */
+ L->savedpc = (ci - 1)->savedpc; /* restore savedpc */
+ /* move results to correct place */
+ for (i = wanted; i != 0 && firstResult < L->top; i--)
+ setobjs2s(L, res++, firstResult++);
+ while (i-- > 0)
+ setnilvalue(res++);
+ L->top = res;
+ return (wanted - LUA_MULTRET); /* 0 iff wanted == LUA_MULTRET */
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Call a function (C or Lua). The function to be called is at *func.
+** The arguments are on the stack, right after the function.
+** When returns, all the results are on the stack, starting at the original
+** function position.
+*/
+void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults) {
+ if (++L->nCcalls >= LUAI_MAXCCALLS) {
+ if (L->nCcalls == LUAI_MAXCCALLS)
+ luaG_runerror(L, "C stack overflow");
+ else if (L->nCcalls >= (LUAI_MAXCCALLS + (LUAI_MAXCCALLS>>3)))
+ luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRERR); /* error while handing stack error */
+ }
+ if (luaD_precall(L, func, nResults) == PCRLUA) /* is a Lua function? */
+ luaV_execute(L, 1); /* call it */
+ L->nCcalls--;
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+}
+
+
+static void resume (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
+ StkId firstArg = cast(StkId, ud);
+ CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
+ if (L->status == 0) { /* start coroutine? */
+ lua_assert(ci == L->base_ci && firstArg > L->base);
+ if (luaD_precall(L, firstArg - 1, LUA_MULTRET) != PCRLUA)
+ return;
+ }
+ else { /* resuming from previous yield */
+ lua_assert(L->status == LUA_YIELD);
+ L->status = 0;
+ if (!f_isLua(ci)) { /* `common' yield? */
+ /* finish interrupted execution of `OP_CALL' */
+ lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*((ci-1)->savedpc - 1)) == OP_CALL ||
+ GET_OPCODE(*((ci-1)->savedpc - 1)) == OP_TAILCALL);
+ if (luaD_poscall(L, firstArg)) /* complete it... */
+ L->top = L->ci->top; /* and correct top if not multiple results */
+ }
+ else /* yielded inside a hook: just continue its execution */
+ L->base = L->ci->base;
+ }
+ luaV_execute(L, cast_int(L->ci - L->base_ci));
+}
+
+
+static int resume_error (lua_State *L, const char *msg) {
+ L->top = L->ci->base;
+ setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_new(L, msg));
+ incr_top(L);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return LUA_ERRRUN;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_resume (lua_State *L, int nargs) {
+ int status;
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (L->status != LUA_YIELD && (L->status != 0 || L->ci != L->base_ci))
+ return resume_error(L, "cannot resume non-suspended coroutine");
+ if (L->nCcalls >= LUAI_MAXCCALLS)
+ return resume_error(L, "C stack overflow");
+ luai_userstateresume(L, nargs);
+ lua_assert(L->errfunc == 0);
+ L->baseCcalls = ++L->nCcalls;
+ status = luaD_rawrunprotected(L, resume, L->top - nargs);
+ if (status != 0) { /* error? */
+ L->status = cast_byte(status); /* mark thread as `dead' */
+ luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, L->top);
+ L->ci->top = L->top;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_assert(L->nCcalls == L->baseCcalls);
+ status = L->status;
+ }
+ --L->nCcalls;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_yield (lua_State *L, int nresults) {
+ luai_userstateyield(L, nresults);
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (L->nCcalls > L->baseCcalls)
+ luaG_runerror(L, "attempt to yield across metamethod/C-call boundary");
+ L->base = L->top - nresults; /* protect stack slots below */
+ L->status = LUA_YIELD;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ return -1;
+}
+
+
+int luaD_pcall (lua_State *L, Pfunc func, void *u,
+ ptrdiff_t old_top, ptrdiff_t ef) {
+ int status;
+ unsigned short oldnCcalls = L->nCcalls;
+ ptrdiff_t old_ci = saveci(L, L->ci);
+ lu_byte old_allowhooks = L->allowhook;
+ ptrdiff_t old_errfunc = L->errfunc;
+ L->errfunc = ef;
+ status = luaD_rawrunprotected(L, func, u);
+ if (status != 0) { /* an error occurred? */
+ StkId oldtop = restorestack(L, old_top);
+ luaF_close(L, oldtop); /* close eventual pending closures */
+ luaD_seterrorobj(L, status, oldtop);
+ L->nCcalls = oldnCcalls;
+ L->ci = restoreci(L, old_ci);
+ L->base = L->ci->base;
+ L->savedpc = L->ci->savedpc;
+ L->allowhook = old_allowhooks;
+ restore_stack_limit(L);
+ }
+ L->errfunc = old_errfunc;
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** Execute a protected parser.
+*/
+struct SParser { /* data to `f_parser' */
+ ZIO *z;
+ Mbuffer buff; /* buffer to be used by the scanner */
+ const char *name;
+};
+
+static void f_parser (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
+ int i;
+ Proto *tf;
+ Closure *cl;
+ struct SParser *p = cast(struct SParser *, ud);
+ int c = luaZ_lookahead(p->z);
+ luaC_checkGC(L);
+ tf = ((c == LUA_SIGNATURE[0]) ? luaU_undump : luaY_parser)(L, p->z,
+ &p->buff, p->name);
+ cl = luaF_newLclosure(L, tf->nups, hvalue(gt(L)));
+ cl->l.p = tf;
+ for (i = 0; i < tf->nups; i++) /* initialize eventual upvalues */
+ cl->l.upvals[i] = luaF_newupval(L);
+ setclvalue(L, L->top, cl);
+ incr_top(L);
+}
+
+
+int luaD_protectedparser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, const char *name) {
+ struct SParser p;
+ int status;
+ p.z = z; p.name = name;
+ luaZ_initbuffer(L, &p.buff);
+ status = luaD_pcall(L, f_parser, &p, savestack(L, L->top), L->errfunc);
+ luaZ_freebuffer(L, &p.buff);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ldo.h,v 2.7.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Stack and Call structure of Lua
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef ldo_h
+#define ldo_h
+
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+#define luaD_checkstack(L,n) \
+ if ((char *)L->stack_last - (char *)L->top <= (n)*(int)sizeof(TValue)) \
+ luaD_growstack(L, n); \
+ else condhardstacktests(luaD_reallocstack(L, L->stacksize - EXTRA_STACK - 1));
+
+
+#define incr_top(L) {luaD_checkstack(L,1); L->top++;}
+
+#define savestack(L,p) ((char *)(p) - (char *)L->stack)
+#define restorestack(L,n) ((TValue *)((char *)L->stack + (n)))
+
+#define saveci(L,p) ((char *)(p) - (char *)L->base_ci)
+#define restoreci(L,n) ((CallInfo *)((char *)L->base_ci + (n)))
+
+
+/* results from luaD_precall */
+#define PCRLUA 0 /* initiated a call to a Lua function */
+#define PCRC 1 /* did a call to a C function */
+#define PCRYIELD 2 /* C funtion yielded */
+
+
+/* type of protected functions, to be ran by `runprotected' */
+typedef void (*Pfunc) (lua_State *L, void *ud);
+
+LUAI_FUNC int luaD_protectedparser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, const char *name);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_callhook (lua_State *L, int event, int line);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaD_precall (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nresults);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_call (lua_State *L, StkId func, int nResults);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaD_pcall (lua_State *L, Pfunc func, void *u,
+ ptrdiff_t oldtop, ptrdiff_t ef);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaD_poscall (lua_State *L, StkId firstResult);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_reallocCI (lua_State *L, int newsize);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_reallocstack (lua_State *L, int newsize);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_growstack (lua_State *L, int n);
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_throw (lua_State *L, int errcode);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaD_rawrunprotected (lua_State *L, Pfunc f, void *ud);
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaD_seterrorobj (lua_State *L, int errcode, StkId oldtop);
+
+#endif
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ldump.c,v 2.8.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** save precompiled Lua chunks
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define ldump_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lundump.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+ lua_State* L;
+ lua_Writer writer;
+ void* data;
+ int strip;
+ int status;
+} DumpState;
+
+#define DumpMem(b,n,size,D) DumpBlock(b,(n)*(size),D)
+#define DumpVar(x,D) DumpMem(&x,1,sizeof(x),D)
+
+static void DumpBlock(const void* b, size_t size, DumpState* D)
+{
+ if (D->status==0)
+ {
+ lua_unlock(D->L);
+ D->status=(*D->writer)(D->L,b,size,D->data);
+ lua_lock(D->L);
+ }
+}
+
+static void DumpChar(int y, DumpState* D)
+{
+ char x=(char)y;
+ DumpVar(x,D);
+}
+
+static void DumpInt(int x, DumpState* D)
+{
+ DumpVar(x,D);
+}
+
+static void DumpNumber(lua_Number x, DumpState* D)
+{
+ DumpVar(x,D);
+}
+
+static void DumpVector(const void* b, int n, size_t size, DumpState* D)
+{
+ DumpInt(n,D);
+ DumpMem(b,n,size,D);
+}
+
+static void DumpString(const TString* s, DumpState* D)
+{
+ if (s==NULL || getstr(s)==NULL)
+ {
+ size_t size=0;
+ DumpVar(size,D);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ size_t size=s->tsv.len+1; /* include trailing '\0' */
+ DumpVar(size,D);
+ DumpBlock(getstr(s),size,D);
+ }
+}
+
+#define DumpCode(f,D) DumpVector(f->code,f->sizecode,sizeof(Instruction),D)
+
+static void DumpFunction(const Proto* f, const TString* p, DumpState* D);
+
+static void DumpConstants(const Proto* f, DumpState* D)
+{
+ int i,n=f->sizek;
+ DumpInt(n,D);
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ const TValue* o=&f->k[i];
+ DumpChar(ttype(o),D);
+ switch (ttype(o))
+ {
+ case LUA_TNIL:
+ break;
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
+ DumpChar(bvalue(o),D);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ DumpNumber(nvalue(o),D);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TSTRING:
+ DumpString(rawtsvalue(o),D);
+ break;
+ default:
+ lua_assert(0); /* cannot happen */
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ n=f->sizep;
+ DumpInt(n,D);
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) DumpFunction(f->p[i],f->source,D);
+}
+
+static void DumpDebug(const Proto* f, DumpState* D)
+{
+ int i,n;
+ n= (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizelineinfo;
+ DumpVector(f->lineinfo,n,sizeof(int),D);
+ n= (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizelocvars;
+ DumpInt(n,D);
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ DumpString(f->locvars[i].varname,D);
+ DumpInt(f->locvars[i].startpc,D);
+ DumpInt(f->locvars[i].endpc,D);
+ }
+ n= (D->strip) ? 0 : f->sizeupvalues;
+ DumpInt(n,D);
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) DumpString(f->upvalues[i],D);
+}
+
+static void DumpFunction(const Proto* f, const TString* p, DumpState* D)
+{
+ DumpString((f->source==p || D->strip) ? NULL : f->source,D);
+ DumpInt(f->linedefined,D);
+ DumpInt(f->lastlinedefined,D);
+ DumpChar(f->nups,D);
+ DumpChar(f->numparams,D);
+ DumpChar(f->is_vararg,D);
+ DumpChar(f->maxstacksize,D);
+ DumpCode(f,D);
+ DumpConstants(f,D);
+ DumpDebug(f,D);
+}
+
+static void DumpHeader(DumpState* D)
+{
+ char h[LUAC_HEADERSIZE];
+ luaU_header(h);
+ DumpBlock(h,LUAC_HEADERSIZE,D);
+}
+
+/*
+** dump Lua function as precompiled chunk
+*/
+int luaU_dump (lua_State* L, const Proto* f, lua_Writer w, void* data, int strip)
+{
+ DumpState D;
+ D.L=L;
+ D.writer=w;
+ D.data=data;
+ D.strip=strip;
+ D.status=0;
+ DumpHeader(&D);
+ DumpFunction(f,NULL,&D);
+ return D.status;
+}
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lfunc.c,v 2.12.1.2 2007/12/28 14:58:43 roberto Exp $
+** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define lfunc_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+
+
+
+Closure *luaF_newCclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems, Table *e) {
+ Closure *c = cast(Closure *, luaM_malloc(L, sizeCclosure(nelems)));
+ luaC_link(L, obj2gco(c), LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ c->c.isC = 1;
+ c->c.env = e;
+ c->c.nupvalues = cast_byte(nelems);
+ return c;
+}
+
+
+Closure *luaF_newLclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems, Table *e) {
+ Closure *c = cast(Closure *, luaM_malloc(L, sizeLclosure(nelems)));
+ luaC_link(L, obj2gco(c), LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ c->l.isC = 0;
+ c->l.env = e;
+ c->l.nupvalues = cast_byte(nelems);
+ while (nelems--) c->l.upvals[nelems] = NULL;
+ return c;
+}
+
+
+UpVal *luaF_newupval (lua_State *L) {
+ UpVal *uv = luaM_new(L, UpVal);
+ luaC_link(L, obj2gco(uv), LUA_TUPVAL);
+ uv->v = &uv->u.value;
+ setnilvalue(uv->v);
+ return uv;
+}
+
+
+UpVal *luaF_findupval (lua_State *L, StkId level) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ GCObject **pp = &L->openupval;
+ UpVal *p;
+ UpVal *uv;
+ while (*pp != NULL && (p = ngcotouv(*pp))->v >= level) {
+ lua_assert(p->v != &p->u.value);
+ if (p->v == level) { /* found a corresponding upvalue? */
+ if (isdead(g, obj2gco(p))) /* is it dead? */
+ changewhite(obj2gco(p)); /* ressurect it */
+ return p;
+ }
+ pp = &p->next;
+ }
+ uv = luaM_new(L, UpVal); /* not found: create a new one */
+ uv->tt = LUA_TUPVAL;
+ uv->marked = luaC_white(g);
+ uv->v = level; /* current value lives in the stack */
+ uv->next = *pp; /* chain it in the proper position */
+ *pp = obj2gco(uv);
+ uv->u.l.prev = &g->uvhead; /* double link it in `uvhead' list */
+ uv->u.l.next = g->uvhead.u.l.next;
+ uv->u.l.next->u.l.prev = uv;
+ g->uvhead.u.l.next = uv;
+ lua_assert(uv->u.l.next->u.l.prev == uv && uv->u.l.prev->u.l.next == uv);
+ return uv;
+}
+
+
+static void unlinkupval (UpVal *uv) {
+ lua_assert(uv->u.l.next->u.l.prev == uv && uv->u.l.prev->u.l.next == uv);
+ uv->u.l.next->u.l.prev = uv->u.l.prev; /* remove from `uvhead' list */
+ uv->u.l.prev->u.l.next = uv->u.l.next;
+}
+
+
+void luaF_freeupval (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv) {
+ if (uv->v != &uv->u.value) /* is it open? */
+ unlinkupval(uv); /* remove from open list */
+ luaM_free(L, uv); /* free upvalue */
+}
+
+
+void luaF_close (lua_State *L, StkId level) {
+ UpVal *uv;
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ while (L->openupval != NULL && (uv = ngcotouv(L->openupval))->v >= level) {
+ GCObject *o = obj2gco(uv);
+ lua_assert(!isblack(o) && uv->v != &uv->u.value);
+ L->openupval = uv->next; /* remove from `open' list */
+ if (isdead(g, o))
+ luaF_freeupval(L, uv); /* free upvalue */
+ else {
+ unlinkupval(uv);
+ setobj(L, &uv->u.value, uv->v);
+ uv->v = &uv->u.value; /* now current value lives here */
+ luaC_linkupval(L, uv); /* link upvalue into `gcroot' list */
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+Proto *luaF_newproto (lua_State *L) {
+ Proto *f = luaM_new(L, Proto);
+ luaC_link(L, obj2gco(f), LUA_TPROTO);
+ f->k = NULL;
+ f->sizek = 0;
+ f->p = NULL;
+ f->sizep = 0;
+ f->code = NULL;
+ f->sizecode = 0;
+ f->sizelineinfo = 0;
+ f->sizeupvalues = 0;
+ f->nups = 0;
+ f->upvalues = NULL;
+ f->numparams = 0;
+ f->is_vararg = 0;
+ f->maxstacksize = 0;
+ f->lineinfo = NULL;
+ f->sizelocvars = 0;
+ f->locvars = NULL;
+ f->linedefined = 0;
+ f->lastlinedefined = 0;
+ f->source = NULL;
+ return f;
+}
+
+
+void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f) {
+ luaM_freearray(L, f->code, f->sizecode, Instruction);
+ luaM_freearray(L, f->p, f->sizep, Proto *);
+ luaM_freearray(L, f->k, f->sizek, TValue);
+ luaM_freearray(L, f->lineinfo, f->sizelineinfo, int);
+ luaM_freearray(L, f->locvars, f->sizelocvars, struct LocVar);
+ luaM_freearray(L, f->upvalues, f->sizeupvalues, TString *);
+ luaM_free(L, f);
+}
+
+
+void luaF_freeclosure (lua_State *L, Closure *c) {
+ int size = (c->c.isC) ? sizeCclosure(c->c.nupvalues) :
+ sizeLclosure(c->l.nupvalues);
+ luaM_freemem(L, c, size);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Look for n-th local variable at line `line' in function `func'.
+** Returns NULL if not found.
+*/
+const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *f, int local_number, int pc) {
+ int i;
+ for (i = 0; i<f->sizelocvars && f->locvars[i].startpc <= pc; i++) {
+ if (pc < f->locvars[i].endpc) { /* is variable active? */
+ local_number--;
+ if (local_number == 0)
+ return getstr(f->locvars[i].varname);
+ }
+ }
+ return NULL; /* not found */
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lfunc.h,v 2.4.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Auxiliary functions to manipulate prototypes and closures
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lfunc_h
+#define lfunc_h
+
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+
+
+#define sizeCclosure(n) (cast(int, sizeof(CClosure)) + \
+ cast(int, sizeof(TValue)*((n)-1)))
+
+#define sizeLclosure(n) (cast(int, sizeof(LClosure)) + \
+ cast(int, sizeof(TValue *)*((n)-1)))
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC Proto *luaF_newproto (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC Closure *luaF_newCclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems, Table *e);
+LUAI_FUNC Closure *luaF_newLclosure (lua_State *L, int nelems, Table *e);
+LUAI_FUNC UpVal *luaF_newupval (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC UpVal *luaF_findupval (lua_State *L, StkId level);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaF_close (lua_State *L, StkId level);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaF_freeproto (lua_State *L, Proto *f);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaF_freeclosure (lua_State *L, Closure *c);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaF_freeupval (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv);
+LUAI_FUNC const char *luaF_getlocalname (const Proto *func, int local_number,
+ int pc);
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lgc.c,v 2.38.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Garbage Collector
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lgc_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+
+
+#define GCSTEPSIZE 1024u
+#define GCSWEEPMAX 40
+#define GCSWEEPCOST 10
+#define GCFINALIZECOST 100
+
+
+#define maskmarks cast_byte(~(bitmask(BLACKBIT)|WHITEBITS))
+
+#define makewhite(g,x) \
+ ((x)->gch.marked = cast_byte(((x)->gch.marked & maskmarks) | luaC_white(g)))
+
+#define white2gray(x) reset2bits((x)->gch.marked, WHITE0BIT, WHITE1BIT)
+#define black2gray(x) resetbit((x)->gch.marked, BLACKBIT)
+
+#define stringmark(s) reset2bits((s)->tsv.marked, WHITE0BIT, WHITE1BIT)
+
+
+#define isfinalized(u) testbit((u)->marked, FINALIZEDBIT)
+#define markfinalized(u) l_setbit((u)->marked, FINALIZEDBIT)
+
+
+#define KEYWEAK bitmask(KEYWEAKBIT)
+#define VALUEWEAK bitmask(VALUEWEAKBIT)
+
+
+
+#define markvalue(g,o) { checkconsistency(o); \
+ if (iscollectable(o) && iswhite(gcvalue(o))) reallymarkobject(g,gcvalue(o)); }
+
+#define markobject(g,t) { if (iswhite(obj2gco(t))) \
+ reallymarkobject(g, obj2gco(t)); }
+
+
+#define setthreshold(g) (g->GCthreshold = (g->estimate/100) * g->gcpause)
+
+
+static void removeentry (Node *n) {
+ lua_assert(ttisnil(gval(n)));
+ if (iscollectable(gkey(n)))
+ setttype(gkey(n), LUA_TDEADKEY); /* dead key; remove it */
+}
+
+
+static void reallymarkobject (global_State *g, GCObject *o) {
+ lua_assert(iswhite(o) && !isdead(g, o));
+ white2gray(o);
+ switch (o->gch.tt) {
+ case LUA_TSTRING: {
+ return;
+ }
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA: {
+ Table *mt = gco2u(o)->metatable;
+ gray2black(o); /* udata are never gray */
+ if (mt) markobject(g, mt);
+ markobject(g, gco2u(o)->env);
+ return;
+ }
+ case LUA_TUPVAL: {
+ UpVal *uv = gco2uv(o);
+ markvalue(g, uv->v);
+ if (uv->v == &uv->u.value) /* closed? */
+ gray2black(o); /* open upvalues are never black */
+ return;
+ }
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION: {
+ gco2cl(o)->c.gclist = g->gray;
+ g->gray = o;
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TTABLE: {
+ gco2h(o)->gclist = g->gray;
+ g->gray = o;
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TTHREAD: {
+ gco2th(o)->gclist = g->gray;
+ g->gray = o;
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TPROTO: {
+ gco2p(o)->gclist = g->gray;
+ g->gray = o;
+ break;
+ }
+ default: lua_assert(0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void marktmu (global_State *g) {
+ GCObject *u = g->tmudata;
+ if (u) {
+ do {
+ u = u->gch.next;
+ makewhite(g, u); /* may be marked, if left from previous GC */
+ reallymarkobject(g, u);
+ } while (u != g->tmudata);
+ }
+}
+
+
+/* move `dead' udata that need finalization to list `tmudata' */
+size_t luaC_separateudata (lua_State *L, int all) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ size_t deadmem = 0;
+ GCObject **p = &g->mainthread->next;
+ GCObject *curr;
+ while ((curr = *p) != NULL) {
+ if (!(iswhite(curr) || all) || isfinalized(gco2u(curr)))
+ p = &curr->gch.next; /* don't bother with them */
+ else if (fasttm(L, gco2u(curr)->metatable, TM_GC) == NULL) {
+ markfinalized(gco2u(curr)); /* don't need finalization */
+ p = &curr->gch.next;
+ }
+ else { /* must call its gc method */
+ deadmem += sizeudata(gco2u(curr));
+ markfinalized(gco2u(curr));
+ *p = curr->gch.next;
+ /* link `curr' at the end of `tmudata' list */
+ if (g->tmudata == NULL) /* list is empty? */
+ g->tmudata = curr->gch.next = curr; /* creates a circular list */
+ else {
+ curr->gch.next = g->tmudata->gch.next;
+ g->tmudata->gch.next = curr;
+ g->tmudata = curr;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ return deadmem;
+}
+
+
+static int traversetable (global_State *g, Table *h) {
+ int i;
+ int weakkey = 0;
+ int weakvalue = 0;
+ const TValue *mode;
+ if (h->metatable)
+ markobject(g, h->metatable);
+ mode = gfasttm(g, h->metatable, TM_MODE);
+ if (mode && ttisstring(mode)) { /* is there a weak mode? */
+ weakkey = (strchr(svalue(mode), 'k') != NULL);
+ weakvalue = (strchr(svalue(mode), 'v') != NULL);
+ if (weakkey || weakvalue) { /* is really weak? */
+ h->marked &= ~(KEYWEAK | VALUEWEAK); /* clear bits */
+ h->marked |= cast_byte((weakkey << KEYWEAKBIT) |
+ (weakvalue << VALUEWEAKBIT));
+ h->gclist = g->weak; /* must be cleared after GC, ... */
+ g->weak = obj2gco(h); /* ... so put in the appropriate list */
+ }
+ }
+ if (weakkey && weakvalue) return 1;
+ if (!weakvalue) {
+ i = h->sizearray;
+ while (i--)
+ markvalue(g, &h->array[i]);
+ }
+ i = sizenode(h);
+ while (i--) {
+ Node *n = gnode(h, i);
+ lua_assert(ttype(gkey(n)) != LUA_TDEADKEY || ttisnil(gval(n)));
+ if (ttisnil(gval(n)))
+ removeentry(n); /* remove empty entries */
+ else {
+ lua_assert(!ttisnil(gkey(n)));
+ if (!weakkey) markvalue(g, gkey(n));
+ if (!weakvalue) markvalue(g, gval(n));
+ }
+ }
+ return weakkey || weakvalue;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** All marks are conditional because a GC may happen while the
+** prototype is still being created
+*/
+static void traverseproto (global_State *g, Proto *f) {
+ int i;
+ if (f->source) stringmark(f->source);
+ for (i=0; i<f->sizek; i++) /* mark literals */
+ markvalue(g, &f->k[i]);
+ for (i=0; i<f->sizeupvalues; i++) { /* mark upvalue names */
+ if (f->upvalues[i])
+ stringmark(f->upvalues[i]);
+ }
+ for (i=0; i<f->sizep; i++) { /* mark nested protos */
+ if (f->p[i])
+ markobject(g, f->p[i]);
+ }
+ for (i=0; i<f->sizelocvars; i++) { /* mark local-variable names */
+ if (f->locvars[i].varname)
+ stringmark(f->locvars[i].varname);
+ }
+}
+
+
+
+static void traverseclosure (global_State *g, Closure *cl) {
+ markobject(g, cl->c.env);
+ if (cl->c.isC) {
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<cl->c.nupvalues; i++) /* mark its upvalues */
+ markvalue(g, &cl->c.upvalue[i]);
+ }
+ else {
+ int i;
+ lua_assert(cl->l.nupvalues == cl->l.p->nups);
+ markobject(g, cl->l.p);
+ for (i=0; i<cl->l.nupvalues; i++) /* mark its upvalues */
+ markobject(g, cl->l.upvals[i]);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void checkstacksizes (lua_State *L, StkId max) {
+ int ci_used = cast_int(L->ci - L->base_ci); /* number of `ci' in use */
+ int s_used = cast_int(max - L->stack); /* part of stack in use */
+ if (L->size_ci > LUAI_MAXCALLS) /* handling overflow? */
+ return; /* do not touch the stacks */
+ if (4*ci_used < L->size_ci && 2*BASIC_CI_SIZE < L->size_ci)
+ luaD_reallocCI(L, L->size_ci/2); /* still big enough... */
+ condhardstacktests(luaD_reallocCI(L, ci_used + 1));
+ if (4*s_used < L->stacksize &&
+ 2*(BASIC_STACK_SIZE+EXTRA_STACK) < L->stacksize)
+ luaD_reallocstack(L, L->stacksize/2); /* still big enough... */
+ condhardstacktests(luaD_reallocstack(L, s_used));
+}
+
+
+static void traversestack (global_State *g, lua_State *l) {
+ StkId o, lim;
+ CallInfo *ci;
+ markvalue(g, gt(l));
+ lim = l->top;
+ for (ci = l->base_ci; ci <= l->ci; ci++) {
+ lua_assert(ci->top <= l->stack_last);
+ if (lim < ci->top) lim = ci->top;
+ }
+ for (o = l->stack; o < l->top; o++)
+ markvalue(g, o);
+ for (; o <= lim; o++)
+ setnilvalue(o);
+ checkstacksizes(l, lim);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** traverse one gray object, turning it to black.
+** Returns `quantity' traversed.
+*/
+static l_mem propagatemark (global_State *g) {
+ GCObject *o = g->gray;
+ lua_assert(isgray(o));
+ gray2black(o);
+ switch (o->gch.tt) {
+ case LUA_TTABLE: {
+ Table *h = gco2h(o);
+ g->gray = h->gclist;
+ if (traversetable(g, h)) /* table is weak? */
+ black2gray(o); /* keep it gray */
+ return sizeof(Table) + sizeof(TValue) * h->sizearray +
+ sizeof(Node) * sizenode(h);
+ }
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION: {
+ Closure *cl = gco2cl(o);
+ g->gray = cl->c.gclist;
+ traverseclosure(g, cl);
+ return (cl->c.isC) ? sizeCclosure(cl->c.nupvalues) :
+ sizeLclosure(cl->l.nupvalues);
+ }
+ case LUA_TTHREAD: {
+ lua_State *th = gco2th(o);
+ g->gray = th->gclist;
+ th->gclist = g->grayagain;
+ g->grayagain = o;
+ black2gray(o);
+ traversestack(g, th);
+ return sizeof(lua_State) + sizeof(TValue) * th->stacksize +
+ sizeof(CallInfo) * th->size_ci;
+ }
+ case LUA_TPROTO: {
+ Proto *p = gco2p(o);
+ g->gray = p->gclist;
+ traverseproto(g, p);
+ return sizeof(Proto) + sizeof(Instruction) * p->sizecode +
+ sizeof(Proto *) * p->sizep +
+ sizeof(TValue) * p->sizek +
+ sizeof(int) * p->sizelineinfo +
+ sizeof(LocVar) * p->sizelocvars +
+ sizeof(TString *) * p->sizeupvalues;
+ }
+ default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static size_t propagateall (global_State *g) {
+ size_t m = 0;
+ while (g->gray) m += propagatemark(g);
+ return m;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The next function tells whether a key or value can be cleared from
+** a weak table. Non-collectable objects are never removed from weak
+** tables. Strings behave as `values', so are never removed too. for
+** other objects: if really collected, cannot keep them; for userdata
+** being finalized, keep them in keys, but not in values
+*/
+static int iscleared (const TValue *o, int iskey) {
+ if (!iscollectable(o)) return 0;
+ if (ttisstring(o)) {
+ stringmark(rawtsvalue(o)); /* strings are `values', so are never weak */
+ return 0;
+ }
+ return iswhite(gcvalue(o)) ||
+ (ttisuserdata(o) && (!iskey && isfinalized(uvalue(o))));
+}
+
+
+/*
+** clear collected entries from weaktables
+*/
+static void cleartable (GCObject *l) {
+ while (l) {
+ Table *h = gco2h(l);
+ int i = h->sizearray;
+ lua_assert(testbit(h->marked, VALUEWEAKBIT) ||
+ testbit(h->marked, KEYWEAKBIT));
+ if (testbit(h->marked, VALUEWEAKBIT)) {
+ while (i--) {
+ TValue *o = &h->array[i];
+ if (iscleared(o, 0)) /* value was collected? */
+ setnilvalue(o); /* remove value */
+ }
+ }
+ i = sizenode(h);
+ while (i--) {
+ Node *n = gnode(h, i);
+ if (!ttisnil(gval(n)) && /* non-empty entry? */
+ (iscleared(key2tval(n), 1) || iscleared(gval(n), 0))) {
+ setnilvalue(gval(n)); /* remove value ... */
+ removeentry(n); /* remove entry from table */
+ }
+ }
+ l = h->gclist;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void freeobj (lua_State *L, GCObject *o) {
+ switch (o->gch.tt) {
+ case LUA_TPROTO: luaF_freeproto(L, gco2p(o)); break;
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION: luaF_freeclosure(L, gco2cl(o)); break;
+ case LUA_TUPVAL: luaF_freeupval(L, gco2uv(o)); break;
+ case LUA_TTABLE: luaH_free(L, gco2h(o)); break;
+ case LUA_TTHREAD: {
+ lua_assert(gco2th(o) != L && gco2th(o) != G(L)->mainthread);
+ luaE_freethread(L, gco2th(o));
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TSTRING: {
+ G(L)->strt.nuse--;
+ luaM_freemem(L, o, sizestring(gco2ts(o)));
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA: {
+ luaM_freemem(L, o, sizeudata(gco2u(o)));
+ break;
+ }
+ default: lua_assert(0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+
+#define sweepwholelist(L,p) sweeplist(L,p,MAX_LUMEM)
+
+
+static GCObject **sweeplist (lua_State *L, GCObject **p, lu_mem count) {
+ GCObject *curr;
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ int deadmask = otherwhite(g);
+ while ((curr = *p) != NULL && count-- > 0) {
+ if (curr->gch.tt == LUA_TTHREAD) /* sweep open upvalues of each thread */
+ sweepwholelist(L, &gco2th(curr)->openupval);
+ if ((curr->gch.marked ^ WHITEBITS) & deadmask) { /* not dead? */
+ lua_assert(!isdead(g, curr) || testbit(curr->gch.marked, FIXEDBIT));
+ makewhite(g, curr); /* make it white (for next cycle) */
+ p = &curr->gch.next;
+ }
+ else { /* must erase `curr' */
+ lua_assert(isdead(g, curr) || deadmask == bitmask(SFIXEDBIT));
+ *p = curr->gch.next;
+ if (curr == g->rootgc) /* is the first element of the list? */
+ g->rootgc = curr->gch.next; /* adjust first */
+ freeobj(L, curr);
+ }
+ }
+ return p;
+}
+
+
+static void checkSizes (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ /* check size of string hash */
+ if (g->strt.nuse < cast(lu_int32, g->strt.size/4) &&
+ g->strt.size > MINSTRTABSIZE*2)
+ luaS_resize(L, g->strt.size/2); /* table is too big */
+ /* check size of buffer */
+ if (luaZ_sizebuffer(&g->buff) > LUA_MINBUFFER*2) { /* buffer too big? */
+ size_t newsize = luaZ_sizebuffer(&g->buff) / 2;
+ luaZ_resizebuffer(L, &g->buff, newsize);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void GCTM (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ GCObject *o = g->tmudata->gch.next; /* get first element */
+ Udata *udata = rawgco2u(o);
+ const TValue *tm;
+ /* remove udata from `tmudata' */
+ if (o == g->tmudata) /* last element? */
+ g->tmudata = NULL;
+ else
+ g->tmudata->gch.next = udata->uv.next;
+ udata->uv.next = g->mainthread->next; /* return it to `root' list */
+ g->mainthread->next = o;
+ makewhite(g, o);
+ tm = fasttm(L, udata->uv.metatable, TM_GC);
+ if (tm != NULL) {
+ lu_byte oldah = L->allowhook;
+ lu_mem oldt = g->GCthreshold;
+ L->allowhook = 0; /* stop debug hooks during GC tag method */
+ g->GCthreshold = 2*g->totalbytes; /* avoid GC steps */
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, tm);
+ setuvalue(L, L->top+1, udata);
+ L->top += 2;
+ luaD_call(L, L->top - 2, 0);
+ L->allowhook = oldah; /* restore hooks */
+ g->GCthreshold = oldt; /* restore threshold */
+ }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Call all GC tag methods
+*/
+void luaC_callGCTM (lua_State *L) {
+ while (G(L)->tmudata)
+ GCTM(L);
+}
+
+
+void luaC_freeall (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ int i;
+ g->currentwhite = WHITEBITS | bitmask(SFIXEDBIT); /* mask to collect all elements */
+ sweepwholelist(L, &g->rootgc);
+ for (i = 0; i < g->strt.size; i++) /* free all string lists */
+ sweepwholelist(L, &g->strt.hash[i]);
+}
+
+
+static void markmt (global_State *g) {
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<NUM_TAGS; i++)
+ if (g->mt[i]) markobject(g, g->mt[i]);
+}
+
+
+/* mark root set */
+static void markroot (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ g->gray = NULL;
+ g->grayagain = NULL;
+ g->weak = NULL;
+ markobject(g, g->mainthread);
+ /* make global table be traversed before main stack */
+ markvalue(g, gt(g->mainthread));
+ markvalue(g, registry(L));
+ markmt(g);
+ g->gcstate = GCSpropagate;
+}
+
+
+static void remarkupvals (global_State *g) {
+ UpVal *uv;
+ for (uv = g->uvhead.u.l.next; uv != &g->uvhead; uv = uv->u.l.next) {
+ lua_assert(uv->u.l.next->u.l.prev == uv && uv->u.l.prev->u.l.next == uv);
+ if (isgray(obj2gco(uv)))
+ markvalue(g, uv->v);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void atomic (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ size_t udsize; /* total size of userdata to be finalized */
+ /* remark occasional upvalues of (maybe) dead threads */
+ remarkupvals(g);
+ /* traverse objects cautch by write barrier and by 'remarkupvals' */
+ propagateall(g);
+ /* remark weak tables */
+ g->gray = g->weak;
+ g->weak = NULL;
+ lua_assert(!iswhite(obj2gco(g->mainthread)));
+ markobject(g, L); /* mark running thread */
+ markmt(g); /* mark basic metatables (again) */
+ propagateall(g);
+ /* remark gray again */
+ g->gray = g->grayagain;
+ g->grayagain = NULL;
+ propagateall(g);
+ udsize = luaC_separateudata(L, 0); /* separate userdata to be finalized */
+ marktmu(g); /* mark `preserved' userdata */
+ udsize += propagateall(g); /* remark, to propagate `preserveness' */
+ cleartable(g->weak); /* remove collected objects from weak tables */
+ /* flip current white */
+ g->currentwhite = cast_byte(otherwhite(g));
+ g->sweepstrgc = 0;
+ g->sweepgc = &g->rootgc;
+ g->gcstate = GCSsweepstring;
+ g->estimate = g->totalbytes - udsize; /* first estimate */
+}
+
+
+static l_mem singlestep (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ /*lua_checkmemory(L);*/
+ switch (g->gcstate) {
+ case GCSpause: {
+ markroot(L); /* start a new collection */
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case GCSpropagate: {
+ if (g->gray)
+ return propagatemark(g);
+ else { /* no more `gray' objects */
+ atomic(L); /* finish mark phase */
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ case GCSsweepstring: {
+ lu_mem old = g->totalbytes;
+ sweepwholelist(L, &g->strt.hash[g->sweepstrgc++]);
+ if (g->sweepstrgc >= g->strt.size) /* nothing more to sweep? */
+ g->gcstate = GCSsweep; /* end sweep-string phase */
+ lua_assert(old >= g->totalbytes);
+ g->estimate -= old - g->totalbytes;
+ return GCSWEEPCOST;
+ }
+ case GCSsweep: {
+ lu_mem old = g->totalbytes;
+ g->sweepgc = sweeplist(L, g->sweepgc, GCSWEEPMAX);
+ if (*g->sweepgc == NULL) { /* nothing more to sweep? */
+ checkSizes(L);
+ g->gcstate = GCSfinalize; /* end sweep phase */
+ }
+ lua_assert(old >= g->totalbytes);
+ g->estimate -= old - g->totalbytes;
+ return GCSWEEPMAX*GCSWEEPCOST;
+ }
+ case GCSfinalize: {
+ if (g->tmudata) {
+ GCTM(L);
+ if (g->estimate > GCFINALIZECOST)
+ g->estimate -= GCFINALIZECOST;
+ return GCFINALIZECOST;
+ }
+ else {
+ g->gcstate = GCSpause; /* end collection */
+ g->gcdept = 0;
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ default: lua_assert(0); return 0;
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaC_step (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ l_mem lim = (GCSTEPSIZE/100) * g->gcstepmul;
+ if (lim == 0)
+ lim = (MAX_LUMEM-1)/2; /* no limit */
+ g->gcdept += g->totalbytes - g->GCthreshold;
+ do {
+ lim -= singlestep(L);
+ if (g->gcstate == GCSpause)
+ break;
+ } while (lim > 0);
+ if (g->gcstate != GCSpause) {
+ if (g->gcdept < GCSTEPSIZE)
+ g->GCthreshold = g->totalbytes + GCSTEPSIZE; /* - lim/g->gcstepmul;*/
+ else {
+ g->gcdept -= GCSTEPSIZE;
+ g->GCthreshold = g->totalbytes;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_assert(g->totalbytes >= g->estimate);
+ setthreshold(g);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaC_fullgc (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ if (g->gcstate <= GCSpropagate) {
+ /* reset sweep marks to sweep all elements (returning them to white) */
+ g->sweepstrgc = 0;
+ g->sweepgc = &g->rootgc;
+ /* reset other collector lists */
+ g->gray = NULL;
+ g->grayagain = NULL;
+ g->weak = NULL;
+ g->gcstate = GCSsweepstring;
+ }
+ lua_assert(g->gcstate != GCSpause && g->gcstate != GCSpropagate);
+ /* finish any pending sweep phase */
+ while (g->gcstate != GCSfinalize) {
+ lua_assert(g->gcstate == GCSsweepstring || g->gcstate == GCSsweep);
+ singlestep(L);
+ }
+ markroot(L);
+ while (g->gcstate != GCSpause) {
+ singlestep(L);
+ }
+ setthreshold(g);
+}
+
+
+void luaC_barrierf (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, GCObject *v) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ lua_assert(isblack(o) && iswhite(v) && !isdead(g, v) && !isdead(g, o));
+ lua_assert(g->gcstate != GCSfinalize && g->gcstate != GCSpause);
+ lua_assert(ttype(&o->gch) != LUA_TTABLE);
+ /* must keep invariant? */
+ if (g->gcstate == GCSpropagate)
+ reallymarkobject(g, v); /* restore invariant */
+ else /* don't mind */
+ makewhite(g, o); /* mark as white just to avoid other barriers */
+}
+
+
+void luaC_barrierback (lua_State *L, Table *t) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ GCObject *o = obj2gco(t);
+ lua_assert(isblack(o) && !isdead(g, o));
+ lua_assert(g->gcstate != GCSfinalize && g->gcstate != GCSpause);
+ black2gray(o); /* make table gray (again) */
+ t->gclist = g->grayagain;
+ g->grayagain = o;
+}
+
+
+void luaC_link (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, lu_byte tt) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ o->gch.next = g->rootgc;
+ g->rootgc = o;
+ o->gch.marked = luaC_white(g);
+ o->gch.tt = tt;
+}
+
+
+void luaC_linkupval (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ GCObject *o = obj2gco(uv);
+ o->gch.next = g->rootgc; /* link upvalue into `rootgc' list */
+ g->rootgc = o;
+ if (isgray(o)) {
+ if (g->gcstate == GCSpropagate) {
+ gray2black(o); /* closed upvalues need barrier */
+ luaC_barrier(L, uv, uv->v);
+ }
+ else { /* sweep phase: sweep it (turning it into white) */
+ makewhite(g, o);
+ lua_assert(g->gcstate != GCSfinalize && g->gcstate != GCSpause);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lgc.h,v 2.15.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Garbage Collector
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lgc_h
+#define lgc_h
+
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+
+
+/*
+** Possible states of the Garbage Collector
+*/
+#define GCSpause 0
+#define GCSpropagate 1
+#define GCSsweepstring 2
+#define GCSsweep 3
+#define GCSfinalize 4
+
+
+/*
+** some userful bit tricks
+*/
+#define resetbits(x,m) ((x) &= cast(lu_byte, ~(m)))
+#define setbits(x,m) ((x) |= (m))
+#define testbits(x,m) ((x) & (m))
+#define bitmask(b) (1<<(b))
+#define bit2mask(b1,b2) (bitmask(b1) | bitmask(b2))
+#define l_setbit(x,b) setbits(x, bitmask(b))
+#define resetbit(x,b) resetbits(x, bitmask(b))
+#define testbit(x,b) testbits(x, bitmask(b))
+#define set2bits(x,b1,b2) setbits(x, (bit2mask(b1, b2)))
+#define reset2bits(x,b1,b2) resetbits(x, (bit2mask(b1, b2)))
+#define test2bits(x,b1,b2) testbits(x, (bit2mask(b1, b2)))
+
+
+
+/*
+** Layout for bit use in `marked' field:
+** bit 0 - object is white (type 0)
+** bit 1 - object is white (type 1)
+** bit 2 - object is black
+** bit 3 - for userdata: has been finalized
+** bit 3 - for tables: has weak keys
+** bit 4 - for tables: has weak values
+** bit 5 - object is fixed (should not be collected)
+** bit 6 - object is "super" fixed (only the main thread)
+*/
+
+
+#define WHITE0BIT 0
+#define WHITE1BIT 1
+#define BLACKBIT 2
+#define FINALIZEDBIT 3
+#define KEYWEAKBIT 3
+#define VALUEWEAKBIT 4
+#define FIXEDBIT 5
+#define SFIXEDBIT 6
+#define WHITEBITS bit2mask(WHITE0BIT, WHITE1BIT)
+
+
+#define iswhite(x) test2bits((x)->gch.marked, WHITE0BIT, WHITE1BIT)
+#define isblack(x) testbit((x)->gch.marked, BLACKBIT)
+#define isgray(x) (!isblack(x) && !iswhite(x))
+
+#define otherwhite(g) (g->currentwhite ^ WHITEBITS)
+#define isdead(g,v) ((v)->gch.marked & otherwhite(g) & WHITEBITS)
+
+#define changewhite(x) ((x)->gch.marked ^= WHITEBITS)
+#define gray2black(x) l_setbit((x)->gch.marked, BLACKBIT)
+
+#define valiswhite(x) (iscollectable(x) && iswhite(gcvalue(x)))
+
+#define luaC_white(g) cast(lu_byte, (g)->currentwhite & WHITEBITS)
+
+
+#define luaC_checkGC(L) { \
+ condhardstacktests(luaD_reallocstack(L, L->stacksize - EXTRA_STACK - 1)); \
+ if (G(L)->totalbytes >= G(L)->GCthreshold) \
+ luaC_step(L); }
+
+
+#define luaC_barrier(L,p,v) { if (valiswhite(v) && isblack(obj2gco(p))) \
+ luaC_barrierf(L,obj2gco(p),gcvalue(v)); }
+
+#define luaC_barriert(L,t,v) { if (valiswhite(v) && isblack(obj2gco(t))) \
+ luaC_barrierback(L,t); }
+
+#define luaC_objbarrier(L,p,o) \
+ { if (iswhite(obj2gco(o)) && isblack(obj2gco(p))) \
+ luaC_barrierf(L,obj2gco(p),obj2gco(o)); }
+
+#define luaC_objbarriert(L,t,o) \
+ { if (iswhite(obj2gco(o)) && isblack(obj2gco(t))) luaC_barrierback(L,t); }
+
+LUAI_FUNC size_t luaC_separateudata (lua_State *L, int all);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_callGCTM (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_freeall (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_step (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_fullgc (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_link (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, lu_byte tt);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_linkupval (lua_State *L, UpVal *uv);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_barrierf (lua_State *L, GCObject *o, GCObject *v);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaC_barrierback (lua_State *L, Table *t);
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: linit.c,v 1.14.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Initialization of libraries for lua.c
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#define linit_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lualib.h"
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg lualibs[] = {
+ {"", luaopen_base},
+ {LUA_LOADLIBNAME, luaopen_package},
+ {LUA_TABLIBNAME, luaopen_table},
+ {LUA_IOLIBNAME, luaopen_io},
+ {LUA_OSLIBNAME, luaopen_os},
+ {LUA_STRLIBNAME, luaopen_string},
+ {LUA_MATHLIBNAME, luaopen_math},
+ {LUA_DBLIBNAME, luaopen_debug},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+LUALIB_API void luaL_openlibs (lua_State *L) {
+ const luaL_Reg *lib = lualibs;
+ for (; lib->func; lib++) {
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, lib->func);
+ lua_pushstring(L, lib->name);
+ lua_call(L, 1, 0);
+ }
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: liolib.c,v 2.73.1.3 2008/01/18 17:47:43 roberto Exp $
+** Standard I/O (and system) library
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define liolib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+
+#define IO_INPUT 1
+#define IO_OUTPUT 2
+
+
+static const char *const fnames[] = {"input", "output"};
+
+
+static int pushresult (lua_State *L, int i, const char *filename) {
+ int en = errno; /* calls to Lua API may change this value */
+ if (i) {
+ lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ if (filename)
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %s", filename, strerror(en));
+ else
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s", strerror(en));
+ lua_pushinteger(L, en);
+ return 3;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void fileerror (lua_State *L, int arg, const char *filename) {
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+ luaL_argerror(L, arg, lua_tostring(L, -1));
+}
+
+
+#define tofilep(L) ((FILE **)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, LUA_FILEHANDLE))
+
+
+static int io_type (lua_State *L) {
+ void *ud;
+ luaL_checkany(L, 1);
+ ud = lua_touserdata(L, 1);
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
+ if (ud == NULL || !lua_getmetatable(L, 1) || !lua_rawequal(L, -2, -1))
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* not a file */
+ else if (*((FILE **)ud) == NULL)
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "closed file");
+ else
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "file");
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static FILE *tofile (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE **f = tofilep(L);
+ if (*f == NULL)
+ luaL_error(L, "attempt to use a closed file");
+ return *f;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** When creating file handles, always creates a `closed' file handle
+** before opening the actual file; so, if there is a memory error, the
+** file is not left opened.
+*/
+static FILE **newfile (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE **pf = (FILE **)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(FILE *));
+ *pf = NULL; /* file handle is currently `closed' */
+ luaL_getmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE);
+ lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+ return pf;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** function to (not) close the standard files stdin, stdout, and stderr
+*/
+static int io_noclose (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "cannot close standard file");
+ return 2;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** function to close 'popen' files
+*/
+static int io_pclose (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE **p = tofilep(L);
+ int ok = lua_pclose(L, *p);
+ *p = NULL;
+ return pushresult(L, ok, NULL);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** function to close regular files
+*/
+static int io_fclose (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE **p = tofilep(L);
+ int ok = (fclose(*p) == 0);
+ *p = NULL;
+ return pushresult(L, ok, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static int aux_close (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_getfenv(L, 1);
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "__close");
+ return (lua_tocfunction(L, -1))(L);
+}
+
+
+static int io_close (lua_State *L) {
+ if (lua_isnone(L, 1))
+ lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, IO_OUTPUT);
+ tofile(L); /* make sure argument is a file */
+ return aux_close(L);
+}
+
+
+static int io_gc (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE *f = *tofilep(L);
+ /* ignore closed files */
+ if (f != NULL)
+ aux_close(L);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int io_tostring (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE *f = *tofilep(L);
+ if (f == NULL)
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "file (closed)");
+ else
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "file (%p)", f);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int io_open (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "r");
+ FILE **pf = newfile(L);
+ *pf = fopen(filename, mode);
+ return (*pf == NULL) ? pushresult(L, 0, filename) : 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** this function has a separated environment, which defines the
+** correct __close for 'popen' files
+*/
+static int io_popen (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ const char *mode = luaL_optstring(L, 2, "r");
+ FILE **pf = newfile(L);
+ *pf = lua_popen(L, filename, mode);
+ return (*pf == NULL) ? pushresult(L, 0, filename) : 1;
+}
+
+
+static int io_tmpfile (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE **pf = newfile(L);
+ *pf = tmpfile();
+ return (*pf == NULL) ? pushresult(L, 0, NULL) : 1;
+}
+
+
+static FILE *getiofile (lua_State *L, int findex) {
+ FILE *f;
+ lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, findex);
+ f = *(FILE **)lua_touserdata(L, -1);
+ if (f == NULL)
+ luaL_error(L, "standard %s file is closed", fnames[findex - 1]);
+ return f;
+}
+
+
+static int g_iofile (lua_State *L, int f, const char *mode) {
+ if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) {
+ const char *filename = lua_tostring(L, 1);
+ if (filename) {
+ FILE **pf = newfile(L);
+ *pf = fopen(filename, mode);
+ if (*pf == NULL)
+ fileerror(L, 1, filename);
+ }
+ else {
+ tofile(L); /* check that it's a valid file handle */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
+ }
+ lua_rawseti(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, f);
+ }
+ /* return current value */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, f);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int io_input (lua_State *L) {
+ return g_iofile(L, IO_INPUT, "r");
+}
+
+
+static int io_output (lua_State *L) {
+ return g_iofile(L, IO_OUTPUT, "w");
+}
+
+
+static int io_readline (lua_State *L);
+
+
+static void aux_lines (lua_State *L, int idx, int toclose) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, idx);
+ lua_pushboolean(L, toclose); /* close/not close file when finished */
+ lua_pushcclosure(L, io_readline, 2);
+}
+
+
+static int f_lines (lua_State *L) {
+ tofile(L); /* check that it's a valid file handle */
+ aux_lines(L, 1, 0);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int io_lines (lua_State *L) {
+ if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) { /* no arguments? */
+ /* will iterate over default input */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, IO_INPUT);
+ return f_lines(L);
+ }
+ else {
+ const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ FILE **pf = newfile(L);
+ *pf = fopen(filename, "r");
+ if (*pf == NULL)
+ fileerror(L, 1, filename);
+ aux_lines(L, lua_gettop(L), 1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** READ
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+static int read_number (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
+ lua_Number d;
+ if (fscanf(f, LUA_NUMBER_SCAN, &d) == 1) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, d);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else return 0; /* read fails */
+}
+
+
+static int test_eof (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
+ int c = getc(f);
+ ungetc(c, f);
+ lua_pushlstring(L, NULL, 0);
+ return (c != EOF);
+}
+
+
+static int read_line (lua_State *L, FILE *f) {
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ for (;;) {
+ size_t l;
+ char *p = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);
+ if (fgets(p, LUAL_BUFFERSIZE, f) == NULL) { /* eof? */
+ luaL_pushresult(&b); /* close buffer */
+ return (lua_objlen(L, -1) > 0); /* check whether read something */
+ }
+ l = strlen(p);
+ if (l == 0 || p[l-1] != '\n')
+ luaL_addsize(&b, l);
+ else {
+ luaL_addsize(&b, l - 1); /* do not include `eol' */
+ luaL_pushresult(&b); /* close buffer */
+ return 1; /* read at least an `eol' */
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int read_chars (lua_State *L, FILE *f, size_t n) {
+ size_t rlen; /* how much to read */
+ size_t nr; /* number of chars actually read */
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ rlen = LUAL_BUFFERSIZE; /* try to read that much each time */
+ do {
+ char *p = luaL_prepbuffer(&b);
+ if (rlen > n) rlen = n; /* cannot read more than asked */
+ nr = fread(p, sizeof(char), rlen, f);
+ luaL_addsize(&b, nr);
+ n -= nr; /* still have to read `n' chars */
+ } while (n > 0 && nr == rlen); /* until end of count or eof */
+ luaL_pushresult(&b); /* close buffer */
+ return (n == 0 || lua_objlen(L, -1) > 0);
+}
+
+
+static int g_read (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int first) {
+ int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - 1;
+ int success;
+ int n;
+ clearerr(f);
+ if (nargs == 0) { /* no arguments? */
+ success = read_line(L, f);
+ n = first+1; /* to return 1 result */
+ }
+ else { /* ensure stack space for all results and for auxlib's buffer */
+ luaL_checkstack(L, nargs+LUA_MINSTACK, "too many arguments");
+ success = 1;
+ for (n = first; nargs-- && success; n++) {
+ if (lua_type(L, n) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
+ size_t l = (size_t)lua_tointeger(L, n);
+ success = (l == 0) ? test_eof(L, f) : read_chars(L, f, l);
+ }
+ else {
+ const char *p = lua_tostring(L, n);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, p && p[0] == '*', n, "invalid option");
+ switch (p[1]) {
+ case 'n': /* number */
+ success = read_number(L, f);
+ break;
+ case 'l': /* line */
+ success = read_line(L, f);
+ break;
+ case 'a': /* file */
+ read_chars(L, f, ~((size_t)0)); /* read MAX_SIZE_T chars */
+ success = 1; /* always success */
+ break;
+ default:
+ return luaL_argerror(L, n, "invalid format");
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ if (ferror(f))
+ return pushresult(L, 0, NULL);
+ if (!success) {
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove last result */
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* push nil instead */
+ }
+ return n - first;
+}
+
+
+static int io_read (lua_State *L) {
+ return g_read(L, getiofile(L, IO_INPUT), 1);
+}
+
+
+static int f_read (lua_State *L) {
+ return g_read(L, tofile(L), 2);
+}
+
+
+static int io_readline (lua_State *L) {
+ FILE *f = *(FILE **)lua_touserdata(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
+ int sucess;
+ if (f == NULL) /* file is already closed? */
+ luaL_error(L, "file is already closed");
+ sucess = read_line(L, f);
+ if (ferror(f))
+ return luaL_error(L, "%s", strerror(errno));
+ if (sucess) return 1;
+ else { /* EOF */
+ if (lua_toboolean(L, lua_upvalueindex(2))) { /* generator created file? */
+ lua_settop(L, 0);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, lua_upvalueindex(1));
+ aux_close(L); /* close it */
+ }
+ return 0;
+ }
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+static int g_write (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int arg) {
+ int nargs = lua_gettop(L) - 1;
+ int status = 1;
+ for (; nargs--; arg++) {
+ if (lua_type(L, arg) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
+ /* optimization: could be done exactly as for strings */
+ status = status &&
+ fprintf(f, LUA_NUMBER_FMT, lua_tonumber(L, arg)) > 0;
+ }
+ else {
+ size_t l;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &l);
+ status = status && (fwrite(s, sizeof(char), l, f) == l);
+ }
+ }
+ return pushresult(L, status, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static int io_write (lua_State *L) {
+ return g_write(L, getiofile(L, IO_OUTPUT), 1);
+}
+
+
+static int f_write (lua_State *L) {
+ return g_write(L, tofile(L), 2);
+}
+
+
+static int f_seek (lua_State *L) {
+ static const int mode[] = {SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END};
+ static const char *const modenames[] = {"set", "cur", "end", NULL};
+ FILE *f = tofile(L);
+ int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, "cur", modenames);
+ long offset = luaL_optlong(L, 3, 0);
+ op = fseek(f, offset, mode[op]);
+ if (op)
+ return pushresult(L, 0, NULL); /* error */
+ else {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, ftell(f));
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int f_setvbuf (lua_State *L) {
+ static const int mode[] = {_IONBF, _IOFBF, _IOLBF};
+ static const char *const modenames[] = {"no", "full", "line", NULL};
+ FILE *f = tofile(L);
+ int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, NULL, modenames);
+ lua_Integer sz = luaL_optinteger(L, 3, LUAL_BUFFERSIZE);
+ int res = setvbuf(f, NULL, mode[op], sz);
+ return pushresult(L, res == 0, NULL);
+}
+
+
+
+static int io_flush (lua_State *L) {
+ return pushresult(L, fflush(getiofile(L, IO_OUTPUT)) == 0, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static int f_flush (lua_State *L) {
+ return pushresult(L, fflush(tofile(L)) == 0, NULL);
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg iolib[] = {
+ {"close", io_close},
+ {"flush", io_flush},
+ {"input", io_input},
+ {"lines", io_lines},
+ {"open", io_open},
+ {"output", io_output},
+ {"popen", io_popen},
+ {"read", io_read},
+ {"tmpfile", io_tmpfile},
+ {"type", io_type},
+ {"write", io_write},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg flib[] = {
+ {"close", io_close},
+ {"flush", f_flush},
+ {"lines", f_lines},
+ {"read", f_read},
+ {"seek", f_seek},
+ {"setvbuf", f_setvbuf},
+ {"write", f_write},
+ {"__gc", io_gc},
+ {"__tostring", io_tostring},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+static void createmeta (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_newmetatable(L, LUA_FILEHANDLE); /* create metatable for file handles */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* push metatable */
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index"); /* metatable.__index = metatable */
+ luaL_register(L, NULL, flib); /* file methods */
+}
+
+
+static void createstdfile (lua_State *L, FILE *f, int k, const char *fname) {
+ *newfile(L) = f;
+ if (k > 0) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_rawseti(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, k);
+ }
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* copy environment */
+ lua_setfenv(L, -2); /* set it */
+ lua_setfield(L, -3, fname);
+}
+
+
+static void newfenv (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction cls) {
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 1);
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, cls);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__close");
+}
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_io (lua_State *L) {
+ createmeta(L);
+ /* create (private) environment (with fields IO_INPUT, IO_OUTPUT, __close) */
+ newfenv(L, io_fclose);
+ lua_replace(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX);
+ /* open library */
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_IOLIBNAME, iolib);
+ /* create (and set) default files */
+ newfenv(L, io_noclose); /* close function for default files */
+ createstdfile(L, stdin, IO_INPUT, "stdin");
+ createstdfile(L, stdout, IO_OUTPUT, "stdout");
+ createstdfile(L, stderr, 0, "stderr");
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* pop environment for default files */
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "popen");
+ newfenv(L, io_pclose); /* create environment for 'popen' */
+ lua_setfenv(L, -2); /* set fenv for 'popen' */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* pop 'popen' */
+ return 1;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: llex.c,v 2.20.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Lexical Analyzer
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define llex_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "llex.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lparser.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+
+#define next(ls) (ls->current = zgetc(ls->z))
+
+
+
+
+#define currIsNewline(ls) (ls->current == '\n' || ls->current == '\r')
+
+
+/* ORDER RESERVED */
+const char *const luaX_tokens [] = {
+ "and", "break", "do", "else", "elseif",
+ "end", "false", "for", "function", "if",
+ "in", "local", "nil", "not", "or", "repeat",
+ "return", "then", "true", "until", "while",
+ "..", "...", "==", ">=", "<=", "~=",
+ "<number>", "<name>", "<string>", "<eof>",
+ NULL
+};
+
+
+#define save_and_next(ls) (save(ls, ls->current), next(ls))
+
+
+static void save (LexState *ls, int c) {
+ Mbuffer *b = ls->buff;
+ if (b->n + 1 > b->buffsize) {
+ size_t newsize;
+ if (b->buffsize >= MAX_SIZET/2)
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "lexical element too long", 0);
+ newsize = b->buffsize * 2;
+ luaZ_resizebuffer(ls->L, b, newsize);
+ }
+ b->buffer[b->n++] = cast(char, c);
+}
+
+
+void luaX_init (lua_State *L) {
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<NUM_RESERVED; i++) {
+ TString *ts = luaS_new(L, luaX_tokens[i]);
+ luaS_fix(ts); /* reserved words are never collected */
+ lua_assert(strlen(luaX_tokens[i])+1 <= TOKEN_LEN);
+ ts->tsv.reserved = cast_byte(i+1); /* reserved word */
+ }
+}
+
+
+#define MAXSRC 80
+
+
+const char *luaX_token2str (LexState *ls, int token) {
+ if (token < FIRST_RESERVED) {
+ lua_assert(token == cast(unsigned char, token));
+ return (iscntrl(token)) ? luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "char(%d)", token) :
+ luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%c", token);
+ }
+ else
+ return luaX_tokens[token-FIRST_RESERVED];
+}
+
+
+static const char *txtToken (LexState *ls, int token) {
+ switch (token) {
+ case TK_NAME:
+ case TK_STRING:
+ case TK_NUMBER:
+ save(ls, '\0');
+ return luaZ_buffer(ls->buff);
+ default:
+ return luaX_token2str(ls, token);
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaX_lexerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg, int token) {
+ char buff[MAXSRC];
+ luaO_chunkid(buff, getstr(ls->source), MAXSRC);
+ msg = luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%s:%d: %s", buff, ls->linenumber, msg);
+ if (token)
+ luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, "%s near " LUA_QS, msg, txtToken(ls, token));
+ luaD_throw(ls->L, LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
+}
+
+
+void luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg) {
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, msg, ls->t.token);
+}
+
+
+TString *luaX_newstring (LexState *ls, const char *str, size_t l) {
+ lua_State *L = ls->L;
+ TString *ts = luaS_newlstr(L, str, l);
+ TValue *o = luaH_setstr(L, ls->fs->h, ts); /* entry for `str' */
+ if (ttisnil(o))
+ setbvalue(o, 1); /* make sure `str' will not be collected */
+ return ts;
+}
+
+
+static void inclinenumber (LexState *ls) {
+ int old = ls->current;
+ lua_assert(currIsNewline(ls));
+ next(ls); /* skip `\n' or `\r' */
+ if (currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != old)
+ next(ls); /* skip `\n\r' or `\r\n' */
+ if (++ls->linenumber >= MAX_INT)
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "chunk has too many lines");
+}
+
+
+void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *ls, ZIO *z, TString *source) {
+ ls->decpoint = '.';
+ ls->L = L;
+ ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS; /* no look-ahead token */
+ ls->z = z;
+ ls->fs = NULL;
+ ls->linenumber = 1;
+ ls->lastline = 1;
+ ls->source = source;
+ luaZ_resizebuffer(ls->L, ls->buff, LUA_MINBUFFER); /* initialize buffer */
+ next(ls); /* read first char */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** =======================================================
+** LEXICAL ANALYZER
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+
+static int check_next (LexState *ls, const char *set) {
+ if (!strchr(set, ls->current))
+ return 0;
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void buffreplace (LexState *ls, char from, char to) {
+ size_t n = luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff);
+ char *p = luaZ_buffer(ls->buff);
+ while (n--)
+ if (p[n] == from) p[n] = to;
+}
+
+
+static void trydecpoint (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
+ /* format error: try to update decimal point separator */
+ struct lconv *cv = localeconv();
+ char old = ls->decpoint;
+ ls->decpoint = (cv ? cv->decimal_point[0] : '.');
+ buffreplace(ls, old, ls->decpoint); /* try updated decimal separator */
+ if (!luaO_str2d(luaZ_buffer(ls->buff), &seminfo->r)) {
+ /* format error with correct decimal point: no more options */
+ buffreplace(ls, ls->decpoint, '.'); /* undo change (for error message) */
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "malformed number", TK_NUMBER);
+ }
+}
+
+
+/* LUA_NUMBER */
+static void read_numeral (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
+ lua_assert(isdigit(ls->current));
+ do {
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ } while (isdigit(ls->current) || ls->current == '.');
+ if (check_next(ls, "Ee")) /* `E'? */
+ check_next(ls, "+-"); /* optional exponent sign */
+ while (isalnum(ls->current) || ls->current == '_')
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ save(ls, '\0');
+ buffreplace(ls, '.', ls->decpoint); /* follow locale for decimal point */
+ if (!luaO_str2d(luaZ_buffer(ls->buff), &seminfo->r)) /* format error? */
+ trydecpoint(ls, seminfo); /* try to update decimal point separator */
+}
+
+
+static int skip_sep (LexState *ls) {
+ int count = 0;
+ int s = ls->current;
+ lua_assert(s == '[' || s == ']');
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ while (ls->current == '=') {
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ count++;
+ }
+ return (ls->current == s) ? count : (-count) - 1;
+}
+
+
+static void read_long_string (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo, int sep) {
+ int cont = 0;
+ (void)(cont); /* avoid warnings when `cont' is not used */
+ save_and_next(ls); /* skip 2nd `[' */
+ if (currIsNewline(ls)) /* string starts with a newline? */
+ inclinenumber(ls); /* skip it */
+ for (;;) {
+ switch (ls->current) {
+ case EOZ:
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, (seminfo) ? "unfinished long string" :
+ "unfinished long comment", TK_EOS);
+ break; /* to avoid warnings */
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LSTR)
+ case '[': {
+ if (skip_sep(ls) == sep) {
+ save_and_next(ls); /* skip 2nd `[' */
+ cont++;
+#if LUA_COMPAT_LSTR == 1
+ if (sep == 0)
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "nesting of [[...]] is deprecated", '[');
+#endif
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+#endif
+ case ']': {
+ if (skip_sep(ls) == sep) {
+ save_and_next(ls); /* skip 2nd `]' */
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LSTR) && LUA_COMPAT_LSTR == 2
+ cont--;
+ if (sep == 0 && cont >= 0) break;
+#endif
+ goto endloop;
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ case '\n':
+ case '\r': {
+ save(ls, '\n');
+ inclinenumber(ls);
+ if (!seminfo) luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff); /* avoid wasting space */
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ if (seminfo) save_and_next(ls);
+ else next(ls);
+ }
+ }
+ } endloop:
+ if (seminfo)
+ seminfo->ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff) + (2 + sep),
+ luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff) - 2*(2 + sep));
+}
+
+
+static void read_string (LexState *ls, int del, SemInfo *seminfo) {
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ while (ls->current != del) {
+ switch (ls->current) {
+ case EOZ:
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", TK_EOS);
+ continue; /* to avoid warnings */
+ case '\n':
+ case '\r':
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "unfinished string", TK_STRING);
+ continue; /* to avoid warnings */
+ case '\\': {
+ int c;
+ next(ls); /* do not save the `\' */
+ switch (ls->current) {
+ case 'a': c = '\a'; break;
+ case 'b': c = '\b'; break;
+ case 'f': c = '\f'; break;
+ case 'n': c = '\n'; break;
+ case 'r': c = '\r'; break;
+ case 't': c = '\t'; break;
+ case 'v': c = '\v'; break;
+ case '\n': /* go through */
+ case '\r': save(ls, '\n'); inclinenumber(ls); continue;
+ case EOZ: continue; /* will raise an error next loop */
+ default: {
+ if (!isdigit(ls->current))
+ save_and_next(ls); /* handles \\, \", \', and \? */
+ else { /* \xxx */
+ int i = 0;
+ c = 0;
+ do {
+ c = 10*c + (ls->current-'0');
+ next(ls);
+ } while (++i<3 && isdigit(ls->current));
+ if (c > UCHAR_MAX)
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "escape sequence too large", TK_STRING);
+ save(ls, c);
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ save(ls, c);
+ next(ls);
+ continue;
+ }
+ default:
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ }
+ }
+ save_and_next(ls); /* skip delimiter */
+ seminfo->ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff) + 1,
+ luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff) - 2);
+}
+
+
+static int llex (LexState *ls, SemInfo *seminfo) {
+ luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);
+ for (;;) {
+ switch (ls->current) {
+ case '\n':
+ case '\r': {
+ inclinenumber(ls);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case '-': {
+ next(ls);
+ if (ls->current != '-') return '-';
+ /* else is a comment */
+ next(ls);
+ if (ls->current == '[') {
+ int sep = skip_sep(ls);
+ luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff); /* `skip_sep' may dirty the buffer */
+ if (sep >= 0) {
+ read_long_string(ls, NULL, sep); /* long comment */
+ luaZ_resetbuffer(ls->buff);
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ /* else short comment */
+ while (!currIsNewline(ls) && ls->current != EOZ)
+ next(ls);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case '[': {
+ int sep = skip_sep(ls);
+ if (sep >= 0) {
+ read_long_string(ls, seminfo, sep);
+ return TK_STRING;
+ }
+ else if (sep == -1) return '[';
+ else luaX_lexerror(ls, "invalid long string delimiter", TK_STRING);
+ }
+ case '=': {
+ next(ls);
+ if (ls->current != '=') return '=';
+ else { next(ls); return TK_EQ; }
+ }
+ case '<': {
+ next(ls);
+ if (ls->current != '=') return '<';
+ else { next(ls); return TK_LE; }
+ }
+ case '>': {
+ next(ls);
+ if (ls->current != '=') return '>';
+ else { next(ls); return TK_GE; }
+ }
+ case '~': {
+ next(ls);
+ if (ls->current != '=') return '~';
+ else { next(ls); return TK_NE; }
+ }
+ case '"':
+ case '\'': {
+ read_string(ls, ls->current, seminfo);
+ return TK_STRING;
+ }
+ case '.': {
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ if (check_next(ls, ".")) {
+ if (check_next(ls, "."))
+ return TK_DOTS; /* ... */
+ else return TK_CONCAT; /* .. */
+ }
+ else if (!isdigit(ls->current)) return '.';
+ else {
+ read_numeral(ls, seminfo);
+ return TK_NUMBER;
+ }
+ }
+ case EOZ: {
+ return TK_EOS;
+ }
+ default: {
+ if (isspace(ls->current)) {
+ lua_assert(!currIsNewline(ls));
+ next(ls);
+ continue;
+ }
+ else if (isdigit(ls->current)) {
+ read_numeral(ls, seminfo);
+ return TK_NUMBER;
+ }
+ else if (isalpha(ls->current) || ls->current == '_') {
+ /* identifier or reserved word */
+ TString *ts;
+ do {
+ save_and_next(ls);
+ } while (isalnum(ls->current) || ls->current == '_');
+ ts = luaX_newstring(ls, luaZ_buffer(ls->buff),
+ luaZ_bufflen(ls->buff));
+ if (ts->tsv.reserved > 0) /* reserved word? */
+ return ts->tsv.reserved - 1 + FIRST_RESERVED;
+ else {
+ seminfo->ts = ts;
+ return TK_NAME;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ int c = ls->current;
+ next(ls);
+ return c; /* single-char tokens (+ - / ...) */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+void luaX_next (LexState *ls) {
+ ls->lastline = ls->linenumber;
+ if (ls->lookahead.token != TK_EOS) { /* is there a look-ahead token? */
+ ls->t = ls->lookahead; /* use this one */
+ ls->lookahead.token = TK_EOS; /* and discharge it */
+ }
+ else
+ ls->t.token = llex(ls, &ls->t.seminfo); /* read next token */
+}
+
+
+void luaX_lookahead (LexState *ls) {
+ lua_assert(ls->lookahead.token == TK_EOS);
+ ls->lookahead.token = llex(ls, &ls->lookahead.seminfo);
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: llex.h,v 1.58.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Lexical Analyzer
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef llex_h
+#define llex_h
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+#define FIRST_RESERVED 257
+
+/* maximum length of a reserved word */
+#define TOKEN_LEN (sizeof("function")/sizeof(char))
+
+
+/*
+* WARNING: if you change the order of this enumeration,
+* grep "ORDER RESERVED"
+*/
+enum RESERVED {
+ /* terminal symbols denoted by reserved words */
+ TK_AND = FIRST_RESERVED, TK_BREAK,
+ TK_DO, TK_ELSE, TK_ELSEIF, TK_END, TK_FALSE, TK_FOR, TK_FUNCTION,
+ TK_IF, TK_IN, TK_LOCAL, TK_NIL, TK_NOT, TK_OR, TK_REPEAT,
+ TK_RETURN, TK_THEN, TK_TRUE, TK_UNTIL, TK_WHILE,
+ /* other terminal symbols */
+ TK_CONCAT, TK_DOTS, TK_EQ, TK_GE, TK_LE, TK_NE, TK_NUMBER,
+ TK_NAME, TK_STRING, TK_EOS
+};
+
+/* number of reserved words */
+#define NUM_RESERVED (cast(int, TK_WHILE-FIRST_RESERVED+1))
+
+
+/* array with token `names' */
+LUAI_DATA const char *const luaX_tokens [];
+
+
+typedef union {
+ lua_Number r;
+ TString *ts;
+} SemInfo; /* semantics information */
+
+
+typedef struct Token {
+ int token;
+ SemInfo seminfo;
+} Token;
+
+
+typedef struct LexState {
+ int current; /* current character (charint) */
+ int linenumber; /* input line counter */
+ int lastline; /* line of last token `consumed' */
+ Token t; /* current token */
+ Token lookahead; /* look ahead token */
+ struct FuncState *fs; /* `FuncState' is private to the parser */
+ struct lua_State *L;
+ ZIO *z; /* input stream */
+ Mbuffer *buff; /* buffer for tokens */
+ TString *source; /* current source name */
+ char decpoint; /* locale decimal point */
+} LexState;
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_init (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_setinput (lua_State *L, LexState *ls, ZIO *z,
+ TString *source);
+LUAI_FUNC TString *luaX_newstring (LexState *ls, const char *str, size_t l);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_next (LexState *ls);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_lookahead (LexState *ls);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_lexerror (LexState *ls, const char *msg, int token);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaX_syntaxerror (LexState *ls, const char *s);
+LUAI_FUNC const char *luaX_token2str (LexState *ls, int token);
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: llimits.h,v 1.69.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Limits, basic types, and some other `installation-dependent' definitions
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef llimits_h
+#define llimits_h
+
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+
+typedef LUAI_UINT32 lu_int32;
+
+typedef LUAI_UMEM lu_mem;
+
+typedef LUAI_MEM l_mem;
+
+
+
+/* chars used as small naturals (so that `char' is reserved for characters) */
+typedef unsigned char lu_byte;
+
+
+#define MAX_SIZET ((size_t)(~(size_t)0)-2)
+
+#define MAX_LUMEM ((lu_mem)(~(lu_mem)0)-2)
+
+
+#define MAX_INT (INT_MAX-2) /* maximum value of an int (-2 for safety) */
+
+/*
+** conversion of pointer to integer
+** this is for hashing only; there is no problem if the integer
+** cannot hold the whole pointer value
+*/
+#define IntPoint(p) ((unsigned int)(lu_mem)(p))
+
+
+
+/* type to ensure maximum alignment */
+typedef LUAI_USER_ALIGNMENT_T L_Umaxalign;
+
+
+/* result of a `usual argument conversion' over lua_Number */
+typedef LUAI_UACNUMBER l_uacNumber;
+
+
+/* internal assertions for in-house debugging */
+#ifdef lua_assert
+
+#define check_exp(c,e) (lua_assert(c), (e))
+#define api_check(l,e) lua_assert(e)
+
+#else
+
+#define lua_assert(c) ((void)0)
+#define check_exp(c,e) (e)
+#define api_check luai_apicheck
+
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef UNUSED
+#define UNUSED(x) ((void)(x)) /* to avoid warnings */
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef cast
+#define cast(t, exp) ((t)(exp))
+#endif
+
+#define cast_byte(i) cast(lu_byte, (i))
+#define cast_num(i) cast(lua_Number, (i))
+#define cast_int(i) cast(int, (i))
+
+
+
+/*
+** type for virtual-machine instructions
+** must be an unsigned with (at least) 4 bytes (see details in lopcodes.h)
+*/
+typedef lu_int32 Instruction;
+
+
+
+/* maximum stack for a Lua function */
+#define MAXSTACK 250
+
+
+
+/* minimum size for the string table (must be power of 2) */
+#ifndef MINSTRTABSIZE
+#define MINSTRTABSIZE 32
+#endif
+
+
+/* minimum size for string buffer */
+#ifndef LUA_MINBUFFER
+#define LUA_MINBUFFER 32
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef lua_lock
+#define lua_lock(L) ((void) 0)
+#define lua_unlock(L) ((void) 0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef luai_threadyield
+#define luai_threadyield(L) {lua_unlock(L); lua_lock(L);}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** macro to control inclusion of some hard tests on stack reallocation
+*/
+#ifndef HARDSTACKTESTS
+#define condhardstacktests(x) ((void)0)
+#else
+#define condhardstacktests(x) x
+#endif
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lmathlib.c,v 1.67.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Standard mathematical library
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#define lmathlib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+#undef PI
+#define PI (3.14159265358979323846)
+#define RADIANS_PER_DEGREE (PI/180.0)
+
+
+
+static int math_abs (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, fabs(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_sin (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, sin(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_sinh (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, sinh(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_cos (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, cos(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_cosh (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, cosh(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_tan (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, tan(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_tanh (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, tanh(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_asin (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, asin(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_acos (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, acos(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_atan (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, atan(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_atan2 (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, atan2(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), luaL_checknumber(L, 2)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_ceil (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, ceil(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_floor (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, floor(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_fmod (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, fmod(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), luaL_checknumber(L, 2)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_modf (lua_State *L) {
+ double ip;
+ double fp = modf(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), &ip);
+ lua_pushnumber(L, ip);
+ lua_pushnumber(L, fp);
+ return 2;
+}
+
+static int math_sqrt (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, sqrt(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_pow (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, pow(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), luaL_checknumber(L, 2)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_log (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, log(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_log10 (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, log10(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_exp (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, exp(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_deg (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checknumber(L, 1)/RADIANS_PER_DEGREE);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_rad (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, luaL_checknumber(L, 1)*RADIANS_PER_DEGREE);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int math_frexp (lua_State *L) {
+ int e;
+ lua_pushnumber(L, frexp(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), &e));
+ lua_pushinteger(L, e);
+ return 2;
+}
+
+static int math_ldexp (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, ldexp(luaL_checknumber(L, 1), luaL_checkint(L, 2)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+static int math_min (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */
+ lua_Number dmin = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
+ int i;
+ for (i=2; i<=n; i++) {
+ lua_Number d = luaL_checknumber(L, i);
+ if (d < dmin)
+ dmin = d;
+ }
+ lua_pushnumber(L, dmin);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int math_max (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */
+ lua_Number dmax = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
+ int i;
+ for (i=2; i<=n; i++) {
+ lua_Number d = luaL_checknumber(L, i);
+ if (d > dmax)
+ dmax = d;
+ }
+ lua_pushnumber(L, dmax);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int math_random (lua_State *L) {
+ /* the `%' avoids the (rare) case of r==1, and is needed also because on
+ some systems (SunOS!) `rand()' may return a value larger than RAND_MAX */
+ lua_Number r = (lua_Number)(rand()%RAND_MAX) / (lua_Number)RAND_MAX;
+ switch (lua_gettop(L)) { /* check number of arguments */
+ case 0: { /* no arguments */
+ lua_pushnumber(L, r); /* Number between 0 and 1 */
+ break;
+ }
+ case 1: { /* only upper limit */
+ int u = luaL_checkint(L, 1);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, 1<=u, 1, "interval is empty");
+ lua_pushnumber(L, floor(r*u)+1); /* int between 1 and `u' */
+ break;
+ }
+ case 2: { /* lower and upper limits */
+ int l = luaL_checkint(L, 1);
+ int u = luaL_checkint(L, 2);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, l<=u, 2, "interval is empty");
+ lua_pushnumber(L, floor(r*(u-l+1))+l); /* int between `l' and `u' */
+ break;
+ }
+ default: return luaL_error(L, "wrong number of arguments");
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int math_randomseed (lua_State *L) {
+ srand(luaL_checkint(L, 1));
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg mathlib[] = {
+ {"abs", math_abs},
+ {"acos", math_acos},
+ {"asin", math_asin},
+ {"atan2", math_atan2},
+ {"atan", math_atan},
+ {"ceil", math_ceil},
+ {"cosh", math_cosh},
+ {"cos", math_cos},
+ {"deg", math_deg},
+ {"exp", math_exp},
+ {"floor", math_floor},
+ {"fmod", math_fmod},
+ {"frexp", math_frexp},
+ {"ldexp", math_ldexp},
+ {"log10", math_log10},
+ {"log", math_log},
+ {"max", math_max},
+ {"min", math_min},
+ {"modf", math_modf},
+ {"pow", math_pow},
+ {"rad", math_rad},
+ {"random", math_random},
+ {"randomseed", math_randomseed},
+ {"sinh", math_sinh},
+ {"sin", math_sin},
+ {"sqrt", math_sqrt},
+ {"tanh", math_tanh},
+ {"tan", math_tan},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Open math library
+*/
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_math (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_MATHLIBNAME, mathlib);
+ lua_pushnumber(L, PI);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "pi");
+ lua_pushnumber(L, HUGE_VAL);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "huge");
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_MOD)
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "fmod");
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "mod");
+#endif
+ return 1;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lmem.c,v 1.70.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Interface to Memory Manager
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define lmem_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+
+
+
+/*
+** About the realloc function:
+** void * frealloc (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize);
+** (`osize' is the old size, `nsize' is the new size)
+**
+** Lua ensures that (ptr == NULL) iff (osize == 0).
+**
+** * frealloc(ud, NULL, 0, x) creates a new block of size `x'
+**
+** * frealloc(ud, p, x, 0) frees the block `p'
+** (in this specific case, frealloc must return NULL).
+** particularly, frealloc(ud, NULL, 0, 0) does nothing
+** (which is equivalent to free(NULL) in ANSI C)
+**
+** frealloc returns NULL if it cannot create or reallocate the area
+** (any reallocation to an equal or smaller size cannot fail!)
+*/
+
+
+
+#define MINSIZEARRAY 4
+
+
+void *luaM_growaux_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size, size_t size_elems,
+ int limit, const char *errormsg) {
+ void *newblock;
+ int newsize;
+ if (*size >= limit/2) { /* cannot double it? */
+ if (*size >= limit) /* cannot grow even a little? */
+ luaG_runerror(L, errormsg);
+ newsize = limit; /* still have at least one free place */
+ }
+ else {
+ newsize = (*size)*2;
+ if (newsize < MINSIZEARRAY)
+ newsize = MINSIZEARRAY; /* minimum size */
+ }
+ newblock = luaM_reallocv(L, block, *size, newsize, size_elems);
+ *size = newsize; /* update only when everything else is OK */
+ return newblock;
+}
+
+
+void *luaM_toobig (lua_State *L) {
+ luaG_runerror(L, "memory allocation error: block too big");
+ return NULL; /* to avoid warnings */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** generic allocation routine.
+*/
+void *luaM_realloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t osize, size_t nsize) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ lua_assert((osize == 0) == (block == NULL));
+ block = (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, block, osize, nsize);
+ if (block == NULL && nsize > 0)
+ luaD_throw(L, LUA_ERRMEM);
+ lua_assert((nsize == 0) == (block == NULL));
+ g->totalbytes = (g->totalbytes - osize) + nsize;
+ return block;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lmem.h,v 1.31.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Interface to Memory Manager
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lmem_h
+#define lmem_h
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include "llimits.h"
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#define MEMERRMSG "not enough memory"
+
+
+#define luaM_reallocv(L,b,on,n,e) \
+ ((cast(size_t, (n)+1) <= MAX_SIZET/(e)) ? /* +1 to avoid warnings */ \
+ luaM_realloc_(L, (b), (on)*(e), (n)*(e)) : \
+ luaM_toobig(L))
+
+#define luaM_freemem(L, b, s) luaM_realloc_(L, (b), (s), 0)
+#define luaM_free(L, b) luaM_realloc_(L, (b), sizeof(*(b)), 0)
+#define luaM_freearray(L, b, n, t) luaM_reallocv(L, (b), n, 0, sizeof(t))
+
+#define luaM_malloc(L,t) luaM_realloc_(L, NULL, 0, (t))
+#define luaM_new(L,t) cast(t *, luaM_malloc(L, sizeof(t)))
+#define luaM_newvector(L,n,t) \
+ cast(t *, luaM_reallocv(L, NULL, 0, n, sizeof(t)))
+
+#define luaM_growvector(L,v,nelems,size,t,limit,e) \
+ if ((nelems)+1 > (size)) \
+ ((v)=cast(t *, luaM_growaux_(L,v,&(size),sizeof(t),limit,e)))
+
+#define luaM_reallocvector(L, v,oldn,n,t) \
+ ((v)=cast(t *, luaM_reallocv(L, v, oldn, n, sizeof(t))))
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_realloc_ (lua_State *L, void *block, size_t oldsize,
+ size_t size);
+LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_toobig (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void *luaM_growaux_ (lua_State *L, void *block, int *size,
+ size_t size_elem, int limit,
+ const char *errormsg);
+
+#endif
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: loadlib.c,v 1.52.1.3 2008/08/06 13:29:28 roberto Exp $
+** Dynamic library loader for Lua
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+**
+** This module contains an implementation of loadlib for Unix systems
+** that have dlfcn, an implementation for Darwin (Mac OS X), an
+** implementation for Windows, and a stub for other systems.
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+
+#define loadlib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+/* prefix for open functions in C libraries */
+#define LUA_POF "luaopen_"
+
+/* separator for open functions in C libraries */
+#define LUA_OFSEP "_"
+
+
+#define LIBPREFIX "LOADLIB: "
+
+#define POF LUA_POF
+#define LIB_FAIL "open"
+
+
+/* error codes for ll_loadfunc */
+#define ERRLIB 1
+#define ERRFUNC 2
+
+#define setprogdir(L) ((void)0)
+
+
+static void ll_unloadlib (void *lib);
+static void *ll_load (lua_State *L, const char *path);
+static lua_CFunction ll_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym);
+
+
+
+#if defined(LUA_DL_DLOPEN)
+/*
+** {========================================================================
+** This is an implementation of loadlib based on the dlfcn interface.
+** The dlfcn interface is available in Linux, SunOS, Solaris, IRIX, FreeBSD,
+** NetBSD, AIX 4.2, HPUX 11, and probably most other Unix flavors, at least
+** as an emulation layer on top of native functions.
+** =========================================================================
+*/
+
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+
+static void ll_unloadlib (void *lib) {
+ dlclose(lib);
+}
+
+
+static void *ll_load (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
+ void *lib = dlopen(path, RTLD_NOW);
+ if (lib == NULL) lua_pushstring(L, dlerror());
+ return lib;
+}
+
+
+static lua_CFunction ll_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
+ lua_CFunction f = (lua_CFunction)dlsym(lib, sym);
+ if (f == NULL) lua_pushstring(L, dlerror());
+ return f;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+#elif defined(LUA_DL_DLL)
+/*
+** {======================================================================
+** This is an implementation of loadlib for Windows using native functions.
+** =======================================================================
+*/
+
+#include <windows.h>
+
+
+#undef setprogdir
+
+static void setprogdir (lua_State *L) {
+ char buff[MAX_PATH + 1];
+ char *lb;
+ DWORD nsize = sizeof(buff)/sizeof(char);
+ DWORD n = GetModuleFileNameA(NULL, buff, nsize);
+ if (n == 0 || n == nsize || (lb = strrchr(buff, '\\')) == NULL)
+ luaL_error(L, "unable to get ModuleFileName");
+ else {
+ *lb = '\0';
+ luaL_gsub(L, lua_tostring(L, -1), LUA_EXECDIR, buff);
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove original string */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void pusherror (lua_State *L) {
+ int error = GetLastError();
+ char buffer[128];
+ if (FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
+ NULL, error, 0, buffer, sizeof(buffer), NULL))
+ lua_pushstring(L, buffer);
+ else
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "system error %d\n", error);
+}
+
+static void ll_unloadlib (void *lib) {
+ FreeLibrary((HINSTANCE)lib);
+}
+
+
+static void *ll_load (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
+ HINSTANCE lib = LoadLibraryA(path);
+ if (lib == NULL) pusherror(L);
+ return lib;
+}
+
+
+static lua_CFunction ll_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
+ lua_CFunction f = (lua_CFunction)GetProcAddress((HINSTANCE)lib, sym);
+ if (f == NULL) pusherror(L);
+ return f;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+#elif defined(LUA_DL_DYLD)
+/*
+** {======================================================================
+** Native Mac OS X / Darwin Implementation
+** =======================================================================
+*/
+
+#include <mach-o/dyld.h>
+
+
+/* Mac appends a `_' before C function names */
+#undef POF
+#define POF "_" LUA_POF
+
+
+static void pusherror (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *err_str;
+ const char *err_file;
+ NSLinkEditErrors err;
+ int err_num;
+ NSLinkEditError(&err, &err_num, &err_file, &err_str);
+ lua_pushstring(L, err_str);
+}
+
+
+static const char *errorfromcode (NSObjectFileImageReturnCode ret) {
+ switch (ret) {
+ case NSObjectFileImageInappropriateFile:
+ return "file is not a bundle";
+ case NSObjectFileImageArch:
+ return "library is for wrong CPU type";
+ case NSObjectFileImageFormat:
+ return "bad format";
+ case NSObjectFileImageAccess:
+ return "cannot access file";
+ case NSObjectFileImageFailure:
+ default:
+ return "unable to load library";
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void ll_unloadlib (void *lib) {
+ NSUnLinkModule((NSModule)lib, NSUNLINKMODULE_OPTION_RESET_LAZY_REFERENCES);
+}
+
+
+static void *ll_load (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
+ NSObjectFileImage img;
+ NSObjectFileImageReturnCode ret;
+ /* this would be a rare case, but prevents crashing if it happens */
+ if(!_dyld_present()) {
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "dyld not present");
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ ret = NSCreateObjectFileImageFromFile(path, &img);
+ if (ret == NSObjectFileImageSuccess) {
+ NSModule mod = NSLinkModule(img, path, NSLINKMODULE_OPTION_PRIVATE |
+ NSLINKMODULE_OPTION_RETURN_ON_ERROR);
+ NSDestroyObjectFileImage(img);
+ if (mod == NULL) pusherror(L);
+ return mod;
+ }
+ lua_pushstring(L, errorfromcode(ret));
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static lua_CFunction ll_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
+ NSSymbol nss = NSLookupSymbolInModule((NSModule)lib, sym);
+ if (nss == NULL) {
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "symbol " LUA_QS " not found", sym);
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ return (lua_CFunction)NSAddressOfSymbol(nss);
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+#else
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Fallback for other systems
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+#undef LIB_FAIL
+#define LIB_FAIL "absent"
+
+
+#define DLMSG "dynamic libraries not enabled; check your Lua installation"
+
+
+static void ll_unloadlib (void *lib) {
+ (void)lib; /* to avoid warnings */
+}
+
+
+static void *ll_load (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
+ (void)path; /* to avoid warnings */
+ lua_pushliteral(L, DLMSG);
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static lua_CFunction ll_sym (lua_State *L, void *lib, const char *sym) {
+ (void)lib; (void)sym; /* to avoid warnings */
+ lua_pushliteral(L, DLMSG);
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+#endif
+
+
+
+static void **ll_register (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
+ void **plib;
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s%s", LIBPREFIX, path);
+ lua_gettable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX); /* check library in registry? */
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) /* is there an entry? */
+ plib = (void **)lua_touserdata(L, -1);
+ else { /* no entry yet; create one */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ plib = (void **)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(const void *));
+ *plib = NULL;
+ luaL_getmetatable(L, "_LOADLIB");
+ lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s%s", LIBPREFIX, path);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ lua_settable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX);
+ }
+ return plib;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** __gc tag method: calls library's `ll_unloadlib' function with the lib
+** handle
+*/
+static int gctm (lua_State *L) {
+ void **lib = (void **)luaL_checkudata(L, 1, "_LOADLIB");
+ if (*lib) ll_unloadlib(*lib);
+ *lib = NULL; /* mark library as closed */
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int ll_loadfunc (lua_State *L, const char *path, const char *sym) {
+ void **reg = ll_register(L, path);
+ if (*reg == NULL) *reg = ll_load(L, path);
+ if (*reg == NULL)
+ return ERRLIB; /* unable to load library */
+ else {
+ lua_CFunction f = ll_sym(L, *reg, sym);
+ if (f == NULL)
+ return ERRFUNC; /* unable to find function */
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, f);
+ return 0; /* return function */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int ll_loadlib (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *path = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ const char *init = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+ int stat = ll_loadfunc(L, path, init);
+ if (stat == 0) /* no errors? */
+ return 1; /* return the loaded function */
+ else { /* error; error message is on stack top */
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ lua_insert(L, -2);
+ lua_pushstring(L, (stat == ERRLIB) ? LIB_FAIL : "init");
+ return 3; /* return nil, error message, and where */
+ }
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** 'require' function
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+static int readable (const char *filename) {
+ FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r"); /* try to open file */
+ if (f == NULL) return 0; /* open failed */
+ fclose(f);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const char *pushnexttemplate (lua_State *L, const char *path) {
+ const char *l;
+ while (*path == *LUA_PATHSEP) path++; /* skip separators */
+ if (*path == '\0') return NULL; /* no more templates */
+ l = strchr(path, *LUA_PATHSEP); /* find next separator */
+ if (l == NULL) l = path + strlen(path);
+ lua_pushlstring(L, path, l - path); /* template */
+ return l;
+}
+
+
+static const char *findfile (lua_State *L, const char *name,
+ const char *pname) {
+ const char *path;
+ name = luaL_gsub(L, name, ".", LUA_DIRSEP);
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, pname);
+ path = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+ if (path == NULL)
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("package.%s") " must be a string", pname);
+ lua_pushliteral(L, ""); /* error accumulator */
+ while ((path = pushnexttemplate(L, path)) != NULL) {
+ const char *filename;
+ filename = luaL_gsub(L, lua_tostring(L, -1), LUA_PATH_MARK, name);
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove path template */
+ if (readable(filename)) /* does file exist and is readable? */
+ return filename; /* return that file name */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "\n\tno file " LUA_QS, filename);
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove file name */
+ lua_concat(L, 2); /* add entry to possible error message */
+ }
+ return NULL; /* not found */
+}
+
+
+static void loaderror (lua_State *L, const char *filename) {
+ luaL_error(L, "error loading module " LUA_QS " from file " LUA_QS ":\n\t%s",
+ lua_tostring(L, 1), filename, lua_tostring(L, -1));
+}
+
+
+static int loader_Lua (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *filename;
+ const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ filename = findfile(L, name, "path");
+ if (filename == NULL) return 1; /* library not found in this path */
+ if (luaL_loadfile(L, filename) != 0)
+ loaderror(L, filename);
+ return 1; /* library loaded successfully */
+}
+
+
+static const char *mkfuncname (lua_State *L, const char *modname) {
+ const char *funcname;
+ const char *mark = strchr(modname, *LUA_IGMARK);
+ if (mark) modname = mark + 1;
+ funcname = luaL_gsub(L, modname, ".", LUA_OFSEP);
+ funcname = lua_pushfstring(L, POF"%s", funcname);
+ lua_remove(L, -2); /* remove 'gsub' result */
+ return funcname;
+}
+
+
+static int loader_C (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *funcname;
+ const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ const char *filename = findfile(L, name, "cpath");
+ if (filename == NULL) return 1; /* library not found in this path */
+ funcname = mkfuncname(L, name);
+ if (ll_loadfunc(L, filename, funcname) != 0)
+ loaderror(L, filename);
+ return 1; /* library loaded successfully */
+}
+
+
+static int loader_Croot (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *funcname;
+ const char *filename;
+ const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ const char *p = strchr(name, '.');
+ int stat;
+ if (p == NULL) return 0; /* is root */
+ lua_pushlstring(L, name, p - name);
+ filename = findfile(L, lua_tostring(L, -1), "cpath");
+ if (filename == NULL) return 1; /* root not found */
+ funcname = mkfuncname(L, name);
+ if ((stat = ll_loadfunc(L, filename, funcname)) != 0) {
+ if (stat != ERRFUNC) loaderror(L, filename); /* real error */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "\n\tno module " LUA_QS " in file " LUA_QS,
+ name, filename);
+ return 1; /* function not found */
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int loader_preload (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, "preload");
+ if (!lua_istable(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("package.preload") " must be a table");
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, name);
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1)) /* not found? */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "\n\tno field package.preload['%s']", name);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const int sentinel_ = 0;
+#define sentinel ((void *)&sentinel_)
+
+
+static int ll_require (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *name = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ int i;
+ lua_settop(L, 1); /* _LOADED table will be at index 2 */
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED");
+ lua_getfield(L, 2, name);
+ if (lua_toboolean(L, -1)) { /* is it there? */
+ if (lua_touserdata(L, -1) == sentinel) /* check loops */
+ luaL_error(L, "loop or previous error loading module " LUA_QS, name);
+ return 1; /* package is already loaded */
+ }
+ /* else must load it; iterate over available loaders */
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX, "loaders");
+ if (!lua_istable(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("package.loaders") " must be a table");
+ lua_pushliteral(L, ""); /* error message accumulator */
+ for (i=1; ; i++) {
+ lua_rawgeti(L, -2, i); /* get a loader */
+ if (lua_isnil(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, "module " LUA_QS " not found:%s",
+ name, lua_tostring(L, -2));
+ lua_pushstring(L, name);
+ lua_call(L, 1, 1); /* call it */
+ if (lua_isfunction(L, -1)) /* did it find module? */
+ break; /* module loaded successfully */
+ else if (lua_isstring(L, -1)) /* loader returned error message? */
+ lua_concat(L, 2); /* accumulate it */
+ else
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ }
+ lua_pushlightuserdata(L, sentinel);
+ lua_setfield(L, 2, name); /* _LOADED[name] = sentinel */
+ lua_pushstring(L, name); /* pass name as argument to module */
+ lua_call(L, 1, 1); /* run loaded module */
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) /* non-nil return? */
+ lua_setfield(L, 2, name); /* _LOADED[name] = returned value */
+ lua_getfield(L, 2, name);
+ if (lua_touserdata(L, -1) == sentinel) { /* module did not set a value? */
+ lua_pushboolean(L, 1); /* use true as result */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1); /* extra copy to be returned */
+ lua_setfield(L, 2, name); /* _LOADED[name] = true */
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** 'module' function
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+static void setfenv (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_Debug ar;
+ if (lua_getstack(L, 1, &ar) == 0 ||
+ lua_getinfo(L, "f", &ar) == 0 || /* get calling function */
+ lua_iscfunction(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("module") " not called from a Lua function");
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ lua_setfenv(L, -2);
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+}
+
+
+static void dooptions (lua_State *L, int n) {
+ int i;
+ for (i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, i); /* get option (a function) */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* module */
+ lua_call(L, 1, 0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void modinit (lua_State *L, const char *modname) {
+ const char *dot;
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "_M"); /* module._M = module */
+ lua_pushstring(L, modname);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "_NAME");
+ dot = strrchr(modname, '.'); /* look for last dot in module name */
+ if (dot == NULL) dot = modname;
+ else dot++;
+ /* set _PACKAGE as package name (full module name minus last part) */
+ lua_pushlstring(L, modname, dot - modname);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "_PACKAGE");
+}
+
+
+static int ll_module (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *modname = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ int loaded = lua_gettop(L) + 1; /* index of _LOADED table */
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED");
+ lua_getfield(L, loaded, modname); /* get _LOADED[modname] */
+ if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) { /* not found? */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove previous result */
+ /* try global variable (and create one if it does not exist) */
+ if (luaL_findtable(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, modname, 1) != NULL)
+ return luaL_error(L, "name conflict for module " LUA_QS, modname);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_setfield(L, loaded, modname); /* _LOADED[modname] = new table */
+ }
+ /* check whether table already has a _NAME field */
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "_NAME");
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, -1)) /* is table an initialized module? */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ else { /* no; initialize it */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ modinit(L, modname);
+ }
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ setfenv(L);
+ dooptions(L, loaded - 1);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int ll_seeall (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ if (!lua_getmetatable(L, 1)) {
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 1); /* create new metatable */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_setmetatable(L, 1);
+ }
+ lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index"); /* mt.__index = _G */
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+/* auxiliary mark (for internal use) */
+#define AUXMARK "\1"
+
+static void setpath (lua_State *L, const char *fieldname, const char *envname,
+ const char *def) {
+ const char *path = getenv(envname);
+ if (path == NULL) /* no environment variable? */
+ lua_pushstring(L, def); /* use default */
+ else {
+ /* replace ";;" by ";AUXMARK;" and then AUXMARK by default path */
+ path = luaL_gsub(L, path, LUA_PATHSEP LUA_PATHSEP,
+ LUA_PATHSEP AUXMARK LUA_PATHSEP);
+ luaL_gsub(L, path, AUXMARK, def);
+ lua_remove(L, -2);
+ }
+ setprogdir(L);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, fieldname);
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg pk_funcs[] = {
+ {"loadlib", ll_loadlib},
+ {"seeall", ll_seeall},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg ll_funcs[] = {
+ {"module", ll_module},
+ {"require", ll_require},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+static const lua_CFunction loaders[] =
+ {loader_preload, loader_Lua, loader_C, loader_Croot, NULL};
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_package (lua_State *L) {
+ int i;
+ /* create new type _LOADLIB */
+ luaL_newmetatable(L, "_LOADLIB");
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, gctm);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__gc");
+ /* create `package' table */
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_LOADLIBNAME, pk_funcs);
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_LOADLIB)
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "loadlib");
+ lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "loadlib");
+#endif
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_replace(L, LUA_ENVIRONINDEX);
+ /* create `loaders' table */
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, sizeof(loaders)/sizeof(loaders[0]) - 1);
+ /* fill it with pre-defined loaders */
+ for (i=0; loaders[i] != NULL; i++) {
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, loaders[i]);
+ lua_rawseti(L, -2, i+1);
+ }
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "loaders"); /* put it in field `loaders' */
+ setpath(L, "path", LUA_PATH, LUA_PATH_DEFAULT); /* set field `path' */
+ setpath(L, "cpath", LUA_CPATH, LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT); /* set field `cpath' */
+ /* store config information */
+ lua_pushliteral(L, LUA_DIRSEP "\n" LUA_PATHSEP "\n" LUA_PATH_MARK "\n"
+ LUA_EXECDIR "\n" LUA_IGMARK);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "config");
+ /* set field `loaded' */
+ luaL_findtable(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX, "_LOADED", 2);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "loaded");
+ /* set field `preload' */
+ lua_newtable(L);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "preload");
+ lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX);
+ luaL_register(L, NULL, ll_funcs); /* open lib into global table */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ return 1; /* return 'package' table */
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lobject.c,v 2.22.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Some generic functions over Lua objects
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lobject_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "lvm.h"
+
+
+
+const TValue luaO_nilobject_ = {{NULL}, LUA_TNIL};
+
+
+/*
+** converts an integer to a "floating point byte", represented as
+** (eeeeexxx), where the real value is (1xxx) * 2^(eeeee - 1) if
+** eeeee != 0 and (xxx) otherwise.
+*/
+int luaO_int2fb (unsigned int x) {
+ int e = 0; /* expoent */
+ while (x >= 16) {
+ x = (x+1) >> 1;
+ e++;
+ }
+ if (x < 8) return x;
+ else return ((e+1) << 3) | (cast_int(x) - 8);
+}
+
+
+/* converts back */
+int luaO_fb2int (int x) {
+ int e = (x >> 3) & 31;
+ if (e == 0) return x;
+ else return ((x & 7)+8) << (e - 1);
+}
+
+
+int luaO_log2 (unsigned int x) {
+ static const lu_byte log_2[256] = {
+ 0,1,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
+ 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
+ 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
+ 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
+ 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+ 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+ 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+ 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8
+ };
+ int l = -1;
+ while (x >= 256) { l += 8; x >>= 8; }
+ return l + log_2[x];
+
+}
+
+
+int luaO_rawequalObj (const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2) {
+ if (ttype(t1) != ttype(t2)) return 0;
+ else switch (ttype(t1)) {
+ case LUA_TNIL:
+ return 1;
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ return luai_numeq(nvalue(t1), nvalue(t2));
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
+ return bvalue(t1) == bvalue(t2); /* boolean true must be 1 !! */
+ case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA:
+ return pvalue(t1) == pvalue(t2);
+ default:
+ lua_assert(iscollectable(t1));
+ return gcvalue(t1) == gcvalue(t2);
+ }
+}
+
+
+int luaO_str2d (const char *s, lua_Number *result) {
+ char *endptr;
+ *result = lua_str2number(s, &endptr);
+ if (endptr == s) return 0; /* conversion failed */
+ if (*endptr == 'x' || *endptr == 'X') /* maybe an hexadecimal constant? */
+ *result = cast_num(strtoul(s, &endptr, 16));
+ if (*endptr == '\0') return 1; /* most common case */
+ while (isspace(cast(unsigned char, *endptr))) endptr++;
+ if (*endptr != '\0') return 0; /* invalid trailing characters? */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+static void pushstr (lua_State *L, const char *str) {
+ setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_new(L, str));
+ incr_top(L);
+}
+
+
+/* this function handles only `%d', `%c', %f, %p, and `%s' formats */
+const char *luaO_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, va_list argp) {
+ int n = 1;
+ pushstr(L, "");
+ for (;;) {
+ const char *e = strchr(fmt, '%');
+ if (e == NULL) break;
+ setsvalue2s(L, L->top, luaS_newlstr(L, fmt, e-fmt));
+ incr_top(L);
+ switch (*(e+1)) {
+ case 's': {
+ const char *s = va_arg(argp, char *);
+ if (s == NULL) s = "(null)";
+ pushstr(L, s);
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'c': {
+ char buff[2];
+ buff[0] = cast(char, va_arg(argp, int));
+ buff[1] = '\0';
+ pushstr(L, buff);
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'd': {
+ setnvalue(L->top, cast_num(va_arg(argp, int)));
+ incr_top(L);
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'f': {
+ setnvalue(L->top, cast_num(va_arg(argp, l_uacNumber)));
+ incr_top(L);
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'p': {
+ char buff[4*sizeof(void *) + 8]; /* should be enough space for a `%p' */
+ sprintf(buff, "%p", va_arg(argp, void *));
+ pushstr(L, buff);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '%': {
+ pushstr(L, "%");
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ char buff[3];
+ buff[0] = '%';
+ buff[1] = *(e+1);
+ buff[2] = '\0';
+ pushstr(L, buff);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ n += 2;
+ fmt = e+2;
+ }
+ pushstr(L, fmt);
+ luaV_concat(L, n+1, cast_int(L->top - L->base) - 1);
+ L->top -= n;
+ return svalue(L->top - 1);
+}
+
+
+const char *luaO_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...) {
+ const char *msg;
+ va_list argp;
+ va_start(argp, fmt);
+ msg = luaO_pushvfstring(L, fmt, argp);
+ va_end(argp);
+ return msg;
+}
+
+
+void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, size_t bufflen) {
+ if (*source == '=') {
+ strncpy(out, source+1, bufflen); /* remove first char */
+ out[bufflen-1] = '\0'; /* ensures null termination */
+ }
+ else { /* out = "source", or "...source" */
+ if (*source == '@') {
+ size_t l;
+ source++; /* skip the `@' */
+ bufflen -= sizeof(" '...' ");
+ l = strlen(source);
+ strcpy(out, "");
+ if (l > bufflen) {
+ source += (l-bufflen); /* get last part of file name */
+ strcat(out, "...");
+ }
+ strcat(out, source);
+ }
+ else { /* out = [string "string"] */
+ size_t len = strcspn(source, "\n\r"); /* stop at first newline */
+ bufflen -= sizeof(" [string \"...\"] ");
+ if (len > bufflen) len = bufflen;
+ strcpy(out, "[string \"");
+ if (source[len] != '\0') { /* must truncate? */
+ strncat(out, source, len);
+ strcat(out, "...");
+ }
+ else
+ strcat(out, source);
+ strcat(out, "\"]");
+ }
+ }
+}
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lobject.h,v 2.20.1.2 2008/08/06 13:29:48 roberto Exp $
+** Type definitions for Lua objects
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef lobject_h
+#define lobject_h
+
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+
+#include "llimits.h"
+#include "lua.h"
+
+
+/* tags for values visible from Lua */
+#define LAST_TAG LUA_TTHREAD
+
+#define NUM_TAGS (LAST_TAG+1)
+
+
+/*
+** Extra tags for non-values
+*/
+#define LUA_TPROTO (LAST_TAG+1)
+#define LUA_TUPVAL (LAST_TAG+2)
+#define LUA_TDEADKEY (LAST_TAG+3)
+
+
+/*
+** Union of all collectable objects
+*/
+typedef union GCObject GCObject;
+
+
+/*
+** Common Header for all collectable objects (in macro form, to be
+** included in other objects)
+*/
+#define CommonHeader GCObject *next; lu_byte tt; lu_byte marked
+
+
+/*
+** Common header in struct form
+*/
+typedef struct GCheader {
+ CommonHeader;
+} GCheader;
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** Union of all Lua values
+*/
+typedef union {
+ GCObject *gc;
+ void *p;
+ lua_Number n;
+ int b;
+} Value;
+
+
+/*
+** Tagged Values
+*/
+
+#define TValuefields Value value; int tt
+
+typedef struct lua_TValue {
+ TValuefields;
+} TValue;
+
+
+/* Macros to test type */
+#define ttisnil(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TNIL)
+#define ttisnumber(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TNUMBER)
+#define ttisstring(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TSTRING)
+#define ttistable(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TTABLE)
+#define ttisfunction(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TFUNCTION)
+#define ttisboolean(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TBOOLEAN)
+#define ttisuserdata(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TUSERDATA)
+#define ttisthread(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TTHREAD)
+#define ttislightuserdata(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA)
+
+/* Macros to access values */
+#define ttype(o) ((o)->tt)
+#define gcvalue(o) check_exp(iscollectable(o), (o)->value.gc)
+#define pvalue(o) check_exp(ttislightuserdata(o), (o)->value.p)
+#define nvalue(o) check_exp(ttisnumber(o), (o)->value.n)
+#define rawtsvalue(o) check_exp(ttisstring(o), &(o)->value.gc->ts)
+#define tsvalue(o) (&rawtsvalue(o)->tsv)
+#define rawuvalue(o) check_exp(ttisuserdata(o), &(o)->value.gc->u)
+#define uvalue(o) (&rawuvalue(o)->uv)
+#define clvalue(o) check_exp(ttisfunction(o), &(o)->value.gc->cl)
+#define hvalue(o) check_exp(ttistable(o), &(o)->value.gc->h)
+#define bvalue(o) check_exp(ttisboolean(o), (o)->value.b)
+#define thvalue(o) check_exp(ttisthread(o), &(o)->value.gc->th)
+
+#define l_isfalse(o) (ttisnil(o) || (ttisboolean(o) && bvalue(o) == 0))
+
+/*
+** for internal debug only
+*/
+#define checkconsistency(obj) \
+ lua_assert(!iscollectable(obj) || (ttype(obj) == (obj)->value.gc->gch.tt))
+
+#define checkliveness(g,obj) \
+ lua_assert(!iscollectable(obj) || \
+ ((ttype(obj) == (obj)->value.gc->gch.tt) && !isdead(g, (obj)->value.gc)))
+
+
+/* Macros to set values */
+#define setnilvalue(obj) ((obj)->tt=LUA_TNIL)
+
+#define setnvalue(obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); i_o->value.n=(x); i_o->tt=LUA_TNUMBER; }
+
+#define setpvalue(obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); i_o->value.p=(x); i_o->tt=LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA; }
+
+#define setbvalue(obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); i_o->value.b=(x); i_o->tt=LUA_TBOOLEAN; }
+
+#define setsvalue(L,obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); \
+ i_o->value.gc=cast(GCObject *, (x)); i_o->tt=LUA_TSTRING; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),i_o); }
+
+#define setuvalue(L,obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); \
+ i_o->value.gc=cast(GCObject *, (x)); i_o->tt=LUA_TUSERDATA; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),i_o); }
+
+#define setthvalue(L,obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); \
+ i_o->value.gc=cast(GCObject *, (x)); i_o->tt=LUA_TTHREAD; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),i_o); }
+
+#define setclvalue(L,obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); \
+ i_o->value.gc=cast(GCObject *, (x)); i_o->tt=LUA_TFUNCTION; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),i_o); }
+
+#define sethvalue(L,obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); \
+ i_o->value.gc=cast(GCObject *, (x)); i_o->tt=LUA_TTABLE; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),i_o); }
+
+#define setptvalue(L,obj,x) \
+ { TValue *i_o=(obj); \
+ i_o->value.gc=cast(GCObject *, (x)); i_o->tt=LUA_TPROTO; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),i_o); }
+
+
+
+
+#define setobj(L,obj1,obj2) \
+ { const TValue *o2=(obj2); TValue *o1=(obj1); \
+ o1->value = o2->value; o1->tt=o2->tt; \
+ checkliveness(G(L),o1); }
+
+
+/*
+** different types of sets, according to destination
+*/
+
+/* from stack to (same) stack */
+#define setobjs2s setobj
+/* to stack (not from same stack) */
+#define setobj2s setobj
+#define setsvalue2s setsvalue
+#define sethvalue2s sethvalue
+#define setptvalue2s setptvalue
+/* from table to same table */
+#define setobjt2t setobj
+/* to table */
+#define setobj2t setobj
+/* to new object */
+#define setobj2n setobj
+#define setsvalue2n setsvalue
+
+#define setttype(obj, tt) (ttype(obj) = (tt))
+
+
+#define iscollectable(o) (ttype(o) >= LUA_TSTRING)
+
+
+
+typedef TValue *StkId; /* index to stack elements */
+
+
+/*
+** String headers for string table
+*/
+typedef union TString {
+ L_Umaxalign dummy; /* ensures maximum alignment for strings */
+ struct {
+ CommonHeader;
+ lu_byte reserved;
+ unsigned int hash;
+ size_t len;
+ } tsv;
+} TString;
+
+
+#define getstr(ts) cast(const char *, (ts) + 1)
+#define svalue(o) getstr(rawtsvalue(o))
+
+
+
+typedef union Udata {
+ L_Umaxalign dummy; /* ensures maximum alignment for `local' udata */
+ struct {
+ CommonHeader;
+ struct Table *metatable;
+ struct Table *env;
+ size_t len;
+ } uv;
+} Udata;
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** Function Prototypes
+*/
+typedef struct Proto {
+ CommonHeader;
+ TValue *k; /* constants used by the function */
+ Instruction *code;
+ struct Proto **p; /* functions defined inside the function */
+ int *lineinfo; /* map from opcodes to source lines */
+ struct LocVar *locvars; /* information about local variables */
+ TString **upvalues; /* upvalue names */
+ TString *source;
+ int sizeupvalues;
+ int sizek; /* size of `k' */
+ int sizecode;
+ int sizelineinfo;
+ int sizep; /* size of `p' */
+ int sizelocvars;
+ int linedefined;
+ int lastlinedefined;
+ GCObject *gclist;
+ lu_byte nups; /* number of upvalues */
+ lu_byte numparams;
+ lu_byte is_vararg;
+ lu_byte maxstacksize;
+} Proto;
+
+
+/* masks for new-style vararg */
+#define VARARG_HASARG 1
+#define VARARG_ISVARARG 2
+#define VARARG_NEEDSARG 4
+
+
+typedef struct LocVar {
+ TString *varname;
+ int startpc; /* first point where variable is active */
+ int endpc; /* first point where variable is dead */
+} LocVar;
+
+
+
+/*
+** Upvalues
+*/
+
+typedef struct UpVal {
+ CommonHeader;
+ TValue *v; /* points to stack or to its own value */
+ union {
+ TValue value; /* the value (when closed) */
+ struct { /* double linked list (when open) */
+ struct UpVal *prev;
+ struct UpVal *next;
+ } l;
+ } u;
+} UpVal;
+
+
+/*
+** Closures
+*/
+
+#define ClosureHeader \
+ CommonHeader; lu_byte isC; lu_byte nupvalues; GCObject *gclist; \
+ struct Table *env
+
+typedef struct CClosure {
+ ClosureHeader;
+ lua_CFunction f;
+ TValue upvalue[1];
+} CClosure;
+
+
+typedef struct LClosure {
+ ClosureHeader;
+ struct Proto *p;
+ UpVal *upvals[1];
+} LClosure;
+
+
+typedef union Closure {
+ CClosure c;
+ LClosure l;
+} Closure;
+
+
+#define iscfunction(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TFUNCTION && clvalue(o)->c.isC)
+#define isLfunction(o) (ttype(o) == LUA_TFUNCTION && !clvalue(o)->c.isC)
+
+
+/*
+** Tables
+*/
+
+typedef union TKey {
+ struct {
+ TValuefields;
+ struct Node *next; /* for chaining */
+ } nk;
+ TValue tvk;
+} TKey;
+
+
+typedef struct Node {
+ TValue i_val;
+ TKey i_key;
+} Node;
+
+
+typedef struct Table {
+ CommonHeader;
+ lu_byte flags; /* 1<<p means tagmethod(p) is not present */
+ lu_byte lsizenode; /* log2 of size of `node' array */
+ struct Table *metatable;
+ TValue *array; /* array part */
+ Node *node;
+ Node *lastfree; /* any free position is before this position */
+ GCObject *gclist;
+ int sizearray; /* size of `array' array */
+} Table;
+
+
+
+/*
+** `module' operation for hashing (size is always a power of 2)
+*/
+#define lmod(s,size) \
+ (check_exp((size&(size-1))==0, (cast(int, (s) & ((size)-1)))))
+
+
+#define twoto(x) (1<<(x))
+#define sizenode(t) (twoto((t)->lsizenode))
+
+
+#define luaO_nilobject (&luaO_nilobject_)
+
+LUAI_DATA const TValue luaO_nilobject_;
+
+#define ceillog2(x) (luaO_log2((x)-1) + 1)
+
+LUAI_FUNC int luaO_log2 (unsigned int x);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaO_int2fb (unsigned int x);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaO_fb2int (int x);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaO_rawequalObj (const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaO_str2d (const char *s, lua_Number *result);
+LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushvfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
+ va_list argp);
+LUAI_FUNC const char *luaO_pushfstring (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaO_chunkid (char *out, const char *source, size_t len);
+
+
+#endif
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lopcodes.c,v 1.37.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#define lopcodes_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+
+
+/* ORDER OP */
+
+const char *const luaP_opnames[NUM_OPCODES+1] = {
+ "MOVE",
+ "LOADK",
+ "LOADBOOL",
+ "LOADNIL",
+ "GETUPVAL",
+ "GETGLOBAL",
+ "GETTABLE",
+ "SETGLOBAL",
+ "SETUPVAL",
+ "SETTABLE",
+ "NEWTABLE",
+ "SELF",
+ "ADD",
+ "SUB",
+ "MUL",
+ "DIV",
+ "MOD",
+ "POW",
+ "UNM",
+ "NOT",
+ "LEN",
+ "CONCAT",
+ "JMP",
+ "EQ",
+ "LT",
+ "LE",
+ "TEST",
+ "TESTSET",
+ "CALL",
+ "TAILCALL",
+ "RETURN",
+ "FORLOOP",
+ "FORPREP",
+ "TFORLOOP",
+ "SETLIST",
+ "CLOSE",
+ "CLOSURE",
+ "VARARG",
+ NULL
+};
+
+
+#define opmode(t,a,b,c,m) (((t)<<7) | ((a)<<6) | ((b)<<4) | ((c)<<2) | (m))
+
+const lu_byte luaP_opmodes[NUM_OPCODES] = {
+/* T A B C mode opcode */
+ opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_MOVE */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_LOADK */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_LOADBOOL */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_LOADNIL */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_GETUPVAL */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_GETGLOBAL */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_GETTABLE */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgK, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_SETGLOBAL */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_SETUPVAL */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SETTABLE */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_NEWTABLE */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SELF */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_ADD */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_SUB */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_MUL */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_DIV */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_MOD */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_POW */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_UNM */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_NOT */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_LEN */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgR, iABC) /* OP_CONCAT */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_JMP */
+ ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_EQ */
+ ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_LT */
+ ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgK, OpArgK, iABC) /* OP_LE */
+ ,opmode(1, 1, OpArgR, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TEST */
+ ,opmode(1, 1, OpArgR, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TESTSET */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_CALL */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TAILCALL */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_RETURN */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_FORLOOP */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgR, OpArgN, iAsBx) /* OP_FORPREP */
+ ,opmode(1, 0, OpArgN, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_TFORLOOP */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgU, OpArgU, iABC) /* OP_SETLIST */
+ ,opmode(0, 0, OpArgN, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_CLOSE */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABx) /* OP_CLOSURE */
+ ,opmode(0, 1, OpArgU, OpArgN, iABC) /* OP_VARARG */
+};
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lopcodes.h,v 1.125.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Opcodes for Lua virtual machine
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lopcodes_h
+#define lopcodes_h
+
+#include "llimits.h"
+
+
+/*===========================================================================
+ We assume that instructions are unsigned numbers.
+ All instructions have an opcode in the first 6 bits.
+ Instructions can have the following fields:
+ `A' : 8 bits
+ `B' : 9 bits
+ `C' : 9 bits
+ `Bx' : 18 bits (`B' and `C' together)
+ `sBx' : signed Bx
+
+ A signed argument is represented in excess K; that is, the number
+ value is the unsigned value minus K. K is exactly the maximum value
+ for that argument (so that -max is represented by 0, and +max is
+ represented by 2*max), which is half the maximum for the corresponding
+ unsigned argument.
+===========================================================================*/
+
+
+enum OpMode {iABC, iABx, iAsBx}; /* basic instruction format */
+
+
+/*
+** size and position of opcode arguments.
+*/
+#define SIZE_C 9
+#define SIZE_B 9
+#define SIZE_Bx (SIZE_C + SIZE_B)
+#define SIZE_A 8
+
+#define SIZE_OP 6
+
+#define POS_OP 0
+#define POS_A (POS_OP + SIZE_OP)
+#define POS_C (POS_A + SIZE_A)
+#define POS_B (POS_C + SIZE_C)
+#define POS_Bx POS_C
+
+
+/*
+** limits for opcode arguments.
+** we use (signed) int to manipulate most arguments,
+** so they must fit in LUAI_BITSINT-1 bits (-1 for sign)
+*/
+#if SIZE_Bx < LUAI_BITSINT-1
+#define MAXARG_Bx ((1<<SIZE_Bx)-1)
+#define MAXARG_sBx (MAXARG_Bx>>1) /* `sBx' is signed */
+#else
+#define MAXARG_Bx MAX_INT
+#define MAXARG_sBx MAX_INT
+#endif
+
+
+#define MAXARG_A ((1<<SIZE_A)-1)
+#define MAXARG_B ((1<<SIZE_B)-1)
+#define MAXARG_C ((1<<SIZE_C)-1)
+
+
+/* creates a mask with `n' 1 bits at position `p' */
+#define MASK1(n,p) ((~((~(Instruction)0)<<n))<<p)
+
+/* creates a mask with `n' 0 bits at position `p' */
+#define MASK0(n,p) (~MASK1(n,p))
+
+/*
+** the following macros help to manipulate instructions
+*/
+
+#define GET_OPCODE(i) (cast(OpCode, ((i)>>POS_OP) & MASK1(SIZE_OP,0)))
+#define SET_OPCODE(i,o) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_OP,POS_OP)) | \
+ ((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP)&MASK1(SIZE_OP,POS_OP))))
+
+#define GETARG_A(i) (cast(int, ((i)>>POS_A) & MASK1(SIZE_A,0)))
+#define SETARG_A(i,u) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_A,POS_A)) | \
+ ((cast(Instruction, u)<<POS_A)&MASK1(SIZE_A,POS_A))))
+
+#define GETARG_B(i) (cast(int, ((i)>>POS_B) & MASK1(SIZE_B,0)))
+#define SETARG_B(i,b) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_B,POS_B)) | \
+ ((cast(Instruction, b)<<POS_B)&MASK1(SIZE_B,POS_B))))
+
+#define GETARG_C(i) (cast(int, ((i)>>POS_C) & MASK1(SIZE_C,0)))
+#define SETARG_C(i,b) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_C,POS_C)) | \
+ ((cast(Instruction, b)<<POS_C)&MASK1(SIZE_C,POS_C))))
+
+#define GETARG_Bx(i) (cast(int, ((i)>>POS_Bx) & MASK1(SIZE_Bx,0)))
+#define SETARG_Bx(i,b) ((i) = (((i)&MASK0(SIZE_Bx,POS_Bx)) | \
+ ((cast(Instruction, b)<<POS_Bx)&MASK1(SIZE_Bx,POS_Bx))))
+
+#define GETARG_sBx(i) (GETARG_Bx(i)-MAXARG_sBx)
+#define SETARG_sBx(i,b) SETARG_Bx((i),cast(unsigned int, (b)+MAXARG_sBx))
+
+
+#define CREATE_ABC(o,a,b,c) ((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP) \
+ | (cast(Instruction, a)<<POS_A) \
+ | (cast(Instruction, b)<<POS_B) \
+ | (cast(Instruction, c)<<POS_C))
+
+#define CREATE_ABx(o,a,bc) ((cast(Instruction, o)<<POS_OP) \
+ | (cast(Instruction, a)<<POS_A) \
+ | (cast(Instruction, bc)<<POS_Bx))
+
+
+/*
+** Macros to operate RK indices
+*/
+
+/* this bit 1 means constant (0 means register) */
+#define BITRK (1 << (SIZE_B - 1))
+
+/* test whether value is a constant */
+#define ISK(x) ((x) & BITRK)
+
+/* gets the index of the constant */
+#define INDEXK(r) ((int)(r) & ~BITRK)
+
+#define MAXINDEXRK (BITRK - 1)
+
+/* code a constant index as a RK value */
+#define RKASK(x) ((x) | BITRK)
+
+
+/*
+** invalid register that fits in 8 bits
+*/
+#define NO_REG MAXARG_A
+
+
+/*
+** R(x) - register
+** Kst(x) - constant (in constant table)
+** RK(x) == if ISK(x) then Kst(INDEXK(x)) else R(x)
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** grep "ORDER OP" if you change these enums
+*/
+
+typedef enum {
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------
+name args description
+------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+OP_MOVE,/* A B R(A) := R(B) */
+OP_LOADK,/* A Bx R(A) := Kst(Bx) */
+OP_LOADBOOL,/* A B C R(A) := (Bool)B; if (C) pc++ */
+OP_LOADNIL,/* A B R(A) := ... := R(B) := nil */
+OP_GETUPVAL,/* A B R(A) := UpValue[B] */
+
+OP_GETGLOBAL,/* A Bx R(A) := Gbl[Kst(Bx)] */
+OP_GETTABLE,/* A B C R(A) := R(B)[RK(C)] */
+
+OP_SETGLOBAL,/* A Bx Gbl[Kst(Bx)] := R(A) */
+OP_SETUPVAL,/* A B UpValue[B] := R(A) */
+OP_SETTABLE,/* A B C R(A)[RK(B)] := RK(C) */
+
+OP_NEWTABLE,/* A B C R(A) := {} (size = B,C) */
+
+OP_SELF,/* A B C R(A+1) := R(B); R(A) := R(B)[RK(C)] */
+
+OP_ADD,/* A B C R(A) := RK(B) + RK(C) */
+OP_SUB,/* A B C R(A) := RK(B) - RK(C) */
+OP_MUL,/* A B C R(A) := RK(B) * RK(C) */
+OP_DIV,/* A B C R(A) := RK(B) / RK(C) */
+OP_MOD,/* A B C R(A) := RK(B) % RK(C) */
+OP_POW,/* A B C R(A) := RK(B) ^ RK(C) */
+OP_UNM,/* A B R(A) := -R(B) */
+OP_NOT,/* A B R(A) := not R(B) */
+OP_LEN,/* A B R(A) := length of R(B) */
+
+OP_CONCAT,/* A B C R(A) := R(B).. ... ..R(C) */
+
+OP_JMP,/* sBx pc+=sBx */
+
+OP_EQ,/* A B C if ((RK(B) == RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++ */
+OP_LT,/* A B C if ((RK(B) < RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++ */
+OP_LE,/* A B C if ((RK(B) <= RK(C)) ~= A) then pc++ */
+
+OP_TEST,/* A C if not (R(A) <=> C) then pc++ */
+OP_TESTSET,/* A B C if (R(B) <=> C) then R(A) := R(B) else pc++ */
+
+OP_CALL,/* A B C R(A), ... ,R(A+C-2) := R(A)(R(A+1), ... ,R(A+B-1)) */
+OP_TAILCALL,/* A B C return R(A)(R(A+1), ... ,R(A+B-1)) */
+OP_RETURN,/* A B return R(A), ... ,R(A+B-2) (see note) */
+
+OP_FORLOOP,/* A sBx R(A)+=R(A+2);
+ if R(A) <?= R(A+1) then { pc+=sBx; R(A+3)=R(A) }*/
+OP_FORPREP,/* A sBx R(A)-=R(A+2); pc+=sBx */
+
+OP_TFORLOOP,/* A C R(A+3), ... ,R(A+2+C) := R(A)(R(A+1), R(A+2));
+ if R(A+3) ~= nil then R(A+2)=R(A+3) else pc++ */
+OP_SETLIST,/* A B C R(A)[(C-1)*FPF+i] := R(A+i), 1 <= i <= B */
+
+OP_CLOSE,/* A close all variables in the stack up to (>=) R(A)*/
+OP_CLOSURE,/* A Bx R(A) := closure(KPROTO[Bx], R(A), ... ,R(A+n)) */
+
+OP_VARARG/* A B R(A), R(A+1), ..., R(A+B-1) = vararg */
+} OpCode;
+
+
+#define NUM_OPCODES (cast(int, OP_VARARG) + 1)
+
+
+
+/*===========================================================================
+ Notes:
+ (*) In OP_CALL, if (B == 0) then B = top. C is the number of returns - 1,
+ and can be 0: OP_CALL then sets `top' to last_result+1, so
+ next open instruction (OP_CALL, OP_RETURN, OP_SETLIST) may use `top'.
+
+ (*) In OP_VARARG, if (B == 0) then use actual number of varargs and
+ set top (like in OP_CALL with C == 0).
+
+ (*) In OP_RETURN, if (B == 0) then return up to `top'
+
+ (*) In OP_SETLIST, if (B == 0) then B = `top';
+ if (C == 0) then next `instruction' is real C
+
+ (*) For comparisons, A specifies what condition the test should accept
+ (true or false).
+
+ (*) All `skips' (pc++) assume that next instruction is a jump
+===========================================================================*/
+
+
+/*
+** masks for instruction properties. The format is:
+** bits 0-1: op mode
+** bits 2-3: C arg mode
+** bits 4-5: B arg mode
+** bit 6: instruction set register A
+** bit 7: operator is a test
+*/
+
+enum OpArgMask {
+ OpArgN, /* argument is not used */
+ OpArgU, /* argument is used */
+ OpArgR, /* argument is a register or a jump offset */
+ OpArgK /* argument is a constant or register/constant */
+};
+
+LUAI_DATA const lu_byte luaP_opmodes[NUM_OPCODES];
+
+#define getOpMode(m) (cast(enum OpMode, luaP_opmodes[m] & 3))
+#define getBMode(m) (cast(enum OpArgMask, (luaP_opmodes[m] >> 4) & 3))
+#define getCMode(m) (cast(enum OpArgMask, (luaP_opmodes[m] >> 2) & 3))
+#define testAMode(m) (luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 6))
+#define testTMode(m) (luaP_opmodes[m] & (1 << 7))
+
+
+LUAI_DATA const char *const luaP_opnames[NUM_OPCODES+1]; /* opcode names */
+
+
+/* number of list items to accumulate before a SETLIST instruction */
+#define LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH 50
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: loslib.c,v 1.19.1.3 2008/01/18 16:38:18 roberto Exp $
+** Standard Operating System library
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <locale.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#define loslib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+static int os_pushresult (lua_State *L, int i, const char *filename) {
+ int en = errno; /* calls to Lua API may change this value */
+ if (i) {
+ lua_pushboolean(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else {
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "%s: %s", filename, strerror(en));
+ lua_pushinteger(L, en);
+ return 3;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int os_execute (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, system(luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL)));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int os_remove (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *filename = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ return os_pushresult(L, remove(filename) == 0, filename);
+}
+
+
+static int os_rename (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *fromname = luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ const char *toname = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+ return os_pushresult(L, rename(fromname, toname) == 0, fromname);
+}
+
+
+static int os_tmpname (lua_State *L) {
+ char buff[LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE];
+ int err;
+ lua_tmpnam(buff, err);
+ if (err)
+ return luaL_error(L, "unable to generate a unique filename");
+ lua_pushstring(L, buff);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int os_getenv (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushstring(L, getenv(luaL_checkstring(L, 1))); /* if NULL push nil */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int os_clock (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, ((lua_Number)clock())/(lua_Number)CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Time/Date operations
+** { year=%Y, month=%m, day=%d, hour=%H, min=%M, sec=%S,
+** wday=%w+1, yday=%j, isdst=? }
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+static void setfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int value) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, value);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, key);
+}
+
+static void setboolfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int value) {
+ if (value < 0) /* undefined? */
+ return; /* does not set field */
+ lua_pushboolean(L, value);
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, key);
+}
+
+static int getboolfield (lua_State *L, const char *key) {
+ int res;
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, key);
+ res = lua_isnil(L, -1) ? -1 : lua_toboolean(L, -1);
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+static int getfield (lua_State *L, const char *key, int d) {
+ int res;
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, key);
+ if (lua_isnumber(L, -1))
+ res = (int)lua_tointeger(L, -1);
+ else {
+ if (d < 0)
+ return luaL_error(L, "field " LUA_QS " missing in date table", key);
+ res = d;
+ }
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+static int os_date (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *s = luaL_optstring(L, 1, "%c");
+ time_t t = luaL_opt(L, (time_t)luaL_checknumber, 2, time(NULL));
+ struct tm *stm;
+ if (*s == '!') { /* UTC? */
+ stm = gmtime(&t);
+ s++; /* skip `!' */
+ }
+ else
+ stm = localtime(&t);
+ if (stm == NULL) /* invalid date? */
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ else if (strcmp(s, "*t") == 0) {
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 9); /* 9 = number of fields */
+ setfield(L, "sec", stm->tm_sec);
+ setfield(L, "min", stm->tm_min);
+ setfield(L, "hour", stm->tm_hour);
+ setfield(L, "day", stm->tm_mday);
+ setfield(L, "month", stm->tm_mon+1);
+ setfield(L, "year", stm->tm_year+1900);
+ setfield(L, "wday", stm->tm_wday+1);
+ setfield(L, "yday", stm->tm_yday+1);
+ setboolfield(L, "isdst", stm->tm_isdst);
+ }
+ else {
+ char cc[3];
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ cc[0] = '%'; cc[2] = '\0';
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ for (; *s; s++) {
+ if (*s != '%' || *(s + 1) == '\0') /* no conversion specifier? */
+ luaL_addchar(&b, *s);
+ else {
+ size_t reslen;
+ char buff[200]; /* should be big enough for any conversion result */
+ cc[1] = *(++s);
+ reslen = strftime(buff, sizeof(buff), cc, stm);
+ luaL_addlstring(&b, buff, reslen);
+ }
+ }
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ }
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int os_time (lua_State *L) {
+ time_t t;
+ if (lua_isnoneornil(L, 1)) /* called without args? */
+ t = time(NULL); /* get current time */
+ else {
+ struct tm ts;
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ lua_settop(L, 1); /* make sure table is at the top */
+ ts.tm_sec = getfield(L, "sec", 0);
+ ts.tm_min = getfield(L, "min", 0);
+ ts.tm_hour = getfield(L, "hour", 12);
+ ts.tm_mday = getfield(L, "day", -1);
+ ts.tm_mon = getfield(L, "month", -1) - 1;
+ ts.tm_year = getfield(L, "year", -1) - 1900;
+ ts.tm_isdst = getboolfield(L, "isdst");
+ t = mktime(&ts);
+ }
+ if (t == (time_t)(-1))
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ else
+ lua_pushnumber(L, (lua_Number)t);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int os_difftime (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushnumber(L, difftime((time_t)(luaL_checknumber(L, 1)),
+ (time_t)(luaL_optnumber(L, 2, 0))));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+static int os_setlocale (lua_State *L) {
+ static const int cat[] = {LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY,
+ LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME};
+ static const char *const catnames[] = {"all", "collate", "ctype", "monetary",
+ "numeric", "time", NULL};
+ const char *l = luaL_optstring(L, 1, NULL);
+ int op = luaL_checkoption(L, 2, "all", catnames);
+ lua_pushstring(L, setlocale(cat[op], l));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int os_exit (lua_State *L) {
+ exit(luaL_optint(L, 1, EXIT_SUCCESS));
+}
+
+static const luaL_Reg syslib[] = {
+ {"clock", os_clock},
+ {"date", os_date},
+ {"difftime", os_difftime},
+ {"execute", os_execute},
+ {"exit", os_exit},
+ {"getenv", os_getenv},
+ {"remove", os_remove},
+ {"rename", os_rename},
+ {"setlocale", os_setlocale},
+ {"time", os_time},
+ {"tmpname", os_tmpname},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_os (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_OSLIBNAME, syslib);
+ return 1;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lparser.c,v 2.42.1.3 2007/12/28 15:32:23 roberto Exp $
+** Lua Parser
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lparser_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lcode.h"
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "llex.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lparser.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+
+
+
+#define hasmultret(k) ((k) == VCALL || (k) == VVARARG)
+
+#define getlocvar(fs, i) ((fs)->f->locvars[(fs)->actvar[i]])
+
+#define luaY_checklimit(fs,v,l,m) if ((v)>(l)) errorlimit(fs,l,m)
+
+
+/*
+** nodes for block list (list of active blocks)
+*/
+typedef struct BlockCnt {
+ struct BlockCnt *previous; /* chain */
+ int breaklist; /* list of jumps out of this loop */
+ lu_byte nactvar; /* # active locals outside the breakable structure */
+ lu_byte upval; /* true if some variable in the block is an upvalue */
+ lu_byte isbreakable; /* true if `block' is a loop */
+} BlockCnt;
+
+
+
+/*
+** prototypes for recursive non-terminal functions
+*/
+static void chunk (LexState *ls);
+static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v);
+
+
+static void anchor_token (LexState *ls) {
+ if (ls->t.token == TK_NAME || ls->t.token == TK_STRING) {
+ TString *ts = ls->t.seminfo.ts;
+ luaX_newstring(ls, getstr(ts), ts->tsv.len);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void error_expected (LexState *ls, int token) {
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls,
+ luaO_pushfstring(ls->L, LUA_QS " expected", luaX_token2str(ls, token)));
+}
+
+
+static void errorlimit (FuncState *fs, int limit, const char *what) {
+ const char *msg = (fs->f->linedefined == 0) ?
+ luaO_pushfstring(fs->L, "main function has more than %d %s", limit, what) :
+ luaO_pushfstring(fs->L, "function at line %d has more than %d %s",
+ fs->f->linedefined, limit, what);
+ luaX_lexerror(fs->ls, msg, 0);
+}
+
+
+static int testnext (LexState *ls, int c) {
+ if (ls->t.token == c) {
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else return 0;
+}
+
+
+static void check (LexState *ls, int c) {
+ if (ls->t.token != c)
+ error_expected(ls, c);
+}
+
+static void checknext (LexState *ls, int c) {
+ check(ls, c);
+ luaX_next(ls);
+}
+
+
+#define check_condition(ls,c,msg) { if (!(c)) luaX_syntaxerror(ls, msg); }
+
+
+
+static void check_match (LexState *ls, int what, int who, int where) {
+ if (!testnext(ls, what)) {
+ if (where == ls->linenumber)
+ error_expected(ls, what);
+ else {
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls, luaO_pushfstring(ls->L,
+ LUA_QS " expected (to close " LUA_QS " at line %d)",
+ luaX_token2str(ls, what), luaX_token2str(ls, who), where));
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static TString *str_checkname (LexState *ls) {
+ TString *ts;
+ check(ls, TK_NAME);
+ ts = ls->t.seminfo.ts;
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ return ts;
+}
+
+
+static void init_exp (expdesc *e, expkind k, int i) {
+ e->f = e->t = NO_JUMP;
+ e->k = k;
+ e->u.s.info = i;
+}
+
+
+static void codestring (LexState *ls, expdesc *e, TString *s) {
+ init_exp(e, VK, luaK_stringK(ls->fs, s));
+}
+
+
+static void checkname(LexState *ls, expdesc *e) {
+ codestring(ls, e, str_checkname(ls));
+}
+
+
+static int registerlocalvar (LexState *ls, TString *varname) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ int oldsize = f->sizelocvars;
+ luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->locvars, fs->nlocvars, f->sizelocvars,
+ LocVar, SHRT_MAX, "too many local variables");
+ while (oldsize < f->sizelocvars) f->locvars[oldsize++].varname = NULL;
+ f->locvars[fs->nlocvars].varname = varname;
+ luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, f, varname);
+ return fs->nlocvars++;
+}
+
+
+#define new_localvarliteral(ls,v,n) \
+ new_localvar(ls, luaX_newstring(ls, "" v, (sizeof(v)/sizeof(char))-1), n)
+
+
+static void new_localvar (LexState *ls, TString *name, int n) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ luaY_checklimit(fs, fs->nactvar+n+1, LUAI_MAXVARS, "local variables");
+ fs->actvar[fs->nactvar+n] = cast(unsigned short, registerlocalvar(ls, name));
+}
+
+
+static void adjustlocalvars (LexState *ls, int nvars) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ fs->nactvar = cast_byte(fs->nactvar + nvars);
+ for (; nvars; nvars--) {
+ getlocvar(fs, fs->nactvar - nvars).startpc = fs->pc;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void removevars (LexState *ls, int tolevel) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ while (fs->nactvar > tolevel)
+ getlocvar(fs, --fs->nactvar).endpc = fs->pc;
+}
+
+
+static int indexupvalue (FuncState *fs, TString *name, expdesc *v) {
+ int i;
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ int oldsize = f->sizeupvalues;
+ for (i=0; i<f->nups; i++) {
+ if (fs->upvalues[i].k == v->k && fs->upvalues[i].info == v->u.s.info) {
+ lua_assert(f->upvalues[i] == name);
+ return i;
+ }
+ }
+ /* new one */
+ luaY_checklimit(fs, f->nups + 1, LUAI_MAXUPVALUES, "upvalues");
+ luaM_growvector(fs->L, f->upvalues, f->nups, f->sizeupvalues,
+ TString *, MAX_INT, "");
+ while (oldsize < f->sizeupvalues) f->upvalues[oldsize++] = NULL;
+ f->upvalues[f->nups] = name;
+ luaC_objbarrier(fs->L, f, name);
+ lua_assert(v->k == VLOCAL || v->k == VUPVAL);
+ fs->upvalues[f->nups].k = cast_byte(v->k);
+ fs->upvalues[f->nups].info = cast_byte(v->u.s.info);
+ return f->nups++;
+}
+
+
+static int searchvar (FuncState *fs, TString *n) {
+ int i;
+ for (i=fs->nactvar-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+ if (n == getlocvar(fs, i).varname)
+ return i;
+ }
+ return -1; /* not found */
+}
+
+
+static void markupval (FuncState *fs, int level) {
+ BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
+ while (bl && bl->nactvar > level) bl = bl->previous;
+ if (bl) bl->upval = 1;
+}
+
+
+static int singlevaraux (FuncState *fs, TString *n, expdesc *var, int base) {
+ if (fs == NULL) { /* no more levels? */
+ init_exp(var, VGLOBAL, NO_REG); /* default is global variable */
+ return VGLOBAL;
+ }
+ else {
+ int v = searchvar(fs, n); /* look up at current level */
+ if (v >= 0) {
+ init_exp(var, VLOCAL, v);
+ if (!base)
+ markupval(fs, v); /* local will be used as an upval */
+ return VLOCAL;
+ }
+ else { /* not found at current level; try upper one */
+ if (singlevaraux(fs->prev, n, var, 0) == VGLOBAL)
+ return VGLOBAL;
+ var->u.s.info = indexupvalue(fs, n, var); /* else was LOCAL or UPVAL */
+ var->k = VUPVAL; /* upvalue in this level */
+ return VUPVAL;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void singlevar (LexState *ls, expdesc *var) {
+ TString *varname = str_checkname(ls);
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ if (singlevaraux(fs, varname, var, 1) == VGLOBAL)
+ var->u.s.info = luaK_stringK(fs, varname); /* info points to global name */
+}
+
+
+static void adjust_assign (LexState *ls, int nvars, int nexps, expdesc *e) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int extra = nvars - nexps;
+ if (hasmultret(e->k)) {
+ extra++; /* includes call itself */
+ if (extra < 0) extra = 0;
+ luaK_setreturns(fs, e, extra); /* last exp. provides the difference */
+ if (extra > 1) luaK_reserveregs(fs, extra-1);
+ }
+ else {
+ if (e->k != VVOID) luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, e); /* close last expression */
+ if (extra > 0) {
+ int reg = fs->freereg;
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, extra);
+ luaK_nil(fs, reg, extra);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void enterlevel (LexState *ls) {
+ if (++ls->L->nCcalls > LUAI_MAXCCALLS)
+ luaX_lexerror(ls, "chunk has too many syntax levels", 0);
+}
+
+
+#define leavelevel(ls) ((ls)->L->nCcalls--)
+
+
+static void enterblock (FuncState *fs, BlockCnt *bl, lu_byte isbreakable) {
+ bl->breaklist = NO_JUMP;
+ bl->isbreakable = isbreakable;
+ bl->nactvar = fs->nactvar;
+ bl->upval = 0;
+ bl->previous = fs->bl;
+ fs->bl = bl;
+ lua_assert(fs->freereg == fs->nactvar);
+}
+
+
+static void leaveblock (FuncState *fs) {
+ BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
+ fs->bl = bl->previous;
+ removevars(fs->ls, bl->nactvar);
+ if (bl->upval)
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CLOSE, bl->nactvar, 0, 0);
+ /* a block either controls scope or breaks (never both) */
+ lua_assert(!bl->isbreakable || !bl->upval);
+ lua_assert(bl->nactvar == fs->nactvar);
+ fs->freereg = fs->nactvar; /* free registers */
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, bl->breaklist);
+}
+
+
+static void pushclosure (LexState *ls, FuncState *func, expdesc *v) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ int oldsize = f->sizep;
+ int i;
+ luaM_growvector(ls->L, f->p, fs->np, f->sizep, Proto *,
+ MAXARG_Bx, "constant table overflow");
+ while (oldsize < f->sizep) f->p[oldsize++] = NULL;
+ f->p[fs->np++] = func->f;
+ luaC_objbarrier(ls->L, f, func->f);
+ init_exp(v, VRELOCABLE, luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_CLOSURE, 0, fs->np-1));
+ for (i=0; i<func->f->nups; i++) {
+ OpCode o = (func->upvalues[i].k == VLOCAL) ? OP_MOVE : OP_GETUPVAL;
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, o, 0, func->upvalues[i].info, 0);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void open_func (LexState *ls, FuncState *fs) {
+ lua_State *L = ls->L;
+ Proto *f = luaF_newproto(L);
+ fs->f = f;
+ fs->prev = ls->fs; /* linked list of funcstates */
+ fs->ls = ls;
+ fs->L = L;
+ ls->fs = fs;
+ fs->pc = 0;
+ fs->lasttarget = -1;
+ fs->jpc = NO_JUMP;
+ fs->freereg = 0;
+ fs->nk = 0;
+ fs->np = 0;
+ fs->nlocvars = 0;
+ fs->nactvar = 0;
+ fs->bl = NULL;
+ f->source = ls->source;
+ f->maxstacksize = 2; /* registers 0/1 are always valid */
+ fs->h = luaH_new(L, 0, 0);
+ /* anchor table of constants and prototype (to avoid being collected) */
+ sethvalue2s(L, L->top, fs->h);
+ incr_top(L);
+ setptvalue2s(L, L->top, f);
+ incr_top(L);
+}
+
+
+static void close_func (LexState *ls) {
+ lua_State *L = ls->L;
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ removevars(ls, 0);
+ luaK_ret(fs, 0, 0); /* final return */
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, f->code, f->sizecode, fs->pc, Instruction);
+ f->sizecode = fs->pc;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, f->lineinfo, f->sizelineinfo, fs->pc, int);
+ f->sizelineinfo = fs->pc;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, f->k, f->sizek, fs->nk, TValue);
+ f->sizek = fs->nk;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, f->p, f->sizep, fs->np, Proto *);
+ f->sizep = fs->np;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, f->locvars, f->sizelocvars, fs->nlocvars, LocVar);
+ f->sizelocvars = fs->nlocvars;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, f->upvalues, f->sizeupvalues, f->nups, TString *);
+ f->sizeupvalues = f->nups;
+ lua_assert(luaG_checkcode(f));
+ lua_assert(fs->bl == NULL);
+ ls->fs = fs->prev;
+ L->top -= 2; /* remove table and prototype from the stack */
+ /* last token read was anchored in defunct function; must reanchor it */
+ if (fs) anchor_token(ls);
+}
+
+
+Proto *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, Mbuffer *buff, const char *name) {
+ struct LexState lexstate;
+ struct FuncState funcstate;
+ lexstate.buff = buff;
+ luaX_setinput(L, &lexstate, z, luaS_new(L, name));
+ open_func(&lexstate, &funcstate);
+ funcstate.f->is_vararg = VARARG_ISVARARG; /* main func. is always vararg */
+ luaX_next(&lexstate); /* read first token */
+ chunk(&lexstate);
+ check(&lexstate, TK_EOS);
+ close_func(&lexstate);
+ lua_assert(funcstate.prev == NULL);
+ lua_assert(funcstate.f->nups == 0);
+ lua_assert(lexstate.fs == NULL);
+ return funcstate.f;
+}
+
+
+
+/*============================================================*/
+/* GRAMMAR RULES */
+/*============================================================*/
+
+
+static void field (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* field -> ['.' | ':'] NAME */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ expdesc key;
+ luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, v);
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip the dot or colon */
+ checkname(ls, &key);
+ luaK_indexed(fs, v, &key);
+}
+
+
+static void yindex (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* index -> '[' expr ']' */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip the '[' */
+ expr(ls, v);
+ luaK_exp2val(ls->fs, v);
+ checknext(ls, ']');
+}
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================================
+** Rules for Constructors
+** =======================================================================
+*/
+
+
+struct ConsControl {
+ expdesc v; /* last list item read */
+ expdesc *t; /* table descriptor */
+ int nh; /* total number of `record' elements */
+ int na; /* total number of array elements */
+ int tostore; /* number of array elements pending to be stored */
+};
+
+
+static void recfield (LexState *ls, struct ConsControl *cc) {
+ /* recfield -> (NAME | `['exp1`]') = exp1 */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int reg = ls->fs->freereg;
+ expdesc key, val;
+ int rkkey;
+ if (ls->t.token == TK_NAME) {
+ luaY_checklimit(fs, cc->nh, MAX_INT, "items in a constructor");
+ checkname(ls, &key);
+ }
+ else /* ls->t.token == '[' */
+ yindex(ls, &key);
+ cc->nh++;
+ checknext(ls, '=');
+ rkkey = luaK_exp2RK(fs, &key);
+ expr(ls, &val);
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_SETTABLE, cc->t->u.s.info, rkkey, luaK_exp2RK(fs, &val));
+ fs->freereg = reg; /* free registers */
+}
+
+
+static void closelistfield (FuncState *fs, struct ConsControl *cc) {
+ if (cc->v.k == VVOID) return; /* there is no list item */
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &cc->v);
+ cc->v.k = VVOID;
+ if (cc->tostore == LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) {
+ luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.s.info, cc->na, cc->tostore); /* flush */
+ cc->tostore = 0; /* no more items pending */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void lastlistfield (FuncState *fs, struct ConsControl *cc) {
+ if (cc->tostore == 0) return;
+ if (hasmultret(cc->v.k)) {
+ luaK_setmultret(fs, &cc->v);
+ luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.s.info, cc->na, LUA_MULTRET);
+ cc->na--; /* do not count last expression (unknown number of elements) */
+ }
+ else {
+ if (cc->v.k != VVOID)
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &cc->v);
+ luaK_setlist(fs, cc->t->u.s.info, cc->na, cc->tostore);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void listfield (LexState *ls, struct ConsControl *cc) {
+ expr(ls, &cc->v);
+ luaY_checklimit(ls->fs, cc->na, MAX_INT, "items in a constructor");
+ cc->na++;
+ cc->tostore++;
+}
+
+
+static void constructor (LexState *ls, expdesc *t) {
+ /* constructor -> ?? */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int line = ls->linenumber;
+ int pc = luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_NEWTABLE, 0, 0, 0);
+ struct ConsControl cc;
+ cc.na = cc.nh = cc.tostore = 0;
+ cc.t = t;
+ init_exp(t, VRELOCABLE, pc);
+ init_exp(&cc.v, VVOID, 0); /* no value (yet) */
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, t); /* fix it at stack top (for gc) */
+ checknext(ls, '{');
+ do {
+ lua_assert(cc.v.k == VVOID || cc.tostore > 0);
+ if (ls->t.token == '}') break;
+ closelistfield(fs, &cc);
+ switch(ls->t.token) {
+ case TK_NAME: { /* may be listfields or recfields */
+ luaX_lookahead(ls);
+ if (ls->lookahead.token != '=') /* expression? */
+ listfield(ls, &cc);
+ else
+ recfield(ls, &cc);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '[': { /* constructor_item -> recfield */
+ recfield(ls, &cc);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: { /* constructor_part -> listfield */
+ listfield(ls, &cc);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ } while (testnext(ls, ',') || testnext(ls, ';'));
+ check_match(ls, '}', '{', line);
+ lastlistfield(fs, &cc);
+ SETARG_B(fs->f->code[pc], luaO_int2fb(cc.na)); /* set initial array size */
+ SETARG_C(fs->f->code[pc], luaO_int2fb(cc.nh)); /* set initial table size */
+}
+
+/* }====================================================================== */
+
+
+
+static void parlist (LexState *ls) {
+ /* parlist -> [ param { `,' param } ] */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ Proto *f = fs->f;
+ int nparams = 0;
+ f->is_vararg = 0;
+ if (ls->t.token != ')') { /* is `parlist' not empty? */
+ do {
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case TK_NAME: { /* param -> NAME */
+ new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), nparams++);
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_DOTS: { /* param -> `...' */
+ luaX_next(ls);
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_VARARG)
+ /* use `arg' as default name */
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "arg", nparams++);
+ f->is_vararg = VARARG_HASARG | VARARG_NEEDSARG;
+#endif
+ f->is_vararg |= VARARG_ISVARARG;
+ break;
+ }
+ default: luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "<name> or " LUA_QL("...") " expected");
+ }
+ } while (!f->is_vararg && testnext(ls, ','));
+ }
+ adjustlocalvars(ls, nparams);
+ f->numparams = cast_byte(fs->nactvar - (f->is_vararg & VARARG_HASARG));
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, fs->nactvar); /* reserve register for parameters */
+}
+
+
+static void body (LexState *ls, expdesc *e, int needself, int line) {
+ /* body -> `(' parlist `)' chunk END */
+ FuncState new_fs;
+ open_func(ls, &new_fs);
+ new_fs.f->linedefined = line;
+ checknext(ls, '(');
+ if (needself) {
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "self", 0);
+ adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);
+ }
+ parlist(ls);
+ checknext(ls, ')');
+ chunk(ls);
+ new_fs.f->lastlinedefined = ls->linenumber;
+ check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FUNCTION, line);
+ close_func(ls);
+ pushclosure(ls, &new_fs, e);
+}
+
+
+static int explist1 (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* explist1 -> expr { `,' expr } */
+ int n = 1; /* at least one expression */
+ expr(ls, v);
+ while (testnext(ls, ',')) {
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, v);
+ expr(ls, v);
+ n++;
+ }
+ return n;
+}
+
+
+static void funcargs (LexState *ls, expdesc *f) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ expdesc args;
+ int base, nparams;
+ int line = ls->linenumber;
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case '(': { /* funcargs -> `(' [ explist1 ] `)' */
+ if (line != ls->lastline)
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls,"ambiguous syntax (function call x new statement)");
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ if (ls->t.token == ')') /* arg list is empty? */
+ args.k = VVOID;
+ else {
+ explist1(ls, &args);
+ luaK_setmultret(fs, &args);
+ }
+ check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '{': { /* funcargs -> constructor */
+ constructor(ls, &args);
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_STRING: { /* funcargs -> STRING */
+ codestring(ls, &args, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
+ luaX_next(ls); /* must use `seminfo' before `next' */
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "function arguments expected");
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ lua_assert(f->k == VNONRELOC);
+ base = f->u.s.info; /* base register for call */
+ if (hasmultret(args.k))
+ nparams = LUA_MULTRET; /* open call */
+ else {
+ if (args.k != VVOID)
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &args); /* close last argument */
+ nparams = fs->freereg - (base+1);
+ }
+ init_exp(f, VCALL, luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CALL, base, nparams+1, 2));
+ luaK_fixline(fs, line);
+ fs->freereg = base+1; /* call remove function and arguments and leaves
+ (unless changed) one result */
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================================
+** Expression parsing
+** =======================================================================
+*/
+
+
+static void prefixexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* prefixexp -> NAME | '(' expr ')' */
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case '(': {
+ int line = ls->linenumber;
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ expr(ls, v);
+ check_match(ls, ')', '(', line);
+ luaK_dischargevars(ls->fs, v);
+ return;
+ }
+ case TK_NAME: {
+ singlevar(ls, v);
+ return;
+ }
+ default: {
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "unexpected symbol");
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void primaryexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* primaryexp ->
+ prefixexp { `.' NAME | `[' exp `]' | `:' NAME funcargs | funcargs } */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ prefixexp(ls, v);
+ for (;;) {
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case '.': { /* field */
+ field(ls, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '[': { /* `[' exp1 `]' */
+ expdesc key;
+ luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, v);
+ yindex(ls, &key);
+ luaK_indexed(fs, v, &key);
+ break;
+ }
+ case ':': { /* `:' NAME funcargs */
+ expdesc key;
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ checkname(ls, &key);
+ luaK_self(fs, v, &key);
+ funcargs(ls, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '(': case TK_STRING: case '{': { /* funcargs */
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, v);
+ funcargs(ls, v);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: return;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void simpleexp (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* simpleexp -> NUMBER | STRING | NIL | true | false | ... |
+ constructor | FUNCTION body | primaryexp */
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case TK_NUMBER: {
+ init_exp(v, VKNUM, 0);
+ v->u.nval = ls->t.seminfo.r;
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_STRING: {
+ codestring(ls, v, ls->t.seminfo.ts);
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_NIL: {
+ init_exp(v, VNIL, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_TRUE: {
+ init_exp(v, VTRUE, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_FALSE: {
+ init_exp(v, VFALSE, 0);
+ break;
+ }
+ case TK_DOTS: { /* vararg */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ check_condition(ls, fs->f->is_vararg,
+ "cannot use " LUA_QL("...") " outside a vararg function");
+ fs->f->is_vararg &= ~VARARG_NEEDSARG; /* don't need 'arg' */
+ init_exp(v, VVARARG, luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_VARARG, 0, 1, 0));
+ break;
+ }
+ case '{': { /* constructor */
+ constructor(ls, v);
+ return;
+ }
+ case TK_FUNCTION: {
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ body(ls, v, 0, ls->linenumber);
+ return;
+ }
+ default: {
+ primaryexp(ls, v);
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ luaX_next(ls);
+}
+
+
+static UnOpr getunopr (int op) {
+ switch (op) {
+ case TK_NOT: return OPR_NOT;
+ case '-': return OPR_MINUS;
+ case '#': return OPR_LEN;
+ default: return OPR_NOUNOPR;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static BinOpr getbinopr (int op) {
+ switch (op) {
+ case '+': return OPR_ADD;
+ case '-': return OPR_SUB;
+ case '*': return OPR_MUL;
+ case '/': return OPR_DIV;
+ case '%': return OPR_MOD;
+ case '^': return OPR_POW;
+ case TK_CONCAT: return OPR_CONCAT;
+ case TK_NE: return OPR_NE;
+ case TK_EQ: return OPR_EQ;
+ case '<': return OPR_LT;
+ case TK_LE: return OPR_LE;
+ case '>': return OPR_GT;
+ case TK_GE: return OPR_GE;
+ case TK_AND: return OPR_AND;
+ case TK_OR: return OPR_OR;
+ default: return OPR_NOBINOPR;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static const struct {
+ lu_byte left; /* left priority for each binary operator */
+ lu_byte right; /* right priority */
+} priority[] = { /* ORDER OPR */
+ {6, 6}, {6, 6}, {7, 7}, {7, 7}, {7, 7}, /* `+' `-' `/' `%' */
+ {10, 9}, {5, 4}, /* power and concat (right associative) */
+ {3, 3}, {3, 3}, /* equality and inequality */
+ {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, {3, 3}, /* order */
+ {2, 2}, {1, 1} /* logical (and/or) */
+};
+
+#define UNARY_PRIORITY 8 /* priority for unary operators */
+
+
+/*
+** subexpr -> (simpleexp | unop subexpr) { binop subexpr }
+** where `binop' is any binary operator with a priority higher than `limit'
+*/
+static BinOpr subexpr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v, unsigned int limit) {
+ BinOpr op;
+ UnOpr uop;
+ enterlevel(ls);
+ uop = getunopr(ls->t.token);
+ if (uop != OPR_NOUNOPR) {
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ subexpr(ls, v, UNARY_PRIORITY);
+ luaK_prefix(ls->fs, uop, v);
+ }
+ else simpleexp(ls, v);
+ /* expand while operators have priorities higher than `limit' */
+ op = getbinopr(ls->t.token);
+ while (op != OPR_NOBINOPR && priority[op].left > limit) {
+ expdesc v2;
+ BinOpr nextop;
+ luaX_next(ls);
+ luaK_infix(ls->fs, op, v);
+ /* read sub-expression with higher priority */
+ nextop = subexpr(ls, &v2, priority[op].right);
+ luaK_posfix(ls->fs, op, v, &v2);
+ op = nextop;
+ }
+ leavelevel(ls);
+ return op; /* return first untreated operator */
+}
+
+
+static void expr (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ subexpr(ls, v, 0);
+}
+
+/* }==================================================================== */
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================================
+** Rules for Statements
+** =======================================================================
+*/
+
+
+static int block_follow (int token) {
+ switch (token) {
+ case TK_ELSE: case TK_ELSEIF: case TK_END:
+ case TK_UNTIL: case TK_EOS:
+ return 1;
+ default: return 0;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void block (LexState *ls) {
+ /* block -> chunk */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ BlockCnt bl;
+ enterblock(fs, &bl, 0);
+ chunk(ls);
+ lua_assert(bl.breaklist == NO_JUMP);
+ leaveblock(fs);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** structure to chain all variables in the left-hand side of an
+** assignment
+*/
+struct LHS_assign {
+ struct LHS_assign *prev;
+ expdesc v; /* variable (global, local, upvalue, or indexed) */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** check whether, in an assignment to a local variable, the local variable
+** is needed in a previous assignment (to a table). If so, save original
+** local value in a safe place and use this safe copy in the previous
+** assignment.
+*/
+static void check_conflict (LexState *ls, struct LHS_assign *lh, expdesc *v) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int extra = fs->freereg; /* eventual position to save local variable */
+ int conflict = 0;
+ for (; lh; lh = lh->prev) {
+ if (lh->v.k == VINDEXED) {
+ if (lh->v.u.s.info == v->u.s.info) { /* conflict? */
+ conflict = 1;
+ lh->v.u.s.info = extra; /* previous assignment will use safe copy */
+ }
+ if (lh->v.u.s.aux == v->u.s.info) { /* conflict? */
+ conflict = 1;
+ lh->v.u.s.aux = extra; /* previous assignment will use safe copy */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ if (conflict) {
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_MOVE, fs->freereg, v->u.s.info, 0); /* make copy */
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void assignment (LexState *ls, struct LHS_assign *lh, int nvars) {
+ expdesc e;
+ check_condition(ls, VLOCAL <= lh->v.k && lh->v.k <= VINDEXED,
+ "syntax error");
+ if (testnext(ls, ',')) { /* assignment -> `,' primaryexp assignment */
+ struct LHS_assign nv;
+ nv.prev = lh;
+ primaryexp(ls, &nv.v);
+ if (nv.v.k == VLOCAL)
+ check_conflict(ls, lh, &nv.v);
+ luaY_checklimit(ls->fs, nvars, LUAI_MAXCCALLS - ls->L->nCcalls,
+ "variables in assignment");
+ assignment(ls, &nv, nvars+1);
+ }
+ else { /* assignment -> `=' explist1 */
+ int nexps;
+ checknext(ls, '=');
+ nexps = explist1(ls, &e);
+ if (nexps != nvars) {
+ adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, &e);
+ if (nexps > nvars)
+ ls->fs->freereg -= nexps - nvars; /* remove extra values */
+ }
+ else {
+ luaK_setoneret(ls->fs, &e); /* close last expression */
+ luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &lh->v, &e);
+ return; /* avoid default */
+ }
+ }
+ init_exp(&e, VNONRELOC, ls->fs->freereg-1); /* default assignment */
+ luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &lh->v, &e);
+}
+
+
+static int cond (LexState *ls) {
+ /* cond -> exp */
+ expdesc v;
+ expr(ls, &v); /* read condition */
+ if (v.k == VNIL) v.k = VFALSE; /* `falses' are all equal here */
+ luaK_goiftrue(ls->fs, &v);
+ return v.f;
+}
+
+
+static void breakstat (LexState *ls) {
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ BlockCnt *bl = fs->bl;
+ int upval = 0;
+ while (bl && !bl->isbreakable) {
+ upval |= bl->upval;
+ bl = bl->previous;
+ }
+ if (!bl)
+ luaX_syntaxerror(ls, "no loop to break");
+ if (upval)
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_CLOSE, bl->nactvar, 0, 0);
+ luaK_concat(fs, &bl->breaklist, luaK_jump(fs));
+}
+
+
+static void whilestat (LexState *ls, int line) {
+ /* whilestat -> WHILE cond DO block END */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int whileinit;
+ int condexit;
+ BlockCnt bl;
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip WHILE */
+ whileinit = luaK_getlabel(fs);
+ condexit = cond(ls);
+ enterblock(fs, &bl, 1);
+ checknext(ls, TK_DO);
+ block(ls);
+ luaK_patchlist(fs, luaK_jump(fs), whileinit);
+ check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_WHILE, line);
+ leaveblock(fs);
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, condexit); /* false conditions finish the loop */
+}
+
+
+static void repeatstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
+ /* repeatstat -> REPEAT block UNTIL cond */
+ int condexit;
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int repeat_init = luaK_getlabel(fs);
+ BlockCnt bl1, bl2;
+ enterblock(fs, &bl1, 1); /* loop block */
+ enterblock(fs, &bl2, 0); /* scope block */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip REPEAT */
+ chunk(ls);
+ check_match(ls, TK_UNTIL, TK_REPEAT, line);
+ condexit = cond(ls); /* read condition (inside scope block) */
+ if (!bl2.upval) { /* no upvalues? */
+ leaveblock(fs); /* finish scope */
+ luaK_patchlist(ls->fs, condexit, repeat_init); /* close the loop */
+ }
+ else { /* complete semantics when there are upvalues */
+ breakstat(ls); /* if condition then break */
+ luaK_patchtohere(ls->fs, condexit); /* else... */
+ leaveblock(fs); /* finish scope... */
+ luaK_patchlist(ls->fs, luaK_jump(fs), repeat_init); /* and repeat */
+ }
+ leaveblock(fs); /* finish loop */
+}
+
+
+static int exp1 (LexState *ls) {
+ expdesc e;
+ int k;
+ expr(ls, &e);
+ k = e.k;
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(ls->fs, &e);
+ return k;
+}
+
+
+static void forbody (LexState *ls, int base, int line, int nvars, int isnum) {
+ /* forbody -> DO block */
+ BlockCnt bl;
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int prep, endfor;
+ adjustlocalvars(ls, 3); /* control variables */
+ checknext(ls, TK_DO);
+ prep = isnum ? luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_FORPREP, base, NO_JUMP) : luaK_jump(fs);
+ enterblock(fs, &bl, 0); /* scope for declared variables */
+ adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, nvars);
+ block(ls);
+ leaveblock(fs); /* end of scope for declared variables */
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, prep);
+ endfor = (isnum) ? luaK_codeAsBx(fs, OP_FORLOOP, base, NO_JUMP) :
+ luaK_codeABC(fs, OP_TFORLOOP, base, 0, nvars);
+ luaK_fixline(fs, line); /* pretend that `OP_FOR' starts the loop */
+ luaK_patchlist(fs, (isnum ? endfor : luaK_jump(fs)), prep + 1);
+}
+
+
+static void fornum (LexState *ls, TString *varname, int line) {
+ /* fornum -> NAME = exp1,exp1[,exp1] forbody */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int base = fs->freereg;
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for index)", 0);
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for limit)", 1);
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for step)", 2);
+ new_localvar(ls, varname, 3);
+ checknext(ls, '=');
+ exp1(ls); /* initial value */
+ checknext(ls, ',');
+ exp1(ls); /* limit */
+ if (testnext(ls, ','))
+ exp1(ls); /* optional step */
+ else { /* default step = 1 */
+ luaK_codeABx(fs, OP_LOADK, fs->freereg, luaK_numberK(fs, 1));
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
+ }
+ forbody(ls, base, line, 1, 1);
+}
+
+
+static void forlist (LexState *ls, TString *indexname) {
+ /* forlist -> NAME {,NAME} IN explist1 forbody */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ expdesc e;
+ int nvars = 0;
+ int line;
+ int base = fs->freereg;
+ /* create control variables */
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for generator)", nvars++);
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for state)", nvars++);
+ new_localvarliteral(ls, "(for control)", nvars++);
+ /* create declared variables */
+ new_localvar(ls, indexname, nvars++);
+ while (testnext(ls, ','))
+ new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), nvars++);
+ checknext(ls, TK_IN);
+ line = ls->linenumber;
+ adjust_assign(ls, 3, explist1(ls, &e), &e);
+ luaK_checkstack(fs, 3); /* extra space to call generator */
+ forbody(ls, base, line, nvars - 3, 0);
+}
+
+
+static void forstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
+ /* forstat -> FOR (fornum | forlist) END */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ TString *varname;
+ BlockCnt bl;
+ enterblock(fs, &bl, 1); /* scope for loop and control variables */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip `for' */
+ varname = str_checkname(ls); /* first variable name */
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case '=': fornum(ls, varname, line); break;
+ case ',': case TK_IN: forlist(ls, varname); break;
+ default: luaX_syntaxerror(ls, LUA_QL("=") " or " LUA_QL("in") " expected");
+ }
+ check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_FOR, line);
+ leaveblock(fs); /* loop scope (`break' jumps to this point) */
+}
+
+
+static int test_then_block (LexState *ls) {
+ /* test_then_block -> [IF | ELSEIF] cond THEN block */
+ int condexit;
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip IF or ELSEIF */
+ condexit = cond(ls);
+ checknext(ls, TK_THEN);
+ block(ls); /* `then' part */
+ return condexit;
+}
+
+
+static void ifstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
+ /* ifstat -> IF cond THEN block {ELSEIF cond THEN block} [ELSE block] END */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ int flist;
+ int escapelist = NO_JUMP;
+ flist = test_then_block(ls); /* IF cond THEN block */
+ while (ls->t.token == TK_ELSEIF) {
+ luaK_concat(fs, &escapelist, luaK_jump(fs));
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, flist);
+ flist = test_then_block(ls); /* ELSEIF cond THEN block */
+ }
+ if (ls->t.token == TK_ELSE) {
+ luaK_concat(fs, &escapelist, luaK_jump(fs));
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, flist);
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip ELSE (after patch, for correct line info) */
+ block(ls); /* `else' part */
+ }
+ else
+ luaK_concat(fs, &escapelist, flist);
+ luaK_patchtohere(fs, escapelist);
+ check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_IF, line);
+}
+
+
+static void localfunc (LexState *ls) {
+ expdesc v, b;
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), 0);
+ init_exp(&v, VLOCAL, fs->freereg);
+ luaK_reserveregs(fs, 1);
+ adjustlocalvars(ls, 1);
+ body(ls, &b, 0, ls->linenumber);
+ luaK_storevar(fs, &v, &b);
+ /* debug information will only see the variable after this point! */
+ getlocvar(fs, fs->nactvar - 1).startpc = fs->pc;
+}
+
+
+static void localstat (LexState *ls) {
+ /* stat -> LOCAL NAME {`,' NAME} [`=' explist1] */
+ int nvars = 0;
+ int nexps;
+ expdesc e;
+ do {
+ new_localvar(ls, str_checkname(ls), nvars++);
+ } while (testnext(ls, ','));
+ if (testnext(ls, '='))
+ nexps = explist1(ls, &e);
+ else {
+ e.k = VVOID;
+ nexps = 0;
+ }
+ adjust_assign(ls, nvars, nexps, &e);
+ adjustlocalvars(ls, nvars);
+}
+
+
+static int funcname (LexState *ls, expdesc *v) {
+ /* funcname -> NAME {field} [`:' NAME] */
+ int needself = 0;
+ singlevar(ls, v);
+ while (ls->t.token == '.')
+ field(ls, v);
+ if (ls->t.token == ':') {
+ needself = 1;
+ field(ls, v);
+ }
+ return needself;
+}
+
+
+static void funcstat (LexState *ls, int line) {
+ /* funcstat -> FUNCTION funcname body */
+ int needself;
+ expdesc v, b;
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip FUNCTION */
+ needself = funcname(ls, &v);
+ body(ls, &b, needself, line);
+ luaK_storevar(ls->fs, &v, &b);
+ luaK_fixline(ls->fs, line); /* definition `happens' in the first line */
+}
+
+
+static void exprstat (LexState *ls) {
+ /* stat -> func | assignment */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ struct LHS_assign v;
+ primaryexp(ls, &v.v);
+ if (v.v.k == VCALL) /* stat -> func */
+ SETARG_C(getcode(fs, &v.v), 1); /* call statement uses no results */
+ else { /* stat -> assignment */
+ v.prev = NULL;
+ assignment(ls, &v, 1);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void retstat (LexState *ls) {
+ /* stat -> RETURN explist */
+ FuncState *fs = ls->fs;
+ expdesc e;
+ int first, nret; /* registers with returned values */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip RETURN */
+ if (block_follow(ls->t.token) || ls->t.token == ';')
+ first = nret = 0; /* return no values */
+ else {
+ nret = explist1(ls, &e); /* optional return values */
+ if (hasmultret(e.k)) {
+ luaK_setmultret(fs, &e);
+ if (e.k == VCALL && nret == 1) { /* tail call? */
+ SET_OPCODE(getcode(fs,&e), OP_TAILCALL);
+ lua_assert(GETARG_A(getcode(fs,&e)) == fs->nactvar);
+ }
+ first = fs->nactvar;
+ nret = LUA_MULTRET; /* return all values */
+ }
+ else {
+ if (nret == 1) /* only one single value? */
+ first = luaK_exp2anyreg(fs, &e);
+ else {
+ luaK_exp2nextreg(fs, &e); /* values must go to the `stack' */
+ first = fs->nactvar; /* return all `active' values */
+ lua_assert(nret == fs->freereg - first);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ luaK_ret(fs, first, nret);
+}
+
+
+static int statement (LexState *ls) {
+ int line = ls->linenumber; /* may be needed for error messages */
+ switch (ls->t.token) {
+ case TK_IF: { /* stat -> ifstat */
+ ifstat(ls, line);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_WHILE: { /* stat -> whilestat */
+ whilestat(ls, line);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_DO: { /* stat -> DO block END */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip DO */
+ block(ls);
+ check_match(ls, TK_END, TK_DO, line);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_FOR: { /* stat -> forstat */
+ forstat(ls, line);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_REPEAT: { /* stat -> repeatstat */
+ repeatstat(ls, line);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_FUNCTION: {
+ funcstat(ls, line); /* stat -> funcstat */
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_LOCAL: { /* stat -> localstat */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip LOCAL */
+ if (testnext(ls, TK_FUNCTION)) /* local function? */
+ localfunc(ls);
+ else
+ localstat(ls);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ case TK_RETURN: { /* stat -> retstat */
+ retstat(ls);
+ return 1; /* must be last statement */
+ }
+ case TK_BREAK: { /* stat -> breakstat */
+ luaX_next(ls); /* skip BREAK */
+ breakstat(ls);
+ return 1; /* must be last statement */
+ }
+ default: {
+ exprstat(ls);
+ return 0; /* to avoid warnings */
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void chunk (LexState *ls) {
+ /* chunk -> { stat [`;'] } */
+ int islast = 0;
+ enterlevel(ls);
+ while (!islast && !block_follow(ls->t.token)) {
+ islast = statement(ls);
+ testnext(ls, ';');
+ lua_assert(ls->fs->f->maxstacksize >= ls->fs->freereg &&
+ ls->fs->freereg >= ls->fs->nactvar);
+ ls->fs->freereg = ls->fs->nactvar; /* free registers */
+ }
+ leavelevel(ls);
+}
+
+/* }====================================================================== */
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lparser.h,v 1.57.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Lua Parser
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lparser_h
+#define lparser_h
+
+#include "llimits.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+/*
+** Expression descriptor
+*/
+
+typedef enum {
+ VVOID, /* no value */
+ VNIL,
+ VTRUE,
+ VFALSE,
+ VK, /* info = index of constant in `k' */
+ VKNUM, /* nval = numerical value */
+ VLOCAL, /* info = local register */
+ VUPVAL, /* info = index of upvalue in `upvalues' */
+ VGLOBAL, /* info = index of table; aux = index of global name in `k' */
+ VINDEXED, /* info = table register; aux = index register (or `k') */
+ VJMP, /* info = instruction pc */
+ VRELOCABLE, /* info = instruction pc */
+ VNONRELOC, /* info = result register */
+ VCALL, /* info = instruction pc */
+ VVARARG /* info = instruction pc */
+} expkind;
+
+typedef struct expdesc {
+ expkind k;
+ union {
+ struct { int info, aux; } s;
+ lua_Number nval;
+ } u;
+ int t; /* patch list of `exit when true' */
+ int f; /* patch list of `exit when false' */
+} expdesc;
+
+
+typedef struct upvaldesc {
+ lu_byte k;
+ lu_byte info;
+} upvaldesc;
+
+
+struct BlockCnt; /* defined in lparser.c */
+
+
+/* state needed to generate code for a given function */
+typedef struct FuncState {
+ Proto *f; /* current function header */
+ Table *h; /* table to find (and reuse) elements in `k' */
+ struct FuncState *prev; /* enclosing function */
+ struct LexState *ls; /* lexical state */
+ struct lua_State *L; /* copy of the Lua state */
+ struct BlockCnt *bl; /* chain of current blocks */
+ int pc; /* next position to code (equivalent to `ncode') */
+ int lasttarget; /* `pc' of last `jump target' */
+ int jpc; /* list of pending jumps to `pc' */
+ int freereg; /* first free register */
+ int nk; /* number of elements in `k' */
+ int np; /* number of elements in `p' */
+ short nlocvars; /* number of elements in `locvars' */
+ lu_byte nactvar; /* number of active local variables */
+ upvaldesc upvalues[LUAI_MAXUPVALUES]; /* upvalues */
+ unsigned short actvar[LUAI_MAXVARS]; /* declared-variable stack */
+} FuncState;
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC Proto *luaY_parser (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, Mbuffer *buff,
+ const char *name);
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lstate.c,v 2.36.1.2 2008/01/03 15:20:39 roberto Exp $
+** Global State
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define lstate_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "llex.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+
+
+#define state_size(x) (sizeof(x) + LUAI_EXTRASPACE)
+#define fromstate(l) (cast(lu_byte *, (l)) - LUAI_EXTRASPACE)
+#define tostate(l) (cast(lua_State *, cast(lu_byte *, l) + LUAI_EXTRASPACE))
+
+
+/*
+** Main thread combines a thread state and the global state
+*/
+typedef struct LG {
+ lua_State l;
+ global_State g;
+} LG;
+
+
+
+static void stack_init (lua_State *L1, lua_State *L) {
+ /* initialize CallInfo array */
+ L1->base_ci = luaM_newvector(L, BASIC_CI_SIZE, CallInfo);
+ L1->ci = L1->base_ci;
+ L1->size_ci = BASIC_CI_SIZE;
+ L1->end_ci = L1->base_ci + L1->size_ci - 1;
+ /* initialize stack array */
+ L1->stack = luaM_newvector(L, BASIC_STACK_SIZE + EXTRA_STACK, TValue);
+ L1->stacksize = BASIC_STACK_SIZE + EXTRA_STACK;
+ L1->top = L1->stack;
+ L1->stack_last = L1->stack+(L1->stacksize - EXTRA_STACK)-1;
+ /* initialize first ci */
+ L1->ci->func = L1->top;
+ setnilvalue(L1->top++); /* `function' entry for this `ci' */
+ L1->base = L1->ci->base = L1->top;
+ L1->ci->top = L1->top + LUA_MINSTACK;
+}
+
+
+static void freestack (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1) {
+ luaM_freearray(L, L1->base_ci, L1->size_ci, CallInfo);
+ luaM_freearray(L, L1->stack, L1->stacksize, TValue);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** open parts that may cause memory-allocation errors
+*/
+static void f_luaopen (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ UNUSED(ud);
+ stack_init(L, L); /* init stack */
+ sethvalue(L, gt(L), luaH_new(L, 0, 2)); /* table of globals */
+ sethvalue(L, registry(L), luaH_new(L, 0, 2)); /* registry */
+ luaS_resize(L, MINSTRTABSIZE); /* initial size of string table */
+ luaT_init(L);
+ luaX_init(L);
+ luaS_fix(luaS_newliteral(L, MEMERRMSG));
+ g->GCthreshold = 4*g->totalbytes;
+}
+
+
+static void preinit_state (lua_State *L, global_State *g) {
+ G(L) = g;
+ L->stack = NULL;
+ L->stacksize = 0;
+ L->errorJmp = NULL;
+ L->hook = NULL;
+ L->hookmask = 0;
+ L->basehookcount = 0;
+ L->allowhook = 1;
+ resethookcount(L);
+ L->openupval = NULL;
+ L->size_ci = 0;
+ L->nCcalls = L->baseCcalls = 0;
+ L->status = 0;
+ L->base_ci = L->ci = NULL;
+ L->savedpc = NULL;
+ L->errfunc = 0;
+ setnilvalue(gt(L));
+}
+
+
+static void close_state (lua_State *L) {
+ global_State *g = G(L);
+ luaF_close(L, L->stack); /* close all upvalues for this thread */
+ luaC_freeall(L); /* collect all objects */
+ lua_assert(g->rootgc == obj2gco(L));
+ lua_assert(g->strt.nuse == 0);
+ luaM_freearray(L, G(L)->strt.hash, G(L)->strt.size, TString *);
+ luaZ_freebuffer(L, &g->buff);
+ freestack(L, L);
+ lua_assert(g->totalbytes == sizeof(LG));
+ (*g->frealloc)(g->ud, fromstate(L), state_size(LG), 0);
+}
+
+
+lua_State *luaE_newthread (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_State *L1 = tostate(luaM_malloc(L, state_size(lua_State)));
+ luaC_link(L, obj2gco(L1), LUA_TTHREAD);
+ preinit_state(L1, G(L));
+ stack_init(L1, L); /* init stack */
+ setobj2n(L, gt(L1), gt(L)); /* share table of globals */
+ L1->hookmask = L->hookmask;
+ L1->basehookcount = L->basehookcount;
+ L1->hook = L->hook;
+ resethookcount(L1);
+ lua_assert(iswhite(obj2gco(L1)));
+ return L1;
+}
+
+
+void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1) {
+ luaF_close(L1, L1->stack); /* close all upvalues for this thread */
+ lua_assert(L1->openupval == NULL);
+ luai_userstatefree(L1);
+ freestack(L, L1);
+ luaM_freemem(L, fromstate(L1), state_size(lua_State));
+}
+
+
+LUA_API lua_State *lua_newstate (lua_Alloc f, void *ud) {
+ int i;
+ lua_State *L;
+ global_State *g;
+ void *l = (*f)(ud, NULL, 0, state_size(LG));
+ if (l == NULL) return NULL;
+ L = tostate(l);
+ g = &((LG *)L)->g;
+ L->next = NULL;
+ L->tt = LUA_TTHREAD;
+ g->currentwhite = bit2mask(WHITE0BIT, FIXEDBIT);
+ L->marked = luaC_white(g);
+ set2bits(L->marked, FIXEDBIT, SFIXEDBIT);
+ preinit_state(L, g);
+ g->frealloc = f;
+ g->ud = ud;
+ g->mainthread = L;
+ g->uvhead.u.l.prev = &g->uvhead;
+ g->uvhead.u.l.next = &g->uvhead;
+ g->GCthreshold = 0; /* mark it as unfinished state */
+ g->strt.size = 0;
+ g->strt.nuse = 0;
+ g->strt.hash = NULL;
+ setnilvalue(registry(L));
+ luaZ_initbuffer(L, &g->buff);
+ g->panic = NULL;
+ g->gcstate = GCSpause;
+ g->rootgc = obj2gco(L);
+ g->sweepstrgc = 0;
+ g->sweepgc = &g->rootgc;
+ g->gray = NULL;
+ g->grayagain = NULL;
+ g->weak = NULL;
+ g->tmudata = NULL;
+ g->totalbytes = sizeof(LG);
+ g->gcpause = LUAI_GCPAUSE;
+ g->gcstepmul = LUAI_GCMUL;
+ g->gcdept = 0;
+ for (i=0; i<NUM_TAGS; i++) g->mt[i] = NULL;
+ if (luaD_rawrunprotected(L, f_luaopen, NULL) != 0) {
+ /* memory allocation error: free partial state */
+ close_state(L);
+ L = NULL;
+ }
+ else
+ luai_userstateopen(L);
+ return L;
+}
+
+
+static void callallgcTM (lua_State *L, void *ud) {
+ UNUSED(ud);
+ luaC_callGCTM(L); /* call GC metamethods for all udata */
+}
+
+
+LUA_API void lua_close (lua_State *L) {
+ L = G(L)->mainthread; /* only the main thread can be closed */
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaF_close(L, L->stack); /* close all upvalues for this thread */
+ luaC_separateudata(L, 1); /* separate udata that have GC metamethods */
+ L->errfunc = 0; /* no error function during GC metamethods */
+ do { /* repeat until no more errors */
+ L->ci = L->base_ci;
+ L->base = L->top = L->ci->base;
+ L->nCcalls = L->baseCcalls = 0;
+ } while (luaD_rawrunprotected(L, callallgcTM, NULL) != 0);
+ lua_assert(G(L)->tmudata == NULL);
+ luai_userstateclose(L);
+ close_state(L);
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lstate.h,v 2.24.1.2 2008/01/03 15:20:39 roberto Exp $
+** Global State
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lstate_h
+#define lstate_h
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+
+struct lua_longjmp; /* defined in ldo.c */
+
+
+/* table of globals */
+#define gt(L) (&L->l_gt)
+
+/* registry */
+#define registry(L) (&G(L)->l_registry)
+
+
+/* extra stack space to handle TM calls and some other extras */
+#define EXTRA_STACK 5
+
+
+#define BASIC_CI_SIZE 8
+
+#define BASIC_STACK_SIZE (2*LUA_MINSTACK)
+
+
+
+typedef struct stringtable {
+ GCObject **hash;
+ lu_int32 nuse; /* number of elements */
+ int size;
+} stringtable;
+
+
+/*
+** informations about a call
+*/
+typedef struct CallInfo {
+ StkId base; /* base for this function */
+ StkId func; /* function index in the stack */
+ StkId top; /* top for this function */
+ const Instruction *savedpc;
+ int nresults; /* expected number of results from this function */
+ int tailcalls; /* number of tail calls lost under this entry */
+} CallInfo;
+
+
+
+#define curr_func(L) (clvalue(L->ci->func))
+#define ci_func(ci) (clvalue((ci)->func))
+#define f_isLua(ci) (!ci_func(ci)->c.isC)
+#define isLua(ci) (ttisfunction((ci)->func) && f_isLua(ci))
+
+
+/*
+** `global state', shared by all threads of this state
+*/
+typedef struct global_State {
+ stringtable strt; /* hash table for strings */
+ lua_Alloc frealloc; /* function to reallocate memory */
+ void *ud; /* auxiliary data to `frealloc' */
+ lu_byte currentwhite;
+ lu_byte gcstate; /* state of garbage collector */
+ int sweepstrgc; /* position of sweep in `strt' */
+ GCObject *rootgc; /* list of all collectable objects */
+ GCObject **sweepgc; /* position of sweep in `rootgc' */
+ GCObject *gray; /* list of gray objects */
+ GCObject *grayagain; /* list of objects to be traversed atomically */
+ GCObject *weak; /* list of weak tables (to be cleared) */
+ GCObject *tmudata; /* last element of list of userdata to be GC */
+ Mbuffer buff; /* temporary buffer for string concatentation */
+ lu_mem GCthreshold;
+ lu_mem totalbytes; /* number of bytes currently allocated */
+ lu_mem estimate; /* an estimate of number of bytes actually in use */
+ lu_mem gcdept; /* how much GC is `behind schedule' */
+ int gcpause; /* size of pause between successive GCs */
+ int gcstepmul; /* GC `granularity' */
+ lua_CFunction panic; /* to be called in unprotected errors */
+ TValue l_registry;
+ struct lua_State *mainthread;
+ UpVal uvhead; /* head of double-linked list of all open upvalues */
+ struct Table *mt[NUM_TAGS]; /* metatables for basic types */
+ TString *tmname[TM_N]; /* array with tag-method names */
+} global_State;
+
+
+/*
+** `per thread' state
+*/
+struct lua_State {
+ CommonHeader;
+ lu_byte status;
+ StkId top; /* first free slot in the stack */
+ StkId base; /* base of current function */
+ global_State *l_G;
+ CallInfo *ci; /* call info for current function */
+ const Instruction *savedpc; /* `savedpc' of current function */
+ StkId stack_last; /* last free slot in the stack */
+ StkId stack; /* stack base */
+ CallInfo *end_ci; /* points after end of ci array*/
+ CallInfo *base_ci; /* array of CallInfo's */
+ int stacksize;
+ int size_ci; /* size of array `base_ci' */
+ unsigned short nCcalls; /* number of nested C calls */
+ unsigned short baseCcalls; /* nested C calls when resuming coroutine */
+ lu_byte hookmask;
+ lu_byte allowhook;
+ int basehookcount;
+ int hookcount;
+ lua_Hook hook;
+ TValue l_gt; /* table of globals */
+ TValue env; /* temporary place for environments */
+ GCObject *openupval; /* list of open upvalues in this stack */
+ GCObject *gclist;
+ struct lua_longjmp *errorJmp; /* current error recover point */
+ ptrdiff_t errfunc; /* current error handling function (stack index) */
+};
+
+
+#define G(L) (L->l_G)
+
+
+/*
+** Union of all collectable objects
+*/
+union GCObject {
+ GCheader gch;
+ union TString ts;
+ union Udata u;
+ union Closure cl;
+ struct Table h;
+ struct Proto p;
+ struct UpVal uv;
+ struct lua_State th; /* thread */
+};
+
+
+/* macros to convert a GCObject into a specific value */
+#define rawgco2ts(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TSTRING, &((o)->ts))
+#define gco2ts(o) (&rawgco2ts(o)->tsv)
+#define rawgco2u(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TUSERDATA, &((o)->u))
+#define gco2u(o) (&rawgco2u(o)->uv)
+#define gco2cl(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TFUNCTION, &((o)->cl))
+#define gco2h(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TTABLE, &((o)->h))
+#define gco2p(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TPROTO, &((o)->p))
+#define gco2uv(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TUPVAL, &((o)->uv))
+#define ngcotouv(o) \
+ check_exp((o) == NULL || (o)->gch.tt == LUA_TUPVAL, &((o)->uv))
+#define gco2th(o) check_exp((o)->gch.tt == LUA_TTHREAD, &((o)->th))
+
+/* macro to convert any Lua object into a GCObject */
+#define obj2gco(v) (cast(GCObject *, (v)))
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC lua_State *luaE_newthread (lua_State *L);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaE_freethread (lua_State *L, lua_State *L1);
+
+#endif
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lstring.c,v 2.8.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** String table (keeps all strings handled by Lua)
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lstring_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+
+
+
+void luaS_resize (lua_State *L, int newsize) {
+ GCObject **newhash;
+ stringtable *tb;
+ int i;
+ if (G(L)->gcstate == GCSsweepstring)
+ return; /* cannot resize during GC traverse */
+ newhash = luaM_newvector(L, newsize, GCObject *);
+ tb = &G(L)->strt;
+ for (i=0; i<newsize; i++) newhash[i] = NULL;
+ /* rehash */
+ for (i=0; i<tb->size; i++) {
+ GCObject *p = tb->hash[i];
+ while (p) { /* for each node in the list */
+ GCObject *next = p->gch.next; /* save next */
+ unsigned int h = gco2ts(p)->hash;
+ int h1 = lmod(h, newsize); /* new position */
+ lua_assert(cast_int(h%newsize) == lmod(h, newsize));
+ p->gch.next = newhash[h1]; /* chain it */
+ newhash[h1] = p;
+ p = next;
+ }
+ }
+ luaM_freearray(L, tb->hash, tb->size, TString *);
+ tb->size = newsize;
+ tb->hash = newhash;
+}
+
+
+static TString *newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l,
+ unsigned int h) {
+ TString *ts;
+ stringtable *tb;
+ if (l+1 > (MAX_SIZET - sizeof(TString))/sizeof(char))
+ luaM_toobig(L);
+ ts = cast(TString *, luaM_malloc(L, (l+1)*sizeof(char)+sizeof(TString)));
+ ts->tsv.len = l;
+ ts->tsv.hash = h;
+ ts->tsv.marked = luaC_white(G(L));
+ ts->tsv.tt = LUA_TSTRING;
+ ts->tsv.reserved = 0;
+ memcpy(ts+1, str, l*sizeof(char));
+ ((char *)(ts+1))[l] = '\0'; /* ending 0 */
+ tb = &G(L)->strt;
+ h = lmod(h, tb->size);
+ ts->tsv.next = tb->hash[h]; /* chain new entry */
+ tb->hash[h] = obj2gco(ts);
+ tb->nuse++;
+ if (tb->nuse > cast(lu_int32, tb->size) && tb->size <= MAX_INT/2)
+ luaS_resize(L, tb->size*2); /* too crowded */
+ return ts;
+}
+
+
+TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l) {
+ GCObject *o;
+ unsigned int h = cast(unsigned int, l); /* seed */
+ size_t step = (l>>5)+1; /* if string is too long, don't hash all its chars */
+ size_t l1;
+ for (l1=l; l1>=step; l1-=step) /* compute hash */
+ h = h ^ ((h<<5)+(h>>2)+cast(unsigned char, str[l1-1]));
+ for (o = G(L)->strt.hash[lmod(h, G(L)->strt.size)];
+ o != NULL;
+ o = o->gch.next) {
+ TString *ts = rawgco2ts(o);
+ if (ts->tsv.len == l && (memcmp(str, getstr(ts), l) == 0)) {
+ /* string may be dead */
+ if (isdead(G(L), o)) changewhite(o);
+ return ts;
+ }
+ }
+ return newlstr(L, str, l, h); /* not found */
+}
+
+
+Udata *luaS_newudata (lua_State *L, size_t s, Table *e) {
+ Udata *u;
+ if (s > MAX_SIZET - sizeof(Udata))
+ luaM_toobig(L);
+ u = cast(Udata *, luaM_malloc(L, s + sizeof(Udata)));
+ u->uv.marked = luaC_white(G(L)); /* is not finalized */
+ u->uv.tt = LUA_TUSERDATA;
+ u->uv.len = s;
+ u->uv.metatable = NULL;
+ u->uv.env = e;
+ /* chain it on udata list (after main thread) */
+ u->uv.next = G(L)->mainthread->next;
+ G(L)->mainthread->next = obj2gco(u);
+ return u;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lstring.h,v 1.43.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** String table (keep all strings handled by Lua)
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lstring_h
+#define lstring_h
+
+
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+
+
+#define sizestring(s) (sizeof(union TString)+((s)->len+1)*sizeof(char))
+
+#define sizeudata(u) (sizeof(union Udata)+(u)->len)
+
+#define luaS_new(L, s) (luaS_newlstr(L, s, strlen(s)))
+#define luaS_newliteral(L, s) (luaS_newlstr(L, "" s, \
+ (sizeof(s)/sizeof(char))-1))
+
+#define luaS_fix(s) l_setbit((s)->tsv.marked, FIXEDBIT)
+
+LUAI_FUNC void luaS_resize (lua_State *L, int newsize);
+LUAI_FUNC Udata *luaS_newudata (lua_State *L, size_t s, Table *e);
+LUAI_FUNC TString *luaS_newlstr (lua_State *L, const char *str, size_t l);
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lstrlib.c,v 1.132.1.4 2008/07/11 17:27:21 roberto Exp $
+** Standard library for string operations and pattern-matching
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lstrlib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+/* macro to `unsign' a character */
+#define uchar(c) ((unsigned char)(c))
+
+
+
+static int str_len (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ lua_pushinteger(L, l);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static ptrdiff_t posrelat (ptrdiff_t pos, size_t len) {
+ /* relative string position: negative means back from end */
+ if (pos < 0) pos += (ptrdiff_t)len + 1;
+ return (pos >= 0) ? pos : 0;
+}
+
+
+static int str_sub (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ ptrdiff_t start = posrelat(luaL_checkinteger(L, 2), l);
+ ptrdiff_t end = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, -1), l);
+ if (start < 1) start = 1;
+ if (end > (ptrdiff_t)l) end = (ptrdiff_t)l;
+ if (start <= end)
+ lua_pushlstring(L, s+start-1, end-start+1);
+ else lua_pushliteral(L, "");
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int str_reverse (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ while (l--) luaL_addchar(&b, s[l]);
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int str_lower (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ size_t i;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ for (i=0; i<l; i++)
+ luaL_addchar(&b, tolower(uchar(s[i])));
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int str_upper (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ size_t i;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ for (i=0; i<l; i++)
+ luaL_addchar(&b, toupper(uchar(s[i])));
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+static int str_rep (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ int n = luaL_checkint(L, 2);
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ while (n-- > 0)
+ luaL_addlstring(&b, s, l);
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int str_byte (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t l;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l);
+ ptrdiff_t posi = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 2, 1), l);
+ ptrdiff_t pose = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, posi), l);
+ int n, i;
+ if (posi <= 0) posi = 1;
+ if ((size_t)pose > l) pose = l;
+ if (posi > pose) return 0; /* empty interval; return no values */
+ n = (int)(pose - posi + 1);
+ if (posi + n <= pose) /* overflow? */
+ luaL_error(L, "string slice too long");
+ luaL_checkstack(L, n, "string slice too long");
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ lua_pushinteger(L, uchar(s[posi+i-1]));
+ return n;
+}
+
+
+static int str_char (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = lua_gettop(L); /* number of arguments */
+ int i;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ for (i=1; i<=n; i++) {
+ int c = luaL_checkint(L, i);
+ luaL_argcheck(L, uchar(c) == c, i, "invalid value");
+ luaL_addchar(&b, uchar(c));
+ }
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int writer (lua_State *L, const void* b, size_t size, void* B) {
+ (void)L;
+ luaL_addlstring((luaL_Buffer*) B, (const char *)b, size);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int str_dump (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ lua_settop(L, 1);
+ luaL_buffinit(L,&b);
+ if (lua_dump(L, writer, &b) != 0)
+ luaL_error(L, "unable to dump given function");
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** PATTERN MATCHING
+** =======================================================
+*/
+
+
+#define CAP_UNFINISHED (-1)
+#define CAP_POSITION (-2)
+
+typedef struct MatchState {
+ const char *src_init; /* init of source string */
+ const char *src_end; /* end (`\0') of source string */
+ lua_State *L;
+ int level; /* total number of captures (finished or unfinished) */
+ struct {
+ const char *init;
+ ptrdiff_t len;
+ } capture[LUA_MAXCAPTURES];
+} MatchState;
+
+
+#define L_ESC '%'
+#define SPECIALS "^$*+?.([%-"
+
+
+static int check_capture (MatchState *ms, int l) {
+ l -= '1';
+ if (l < 0 || l >= ms->level || ms->capture[l].len == CAP_UNFINISHED)
+ return luaL_error(ms->L, "invalid capture index");
+ return l;
+}
+
+
+static int capture_to_close (MatchState *ms) {
+ int level = ms->level;
+ for (level--; level>=0; level--)
+ if (ms->capture[level].len == CAP_UNFINISHED) return level;
+ return luaL_error(ms->L, "invalid pattern capture");
+}
+
+
+static const char *classend (MatchState *ms, const char *p) {
+ switch (*p++) {
+ case L_ESC: {
+ if (*p == '\0')
+ luaL_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (ends with " LUA_QL("%%") ")");
+ return p+1;
+ }
+ case '[': {
+ if (*p == '^') p++;
+ do { /* look for a `]' */
+ if (*p == '\0')
+ luaL_error(ms->L, "malformed pattern (missing " LUA_QL("]") ")");
+ if (*(p++) == L_ESC && *p != '\0')
+ p++; /* skip escapes (e.g. `%]') */
+ } while (*p != ']');
+ return p+1;
+ }
+ default: {
+ return p;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int match_class (int c, int cl) {
+ int res;
+ switch (tolower(cl)) {
+ case 'a' : res = isalpha(c); break;
+ case 'c' : res = iscntrl(c); break;
+ case 'd' : res = isdigit(c); break;
+ case 'l' : res = islower(c); break;
+ case 'p' : res = ispunct(c); break;
+ case 's' : res = isspace(c); break;
+ case 'u' : res = isupper(c); break;
+ case 'w' : res = isalnum(c); break;
+ case 'x' : res = isxdigit(c); break;
+ case 'z' : res = (c == 0); break;
+ default: return (cl == c);
+ }
+ return (islower(cl) ? res : !res);
+}
+
+
+static int matchbracketclass (int c, const char *p, const char *ec) {
+ int sig = 1;
+ if (*(p+1) == '^') {
+ sig = 0;
+ p++; /* skip the `^' */
+ }
+ while (++p < ec) {
+ if (*p == L_ESC) {
+ p++;
+ if (match_class(c, uchar(*p)))
+ return sig;
+ }
+ else if ((*(p+1) == '-') && (p+2 < ec)) {
+ p+=2;
+ if (uchar(*(p-2)) <= c && c <= uchar(*p))
+ return sig;
+ }
+ else if (uchar(*p) == c) return sig;
+ }
+ return !sig;
+}
+
+
+static int singlematch (int c, const char *p, const char *ep) {
+ switch (*p) {
+ case '.': return 1; /* matches any char */
+ case L_ESC: return match_class(c, uchar(*(p+1)));
+ case '[': return matchbracketclass(c, p, ep-1);
+ default: return (uchar(*p) == c);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p);
+
+
+static const char *matchbalance (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
+ const char *p) {
+ if (*p == 0 || *(p+1) == 0)
+ luaL_error(ms->L, "unbalanced pattern");
+ if (*s != *p) return NULL;
+ else {
+ int b = *p;
+ int e = *(p+1);
+ int cont = 1;
+ while (++s < ms->src_end) {
+ if (*s == e) {
+ if (--cont == 0) return s+1;
+ }
+ else if (*s == b) cont++;
+ }
+ }
+ return NULL; /* string ends out of balance */
+}
+
+
+static const char *max_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
+ const char *p, const char *ep) {
+ ptrdiff_t i = 0; /* counts maximum expand for item */
+ while ((s+i)<ms->src_end && singlematch(uchar(*(s+i)), p, ep))
+ i++;
+ /* keeps trying to match with the maximum repetitions */
+ while (i>=0) {
+ const char *res = match(ms, (s+i), ep+1);
+ if (res) return res;
+ i--; /* else didn't match; reduce 1 repetition to try again */
+ }
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static const char *min_expand (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
+ const char *p, const char *ep) {
+ for (;;) {
+ const char *res = match(ms, s, ep+1);
+ if (res != NULL)
+ return res;
+ else if (s<ms->src_end && singlematch(uchar(*s), p, ep))
+ s++; /* try with one more repetition */
+ else return NULL;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static const char *start_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
+ const char *p, int what) {
+ const char *res;
+ int level = ms->level;
+ if (level >= LUA_MAXCAPTURES) luaL_error(ms->L, "too many captures");
+ ms->capture[level].init = s;
+ ms->capture[level].len = what;
+ ms->level = level+1;
+ if ((res=match(ms, s, p)) == NULL) /* match failed? */
+ ms->level--; /* undo capture */
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+static const char *end_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s,
+ const char *p) {
+ int l = capture_to_close(ms);
+ const char *res;
+ ms->capture[l].len = s - ms->capture[l].init; /* close capture */
+ if ((res = match(ms, s, p)) == NULL) /* match failed? */
+ ms->capture[l].len = CAP_UNFINISHED; /* undo capture */
+ return res;
+}
+
+
+static const char *match_capture (MatchState *ms, const char *s, int l) {
+ size_t len;
+ l = check_capture(ms, l);
+ len = ms->capture[l].len;
+ if ((size_t)(ms->src_end-s) >= len &&
+ memcmp(ms->capture[l].init, s, len) == 0)
+ return s+len;
+ else return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static const char *match (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *p) {
+ init: /* using goto's to optimize tail recursion */
+ switch (*p) {
+ case '(': { /* start capture */
+ if (*(p+1) == ')') /* position capture? */
+ return start_capture(ms, s, p+2, CAP_POSITION);
+ else
+ return start_capture(ms, s, p+1, CAP_UNFINISHED);
+ }
+ case ')': { /* end capture */
+ return end_capture(ms, s, p+1);
+ }
+ case L_ESC: {
+ switch (*(p+1)) {
+ case 'b': { /* balanced string? */
+ s = matchbalance(ms, s, p+2);
+ if (s == NULL) return NULL;
+ p+=4; goto init; /* else return match(ms, s, p+4); */
+ }
+ case 'f': { /* frontier? */
+ const char *ep; char previous;
+ p += 2;
+ if (*p != '[')
+ luaL_error(ms->L, "missing " LUA_QL("[") " after "
+ LUA_QL("%%f") " in pattern");
+ ep = classend(ms, p); /* points to what is next */
+ previous = (s == ms->src_init) ? '\0' : *(s-1);
+ if (matchbracketclass(uchar(previous), p, ep-1) ||
+ !matchbracketclass(uchar(*s), p, ep-1)) return NULL;
+ p=ep; goto init; /* else return match(ms, s, ep); */
+ }
+ default: {
+ if (isdigit(uchar(*(p+1)))) { /* capture results (%0-%9)? */
+ s = match_capture(ms, s, uchar(*(p+1)));
+ if (s == NULL) return NULL;
+ p+=2; goto init; /* else return match(ms, s, p+2) */
+ }
+ goto dflt; /* case default */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ case '\0': { /* end of pattern */
+ return s; /* match succeeded */
+ }
+ case '$': {
+ if (*(p+1) == '\0') /* is the `$' the last char in pattern? */
+ return (s == ms->src_end) ? s : NULL; /* check end of string */
+ else goto dflt;
+ }
+ default: dflt: { /* it is a pattern item */
+ const char *ep = classend(ms, p); /* points to what is next */
+ int m = s<ms->src_end && singlematch(uchar(*s), p, ep);
+ switch (*ep) {
+ case '?': { /* optional */
+ const char *res;
+ if (m && ((res=match(ms, s+1, ep+1)) != NULL))
+ return res;
+ p=ep+1; goto init; /* else return match(ms, s, ep+1); */
+ }
+ case '*': { /* 0 or more repetitions */
+ return max_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
+ }
+ case '+': { /* 1 or more repetitions */
+ return (m ? max_expand(ms, s+1, p, ep) : NULL);
+ }
+ case '-': { /* 0 or more repetitions (minimum) */
+ return min_expand(ms, s, p, ep);
+ }
+ default: {
+ if (!m) return NULL;
+ s++; p=ep; goto init; /* else return match(ms, s+1, ep); */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+
+static const char *lmemfind (const char *s1, size_t l1,
+ const char *s2, size_t l2) {
+ if (l2 == 0) return s1; /* empty strings are everywhere */
+ else if (l2 > l1) return NULL; /* avoids a negative `l1' */
+ else {
+ const char *init; /* to search for a `*s2' inside `s1' */
+ l2--; /* 1st char will be checked by `memchr' */
+ l1 = l1-l2; /* `s2' cannot be found after that */
+ while (l1 > 0 && (init = (const char *)memchr(s1, *s2, l1)) != NULL) {
+ init++; /* 1st char is already checked */
+ if (memcmp(init, s2+1, l2) == 0)
+ return init-1;
+ else { /* correct `l1' and `s1' to try again */
+ l1 -= init-s1;
+ s1 = init;
+ }
+ }
+ return NULL; /* not found */
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void push_onecapture (MatchState *ms, int i, const char *s,
+ const char *e) {
+ if (i >= ms->level) {
+ if (i == 0) /* ms->level == 0, too */
+ lua_pushlstring(ms->L, s, e - s); /* add whole match */
+ else
+ luaL_error(ms->L, "invalid capture index");
+ }
+ else {
+ ptrdiff_t l = ms->capture[i].len;
+ if (l == CAP_UNFINISHED) luaL_error(ms->L, "unfinished capture");
+ if (l == CAP_POSITION)
+ lua_pushinteger(ms->L, ms->capture[i].init - ms->src_init + 1);
+ else
+ lua_pushlstring(ms->L, ms->capture[i].init, l);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int push_captures (MatchState *ms, const char *s, const char *e) {
+ int i;
+ int nlevels = (ms->level == 0 && s) ? 1 : ms->level;
+ luaL_checkstack(ms->L, nlevels, "too many captures");
+ for (i = 0; i < nlevels; i++)
+ push_onecapture(ms, i, s, e);
+ return nlevels; /* number of strings pushed */
+}
+
+
+static int str_find_aux (lua_State *L, int find) {
+ size_t l1, l2;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &l1);
+ const char *p = luaL_checklstring(L, 2, &l2);
+ ptrdiff_t init = posrelat(luaL_optinteger(L, 3, 1), l1) - 1;
+ if (init < 0) init = 0;
+ else if ((size_t)(init) > l1) init = (ptrdiff_t)l1;
+ if (find && (lua_toboolean(L, 4) || /* explicit request? */
+ strpbrk(p, SPECIALS) == NULL)) { /* or no special characters? */
+ /* do a plain search */
+ const char *s2 = lmemfind(s+init, l1-init, p, l2);
+ if (s2) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, s2-s+1);
+ lua_pushinteger(L, s2-s+l2);
+ return 2;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ MatchState ms;
+ int anchor = (*p == '^') ? (p++, 1) : 0;
+ const char *s1=s+init;
+ ms.L = L;
+ ms.src_init = s;
+ ms.src_end = s+l1;
+ do {
+ const char *res;
+ ms.level = 0;
+ if ((res=match(&ms, s1, p)) != NULL) {
+ if (find) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, s1-s+1); /* start */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, res-s); /* end */
+ return push_captures(&ms, NULL, 0) + 2;
+ }
+ else
+ return push_captures(&ms, s1, res);
+ }
+ } while (s1++ < ms.src_end && !anchor);
+ }
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* not found */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int str_find (lua_State *L) {
+ return str_find_aux(L, 1);
+}
+
+
+static int str_match (lua_State *L) {
+ return str_find_aux(L, 0);
+}
+
+
+static int gmatch_aux (lua_State *L) {
+ MatchState ms;
+ size_t ls;
+ const char *s = lua_tolstring(L, lua_upvalueindex(1), &ls);
+ const char *p = lua_tostring(L, lua_upvalueindex(2));
+ const char *src;
+ ms.L = L;
+ ms.src_init = s;
+ ms.src_end = s+ls;
+ for (src = s + (size_t)lua_tointeger(L, lua_upvalueindex(3));
+ src <= ms.src_end;
+ src++) {
+ const char *e;
+ ms.level = 0;
+ if ((e = match(&ms, src, p)) != NULL) {
+ lua_Integer newstart = e-s;
+ if (e == src) newstart++; /* empty match? go at least one position */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, newstart);
+ lua_replace(L, lua_upvalueindex(3));
+ return push_captures(&ms, src, e);
+ }
+ }
+ return 0; /* not found */
+}
+
+
+static int gmatch (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checkstring(L, 1);
+ luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+ lua_settop(L, 2);
+ lua_pushinteger(L, 0);
+ lua_pushcclosure(L, gmatch_aux, 3);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int gfind_nodef (lua_State *L) {
+ return luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("string.gfind") " was renamed to "
+ LUA_QL("string.gmatch"));
+}
+
+
+static void add_s (MatchState *ms, luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s,
+ const char *e) {
+ size_t l, i;
+ const char *news = lua_tolstring(ms->L, 3, &l);
+ for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+ if (news[i] != L_ESC)
+ luaL_addchar(b, news[i]);
+ else {
+ i++; /* skip ESC */
+ if (!isdigit(uchar(news[i])))
+ luaL_addchar(b, news[i]);
+ else if (news[i] == '0')
+ luaL_addlstring(b, s, e - s);
+ else {
+ push_onecapture(ms, news[i] - '1', s, e);
+ luaL_addvalue(b); /* add capture to accumulated result */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void add_value (MatchState *ms, luaL_Buffer *b, const char *s,
+ const char *e) {
+ lua_State *L = ms->L;
+ switch (lua_type(L, 3)) {
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ case LUA_TSTRING: {
+ add_s(ms, b, s, e);
+ return;
+ }
+ case LUA_TFUNCTION: {
+ int n;
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 3);
+ n = push_captures(ms, s, e);
+ lua_call(L, n, 1);
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TTABLE: {
+ push_onecapture(ms, 0, s, e);
+ lua_gettable(L, 3);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!lua_toboolean(L, -1)) { /* nil or false? */
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ lua_pushlstring(L, s, e - s); /* keep original text */
+ }
+ else if (!lua_isstring(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, "invalid replacement value (a %s)", luaL_typename(L, -1));
+ luaL_addvalue(b); /* add result to accumulator */
+}
+
+
+static int str_gsub (lua_State *L) {
+ size_t srcl;
+ const char *src = luaL_checklstring(L, 1, &srcl);
+ const char *p = luaL_checkstring(L, 2);
+ int tr = lua_type(L, 3);
+ int max_s = luaL_optint(L, 4, srcl+1);
+ int anchor = (*p == '^') ? (p++, 1) : 0;
+ int n = 0;
+ MatchState ms;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_argcheck(L, tr == LUA_TNUMBER || tr == LUA_TSTRING ||
+ tr == LUA_TFUNCTION || tr == LUA_TTABLE, 3,
+ "string/function/table expected");
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ ms.L = L;
+ ms.src_init = src;
+ ms.src_end = src+srcl;
+ while (n < max_s) {
+ const char *e;
+ ms.level = 0;
+ e = match(&ms, src, p);
+ if (e) {
+ n++;
+ add_value(&ms, &b, src, e);
+ }
+ if (e && e>src) /* non empty match? */
+ src = e; /* skip it */
+ else if (src < ms.src_end)
+ luaL_addchar(&b, *src++);
+ else break;
+ if (anchor) break;
+ }
+ luaL_addlstring(&b, src, ms.src_end-src);
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ lua_pushinteger(L, n); /* number of substitutions */
+ return 2;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+/* maximum size of each formatted item (> len(format('%99.99f', -1e308))) */
+#define MAX_ITEM 512
+/* valid flags in a format specification */
+#define FLAGS "-+ #0"
+/*
+** maximum size of each format specification (such as '%-099.99d')
+** (+10 accounts for %99.99x plus margin of error)
+*/
+#define MAX_FORMAT (sizeof(FLAGS) + sizeof(LUA_INTFRMLEN) + 10)
+
+
+static void addquoted (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *b, int arg) {
+ size_t l;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &l);
+ luaL_addchar(b, '"');
+ while (l--) {
+ switch (*s) {
+ case '"': case '\\': case '\n': {
+ luaL_addchar(b, '\\');
+ luaL_addchar(b, *s);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '\r': {
+ luaL_addlstring(b, "\\r", 2);
+ break;
+ }
+ case '\0': {
+ luaL_addlstring(b, "\\000", 4);
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ luaL_addchar(b, *s);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ s++;
+ }
+ luaL_addchar(b, '"');
+}
+
+static const char *scanformat (lua_State *L, const char *strfrmt, char *form) {
+ const char *p = strfrmt;
+ while (*p != '\0' && strchr(FLAGS, *p) != NULL) p++; /* skip flags */
+ if ((size_t)(p - strfrmt) >= sizeof(FLAGS))
+ luaL_error(L, "invalid format (repeated flags)");
+ if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++; /* skip width */
+ if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++; /* (2 digits at most) */
+ if (*p == '.') {
+ p++;
+ if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++; /* skip precision */
+ if (isdigit(uchar(*p))) p++; /* (2 digits at most) */
+ }
+ if (isdigit(uchar(*p)))
+ luaL_error(L, "invalid format (width or precision too long)");
+ *(form++) = '%';
+ strncpy(form, strfrmt, p - strfrmt + 1);
+ form += p - strfrmt + 1;
+ *form = '\0';
+ return p;
+}
+
+
+static void addintlen (char *form) {
+ size_t l = strlen(form);
+ char spec = form[l - 1];
+ strcpy(form + l - 1, LUA_INTFRMLEN);
+ form[l + sizeof(LUA_INTFRMLEN) - 2] = spec;
+ form[l + sizeof(LUA_INTFRMLEN) - 1] = '\0';
+}
+
+
+static int str_format (lua_State *L) {
+ int arg = 1;
+ size_t sfl;
+ const char *strfrmt = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &sfl);
+ const char *strfrmt_end = strfrmt+sfl;
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ while (strfrmt < strfrmt_end) {
+ if (*strfrmt != L_ESC)
+ luaL_addchar(&b, *strfrmt++);
+ else if (*++strfrmt == L_ESC)
+ luaL_addchar(&b, *strfrmt++); /* %% */
+ else { /* format item */
+ char form[MAX_FORMAT]; /* to store the format (`%...') */
+ char buff[MAX_ITEM]; /* to store the formatted item */
+ arg++;
+ strfrmt = scanformat(L, strfrmt, form);
+ switch (*strfrmt++) {
+ case 'c': {
+ sprintf(buff, form, (int)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'd': case 'i': {
+ addintlen(form);
+ sprintf(buff, form, (LUA_INTFRM_T)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'o': case 'u': case 'x': case 'X': {
+ addintlen(form);
+ sprintf(buff, form, (unsigned LUA_INTFRM_T)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'e': case 'E': case 'f':
+ case 'g': case 'G': {
+ sprintf(buff, form, (double)luaL_checknumber(L, arg));
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'q': {
+ addquoted(L, &b, arg);
+ continue; /* skip the 'addsize' at the end */
+ }
+ case 's': {
+ size_t l;
+ const char *s = luaL_checklstring(L, arg, &l);
+ if (!strchr(form, '.') && l >= 100) {
+ /* no precision and string is too long to be formatted;
+ keep original string */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, arg);
+ luaL_addvalue(&b);
+ continue; /* skip the `addsize' at the end */
+ }
+ else {
+ sprintf(buff, form, s);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ default: { /* also treat cases `pnLlh' */
+ return luaL_error(L, "invalid option " LUA_QL("%%%c") " to "
+ LUA_QL("format"), *(strfrmt - 1));
+ }
+ }
+ luaL_addlstring(&b, buff, strlen(buff));
+ }
+ }
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg strlib[] = {
+ {"byte", str_byte},
+ {"char", str_char},
+ {"dump", str_dump},
+ {"find", str_find},
+ {"format", str_format},
+ {"gfind", gfind_nodef},
+ {"gmatch", gmatch},
+ {"gsub", str_gsub},
+ {"len", str_len},
+ {"lower", str_lower},
+ {"match", str_match},
+ {"rep", str_rep},
+ {"reverse", str_reverse},
+ {"sub", str_sub},
+ {"upper", str_upper},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+static void createmetatable (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_createtable(L, 0, 1); /* create metatable for strings */
+ lua_pushliteral(L, ""); /* dummy string */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2);
+ lua_setmetatable(L, -2); /* set string metatable */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* pop dummy string */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -2); /* string library... */
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "__index"); /* ...is the __index metamethod */
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* pop metatable */
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Open string library
+*/
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_string (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_STRLIBNAME, strlib);
+#if defined(LUA_COMPAT_GFIND)
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "gmatch");
+ lua_setfield(L, -2, "gfind");
+#endif
+ createmetatable(L);
+ return 1;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ltable.c,v 2.32.1.2 2007/12/28 15:32:23 roberto Exp $
+** Lua tables (hash)
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Implementation of tables (aka arrays, objects, or hash tables).
+** Tables keep its elements in two parts: an array part and a hash part.
+** Non-negative integer keys are all candidates to be kept in the array
+** part. The actual size of the array is the largest `n' such that at
+** least half the slots between 0 and n are in use.
+** Hash uses a mix of chained scatter table with Brent's variation.
+** A main invariant of these tables is that, if an element is not
+** in its main position (i.e. the `original' position that its hash gives
+** to it), then the colliding element is in its own main position.
+** Hence even when the load factor reaches 100%, performance remains good.
+*/
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define ltable_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+
+
+/*
+** max size of array part is 2^MAXBITS
+*/
+#if LUAI_BITSINT > 26
+#define MAXBITS 26
+#else
+#define MAXBITS (LUAI_BITSINT-2)
+#endif
+
+#define MAXASIZE (1 << MAXBITS)
+
+
+#define hashpow2(t,n) (gnode(t, lmod((n), sizenode(t))))
+
+#define hashstr(t,str) hashpow2(t, (str)->tsv.hash)
+#define hashboolean(t,p) hashpow2(t, p)
+
+
+/*
+** for some types, it is better to avoid modulus by power of 2, as
+** they tend to have many 2 factors.
+*/
+#define hashmod(t,n) (gnode(t, ((n) % ((sizenode(t)-1)|1))))
+
+
+#define hashpointer(t,p) hashmod(t, IntPoint(p))
+
+
+/*
+** number of ints inside a lua_Number
+*/
+#define numints cast_int(sizeof(lua_Number)/sizeof(int))
+
+
+
+#define dummynode (&dummynode_)
+
+static const Node dummynode_ = {
+ {{NULL}, LUA_TNIL}, /* value */
+ {{{NULL}, LUA_TNIL, NULL}} /* key */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** hash for lua_Numbers
+*/
+static Node *hashnum (const Table *t, lua_Number n) {
+ unsigned int a[numints];
+ int i;
+ if (luai_numeq(n, 0)) /* avoid problems with -0 */
+ return gnode(t, 0);
+ memcpy(a, &n, sizeof(a));
+ for (i = 1; i < numints; i++) a[0] += a[i];
+ return hashmod(t, a[0]);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** returns the `main' position of an element in a table (that is, the index
+** of its hash value)
+*/
+static Node *mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key) {
+ switch (ttype(key)) {
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ return hashnum(t, nvalue(key));
+ case LUA_TSTRING:
+ return hashstr(t, rawtsvalue(key));
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
+ return hashboolean(t, bvalue(key));
+ case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA:
+ return hashpointer(t, pvalue(key));
+ default:
+ return hashpointer(t, gcvalue(key));
+ }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** returns the index for `key' if `key' is an appropriate key to live in
+** the array part of the table, -1 otherwise.
+*/
+static int arrayindex (const TValue *key) {
+ if (ttisnumber(key)) {
+ lua_Number n = nvalue(key);
+ int k;
+ lua_number2int(k, n);
+ if (luai_numeq(cast_num(k), n))
+ return k;
+ }
+ return -1; /* `key' did not match some condition */
+}
+
+
+/*
+** returns the index of a `key' for table traversals. First goes all
+** elements in the array part, then elements in the hash part. The
+** beginning of a traversal is signalled by -1.
+*/
+static int findindex (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key) {
+ int i;
+ if (ttisnil(key)) return -1; /* first iteration */
+ i = arrayindex(key);
+ if (0 < i && i <= t->sizearray) /* is `key' inside array part? */
+ return i-1; /* yes; that's the index (corrected to C) */
+ else {
+ Node *n = mainposition(t, key);
+ do { /* check whether `key' is somewhere in the chain */
+ /* key may be dead already, but it is ok to use it in `next' */
+ if (luaO_rawequalObj(key2tval(n), key) ||
+ (ttype(gkey(n)) == LUA_TDEADKEY && iscollectable(key) &&
+ gcvalue(gkey(n)) == gcvalue(key))) {
+ i = cast_int(n - gnode(t, 0)); /* key index in hash table */
+ /* hash elements are numbered after array ones */
+ return i + t->sizearray;
+ }
+ else n = gnext(n);
+ } while (n);
+ luaG_runerror(L, "invalid key to " LUA_QL("next")); /* key not found */
+ return 0; /* to avoid warnings */
+ }
+}
+
+
+int luaH_next (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key) {
+ int i = findindex(L, t, key); /* find original element */
+ for (i++; i < t->sizearray; i++) { /* try first array part */
+ if (!ttisnil(&t->array[i])) { /* a non-nil value? */
+ setnvalue(key, cast_num(i+1));
+ setobj2s(L, key+1, &t->array[i]);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+ for (i -= t->sizearray; i < sizenode(t); i++) { /* then hash part */
+ if (!ttisnil(gval(gnode(t, i)))) { /* a non-nil value? */
+ setobj2s(L, key, key2tval(gnode(t, i)));
+ setobj2s(L, key+1, gval(gnode(t, i)));
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+ return 0; /* no more elements */
+}
+
+
+/*
+** {=============================================================
+** Rehash
+** ==============================================================
+*/
+
+
+static int computesizes (int nums[], int *narray) {
+ int i;
+ int twotoi; /* 2^i */
+ int a = 0; /* number of elements smaller than 2^i */
+ int na = 0; /* number of elements to go to array part */
+ int n = 0; /* optimal size for array part */
+ for (i = 0, twotoi = 1; twotoi/2 < *narray; i++, twotoi *= 2) {
+ if (nums[i] > 0) {
+ a += nums[i];
+ if (a > twotoi/2) { /* more than half elements present? */
+ n = twotoi; /* optimal size (till now) */
+ na = a; /* all elements smaller than n will go to array part */
+ }
+ }
+ if (a == *narray) break; /* all elements already counted */
+ }
+ *narray = n;
+ lua_assert(*narray/2 <= na && na <= *narray);
+ return na;
+}
+
+
+static int countint (const TValue *key, int *nums) {
+ int k = arrayindex(key);
+ if (0 < k && k <= MAXASIZE) { /* is `key' an appropriate array index? */
+ nums[ceillog2(k)]++; /* count as such */
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int numusearray (const Table *t, int *nums) {
+ int lg;
+ int ttlg; /* 2^lg */
+ int ause = 0; /* summation of `nums' */
+ int i = 1; /* count to traverse all array keys */
+ for (lg=0, ttlg=1; lg<=MAXBITS; lg++, ttlg*=2) { /* for each slice */
+ int lc = 0; /* counter */
+ int lim = ttlg;
+ if (lim > t->sizearray) {
+ lim = t->sizearray; /* adjust upper limit */
+ if (i > lim)
+ break; /* no more elements to count */
+ }
+ /* count elements in range (2^(lg-1), 2^lg] */
+ for (; i <= lim; i++) {
+ if (!ttisnil(&t->array[i-1]))
+ lc++;
+ }
+ nums[lg] += lc;
+ ause += lc;
+ }
+ return ause;
+}
+
+
+static int numusehash (const Table *t, int *nums, int *pnasize) {
+ int totaluse = 0; /* total number of elements */
+ int ause = 0; /* summation of `nums' */
+ int i = sizenode(t);
+ while (i--) {
+ Node *n = &t->node[i];
+ if (!ttisnil(gval(n))) {
+ ause += countint(key2tval(n), nums);
+ totaluse++;
+ }
+ }
+ *pnasize += ause;
+ return totaluse;
+}
+
+
+static void setarrayvector (lua_State *L, Table *t, int size) {
+ int i;
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, t->array, t->sizearray, size, TValue);
+ for (i=t->sizearray; i<size; i++)
+ setnilvalue(&t->array[i]);
+ t->sizearray = size;
+}
+
+
+static void setnodevector (lua_State *L, Table *t, int size) {
+ int lsize;
+ if (size == 0) { /* no elements to hash part? */
+ t->node = cast(Node *, dummynode); /* use common `dummynode' */
+ lsize = 0;
+ }
+ else {
+ int i;
+ lsize = ceillog2(size);
+ if (lsize > MAXBITS)
+ luaG_runerror(L, "table overflow");
+ size = twoto(lsize);
+ t->node = luaM_newvector(L, size, Node);
+ for (i=0; i<size; i++) {
+ Node *n = gnode(t, i);
+ gnext(n) = NULL;
+ setnilvalue(gkey(n));
+ setnilvalue(gval(n));
+ }
+ }
+ t->lsizenode = cast_byte(lsize);
+ t->lastfree = gnode(t, size); /* all positions are free */
+}
+
+
+static void resize (lua_State *L, Table *t, int nasize, int nhsize) {
+ int i;
+ int oldasize = t->sizearray;
+ int oldhsize = t->lsizenode;
+ Node *nold = t->node; /* save old hash ... */
+ if (nasize > oldasize) /* array part must grow? */
+ setarrayvector(L, t, nasize);
+ /* create new hash part with appropriate size */
+ setnodevector(L, t, nhsize);
+ if (nasize < oldasize) { /* array part must shrink? */
+ t->sizearray = nasize;
+ /* re-insert elements from vanishing slice */
+ for (i=nasize; i<oldasize; i++) {
+ if (!ttisnil(&t->array[i]))
+ setobjt2t(L, luaH_setnum(L, t, i+1), &t->array[i]);
+ }
+ /* shrink array */
+ luaM_reallocvector(L, t->array, oldasize, nasize, TValue);
+ }
+ /* re-insert elements from hash part */
+ for (i = twoto(oldhsize) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+ Node *old = nold+i;
+ if (!ttisnil(gval(old)))
+ setobjt2t(L, luaH_set(L, t, key2tval(old)), gval(old));
+ }
+ if (nold != dummynode)
+ luaM_freearray(L, nold, twoto(oldhsize), Node); /* free old array */
+}
+
+
+void luaH_resizearray (lua_State *L, Table *t, int nasize) {
+ int nsize = (t->node == dummynode) ? 0 : sizenode(t);
+ resize(L, t, nasize, nsize);
+}
+
+
+static void rehash (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *ek) {
+ int nasize, na;
+ int nums[MAXBITS+1]; /* nums[i] = number of keys between 2^(i-1) and 2^i */
+ int i;
+ int totaluse;
+ for (i=0; i<=MAXBITS; i++) nums[i] = 0; /* reset counts */
+ nasize = numusearray(t, nums); /* count keys in array part */
+ totaluse = nasize; /* all those keys are integer keys */
+ totaluse += numusehash(t, nums, &nasize); /* count keys in hash part */
+ /* count extra key */
+ nasize += countint(ek, nums);
+ totaluse++;
+ /* compute new size for array part */
+ na = computesizes(nums, &nasize);
+ /* resize the table to new computed sizes */
+ resize(L, t, nasize, totaluse - na);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** }=============================================================
+*/
+
+
+Table *luaH_new (lua_State *L, int narray, int nhash) {
+ Table *t = luaM_new(L, Table);
+ luaC_link(L, obj2gco(t), LUA_TTABLE);
+ t->metatable = NULL;
+ t->flags = cast_byte(~0);
+ /* temporary values (kept only if some malloc fails) */
+ t->array = NULL;
+ t->sizearray = 0;
+ t->lsizenode = 0;
+ t->node = cast(Node *, dummynode);
+ setarrayvector(L, t, narray);
+ setnodevector(L, t, nhash);
+ return t;
+}
+
+
+void luaH_free (lua_State *L, Table *t) {
+ if (t->node != dummynode)
+ luaM_freearray(L, t->node, sizenode(t), Node);
+ luaM_freearray(L, t->array, t->sizearray, TValue);
+ luaM_free(L, t);
+}
+
+
+static Node *getfreepos (Table *t) {
+ while (t->lastfree-- > t->node) {
+ if (ttisnil(gkey(t->lastfree)))
+ return t->lastfree;
+ }
+ return NULL; /* could not find a free place */
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** inserts a new key into a hash table; first, check whether key's main
+** position is free. If not, check whether colliding node is in its main
+** position or not: if it is not, move colliding node to an empty place and
+** put new key in its main position; otherwise (colliding node is in its main
+** position), new key goes to an empty position.
+*/
+static TValue *newkey (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key) {
+ Node *mp = mainposition(t, key);
+ if (!ttisnil(gval(mp)) || mp == dummynode) {
+ Node *othern;
+ Node *n = getfreepos(t); /* get a free place */
+ if (n == NULL) { /* cannot find a free place? */
+ rehash(L, t, key); /* grow table */
+ return luaH_set(L, t, key); /* re-insert key into grown table */
+ }
+ lua_assert(n != dummynode);
+ othern = mainposition(t, key2tval(mp));
+ if (othern != mp) { /* is colliding node out of its main position? */
+ /* yes; move colliding node into free position */
+ while (gnext(othern) != mp) othern = gnext(othern); /* find previous */
+ gnext(othern) = n; /* redo the chain with `n' in place of `mp' */
+ *n = *mp; /* copy colliding node into free pos. (mp->next also goes) */
+ gnext(mp) = NULL; /* now `mp' is free */
+ setnilvalue(gval(mp));
+ }
+ else { /* colliding node is in its own main position */
+ /* new node will go into free position */
+ gnext(n) = gnext(mp); /* chain new position */
+ gnext(mp) = n;
+ mp = n;
+ }
+ }
+ gkey(mp)->value = key->value; gkey(mp)->tt = key->tt;
+ luaC_barriert(L, t, key);
+ lua_assert(ttisnil(gval(mp)));
+ return gval(mp);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** search function for integers
+*/
+const TValue *luaH_getnum (Table *t, int key) {
+ /* (1 <= key && key <= t->sizearray) */
+ if (cast(unsigned int, key-1) < cast(unsigned int, t->sizearray))
+ return &t->array[key-1];
+ else {
+ lua_Number nk = cast_num(key);
+ Node *n = hashnum(t, nk);
+ do { /* check whether `key' is somewhere in the chain */
+ if (ttisnumber(gkey(n)) && luai_numeq(nvalue(gkey(n)), nk))
+ return gval(n); /* that's it */
+ else n = gnext(n);
+ } while (n);
+ return luaO_nilobject;
+ }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** search function for strings
+*/
+const TValue *luaH_getstr (Table *t, TString *key) {
+ Node *n = hashstr(t, key);
+ do { /* check whether `key' is somewhere in the chain */
+ if (ttisstring(gkey(n)) && rawtsvalue(gkey(n)) == key)
+ return gval(n); /* that's it */
+ else n = gnext(n);
+ } while (n);
+ return luaO_nilobject;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** main search function
+*/
+const TValue *luaH_get (Table *t, const TValue *key) {
+ switch (ttype(key)) {
+ case LUA_TNIL: return luaO_nilobject;
+ case LUA_TSTRING: return luaH_getstr(t, rawtsvalue(key));
+ case LUA_TNUMBER: {
+ int k;
+ lua_Number n = nvalue(key);
+ lua_number2int(k, n);
+ if (luai_numeq(cast_num(k), nvalue(key))) /* index is int? */
+ return luaH_getnum(t, k); /* use specialized version */
+ /* else go through */
+ }
+ default: {
+ Node *n = mainposition(t, key);
+ do { /* check whether `key' is somewhere in the chain */
+ if (luaO_rawequalObj(key2tval(n), key))
+ return gval(n); /* that's it */
+ else n = gnext(n);
+ } while (n);
+ return luaO_nilobject;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+TValue *luaH_set (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key) {
+ const TValue *p = luaH_get(t, key);
+ t->flags = 0;
+ if (p != luaO_nilobject)
+ return cast(TValue *, p);
+ else {
+ if (ttisnil(key)) luaG_runerror(L, "table index is nil");
+ else if (ttisnumber(key) && luai_numisnan(nvalue(key)))
+ luaG_runerror(L, "table index is NaN");
+ return newkey(L, t, key);
+ }
+}
+
+
+TValue *luaH_setnum (lua_State *L, Table *t, int key) {
+ const TValue *p = luaH_getnum(t, key);
+ if (p != luaO_nilobject)
+ return cast(TValue *, p);
+ else {
+ TValue k;
+ setnvalue(&k, cast_num(key));
+ return newkey(L, t, &k);
+ }
+}
+
+
+TValue *luaH_setstr (lua_State *L, Table *t, TString *key) {
+ const TValue *p = luaH_getstr(t, key);
+ if (p != luaO_nilobject)
+ return cast(TValue *, p);
+ else {
+ TValue k;
+ setsvalue(L, &k, key);
+ return newkey(L, t, &k);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static int unbound_search (Table *t, unsigned int j) {
+ unsigned int i = j; /* i is zero or a present index */
+ j++;
+ /* find `i' and `j' such that i is present and j is not */
+ while (!ttisnil(luaH_getnum(t, j))) {
+ i = j;
+ j *= 2;
+ if (j > cast(unsigned int, MAX_INT)) { /* overflow? */
+ /* table was built with bad purposes: resort to linear search */
+ i = 1;
+ while (!ttisnil(luaH_getnum(t, i))) i++;
+ return i - 1;
+ }
+ }
+ /* now do a binary search between them */
+ while (j - i > 1) {
+ unsigned int m = (i+j)/2;
+ if (ttisnil(luaH_getnum(t, m))) j = m;
+ else i = m;
+ }
+ return i;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Try to find a boundary in table `t'. A `boundary' is an integer index
+** such that t[i] is non-nil and t[i+1] is nil (and 0 if t[1] is nil).
+*/
+int luaH_getn (Table *t) {
+ unsigned int j = t->sizearray;
+ if (j > 0 && ttisnil(&t->array[j - 1])) {
+ /* there is a boundary in the array part: (binary) search for it */
+ unsigned int i = 0;
+ while (j - i > 1) {
+ unsigned int m = (i+j)/2;
+ if (ttisnil(&t->array[m - 1])) j = m;
+ else i = m;
+ }
+ return i;
+ }
+ /* else must find a boundary in hash part */
+ else if (t->node == dummynode) /* hash part is empty? */
+ return j; /* that is easy... */
+ else return unbound_search(t, j);
+}
+
+
+
+#if defined(LUA_DEBUG)
+
+Node *luaH_mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key) {
+ return mainposition(t, key);
+}
+
+int luaH_isdummy (Node *n) { return n == dummynode; }
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ltable.h,v 2.10.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Lua tables (hash)
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef ltable_h
+#define ltable_h
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+
+
+#define gnode(t,i) (&(t)->node[i])
+#define gkey(n) (&(n)->i_key.nk)
+#define gval(n) (&(n)->i_val)
+#define gnext(n) ((n)->i_key.nk.next)
+
+#define key2tval(n) (&(n)->i_key.tvk)
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_getnum (Table *t, int key);
+LUAI_FUNC TValue *luaH_setnum (lua_State *L, Table *t, int key);
+LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_getstr (Table *t, TString *key);
+LUAI_FUNC TValue *luaH_setstr (lua_State *L, Table *t, TString *key);
+LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaH_get (Table *t, const TValue *key);
+LUAI_FUNC TValue *luaH_set (lua_State *L, Table *t, const TValue *key);
+LUAI_FUNC Table *luaH_new (lua_State *L, int narray, int lnhash);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaH_resizearray (lua_State *L, Table *t, int nasize);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaH_free (lua_State *L, Table *t);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaH_next (lua_State *L, Table *t, StkId key);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaH_getn (Table *t);
+
+
+#if defined(LUA_DEBUG)
+LUAI_FUNC Node *luaH_mainposition (const Table *t, const TValue *key);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaH_isdummy (Node *n);
+#endif
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ltablib.c,v 1.38.1.3 2008/02/14 16:46:58 roberto Exp $
+** Library for Table Manipulation
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#define ltablib_c
+#define LUA_LIB
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+#define aux_getn(L,n) (luaL_checktype(L, n, LUA_TTABLE), luaL_getn(L, n))
+
+
+static int foreachi (lua_State *L) {
+ int i;
+ int n = aux_getn(L, 1);
+ luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ for (i=1; i <= n; i++) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 2); /* function */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, i); /* 1st argument */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i); /* 2nd argument */
+ lua_call(L, 2, 1);
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, -1))
+ return 1;
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove nil result */
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int foreach (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */
+ while (lua_next(L, 1)) {
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 2); /* function */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -3); /* key */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -3); /* value */
+ lua_call(L, 2, 1);
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, -1))
+ return 1;
+ lua_pop(L, 2); /* remove value and result */
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int maxn (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_Number max = 0;
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ lua_pushnil(L); /* first key */
+ while (lua_next(L, 1)) {
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove value */
+ if (lua_type(L, -1) == LUA_TNUMBER) {
+ lua_Number v = lua_tonumber(L, -1);
+ if (v > max) max = v;
+ }
+ }
+ lua_pushnumber(L, max);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int getn (lua_State *L) {
+ lua_pushinteger(L, aux_getn(L, 1));
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int setn (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+#ifndef luaL_setn
+ luaL_setn(L, 1, luaL_checkint(L, 2));
+#else
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("setn") " is obsolete");
+#endif
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int tinsert (lua_State *L) {
+ int e = aux_getn(L, 1) + 1; /* first empty element */
+ int pos; /* where to insert new element */
+ switch (lua_gettop(L)) {
+ case 2: { /* called with only 2 arguments */
+ pos = e; /* insert new element at the end */
+ break;
+ }
+ case 3: {
+ int i;
+ pos = luaL_checkint(L, 2); /* 2nd argument is the position */
+ if (pos > e) e = pos; /* `grow' array if necessary */
+ for (i = e; i > pos; i--) { /* move up elements */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i-1);
+ lua_rawseti(L, 1, i); /* t[i] = t[i-1] */
+ }
+ break;
+ }
+ default: {
+ return luaL_error(L, "wrong number of arguments to " LUA_QL("insert"));
+ }
+ }
+ luaL_setn(L, 1, e); /* new size */
+ lua_rawseti(L, 1, pos); /* t[pos] = v */
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int tremove (lua_State *L) {
+ int e = aux_getn(L, 1);
+ int pos = luaL_optint(L, 2, e);
+ if (!(1 <= pos && pos <= e)) /* position is outside bounds? */
+ return 0; /* nothing to remove */
+ luaL_setn(L, 1, e - 1); /* t.n = n-1 */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, pos); /* result = t[pos] */
+ for ( ;pos<e; pos++) {
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, pos+1);
+ lua_rawseti(L, 1, pos); /* t[pos] = t[pos+1] */
+ }
+ lua_pushnil(L);
+ lua_rawseti(L, 1, e); /* t[e] = nil */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void addfield (lua_State *L, luaL_Buffer *b, int i) {
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i);
+ if (!lua_isstring(L, -1))
+ luaL_error(L, "invalid value (%s) at index %d in table for "
+ LUA_QL("concat"), luaL_typename(L, -1), i);
+ luaL_addvalue(b);
+}
+
+
+static int tconcat (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_Buffer b;
+ size_t lsep;
+ int i, last;
+ const char *sep = luaL_optlstring(L, 2, "", &lsep);
+ luaL_checktype(L, 1, LUA_TTABLE);
+ i = luaL_optint(L, 3, 1);
+ last = luaL_opt(L, luaL_checkint, 4, luaL_getn(L, 1));
+ luaL_buffinit(L, &b);
+ for (; i < last; i++) {
+ addfield(L, &b, i);
+ luaL_addlstring(&b, sep, lsep);
+ }
+ if (i == last) /* add last value (if interval was not empty) */
+ addfield(L, &b, i);
+ luaL_pushresult(&b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================
+** Quicksort
+** (based on `Algorithms in MODULA-3', Robert Sedgewick;
+** Addison-Wesley, 1993.)
+*/
+
+
+static void set2 (lua_State *L, int i, int j) {
+ lua_rawseti(L, 1, i);
+ lua_rawseti(L, 1, j);
+}
+
+static int sort_comp (lua_State *L, int a, int b) {
+ if (!lua_isnil(L, 2)) { /* function? */
+ int res;
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 2);
+ lua_pushvalue(L, a-1); /* -1 to compensate function */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, b-2); /* -2 to compensate function and `a' */
+ lua_call(L, 2, 1);
+ res = lua_toboolean(L, -1);
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ return res;
+ }
+ else /* a < b? */
+ return lua_lessthan(L, a, b);
+}
+
+static void auxsort (lua_State *L, int l, int u) {
+ while (l < u) { /* for tail recursion */
+ int i, j;
+ /* sort elements a[l], a[(l+u)/2] and a[u] */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, l);
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, u);
+ if (sort_comp(L, -1, -2)) /* a[u] < a[l]? */
+ set2(L, l, u); /* swap a[l] - a[u] */
+ else
+ lua_pop(L, 2);
+ if (u-l == 1) break; /* only 2 elements */
+ i = (l+u)/2;
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i);
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, l);
+ if (sort_comp(L, -2, -1)) /* a[i]<a[l]? */
+ set2(L, i, l);
+ else {
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove a[l] */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, u);
+ if (sort_comp(L, -1, -2)) /* a[u]<a[i]? */
+ set2(L, i, u);
+ else
+ lua_pop(L, 2);
+ }
+ if (u-l == 2) break; /* only 3 elements */
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i); /* Pivot */
+ lua_pushvalue(L, -1);
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, u-1);
+ set2(L, i, u-1);
+ /* a[l] <= P == a[u-1] <= a[u], only need to sort from l+1 to u-2 */
+ i = l; j = u-1;
+ for (;;) { /* invariant: a[l..i] <= P <= a[j..u] */
+ /* repeat ++i until a[i] >= P */
+ while (lua_rawgeti(L, 1, ++i), sort_comp(L, -1, -2)) {
+ if (i>u) luaL_error(L, "invalid order function for sorting");
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove a[i] */
+ }
+ /* repeat --j until a[j] <= P */
+ while (lua_rawgeti(L, 1, --j), sort_comp(L, -3, -1)) {
+ if (j<l) luaL_error(L, "invalid order function for sorting");
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove a[j] */
+ }
+ if (j<i) {
+ lua_pop(L, 3); /* pop pivot, a[i], a[j] */
+ break;
+ }
+ set2(L, i, j);
+ }
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, u-1);
+ lua_rawgeti(L, 1, i);
+ set2(L, u-1, i); /* swap pivot (a[u-1]) with a[i] */
+ /* a[l..i-1] <= a[i] == P <= a[i+1..u] */
+ /* adjust so that smaller half is in [j..i] and larger one in [l..u] */
+ if (i-l < u-i) {
+ j=l; i=i-1; l=i+2;
+ }
+ else {
+ j=i+1; i=u; u=j-2;
+ }
+ auxsort(L, j, i); /* call recursively the smaller one */
+ } /* repeat the routine for the larger one */
+}
+
+static int sort (lua_State *L) {
+ int n = aux_getn(L, 1);
+ luaL_checkstack(L, 40, ""); /* assume array is smaller than 2^40 */
+ if (!lua_isnoneornil(L, 2)) /* is there a 2nd argument? */
+ luaL_checktype(L, 2, LUA_TFUNCTION);
+ lua_settop(L, 2); /* make sure there is two arguments */
+ auxsort(L, 1, n);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* }====================================================== */
+
+
+static const luaL_Reg tab_funcs[] = {
+ {"concat", tconcat},
+ {"foreach", foreach},
+ {"foreachi", foreachi},
+ {"getn", getn},
+ {"maxn", maxn},
+ {"insert", tinsert},
+ {"remove", tremove},
+ {"setn", setn},
+ {"sort", sort},
+ {NULL, NULL}
+};
+
+
+LUALIB_API int luaopen_table (lua_State *L) {
+ luaL_register(L, LUA_TABLIBNAME, tab_funcs);
+ return 1;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ltm.c,v 2.8.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Tag methods
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define ltm_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+
+
+
+const char *const luaT_typenames[] = {
+ "nil", "boolean", "userdata", "number",
+ "string", "table", "function", "userdata", "thread",
+ "proto", "upval"
+};
+
+
+void luaT_init (lua_State *L) {
+ static const char *const luaT_eventname[] = { /* ORDER TM */
+ "__index", "__newindex",
+ "__gc", "__mode", "__eq",
+ "__add", "__sub", "__mul", "__div", "__mod",
+ "__pow", "__unm", "__len", "__lt", "__le",
+ "__concat", "__call"
+ };
+ int i;
+ for (i=0; i<TM_N; i++) {
+ G(L)->tmname[i] = luaS_new(L, luaT_eventname[i]);
+ luaS_fix(G(L)->tmname[i]); /* never collect these names */
+ }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** function to be used with macro "fasttm": optimized for absence of
+** tag methods
+*/
+const TValue *luaT_gettm (Table *events, TMS event, TString *ename) {
+ const TValue *tm = luaH_getstr(events, ename);
+ lua_assert(event <= TM_EQ);
+ if (ttisnil(tm)) { /* no tag method? */
+ events->flags |= cast_byte(1u<<event); /* cache this fact */
+ return NULL;
+ }
+ else return tm;
+}
+
+
+const TValue *luaT_gettmbyobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *o, TMS event) {
+ Table *mt;
+ switch (ttype(o)) {
+ case LUA_TTABLE:
+ mt = hvalue(o)->metatable;
+ break;
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA:
+ mt = uvalue(o)->metatable;
+ break;
+ default:
+ mt = G(L)->mt[ttype(o)];
+ }
+ return (mt ? luaH_getstr(mt, G(L)->tmname[event]) : luaO_nilobject);
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: ltm.h,v 2.6.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Tag methods
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef ltm_h
+#define ltm_h
+
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+
+
+/*
+* WARNING: if you change the order of this enumeration,
+* grep "ORDER TM"
+*/
+typedef enum {
+ TM_INDEX,
+ TM_NEWINDEX,
+ TM_GC,
+ TM_MODE,
+ TM_EQ, /* last tag method with `fast' access */
+ TM_ADD,
+ TM_SUB,
+ TM_MUL,
+ TM_DIV,
+ TM_MOD,
+ TM_POW,
+ TM_UNM,
+ TM_LEN,
+ TM_LT,
+ TM_LE,
+ TM_CONCAT,
+ TM_CALL,
+ TM_N /* number of elements in the enum */
+} TMS;
+
+
+
+#define gfasttm(g,et,e) ((et) == NULL ? NULL : \
+ ((et)->flags & (1u<<(e))) ? NULL : luaT_gettm(et, e, (g)->tmname[e]))
+
+#define fasttm(l,et,e) gfasttm(G(l), et, e)
+
+LUAI_DATA const char *const luaT_typenames[];
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaT_gettm (Table *events, TMS event, TString *ename);
+LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaT_gettmbyobj (lua_State *L, const TValue *o,
+ TMS event);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaT_init (lua_State *L);
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lua.c,v 1.160.1.2 2007/12/28 15:32:23 roberto Exp $
+** Lua stand-alone interpreter
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lua_c
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+#include "lualib.h"
+
+
+
+static lua_State *globalL = NULL;
+
+static const char *progname = LUA_PROGNAME;
+
+
+
+static void lstop (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar) {
+ (void)ar; /* unused arg. */
+ lua_sethook(L, NULL, 0, 0);
+ luaL_error(L, "interrupted!");
+}
+
+
+static void laction (int i) {
+ signal(i, SIG_DFL); /* if another SIGINT happens before lstop,
+ terminate process (default action) */
+ lua_sethook(globalL, lstop, LUA_MASKCALL | LUA_MASKRET | LUA_MASKCOUNT, 1);
+}
+
+
+static void print_usage (void) {
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "usage: %s [options] [script [args]].\n"
+ "Available options are:\n"
+ " -e stat execute string " LUA_QL("stat") "\n"
+ " -l name require library " LUA_QL("name") "\n"
+ " -i enter interactive mode after executing " LUA_QL("script") "\n"
+ " -v show version information\n"
+ " -- stop handling options\n"
+ " - execute stdin and stop handling options\n"
+ ,
+ progname);
+ fflush(stderr);
+}
+
+
+static void l_message (const char *pname, const char *msg) {
+ if (pname) fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", pname);
+ fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+ fflush(stderr);
+}
+
+
+static int report (lua_State *L, int status) {
+ if (status && !lua_isnil(L, -1)) {
+ const char *msg = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+ if (msg == NULL) msg = "(error object is not a string)";
+ l_message(progname, msg);
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ }
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+static int traceback (lua_State *L) {
+ if (!lua_isstring(L, 1)) /* 'message' not a string? */
+ return 1; /* keep it intact */
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, "debug");
+ if (!lua_istable(L, -1)) {
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ lua_getfield(L, -1, "traceback");
+ if (!lua_isfunction(L, -1)) {
+ lua_pop(L, 2);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ lua_pushvalue(L, 1); /* pass error message */
+ lua_pushinteger(L, 2); /* skip this function and traceback */
+ lua_call(L, 2, 1); /* call debug.traceback */
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int docall (lua_State *L, int narg, int clear) {
+ int status;
+ int base = lua_gettop(L) - narg; /* function index */
+ lua_pushcfunction(L, traceback); /* push traceback function */
+ lua_insert(L, base); /* put it under chunk and args */
+ signal(SIGINT, laction);
+ status = lua_pcall(L, narg, (clear ? 0 : LUA_MULTRET), base);
+ signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL);
+ lua_remove(L, base); /* remove traceback function */
+ /* force a complete garbage collection in case of errors */
+ if (status != 0) lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+static void print_version (void) {
+ l_message(NULL, LUA_RELEASE " " LUA_COPYRIGHT);
+}
+
+
+static int getargs (lua_State *L, char **argv, int n) {
+ int narg;
+ int i;
+ int argc = 0;
+ while (argv[argc]) argc++; /* count total number of arguments */
+ narg = argc - (n + 1); /* number of arguments to the script */
+ luaL_checkstack(L, narg + 3, "too many arguments to script");
+ for (i=n+1; i < argc; i++)
+ lua_pushstring(L, argv[i]);
+ lua_createtable(L, narg, n + 1);
+ for (i=0; i < argc; i++) {
+ lua_pushstring(L, argv[i]);
+ lua_rawseti(L, -2, i - n);
+ }
+ return narg;
+}
+
+
+static int dofile (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
+ int status = luaL_loadfile(L, name) || docall(L, 0, 1);
+ return report(L, status);
+}
+
+
+static int dostring (lua_State *L, const char *s, const char *name) {
+ int status = luaL_loadbuffer(L, s, strlen(s), name) || docall(L, 0, 1);
+ return report(L, status);
+}
+
+
+static int dolibrary (lua_State *L, const char *name) {
+ lua_getglobal(L, "require");
+ lua_pushstring(L, name);
+ return report(L, docall(L, 1, 1));
+}
+
+
+static const char *get_prompt (lua_State *L, int firstline) {
+ const char *p;
+ lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, firstline ? "_PROMPT" : "_PROMPT2");
+ p = lua_tostring(L, -1);
+ if (p == NULL) p = (firstline ? LUA_PROMPT : LUA_PROMPT2);
+ lua_pop(L, 1); /* remove global */
+ return p;
+}
+
+
+static int incomplete (lua_State *L, int status) {
+ if (status == LUA_ERRSYNTAX) {
+ size_t lmsg;
+ const char *msg = lua_tolstring(L, -1, &lmsg);
+ const char *tp = msg + lmsg - (sizeof(LUA_QL("<eof>")) - 1);
+ if (strstr(msg, LUA_QL("<eof>")) == tp) {
+ lua_pop(L, 1);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ }
+ return 0; /* else... */
+}
+
+
+static int pushline (lua_State *L, int firstline) {
+ char buffer[LUA_MAXINPUT];
+ char *b = buffer;
+ size_t l;
+ const char *prmt = get_prompt(L, firstline);
+ if (lua_readline(L, b, prmt) == 0)
+ return 0; /* no input */
+ l = strlen(b);
+ if (l > 0 && b[l-1] == '\n') /* line ends with newline? */
+ b[l-1] = '\0'; /* remove it */
+ if (firstline && b[0] == '=') /* first line starts with `=' ? */
+ lua_pushfstring(L, "return %s", b+1); /* change it to `return' */
+ else
+ lua_pushstring(L, b);
+ lua_freeline(L, b);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static int loadline (lua_State *L) {
+ int status;
+ lua_settop(L, 0);
+ if (!pushline(L, 1))
+ return -1; /* no input */
+ for (;;) { /* repeat until gets a complete line */
+ status = luaL_loadbuffer(L, lua_tostring(L, 1), lua_strlen(L, 1), "=stdin");
+ if (!incomplete(L, status)) break; /* cannot try to add lines? */
+ if (!pushline(L, 0)) /* no more input? */
+ return -1;
+ lua_pushliteral(L, "\n"); /* add a new line... */
+ lua_insert(L, -2); /* ...between the two lines */
+ lua_concat(L, 3); /* join them */
+ }
+ lua_saveline(L, 1);
+ lua_remove(L, 1); /* remove line */
+ return status;
+}
+
+
+static void dotty (lua_State *L) {
+ int status;
+ const char *oldprogname = progname;
+ progname = NULL;
+ while ((status = loadline(L)) != -1) {
+ if (status == 0) status = docall(L, 0, 0);
+ report(L, status);
+ if (status == 0 && lua_gettop(L) > 0) { /* any result to print? */
+ lua_getglobal(L, "print");
+ lua_insert(L, 1);
+ if (lua_pcall(L, lua_gettop(L)-1, 0, 0) != 0)
+ l_message(progname, lua_pushfstring(L,
+ "error calling " LUA_QL("print") " (%s)",
+ lua_tostring(L, -1)));
+ }
+ }
+ lua_settop(L, 0); /* clear stack */
+ fputs("\n", stdout);
+ fflush(stdout);
+ progname = oldprogname;
+}
+
+
+static int handle_script (lua_State *L, char **argv, int n) {
+ int status;
+ const char *fname;
+ int narg = getargs(L, argv, n); /* collect arguments */
+ lua_setglobal(L, "arg");
+ fname = argv[n];
+ if (strcmp(fname, "-") == 0 && strcmp(argv[n-1], "--") != 0)
+ fname = NULL; /* stdin */
+ status = luaL_loadfile(L, fname);
+ lua_insert(L, -(narg+1));
+ if (status == 0)
+ status = docall(L, narg, 0);
+ else
+ lua_pop(L, narg);
+ return report(L, status);
+}
+
+
+/* check that argument has no extra characters at the end */
+#define notail(x) {if ((x)[2] != '\0') return -1;}
+
+
+static int collectargs (char **argv, int *pi, int *pv, int *pe) {
+ int i;
+ for (i = 1; argv[i] != NULL; i++) {
+ if (argv[i][0] != '-') /* not an option? */
+ return i;
+ switch (argv[i][1]) { /* option */
+ case '-':
+ notail(argv[i]);
+ return (argv[i+1] != NULL ? i+1 : 0);
+ case '\0':
+ return i;
+ case 'i':
+ notail(argv[i]);
+ *pi = 1; /* go through */
+ case 'v':
+ notail(argv[i]);
+ *pv = 1;
+ break;
+ case 'e':
+ *pe = 1; /* go through */
+ case 'l':
+ if (argv[i][2] == '\0') {
+ i++;
+ if (argv[i] == NULL) return -1;
+ }
+ break;
+ default: return -1; /* invalid option */
+ }
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int runargs (lua_State *L, char **argv, int n) {
+ int i;
+ for (i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+ if (argv[i] == NULL) continue;
+ lua_assert(argv[i][0] == '-');
+ switch (argv[i][1]) { /* option */
+ case 'e': {
+ const char *chunk = argv[i] + 2;
+ if (*chunk == '\0') chunk = argv[++i];
+ lua_assert(chunk != NULL);
+ if (dostring(L, chunk, "=(command line)") != 0)
+ return 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ case 'l': {
+ const char *filename = argv[i] + 2;
+ if (*filename == '\0') filename = argv[++i];
+ lua_assert(filename != NULL);
+ if (dolibrary(L, filename))
+ return 1; /* stop if file fails */
+ break;
+ }
+ default: break;
+ }
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int handle_luainit (lua_State *L) {
+ const char *init = getenv(LUA_INIT);
+ if (init == NULL) return 0; /* status OK */
+ else if (init[0] == '@')
+ return dofile(L, init+1);
+ else
+ return dostring(L, init, "=" LUA_INIT);
+}
+
+
+struct Smain {
+ int argc;
+ char **argv;
+ int status;
+};
+
+
+static int pmain (lua_State *L) {
+ struct Smain *s = (struct Smain *)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
+ char **argv = s->argv;
+ int script;
+ int has_i = 0, has_v = 0, has_e = 0;
+ globalL = L;
+ if (argv[0] && argv[0][0]) progname = argv[0];
+ lua_gc(L, LUA_GCSTOP, 0); /* stop collector during initialization */
+ luaL_openlibs(L); /* open libraries */
+ lua_gc(L, LUA_GCRESTART, 0);
+ s->status = handle_luainit(L);
+ if (s->status != 0) return 0;
+ script = collectargs(argv, &has_i, &has_v, &has_e);
+ if (script < 0) { /* invalid args? */
+ print_usage();
+ s->status = 1;
+ return 0;
+ }
+ if (has_v) print_version();
+ s->status = runargs(L, argv, (script > 0) ? script : s->argc);
+ if (s->status != 0) return 0;
+ if (script)
+ s->status = handle_script(L, argv, script);
+ if (s->status != 0) return 0;
+ if (has_i)
+ dotty(L);
+ else if (script == 0 && !has_e && !has_v) {
+ if (lua_stdin_is_tty()) {
+ print_version();
+ dotty(L);
+ }
+ else dofile(L, NULL); /* executes stdin as a file */
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv) {
+ int status;
+ struct Smain s;
+ lua_State *L = lua_open(); /* create state */
+ if (L == NULL) {
+ l_message(argv[0], "cannot create state: not enough memory");
+ return EXIT_FAILURE;
+ }
+ s.argc = argc;
+ s.argv = argv;
+ status = lua_cpcall(L, &pmain, &s);
+ report(L, status);
+ lua_close(L);
+ return (status || s.status) ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lua.h,v 1.218.1.5 2008/08/06 13:30:12 roberto Exp $
+** Lua - An Extensible Extension Language
+** Lua.org, PUC-Rio, Brazil (http://www.lua.org)
+** See Copyright Notice at the end of this file
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef lua_h
+#define lua_h
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+
+#include "luaconf.h"
+
+
+#define LUA_VERSION "Lua 5.1"
+#define LUA_RELEASE "Lua 5.1.4"
+#define LUA_VERSION_NUM 501
+#define LUA_COPYRIGHT "Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio"
+#define LUA_AUTHORS "R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo & W. Celes"
+
+
+/* mark for precompiled code (`<esc>Lua') */
+#define LUA_SIGNATURE "\033Lua"
+
+/* option for multiple returns in `lua_pcall' and `lua_call' */
+#define LUA_MULTRET (-1)
+
+
+/*
+** pseudo-indices
+*/
+#define LUA_REGISTRYINDEX (-10000)
+#define LUA_ENVIRONINDEX (-10001)
+#define LUA_GLOBALSINDEX (-10002)
+#define lua_upvalueindex(i) (LUA_GLOBALSINDEX-(i))
+
+
+/* thread status; 0 is OK */
+#define LUA_YIELD 1
+#define LUA_ERRRUN 2
+#define LUA_ERRSYNTAX 3
+#define LUA_ERRMEM 4
+#define LUA_ERRERR 5
+
+
+typedef struct lua_State lua_State;
+
+typedef int (*lua_CFunction) (lua_State *L);
+
+
+/*
+** functions that read/write blocks when loading/dumping Lua chunks
+*/
+typedef const char * (*lua_Reader) (lua_State *L, void *ud, size_t *sz);
+
+typedef int (*lua_Writer) (lua_State *L, const void* p, size_t sz, void* ud);
+
+
+/*
+** prototype for memory-allocation functions
+*/
+typedef void * (*lua_Alloc) (void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize);
+
+
+/*
+** basic types
+*/
+#define LUA_TNONE (-1)
+
+#define LUA_TNIL 0
+#define LUA_TBOOLEAN 1
+#define LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA 2
+#define LUA_TNUMBER 3
+#define LUA_TSTRING 4
+#define LUA_TTABLE 5
+#define LUA_TFUNCTION 6
+#define LUA_TUSERDATA 7
+#define LUA_TTHREAD 8
+
+
+
+/* minimum Lua stack available to a C function */
+#define LUA_MINSTACK 20
+
+
+/*
+** generic extra include file
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USER_H)
+#include LUA_USER_H
+#endif
+
+
+/* type of numbers in Lua */
+typedef LUA_NUMBER lua_Number;
+
+
+/* type for integer functions */
+typedef LUA_INTEGER lua_Integer;
+
+
+
+/*
+** state manipulation
+*/
+LUA_API lua_State *(lua_newstate) (lua_Alloc f, void *ud);
+LUA_API void (lua_close) (lua_State *L);
+LUA_API lua_State *(lua_newthread) (lua_State *L);
+
+LUA_API lua_CFunction (lua_atpanic) (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction panicf);
+
+
+/*
+** basic stack manipulation
+*/
+LUA_API int (lua_gettop) (lua_State *L);
+LUA_API void (lua_settop) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushvalue) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_remove) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_insert) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_replace) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API int (lua_checkstack) (lua_State *L, int sz);
+
+LUA_API void (lua_xmove) (lua_State *from, lua_State *to, int n);
+
+
+/*
+** access functions (stack -> C)
+*/
+
+LUA_API int (lua_isnumber) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API int (lua_isstring) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API int (lua_iscfunction) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API int (lua_isuserdata) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API int (lua_type) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API const char *(lua_typename) (lua_State *L, int tp);
+
+LUA_API int (lua_equal) (lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2);
+LUA_API int (lua_rawequal) (lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2);
+LUA_API int (lua_lessthan) (lua_State *L, int idx1, int idx2);
+
+LUA_API lua_Number (lua_tonumber) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API lua_Integer (lua_tointeger) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API int (lua_toboolean) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API const char *(lua_tolstring) (lua_State *L, int idx, size_t *len);
+LUA_API size_t (lua_objlen) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API lua_CFunction (lua_tocfunction) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void *(lua_touserdata) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API lua_State *(lua_tothread) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API const void *(lua_topointer) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+
+
+/*
+** push functions (C -> stack)
+*/
+LUA_API void (lua_pushnil) (lua_State *L);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushnumber) (lua_State *L, lua_Number n);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushinteger) (lua_State *L, lua_Integer n);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushlstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s, size_t l);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushstring) (lua_State *L, const char *s);
+LUA_API const char *(lua_pushvfstring) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt,
+ va_list argp);
+LUA_API const char *(lua_pushfstring) (lua_State *L, const char *fmt, ...);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushcclosure) (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction fn, int n);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushboolean) (lua_State *L, int b);
+LUA_API void (lua_pushlightuserdata) (lua_State *L, void *p);
+LUA_API int (lua_pushthread) (lua_State *L);
+
+
+/*
+** get functions (Lua -> stack)
+*/
+LUA_API void (lua_gettable) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_getfield) (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k);
+LUA_API void (lua_rawget) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_rawgeti) (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);
+LUA_API void (lua_createtable) (lua_State *L, int narr, int nrec);
+LUA_API void *(lua_newuserdata) (lua_State *L, size_t sz);
+LUA_API int (lua_getmetatable) (lua_State *L, int objindex);
+LUA_API void (lua_getfenv) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+
+
+/*
+** set functions (stack -> Lua)
+*/
+LUA_API void (lua_settable) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_setfield) (lua_State *L, int idx, const char *k);
+LUA_API void (lua_rawset) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+LUA_API void (lua_rawseti) (lua_State *L, int idx, int n);
+LUA_API int (lua_setmetatable) (lua_State *L, int objindex);
+LUA_API int (lua_setfenv) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+
+
+/*
+** `load' and `call' functions (load and run Lua code)
+*/
+LUA_API void (lua_call) (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults);
+LUA_API int (lua_pcall) (lua_State *L, int nargs, int nresults, int errfunc);
+LUA_API int (lua_cpcall) (lua_State *L, lua_CFunction func, void *ud);
+LUA_API int (lua_load) (lua_State *L, lua_Reader reader, void *dt,
+ const char *chunkname);
+
+LUA_API int (lua_dump) (lua_State *L, lua_Writer writer, void *data);
+
+
+/*
+** coroutine functions
+*/
+LUA_API int (lua_yield) (lua_State *L, int nresults);
+LUA_API int (lua_resume) (lua_State *L, int narg);
+LUA_API int (lua_status) (lua_State *L);
+
+/*
+** garbage-collection function and options
+*/
+
+#define LUA_GCSTOP 0
+#define LUA_GCRESTART 1
+#define LUA_GCCOLLECT 2
+#define LUA_GCCOUNT 3
+#define LUA_GCCOUNTB 4
+#define LUA_GCSTEP 5
+#define LUA_GCSETPAUSE 6
+#define LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL 7
+
+LUA_API int (lua_gc) (lua_State *L, int what, int data);
+
+
+/*
+** miscellaneous functions
+*/
+
+LUA_API int (lua_error) (lua_State *L);
+
+LUA_API int (lua_next) (lua_State *L, int idx);
+
+LUA_API void (lua_concat) (lua_State *L, int n);
+
+LUA_API lua_Alloc (lua_getallocf) (lua_State *L, void **ud);
+LUA_API void lua_setallocf (lua_State *L, lua_Alloc f, void *ud);
+
+
+
+/*
+** ===============================================================
+** some useful macros
+** ===============================================================
+*/
+
+#define lua_pop(L,n) lua_settop(L, -(n)-1)
+
+#define lua_newtable(L) lua_createtable(L, 0, 0)
+
+#define lua_register(L,n,f) (lua_pushcfunction(L, (f)), lua_setglobal(L, (n)))
+
+#define lua_pushcfunction(L,f) lua_pushcclosure(L, (f), 0)
+
+#define lua_strlen(L,i) lua_objlen(L, (i))
+
+#define lua_isfunction(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TFUNCTION)
+#define lua_istable(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TTABLE)
+#define lua_islightuserdata(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA)
+#define lua_isnil(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TNIL)
+#define lua_isboolean(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TBOOLEAN)
+#define lua_isthread(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TTHREAD)
+#define lua_isnone(L,n) (lua_type(L, (n)) == LUA_TNONE)
+#define lua_isnoneornil(L, n) (lua_type(L, (n)) <= 0)
+
+#define lua_pushliteral(L, s) \
+ lua_pushlstring(L, "" s, (sizeof(s)/sizeof(char))-1)
+
+#define lua_setglobal(L,s) lua_setfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, (s))
+#define lua_getglobal(L,s) lua_getfield(L, LUA_GLOBALSINDEX, (s))
+
+#define lua_tostring(L,i) lua_tolstring(L, (i), NULL)
+
+
+
+/*
+** compatibility macros and functions
+*/
+
+#define lua_open() luaL_newstate()
+
+#define lua_getregistry(L) lua_pushvalue(L, LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)
+
+#define lua_getgccount(L) lua_gc(L, LUA_GCCOUNT, 0)
+
+#define lua_Chunkreader lua_Reader
+#define lua_Chunkwriter lua_Writer
+
+
+/* hack */
+LUA_API void lua_setlevel (lua_State *from, lua_State *to);
+
+
+/*
+** {======================================================================
+** Debug API
+** =======================================================================
+*/
+
+
+/*
+** Event codes
+*/
+#define LUA_HOOKCALL 0
+#define LUA_HOOKRET 1
+#define LUA_HOOKLINE 2
+#define LUA_HOOKCOUNT 3
+#define LUA_HOOKTAILRET 4
+
+
+/*
+** Event masks
+*/
+#define LUA_MASKCALL (1 << LUA_HOOKCALL)
+#define LUA_MASKRET (1 << LUA_HOOKRET)
+#define LUA_MASKLINE (1 << LUA_HOOKLINE)
+#define LUA_MASKCOUNT (1 << LUA_HOOKCOUNT)
+
+typedef struct lua_Debug lua_Debug; /* activation record */
+
+
+/* Functions to be called by the debuger in specific events */
+typedef void (*lua_Hook) (lua_State *L, lua_Debug *ar);
+
+
+LUA_API int lua_getstack (lua_State *L, int level, lua_Debug *ar);
+LUA_API int lua_getinfo (lua_State *L, const char *what, lua_Debug *ar);
+LUA_API const char *lua_getlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
+LUA_API const char *lua_setlocal (lua_State *L, const lua_Debug *ar, int n);
+LUA_API const char *lua_getupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);
+LUA_API const char *lua_setupvalue (lua_State *L, int funcindex, int n);
+
+LUA_API int lua_sethook (lua_State *L, lua_Hook func, int mask, int count);
+LUA_API lua_Hook lua_gethook (lua_State *L);
+LUA_API int lua_gethookmask (lua_State *L);
+LUA_API int lua_gethookcount (lua_State *L);
+
+
+struct lua_Debug {
+ int event;
+ const char *name; /* (n) */
+ const char *namewhat; /* (n) `global', `local', `field', `method' */
+ const char *what; /* (S) `Lua', `C', `main', `tail' */
+ const char *source; /* (S) */
+ int currentline; /* (l) */
+ int nups; /* (u) number of upvalues */
+ int linedefined; /* (S) */
+ int lastlinedefined; /* (S) */
+ char short_src[LUA_IDSIZE]; /* (S) */
+ /* private part */
+ int i_ci; /* active function */
+};
+
+/* }====================================================================== */
+
+
+/******************************************************************************
+* Copyright (C) 1994-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. All rights reserved.
+*
+* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+* the following conditions:
+*
+* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+*
+* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+******************************************************************************/
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: luac.c,v 1.54 2006/06/02 17:37:11 lhf Exp $
+** Lua compiler (saves bytecodes to files; also list bytecodes)
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define luac_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+#include "lauxlib.h"
+
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "lundump.h"
+
+#define PROGNAME "luac" /* default program name */
+#define OUTPUT PROGNAME ".out" /* default output file */
+
+static int listing=0; /* list bytecodes? */
+static int dumping=1; /* dump bytecodes? */
+static int stripping=0; /* strip debug information? */
+static char Output[]={ OUTPUT }; /* default output file name */
+static const char* output=Output; /* actual output file name */
+static const char* progname=PROGNAME; /* actual program name */
+
+static void fatal(const char* message)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr,"%s: %s\n",progname,message);
+ exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static void cannot(const char* what)
+{
+ fprintf(stderr,"%s: cannot %s %s: %s\n",progname,what,output,strerror(errno));
+ exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static void usage(const char* message)
+{
+ if (*message=='-')
+ fprintf(stderr,"%s: unrecognized option " LUA_QS "\n",progname,message);
+ else
+ fprintf(stderr,"%s: %s\n",progname,message);
+ fprintf(stderr,
+ "usage: %s [options] [filenames].\n"
+ "Available options are:\n"
+ " - process stdin\n"
+ " -l list\n"
+ " -o name output to file " LUA_QL("name") " (default is \"%s\")\n"
+ " -p parse only\n"
+ " -s strip debug information\n"
+ " -v show version information\n"
+ " -- stop handling options\n",
+ progname,Output);
+ exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+#define IS(s) (strcmp(argv[i],s)==0)
+
+static int doargs(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+ int i;
+ int version=0;
+ if (argv[0]!=NULL && *argv[0]!=0) progname=argv[0];
+ for (i=1; i<argc; i++)
+ {
+ if (*argv[i]!='-') /* end of options; keep it */
+ break;
+ else if (IS("--")) /* end of options; skip it */
+ {
+ ++i;
+ if (version) ++version;
+ break;
+ }
+ else if (IS("-")) /* end of options; use stdin */
+ break;
+ else if (IS("-l")) /* list */
+ ++listing;
+ else if (IS("-o")) /* output file */
+ {
+ output=argv[++i];
+ if (output==NULL || *output==0) usage(LUA_QL("-o") " needs argument");
+ if (IS("-")) output=NULL;
+ }
+ else if (IS("-p")) /* parse only */
+ dumping=0;
+ else if (IS("-s")) /* strip debug information */
+ stripping=1;
+ else if (IS("-v")) /* show version */
+ ++version;
+ else /* unknown option */
+ usage(argv[i]);
+ }
+ if (i==argc && (listing || !dumping))
+ {
+ dumping=0;
+ argv[--i]=Output;
+ }
+ if (version)
+ {
+ printf("%s %s\n",LUA_RELEASE,LUA_COPYRIGHT);
+ if (version==argc-1) exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+ }
+ return i;
+}
+
+#define toproto(L,i) (clvalue(L->top+(i))->l.p)
+
+static const Proto* combine(lua_State* L, int n)
+{
+ if (n==1)
+ return toproto(L,-1);
+ else
+ {
+ int i,pc;
+ Proto* f=luaF_newproto(L);
+ setptvalue2s(L,L->top,f); incr_top(L);
+ f->source=luaS_newliteral(L,"=(" PROGNAME ")");
+ f->maxstacksize=1;
+ pc=2*n+1;
+ f->code=luaM_newvector(L,pc,Instruction);
+ f->sizecode=pc;
+ f->p=luaM_newvector(L,n,Proto*);
+ f->sizep=n;
+ pc=0;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ f->p[i]=toproto(L,i-n-1);
+ f->code[pc++]=CREATE_ABx(OP_CLOSURE,0,i);
+ f->code[pc++]=CREATE_ABC(OP_CALL,0,1,1);
+ }
+ f->code[pc++]=CREATE_ABC(OP_RETURN,0,1,0);
+ return f;
+ }
+}
+
+static int writer(lua_State* L, const void* p, size_t size, void* u)
+{
+ UNUSED(L);
+ return (fwrite(p,size,1,(FILE*)u)!=1) && (size!=0);
+}
+
+struct Smain {
+ int argc;
+ char** argv;
+};
+
+static int pmain(lua_State* L)
+{
+ struct Smain* s = (struct Smain*)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
+ int argc=s->argc;
+ char** argv=s->argv;
+ const Proto* f;
+ int i;
+ if (!lua_checkstack(L,argc)) fatal("too many input files");
+ for (i=0; i<argc; i++)
+ {
+ const char* filename=IS("-") ? NULL : argv[i];
+ if (luaL_loadfile(L,filename)!=0) fatal(lua_tostring(L,-1));
+ }
+ f=combine(L,argc);
+ if (listing) luaU_print(f,listing>1);
+ if (dumping)
+ {
+ FILE* D= (output==NULL) ? stdout : fopen(output,"wb");
+ if (D==NULL) cannot("open");
+ lua_lock(L);
+ luaU_dump(L,f,writer,D,stripping);
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ if (ferror(D)) cannot("write");
+ if (fclose(D)) cannot("close");
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+ lua_State* L;
+ struct Smain s;
+ int i=doargs(argc,argv);
+ argc-=i; argv+=i;
+ if (argc<=0) usage("no input files given");
+ L=lua_open();
+ if (L==NULL) fatal("not enough memory for state");
+ s.argc=argc;
+ s.argv=argv;
+ if (lua_cpcall(L,pmain,&s)!=0) fatal(lua_tostring(L,-1));
+ lua_close(L);
+ return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: luaconf.h,v 1.82.1.7 2008/02/11 16:25:08 roberto Exp $
+** Configuration file for Lua
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef lconfig_h
+#define lconfig_h
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+
+/*
+** ==================================================================
+** Search for "@@" to find all configurable definitions.
+** ===================================================================
+*/
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_ANSI controls the use of non-ansi features.
+** CHANGE it (define it) if you want Lua to avoid the use of any
+** non-ansi feature or library.
+*/
+#if defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#define LUA_ANSI
+#endif
+
+
+#if !defined(LUA_ANSI) && defined(_WIN32)
+#define LUA_WIN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LUA_USE_LINUX)
+#define LUA_USE_POSIX
+#define LUA_USE_DLOPEN /* needs an extra library: -ldl */
+#define LUA_USE_READLINE /* needs some extra libraries */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LUA_USE_MACOSX)
+#define LUA_USE_POSIX
+#define LUA_DL_DYLD /* does not need extra library */
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_USE_POSIX includes all functionallity listed as X/Open System
+@* Interfaces Extension (XSI).
+** CHANGE it (define it) if your system is XSI compatible.
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USE_POSIX)
+#define LUA_USE_MKSTEMP
+#define LUA_USE_ISATTY
+#define LUA_USE_POPEN
+#define LUA_USE_ULONGJMP
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_PATH and LUA_CPATH are the names of the environment variables that
+@* Lua check to set its paths.
+@@ LUA_INIT is the name of the environment variable that Lua
+@* checks for initialization code.
+** CHANGE them if you want different names.
+*/
+#define LUA_PATH "LUA_PATH"
+#define LUA_CPATH "LUA_CPATH"
+#define LUA_INIT "LUA_INIT"
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_PATH_DEFAULT is the default path that Lua uses to look for
+@* Lua libraries.
+@@ LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT is the default path that Lua uses to look for
+@* C libraries.
+** CHANGE them if your machine has a non-conventional directory
+** hierarchy or if you want to install your libraries in
+** non-conventional directories.
+*/
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+/*
+** In Windows, any exclamation mark ('!') in the path is replaced by the
+** path of the directory of the executable file of the current process.
+*/
+#define LUA_LDIR "!\\lua\\"
+#define LUA_CDIR "!\\"
+#define LUA_PATH_DEFAULT \
+ ".\\?.lua;" LUA_LDIR"?.lua;" LUA_LDIR"?\\init.lua;" \
+ LUA_CDIR"?.lua;" LUA_CDIR"?\\init.lua"
+#define LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT \
+ ".\\?.dll;" LUA_CDIR"?.dll;" LUA_CDIR"loadall.dll"
+
+#else
+#define LUA_ROOT "/usr/local/"
+#define LUA_LDIR LUA_ROOT "share/lua/5.1/"
+#define LUA_CDIR LUA_ROOT "lib/lua/5.1/"
+#define LUA_PATH_DEFAULT \
+ "./?.lua;" LUA_LDIR"?.lua;" LUA_LDIR"?/init.lua;" \
+ LUA_CDIR"?.lua;" LUA_CDIR"?/init.lua"
+#define LUA_CPATH_DEFAULT \
+ "./?.so;" LUA_CDIR"?.so;" LUA_CDIR"loadall.so"
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_DIRSEP is the directory separator (for submodules).
+** CHANGE it if your machine does not use "/" as the directory separator
+** and is not Windows. (On Windows Lua automatically uses "\".)
+*/
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define LUA_DIRSEP "\\"
+#else
+#define LUA_DIRSEP "/"
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_PATHSEP is the character that separates templates in a path.
+@@ LUA_PATH_MARK is the string that marks the substitution points in a
+@* template.
+@@ LUA_EXECDIR in a Windows path is replaced by the executable's
+@* directory.
+@@ LUA_IGMARK is a mark to ignore all before it when bulding the
+@* luaopen_ function name.
+** CHANGE them if for some reason your system cannot use those
+** characters. (E.g., if one of those characters is a common character
+** in file/directory names.) Probably you do not need to change them.
+*/
+#define LUA_PATHSEP ";"
+#define LUA_PATH_MARK "?"
+#define LUA_EXECDIR "!"
+#define LUA_IGMARK "-"
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_INTEGER is the integral type used by lua_pushinteger/lua_tointeger.
+** CHANGE that if ptrdiff_t is not adequate on your machine. (On most
+** machines, ptrdiff_t gives a good choice between int or long.)
+*/
+#define LUA_INTEGER ptrdiff_t
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_API is a mark for all core API functions.
+@@ LUALIB_API is a mark for all standard library functions.
+** CHANGE them if you need to define those functions in some special way.
+** For instance, if you want to create one Windows DLL with the core and
+** the libraries, you may want to use the following definition (define
+** LUA_BUILD_AS_DLL to get it).
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_BUILD_AS_DLL)
+
+#if defined(LUA_CORE) || defined(LUA_LIB)
+#define LUA_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define LUA_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif
+
+#else
+
+#define LUA_API extern
+
+#endif
+
+/* more often than not the libs go together with the core */
+#define LUALIB_API LUA_API
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_FUNC is a mark for all extern functions that are not to be
+@* exported to outside modules.
+@@ LUAI_DATA is a mark for all extern (const) variables that are not to
+@* be exported to outside modules.
+** CHANGE them if you need to mark them in some special way. Elf/gcc
+** (versions 3.2 and later) mark them as "hidden" to optimize access
+** when Lua is compiled as a shared library.
+*/
+#if defined(luaall_c)
+#define LUAI_FUNC static
+#define LUAI_DATA /* empty */
+
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && ((__GNUC__*100 + __GNUC_MINOR__) >= 302) && \
+ defined(__ELF__)
+#define LUAI_FUNC __attribute__((visibility("hidden"))) extern
+#define LUAI_DATA LUAI_FUNC
+
+#else
+#define LUAI_FUNC extern
+#define LUAI_DATA extern
+#endif
+
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_QL describes how error messages quote program elements.
+** CHANGE it if you want a different appearance.
+*/
+#define LUA_QL(x) "'" x "'"
+#define LUA_QS LUA_QL("%s")
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_IDSIZE gives the maximum size for the description of the source
+@* of a function in debug information.
+** CHANGE it if you want a different size.
+*/
+#define LUA_IDSIZE 60
+
+
+/*
+** {==================================================================
+** Stand-alone configuration
+** ===================================================================
+*/
+
+#if defined(lua_c) || defined(luaall_c)
+
+/*
+@@ lua_stdin_is_tty detects whether the standard input is a 'tty' (that
+@* is, whether we're running lua interactively).
+** CHANGE it if you have a better definition for non-POSIX/non-Windows
+** systems.
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USE_ISATTY)
+#include <unistd.h>
+#define lua_stdin_is_tty() isatty(0)
+#elif defined(LUA_WIN)
+#include <io.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#define lua_stdin_is_tty() _isatty(_fileno(stdin))
+#else
+#define lua_stdin_is_tty() 1 /* assume stdin is a tty */
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_PROMPT is the default prompt used by stand-alone Lua.
+@@ LUA_PROMPT2 is the default continuation prompt used by stand-alone Lua.
+** CHANGE them if you want different prompts. (You can also change the
+** prompts dynamically, assigning to globals _PROMPT/_PROMPT2.)
+*/
+#define LUA_PROMPT "> "
+#define LUA_PROMPT2 ">> "
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_PROGNAME is the default name for the stand-alone Lua program.
+** CHANGE it if your stand-alone interpreter has a different name and
+** your system is not able to detect that name automatically.
+*/
+#define LUA_PROGNAME "lua"
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_MAXINPUT is the maximum length for an input line in the
+@* stand-alone interpreter.
+** CHANGE it if you need longer lines.
+*/
+#define LUA_MAXINPUT 512
+
+
+/*
+@@ lua_readline defines how to show a prompt and then read a line from
+@* the standard input.
+@@ lua_saveline defines how to "save" a read line in a "history".
+@@ lua_freeline defines how to free a line read by lua_readline.
+** CHANGE them if you want to improve this functionality (e.g., by using
+** GNU readline and history facilities).
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USE_READLINE)
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <readline/readline.h>
+#include <readline/history.h>
+#define lua_readline(L,b,p) ((void)L, ((b)=readline(p)) != NULL)
+#define lua_saveline(L,idx) \
+ if (lua_strlen(L,idx) > 0) /* non-empty line? */ \
+ add_history(lua_tostring(L, idx)); /* add it to history */
+#define lua_freeline(L,b) ((void)L, free(b))
+#else
+#define lua_readline(L,b,p) \
+ ((void)L, fputs(p, stdout), fflush(stdout), /* show prompt */ \
+ fgets(b, LUA_MAXINPUT, stdin) != NULL) /* get line */
+#define lua_saveline(L,idx) { (void)L; (void)idx; }
+#define lua_freeline(L,b) { (void)L; (void)b; }
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+/* }================================================================== */
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_GCPAUSE defines the default pause between garbage-collector cycles
+@* as a percentage.
+** CHANGE it if you want the GC to run faster or slower (higher values
+** mean larger pauses which mean slower collection.) You can also change
+** this value dynamically.
+*/
+#define LUAI_GCPAUSE 200 /* 200% (wait memory to double before next GC) */
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_GCMUL defines the default speed of garbage collection relative to
+@* memory allocation as a percentage.
+** CHANGE it if you want to change the granularity of the garbage
+** collection. (Higher values mean coarser collections. 0 represents
+** infinity, where each step performs a full collection.) You can also
+** change this value dynamically.
+*/
+#define LUAI_GCMUL 200 /* GC runs 'twice the speed' of memory allocation */
+
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_GETN controls compatibility with old getn behavior.
+** CHANGE it (define it) if you want exact compatibility with the
+** behavior of setn/getn in Lua 5.0.
+*/
+#undef LUA_COMPAT_GETN
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_LOADLIB controls compatibility about global loadlib.
+** CHANGE it to undefined as soon as you do not need a global 'loadlib'
+** function (the function is still available as 'package.loadlib').
+*/
+#undef LUA_COMPAT_LOADLIB
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_VARARG controls compatibility with old vararg feature.
+** CHANGE it to undefined as soon as your programs use only '...' to
+** access vararg parameters (instead of the old 'arg' table).
+*/
+#define LUA_COMPAT_VARARG
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_MOD controls compatibility with old math.mod function.
+** CHANGE it to undefined as soon as your programs use 'math.fmod' or
+** the new '%' operator instead of 'math.mod'.
+*/
+#define LUA_COMPAT_MOD
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_LSTR controls compatibility with old long string nesting
+@* facility.
+** CHANGE it to 2 if you want the old behaviour, or undefine it to turn
+** off the advisory error when nesting [[...]].
+*/
+#define LUA_COMPAT_LSTR 1
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_GFIND controls compatibility with old 'string.gfind' name.
+** CHANGE it to undefined as soon as you rename 'string.gfind' to
+** 'string.gmatch'.
+*/
+#define LUA_COMPAT_GFIND
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_COMPAT_OPENLIB controls compatibility with old 'luaL_openlib'
+@* behavior.
+** CHANGE it to undefined as soon as you replace to 'luaL_register'
+** your uses of 'luaL_openlib'
+*/
+#define LUA_COMPAT_OPENLIB
+
+
+
+/*
+@@ luai_apicheck is the assert macro used by the Lua-C API.
+** CHANGE luai_apicheck if you want Lua to perform some checks in the
+** parameters it gets from API calls. This may slow down the interpreter
+** a bit, but may be quite useful when debugging C code that interfaces
+** with Lua. A useful redefinition is to use assert.h.
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USE_APICHECK)
+#include <assert.h>
+#define luai_apicheck(L,o) { (void)L; assert(o); }
+#else
+#define luai_apicheck(L,o) { (void)L; }
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_BITSINT defines the number of bits in an int.
+** CHANGE here if Lua cannot automatically detect the number of bits of
+** your machine. Probably you do not need to change this.
+*/
+/* avoid overflows in comparison */
+#if INT_MAX-20 < 32760
+#define LUAI_BITSINT 16
+#elif INT_MAX > 2147483640L
+/* int has at least 32 bits */
+#define LUAI_BITSINT 32
+#else
+#error "you must define LUA_BITSINT with number of bits in an integer"
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_UINT32 is an unsigned integer with at least 32 bits.
+@@ LUAI_INT32 is an signed integer with at least 32 bits.
+@@ LUAI_UMEM is an unsigned integer big enough to count the total
+@* memory used by Lua.
+@@ LUAI_MEM is a signed integer big enough to count the total memory
+@* used by Lua.
+** CHANGE here if for some weird reason the default definitions are not
+** good enough for your machine. (The definitions in the 'else'
+** part always works, but may waste space on machines with 64-bit
+** longs.) Probably you do not need to change this.
+*/
+#if LUAI_BITSINT >= 32
+#define LUAI_UINT32 unsigned int
+#define LUAI_INT32 int
+#define LUAI_MAXINT32 INT_MAX
+#define LUAI_UMEM size_t
+#define LUAI_MEM ptrdiff_t
+#else
+/* 16-bit ints */
+#define LUAI_UINT32 unsigned long
+#define LUAI_INT32 long
+#define LUAI_MAXINT32 LONG_MAX
+#define LUAI_UMEM unsigned long
+#define LUAI_MEM long
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_MAXCALLS limits the number of nested calls.
+** CHANGE it if you need really deep recursive calls. This limit is
+** arbitrary; its only purpose is to stop infinite recursion before
+** exhausting memory.
+*/
+#define LUAI_MAXCALLS 20000
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_MAXCSTACK limits the number of Lua stack slots that a C function
+@* can use.
+** CHANGE it if you need lots of (Lua) stack space for your C
+** functions. This limit is arbitrary; its only purpose is to stop C
+** functions to consume unlimited stack space. (must be smaller than
+** -LUA_REGISTRYINDEX)
+*/
+#define LUAI_MAXCSTACK 8000
+
+
+
+/*
+** {==================================================================
+** CHANGE (to smaller values) the following definitions if your system
+** has a small C stack. (Or you may want to change them to larger
+** values if your system has a large C stack and these limits are
+** too rigid for you.) Some of these constants control the size of
+** stack-allocated arrays used by the compiler or the interpreter, while
+** others limit the maximum number of recursive calls that the compiler
+** or the interpreter can perform. Values too large may cause a C stack
+** overflow for some forms of deep constructs.
+** ===================================================================
+*/
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_MAXCCALLS is the maximum depth for nested C calls (short) and
+@* syntactical nested non-terminals in a program.
+*/
+#define LUAI_MAXCCALLS 200
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_MAXVARS is the maximum number of local variables per function
+@* (must be smaller than 250).
+*/
+#define LUAI_MAXVARS 200
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_MAXUPVALUES is the maximum number of upvalues per function
+@* (must be smaller than 250).
+*/
+#define LUAI_MAXUPVALUES 60
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAL_BUFFERSIZE is the buffer size used by the lauxlib buffer system.
+*/
+#define LUAL_BUFFERSIZE BUFSIZ
+
+/* }================================================================== */
+
+
+
+
+/*
+** {==================================================================
+@@ LUA_NUMBER is the type of numbers in Lua.
+** CHANGE the following definitions only if you want to build Lua
+** with a number type different from double. You may also need to
+** change lua_number2int & lua_number2integer.
+** ===================================================================
+*/
+
+#define LUA_NUMBER_DOUBLE
+#define LUA_NUMBER double
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_UACNUMBER is the result of an 'usual argument conversion'
+@* over a number.
+*/
+#define LUAI_UACNUMBER double
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_NUMBER_SCAN is the format for reading numbers.
+@@ LUA_NUMBER_FMT is the format for writing numbers.
+@@ lua_number2str converts a number to a string.
+@@ LUAI_MAXNUMBER2STR is maximum size of previous conversion.
+@@ lua_str2number converts a string to a number.
+*/
+#define LUA_NUMBER_SCAN "%lf"
+#define LUA_NUMBER_FMT "%.14g"
+#define lua_number2str(s,n) sprintf((s), LUA_NUMBER_FMT, (n))
+#define LUAI_MAXNUMBER2STR 32 /* 16 digits, sign, point, and \0 */
+#define lua_str2number(s,p) strtod((s), (p))
+
+
+/*
+@@ The luai_num* macros define the primitive operations over numbers.
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_CORE)
+#include <math.h>
+#define luai_numadd(a,b) ((a)+(b))
+#define luai_numsub(a,b) ((a)-(b))
+#define luai_nummul(a,b) ((a)*(b))
+#define luai_numdiv(a,b) ((a)/(b))
+#define luai_nummod(a,b) ((a) - floor((a)/(b))*(b))
+#define luai_numpow(a,b) (pow(a,b))
+#define luai_numunm(a) (-(a))
+#define luai_numeq(a,b) ((a)==(b))
+#define luai_numlt(a,b) ((a)<(b))
+#define luai_numle(a,b) ((a)<=(b))
+#define luai_numisnan(a) (!luai_numeq((a), (a)))
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ lua_number2int is a macro to convert lua_Number to int.
+@@ lua_number2integer is a macro to convert lua_Number to lua_Integer.
+** CHANGE them if you know a faster way to convert a lua_Number to
+** int (with any rounding method and without throwing errors) in your
+** system. In Pentium machines, a naive typecast from double to int
+** in C is extremely slow, so any alternative is worth trying.
+*/
+
+/* On a Pentium, resort to a trick */
+#if defined(LUA_NUMBER_DOUBLE) && !defined(LUA_ANSI) && !defined(__SSE2__) && \
+ (defined(__i386) || defined (_M_IX86) || defined(__i386__))
+
+/* On a Microsoft compiler, use assembler */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+#define lua_number2int(i,d) __asm fld d __asm fistp i
+#define lua_number2integer(i,n) lua_number2int(i, n)
+
+/* the next trick should work on any Pentium, but sometimes clashes
+ with a DirectX idiosyncrasy */
+#else
+
+union luai_Cast { double l_d; long l_l; };
+#define lua_number2int(i,d) \
+ { volatile union luai_Cast u; u.l_d = (d) + 6755399441055744.0; (i) = u.l_l; }
+#define lua_number2integer(i,n) lua_number2int(i, n)
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* this option always works, but may be slow */
+#else
+#define lua_number2int(i,d) ((i)=(int)(d))
+#define lua_number2integer(i,d) ((i)=(lua_Integer)(d))
+
+#endif
+
+/* }================================================================== */
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_USER_ALIGNMENT_T is a type that requires maximum alignment.
+** CHANGE it if your system requires alignments larger than double. (For
+** instance, if your system supports long doubles and they must be
+** aligned in 16-byte boundaries, then you should add long double in the
+** union.) Probably you do not need to change this.
+*/
+#define LUAI_USER_ALIGNMENT_T union { double u; void *s; long l; }
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_THROW/LUAI_TRY define how Lua does exception handling.
+** CHANGE them if you prefer to use longjmp/setjmp even with C++
+** or if want/don't to use _longjmp/_setjmp instead of regular
+** longjmp/setjmp. By default, Lua handles errors with exceptions when
+** compiling as C++ code, with _longjmp/_setjmp when asked to use them,
+** and with longjmp/setjmp otherwise.
+*/
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+/* C++ exceptions */
+#define LUAI_THROW(L,c) throw(c)
+#define LUAI_TRY(L,c,a) try { a } catch(...) \
+ { if ((c)->status == 0) (c)->status = -1; }
+#define luai_jmpbuf int /* dummy variable */
+
+#elif defined(LUA_USE_ULONGJMP)
+/* in Unix, try _longjmp/_setjmp (more efficient) */
+#define LUAI_THROW(L,c) _longjmp((c)->b, 1)
+#define LUAI_TRY(L,c,a) if (_setjmp((c)->b) == 0) { a }
+#define luai_jmpbuf jmp_buf
+
+#else
+/* default handling with long jumps */
+#define LUAI_THROW(L,c) longjmp((c)->b, 1)
+#define LUAI_TRY(L,c,a) if (setjmp((c)->b) == 0) { a }
+#define luai_jmpbuf jmp_buf
+
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_MAXCAPTURES is the maximum number of captures that a pattern
+@* can do during pattern-matching.
+** CHANGE it if you need more captures. This limit is arbitrary.
+*/
+#define LUA_MAXCAPTURES 32
+
+
+/*
+@@ lua_tmpnam is the function that the OS library uses to create a
+@* temporary name.
+@@ LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE is the maximum size of a name created by lua_tmpnam.
+** CHANGE them if you have an alternative to tmpnam (which is considered
+** insecure) or if you want the original tmpnam anyway. By default, Lua
+** uses tmpnam except when POSIX is available, where it uses mkstemp.
+*/
+#if defined(loslib_c) || defined(luaall_c)
+
+#if defined(LUA_USE_MKSTEMP)
+#include <unistd.h>
+#define LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE 32
+#define lua_tmpnam(b,e) { \
+ strcpy(b, "/tmp/lua_XXXXXX"); \
+ e = mkstemp(b); \
+ if (e != -1) close(e); \
+ e = (e == -1); }
+
+#else
+#define LUA_TMPNAMBUFSIZE L_tmpnam
+#define lua_tmpnam(b,e) { e = (tmpnam(b) == NULL); }
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ lua_popen spawns a new process connected to the current one through
+@* the file streams.
+** CHANGE it if you have a way to implement it in your system.
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USE_POPEN)
+
+#define lua_popen(L,c,m) ((void)L, fflush(NULL), popen(c,m))
+#define lua_pclose(L,file) ((void)L, (pclose(file) != -1))
+
+#elif defined(LUA_WIN)
+
+#define lua_popen(L,c,m) ((void)L, _popen(c,m))
+#define lua_pclose(L,file) ((void)L, (_pclose(file) != -1))
+
+#else
+
+#define lua_popen(L,c,m) ((void)((void)c, m), \
+ luaL_error(L, LUA_QL("popen") " not supported"), (FILE*)0)
+#define lua_pclose(L,file) ((void)((void)L, file), 0)
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_DL_* define which dynamic-library system Lua should use.
+** CHANGE here if Lua has problems choosing the appropriate
+** dynamic-library system for your platform (either Windows' DLL, Mac's
+** dyld, or Unix's dlopen). If your system is some kind of Unix, there
+** is a good chance that it has dlopen, so LUA_DL_DLOPEN will work for
+** it. To use dlopen you also need to adapt the src/Makefile (probably
+** adding -ldl to the linker options), so Lua does not select it
+** automatically. (When you change the makefile to add -ldl, you must
+** also add -DLUA_USE_DLOPEN.)
+** If you do not want any kind of dynamic library, undefine all these
+** options.
+** By default, _WIN32 gets LUA_DL_DLL and MAC OS X gets LUA_DL_DYLD.
+*/
+#if defined(LUA_USE_DLOPEN)
+#define LUA_DL_DLOPEN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(LUA_WIN)
+#define LUA_DL_DLL
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUAI_EXTRASPACE allows you to add user-specific data in a lua_State
+@* (the data goes just *before* the lua_State pointer).
+** CHANGE (define) this if you really need that. This value must be
+** a multiple of the maximum alignment required for your machine.
+*/
+#define LUAI_EXTRASPACE 0
+
+
+/*
+@@ luai_userstate* allow user-specific actions on threads.
+** CHANGE them if you defined LUAI_EXTRASPACE and need to do something
+** extra when a thread is created/deleted/resumed/yielded.
+*/
+#define luai_userstateopen(L) ((void)L)
+#define luai_userstateclose(L) ((void)L)
+#define luai_userstatethread(L,L1) ((void)L)
+#define luai_userstatefree(L) ((void)L)
+#define luai_userstateresume(L,n) ((void)L)
+#define luai_userstateyield(L,n) ((void)L)
+
+
+/*
+@@ LUA_INTFRMLEN is the length modifier for integer conversions
+@* in 'string.format'.
+@@ LUA_INTFRM_T is the integer type correspoding to the previous length
+@* modifier.
+** CHANGE them if your system supports long long or does not support long.
+*/
+
+#if defined(LUA_USELONGLONG)
+
+#define LUA_INTFRMLEN "ll"
+#define LUA_INTFRM_T long long
+
+#else
+
+#define LUA_INTFRMLEN "l"
+#define LUA_INTFRM_T long
+
+#endif
+
+
+
+/* =================================================================== */
+
+/*
+** Local configuration. You can use this space to add your redefinitions
+** without modifying the main part of the file.
+*/
+
+
+
+#endif
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lualib.h,v 1.36.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Lua standard libraries
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef lualib_h
+#define lualib_h
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+
+/* Key to file-handle type */
+#define LUA_FILEHANDLE "FILE*"
+
+
+#define LUA_COLIBNAME "coroutine"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_base) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_TABLIBNAME "table"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_table) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_IOLIBNAME "io"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_io) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_OSLIBNAME "os"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_os) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_STRLIBNAME "string"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_string) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_MATHLIBNAME "math"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_math) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_DBLIBNAME "debug"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_debug) (lua_State *L);
+
+#define LUA_LOADLIBNAME "package"
+LUALIB_API int (luaopen_package) (lua_State *L);
+
+
+/* open all previous libraries */
+LUALIB_API void (luaL_openlibs) (lua_State *L);
+
+
+
+#ifndef lua_assert
+#define lua_assert(x) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lundump.c,v 2.7.1.4 2008/04/04 19:51:41 roberto Exp $
+** load precompiled Lua chunks
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lundump_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "lundump.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+ lua_State* L;
+ ZIO* Z;
+ Mbuffer* b;
+ const char* name;
+} LoadState;
+
+#ifdef LUAC_TRUST_BINARIES
+#define IF(c,s)
+#define error(S,s)
+#else
+#define IF(c,s) if (c) error(S,s)
+
+static void error(LoadState* S, const char* why)
+{
+ luaO_pushfstring(S->L,"%s: %s in precompiled chunk",S->name,why);
+ luaD_throw(S->L,LUA_ERRSYNTAX);
+}
+#endif
+
+#define LoadMem(S,b,n,size) LoadBlock(S,b,(n)*(size))
+#define LoadByte(S) (lu_byte)LoadChar(S)
+#define LoadVar(S,x) LoadMem(S,&x,1,sizeof(x))
+#define LoadVector(S,b,n,size) LoadMem(S,b,n,size)
+
+static void LoadBlock(LoadState* S, void* b, size_t size)
+{
+ size_t r=luaZ_read(S->Z,b,size);
+ IF (r!=0, "unexpected end");
+}
+
+static int LoadChar(LoadState* S)
+{
+ char x;
+ LoadVar(S,x);
+ return x;
+}
+
+static int LoadInt(LoadState* S)
+{
+ int x;
+ LoadVar(S,x);
+ IF (x<0, "bad integer");
+ return x;
+}
+
+static lua_Number LoadNumber(LoadState* S)
+{
+ lua_Number x;
+ LoadVar(S,x);
+ return x;
+}
+
+static TString* LoadString(LoadState* S)
+{
+ size_t size;
+ LoadVar(S,size);
+ if (size==0)
+ return NULL;
+ else
+ {
+ char* s=luaZ_openspace(S->L,S->b,size);
+ LoadBlock(S,s,size);
+ return luaS_newlstr(S->L,s,size-1); /* remove trailing '\0' */
+ }
+}
+
+static void LoadCode(LoadState* S, Proto* f)
+{
+ int n=LoadInt(S);
+ f->code=luaM_newvector(S->L,n,Instruction);
+ f->sizecode=n;
+ LoadVector(S,f->code,n,sizeof(Instruction));
+}
+
+static Proto* LoadFunction(LoadState* S, TString* p);
+
+static void LoadConstants(LoadState* S, Proto* f)
+{
+ int i,n;
+ n=LoadInt(S);
+ f->k=luaM_newvector(S->L,n,TValue);
+ f->sizek=n;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) setnilvalue(&f->k[i]);
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ TValue* o=&f->k[i];
+ int t=LoadChar(S);
+ switch (t)
+ {
+ case LUA_TNIL:
+ setnilvalue(o);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
+ setbvalue(o,LoadChar(S)!=0);
+ break;
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ setnvalue(o,LoadNumber(S));
+ break;
+ case LUA_TSTRING:
+ setsvalue2n(S->L,o,LoadString(S));
+ break;
+ default:
+ error(S,"bad constant");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ n=LoadInt(S);
+ f->p=luaM_newvector(S->L,n,Proto*);
+ f->sizep=n;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) f->p[i]=NULL;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) f->p[i]=LoadFunction(S,f->source);
+}
+
+static void LoadDebug(LoadState* S, Proto* f)
+{
+ int i,n;
+ n=LoadInt(S);
+ f->lineinfo=luaM_newvector(S->L,n,int);
+ f->sizelineinfo=n;
+ LoadVector(S,f->lineinfo,n,sizeof(int));
+ n=LoadInt(S);
+ f->locvars=luaM_newvector(S->L,n,LocVar);
+ f->sizelocvars=n;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) f->locvars[i].varname=NULL;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ f->locvars[i].varname=LoadString(S);
+ f->locvars[i].startpc=LoadInt(S);
+ f->locvars[i].endpc=LoadInt(S);
+ }
+ n=LoadInt(S);
+ f->upvalues=luaM_newvector(S->L,n,TString*);
+ f->sizeupvalues=n;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) f->upvalues[i]=NULL;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) f->upvalues[i]=LoadString(S);
+}
+
+static Proto* LoadFunction(LoadState* S, TString* p)
+{
+ Proto* f;
+ if (++S->L->nCcalls > LUAI_MAXCCALLS) error(S,"code too deep");
+ f=luaF_newproto(S->L);
+ setptvalue2s(S->L,S->L->top,f); incr_top(S->L);
+ f->source=LoadString(S); if (f->source==NULL) f->source=p;
+ f->linedefined=LoadInt(S);
+ f->lastlinedefined=LoadInt(S);
+ f->nups=LoadByte(S);
+ f->numparams=LoadByte(S);
+ f->is_vararg=LoadByte(S);
+ f->maxstacksize=LoadByte(S);
+ LoadCode(S,f);
+ LoadConstants(S,f);
+ LoadDebug(S,f);
+ IF (!luaG_checkcode(f), "bad code");
+ S->L->top--;
+ S->L->nCcalls--;
+ return f;
+}
+
+static void LoadHeader(LoadState* S)
+{
+ char h[LUAC_HEADERSIZE];
+ char s[LUAC_HEADERSIZE];
+ luaU_header(h);
+ LoadBlock(S,s,LUAC_HEADERSIZE);
+ IF (memcmp(h,s,LUAC_HEADERSIZE)!=0, "bad header");
+}
+
+/*
+** load precompiled chunk
+*/
+Proto* luaU_undump (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z, Mbuffer* buff, const char* name)
+{
+ LoadState S;
+ if (*name=='@' || *name=='=')
+ S.name=name+1;
+ else if (*name==LUA_SIGNATURE[0])
+ S.name="binary string";
+ else
+ S.name=name;
+ S.L=L;
+ S.Z=Z;
+ S.b=buff;
+ LoadHeader(&S);
+ return LoadFunction(&S,luaS_newliteral(L,"=?"));
+}
+
+/*
+* make header
+*/
+void luaU_header (char* h)
+{
+ int x=1;
+ memcpy(h,LUA_SIGNATURE,sizeof(LUA_SIGNATURE)-1);
+ h+=sizeof(LUA_SIGNATURE)-1;
+ *h++=(char)LUAC_VERSION;
+ *h++=(char)LUAC_FORMAT;
+ *h++=(char)*(char*)&x; /* endianness */
+ *h++=(char)sizeof(int);
+ *h++=(char)sizeof(size_t);
+ *h++=(char)sizeof(Instruction);
+ *h++=(char)sizeof(lua_Number);
+ *h++=(char)(((lua_Number)0.5)==0); /* is lua_Number integral? */
+}
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lundump.h,v 1.37.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** load precompiled Lua chunks
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lundump_h
+#define lundump_h
+
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+/* load one chunk; from lundump.c */
+LUAI_FUNC Proto* luaU_undump (lua_State* L, ZIO* Z, Mbuffer* buff, const char* name);
+
+/* make header; from lundump.c */
+LUAI_FUNC void luaU_header (char* h);
+
+/* dump one chunk; from ldump.c */
+LUAI_FUNC int luaU_dump (lua_State* L, const Proto* f, lua_Writer w, void* data, int strip);
+
+#ifdef luac_c
+/* print one chunk; from print.c */
+LUAI_FUNC void luaU_print (const Proto* f, int full);
+#endif
+
+/* for header of binary files -- this is Lua 5.1 */
+#define LUAC_VERSION 0x51
+
+/* for header of binary files -- this is the official format */
+#define LUAC_FORMAT 0
+
+/* size of header of binary files */
+#define LUAC_HEADERSIZE 12
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lvm.c,v 2.63.1.3 2007/12/28 15:32:23 roberto Exp $
+** Lua virtual machine
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lvm_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lfunc.h"
+#include "lgc.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lstring.h"
+#include "ltable.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+#include "lvm.h"
+
+
+
+/* limit for table tag-method chains (to avoid loops) */
+#define MAXTAGLOOP 100
+
+
+const TValue *luaV_tonumber (const TValue *obj, TValue *n) {
+ lua_Number num;
+ if (ttisnumber(obj)) return obj;
+ if (ttisstring(obj) && luaO_str2d(svalue(obj), &num)) {
+ setnvalue(n, num);
+ return n;
+ }
+ else
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+
+int luaV_tostring (lua_State *L, StkId obj) {
+ if (!ttisnumber(obj))
+ return 0;
+ else {
+ char s[LUAI_MAXNUMBER2STR];
+ lua_Number n = nvalue(obj);
+ lua_number2str(s, n);
+ setsvalue2s(L, obj, luaS_new(L, s));
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void traceexec (lua_State *L, const Instruction *pc) {
+ lu_byte mask = L->hookmask;
+ const Instruction *oldpc = L->savedpc;
+ L->savedpc = pc;
+ if ((mask & LUA_MASKCOUNT) && L->hookcount == 0) {
+ resethookcount(L);
+ luaD_callhook(L, LUA_HOOKCOUNT, -1);
+ }
+ if (mask & LUA_MASKLINE) {
+ Proto *p = ci_func(L->ci)->l.p;
+ int npc = pcRel(pc, p);
+ int newline = getline(p, npc);
+ /* call linehook when enter a new function, when jump back (loop),
+ or when enter a new line */
+ if (npc == 0 || pc <= oldpc || newline != getline(p, pcRel(oldpc, p)))
+ luaD_callhook(L, LUA_HOOKLINE, newline);
+ }
+}
+
+
+static void callTMres (lua_State *L, StkId res, const TValue *f,
+ const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2) {
+ ptrdiff_t result = savestack(L, res);
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, f); /* push function */
+ setobj2s(L, L->top+1, p1); /* 1st argument */
+ setobj2s(L, L->top+2, p2); /* 2nd argument */
+ luaD_checkstack(L, 3);
+ L->top += 3;
+ luaD_call(L, L->top - 3, 1);
+ res = restorestack(L, result);
+ L->top--;
+ setobjs2s(L, res, L->top);
+}
+
+
+
+static void callTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *f, const TValue *p1,
+ const TValue *p2, const TValue *p3) {
+ setobj2s(L, L->top, f); /* push function */
+ setobj2s(L, L->top+1, p1); /* 1st argument */
+ setobj2s(L, L->top+2, p2); /* 2nd argument */
+ setobj2s(L, L->top+3, p3); /* 3th argument */
+ luaD_checkstack(L, 4);
+ L->top += 4;
+ luaD_call(L, L->top - 4, 0);
+}
+
+
+void luaV_gettable (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, StkId val) {
+ int loop;
+ for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++) {
+ const TValue *tm;
+ if (ttistable(t)) { /* `t' is a table? */
+ Table *h = hvalue(t);
+ const TValue *res = luaH_get(h, key); /* do a primitive get */
+ if (!ttisnil(res) || /* result is no nil? */
+ (tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_INDEX)) == NULL) { /* or no TM? */
+ setobj2s(L, val, res);
+ return;
+ }
+ /* else will try the tag method */
+ }
+ else if (ttisnil(tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_INDEX)))
+ luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");
+ if (ttisfunction(tm)) {
+ callTMres(L, val, tm, t, key);
+ return;
+ }
+ t = tm; /* else repeat with `tm' */
+ }
+ luaG_runerror(L, "loop in gettable");
+}
+
+
+void luaV_settable (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key, StkId val) {
+ int loop;
+ for (loop = 0; loop < MAXTAGLOOP; loop++) {
+ const TValue *tm;
+ if (ttistable(t)) { /* `t' is a table? */
+ Table *h = hvalue(t);
+ TValue *oldval = luaH_set(L, h, key); /* do a primitive set */
+ if (!ttisnil(oldval) || /* result is no nil? */
+ (tm = fasttm(L, h->metatable, TM_NEWINDEX)) == NULL) { /* or no TM? */
+ setobj2t(L, oldval, val);
+ luaC_barriert(L, h, val);
+ return;
+ }
+ /* else will try the tag method */
+ }
+ else if (ttisnil(tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, t, TM_NEWINDEX)))
+ luaG_typeerror(L, t, "index");
+ if (ttisfunction(tm)) {
+ callTM(L, tm, t, key, val);
+ return;
+ }
+ t = tm; /* else repeat with `tm' */
+ }
+ luaG_runerror(L, "loop in settable");
+}
+
+
+static int call_binTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
+ StkId res, TMS event) {
+ const TValue *tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p1, event); /* try first operand */
+ if (ttisnil(tm))
+ tm = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p2, event); /* try second operand */
+ if (ttisnil(tm)) return 0;
+ callTMres(L, res, tm, p1, p2);
+ return 1;
+}
+
+
+static const TValue *get_compTM (lua_State *L, Table *mt1, Table *mt2,
+ TMS event) {
+ const TValue *tm1 = fasttm(L, mt1, event);
+ const TValue *tm2;
+ if (tm1 == NULL) return NULL; /* no metamethod */
+ if (mt1 == mt2) return tm1; /* same metatables => same metamethods */
+ tm2 = fasttm(L, mt2, event);
+ if (tm2 == NULL) return NULL; /* no metamethod */
+ if (luaO_rawequalObj(tm1, tm2)) /* same metamethods? */
+ return tm1;
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static int call_orderTM (lua_State *L, const TValue *p1, const TValue *p2,
+ TMS event) {
+ const TValue *tm1 = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p1, event);
+ const TValue *tm2;
+ if (ttisnil(tm1)) return -1; /* no metamethod? */
+ tm2 = luaT_gettmbyobj(L, p2, event);
+ if (!luaO_rawequalObj(tm1, tm2)) /* different metamethods? */
+ return -1;
+ callTMres(L, L->top, tm1, p1, p2);
+ return !l_isfalse(L->top);
+}
+
+
+static int l_strcmp (const TString *ls, const TString *rs) {
+ const char *l = getstr(ls);
+ size_t ll = ls->tsv.len;
+ const char *r = getstr(rs);
+ size_t lr = rs->tsv.len;
+ for (;;) {
+ int temp = strcoll(l, r);
+ if (temp != 0) return temp;
+ else { /* strings are equal up to a `\0' */
+ size_t len = strlen(l); /* index of first `\0' in both strings */
+ if (len == lr) /* r is finished? */
+ return (len == ll) ? 0 : 1;
+ else if (len == ll) /* l is finished? */
+ return -1; /* l is smaller than r (because r is not finished) */
+ /* both strings longer than `len'; go on comparing (after the `\0') */
+ len++;
+ l += len; ll -= len; r += len; lr -= len;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
+ int res;
+ if (ttype(l) != ttype(r))
+ return luaG_ordererror(L, l, r);
+ else if (ttisnumber(l))
+ return luai_numlt(nvalue(l), nvalue(r));
+ else if (ttisstring(l))
+ return l_strcmp(rawtsvalue(l), rawtsvalue(r)) < 0;
+ else if ((res = call_orderTM(L, l, r, TM_LT)) != -1)
+ return res;
+ return luaG_ordererror(L, l, r);
+}
+
+
+static int lessequal (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r) {
+ int res;
+ if (ttype(l) != ttype(r))
+ return luaG_ordererror(L, l, r);
+ else if (ttisnumber(l))
+ return luai_numle(nvalue(l), nvalue(r));
+ else if (ttisstring(l))
+ return l_strcmp(rawtsvalue(l), rawtsvalue(r)) <= 0;
+ else if ((res = call_orderTM(L, l, r, TM_LE)) != -1) /* first try `le' */
+ return res;
+ else if ((res = call_orderTM(L, r, l, TM_LT)) != -1) /* else try `lt' */
+ return !res;
+ return luaG_ordererror(L, l, r);
+}
+
+
+int luaV_equalval (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2) {
+ const TValue *tm;
+ lua_assert(ttype(t1) == ttype(t2));
+ switch (ttype(t1)) {
+ case LUA_TNIL: return 1;
+ case LUA_TNUMBER: return luai_numeq(nvalue(t1), nvalue(t2));
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN: return bvalue(t1) == bvalue(t2); /* true must be 1 !! */
+ case LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA: return pvalue(t1) == pvalue(t2);
+ case LUA_TUSERDATA: {
+ if (uvalue(t1) == uvalue(t2)) return 1;
+ tm = get_compTM(L, uvalue(t1)->metatable, uvalue(t2)->metatable,
+ TM_EQ);
+ break; /* will try TM */
+ }
+ case LUA_TTABLE: {
+ if (hvalue(t1) == hvalue(t2)) return 1;
+ tm = get_compTM(L, hvalue(t1)->metatable, hvalue(t2)->metatable, TM_EQ);
+ break; /* will try TM */
+ }
+ default: return gcvalue(t1) == gcvalue(t2);
+ }
+ if (tm == NULL) return 0; /* no TM? */
+ callTMres(L, L->top, tm, t1, t2); /* call TM */
+ return !l_isfalse(L->top);
+}
+
+
+void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total, int last) {
+ do {
+ StkId top = L->base + last + 1;
+ int n = 2; /* number of elements handled in this pass (at least 2) */
+ if (!(ttisstring(top-2) || ttisnumber(top-2)) || !tostring(L, top-1)) {
+ if (!call_binTM(L, top-2, top-1, top-2, TM_CONCAT))
+ luaG_concaterror(L, top-2, top-1);
+ } else if (tsvalue(top-1)->len == 0) /* second op is empty? */
+ (void)tostring(L, top - 2); /* result is first op (as string) */
+ else {
+ /* at least two string values; get as many as possible */
+ size_t tl = tsvalue(top-1)->len;
+ char *buffer;
+ int i;
+ /* collect total length */
+ for (n = 1; n < total && tostring(L, top-n-1); n++) {
+ size_t l = tsvalue(top-n-1)->len;
+ if (l >= MAX_SIZET - tl) luaG_runerror(L, "string length overflow");
+ tl += l;
+ }
+ buffer = luaZ_openspace(L, &G(L)->buff, tl);
+ tl = 0;
+ for (i=n; i>0; i--) { /* concat all strings */
+ size_t l = tsvalue(top-i)->len;
+ memcpy(buffer+tl, svalue(top-i), l);
+ tl += l;
+ }
+ setsvalue2s(L, top-n, luaS_newlstr(L, buffer, tl));
+ }
+ total -= n-1; /* got `n' strings to create 1 new */
+ last -= n-1;
+ } while (total > 1); /* repeat until only 1 result left */
+}
+
+
+static void Arith (lua_State *L, StkId ra, const TValue *rb,
+ const TValue *rc, TMS op) {
+ TValue tempb, tempc;
+ const TValue *b, *c;
+ if ((b = luaV_tonumber(rb, &tempb)) != NULL &&
+ (c = luaV_tonumber(rc, &tempc)) != NULL) {
+ lua_Number nb = nvalue(b), nc = nvalue(c);
+ switch (op) {
+ case TM_ADD: setnvalue(ra, luai_numadd(nb, nc)); break;
+ case TM_SUB: setnvalue(ra, luai_numsub(nb, nc)); break;
+ case TM_MUL: setnvalue(ra, luai_nummul(nb, nc)); break;
+ case TM_DIV: setnvalue(ra, luai_numdiv(nb, nc)); break;
+ case TM_MOD: setnvalue(ra, luai_nummod(nb, nc)); break;
+ case TM_POW: setnvalue(ra, luai_numpow(nb, nc)); break;
+ case TM_UNM: setnvalue(ra, luai_numunm(nb)); break;
+ default: lua_assert(0); break;
+ }
+ }
+ else if (!call_binTM(L, rb, rc, ra, op))
+ luaG_aritherror(L, rb, rc);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+** some macros for common tasks in `luaV_execute'
+*/
+
+#define runtime_check(L, c) { if (!(c)) break; }
+
+#define RA(i) (base+GETARG_A(i))
+/* to be used after possible stack reallocation */
+#define RB(i) check_exp(getBMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgR, base+GETARG_B(i))
+#define RC(i) check_exp(getCMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgR, base+GETARG_C(i))
+#define RKB(i) check_exp(getBMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgK, \
+ ISK(GETARG_B(i)) ? k+INDEXK(GETARG_B(i)) : base+GETARG_B(i))
+#define RKC(i) check_exp(getCMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgK, \
+ ISK(GETARG_C(i)) ? k+INDEXK(GETARG_C(i)) : base+GETARG_C(i))
+#define KBx(i) check_exp(getBMode(GET_OPCODE(i)) == OpArgK, k+GETARG_Bx(i))
+
+
+#define dojump(L,pc,i) {(pc) += (i); luai_threadyield(L);}
+
+
+#define Protect(x) { L->savedpc = pc; {x;}; base = L->base; }
+
+
+#define arith_op(op,tm) { \
+ TValue *rb = RKB(i); \
+ TValue *rc = RKC(i); \
+ if (ttisnumber(rb) && ttisnumber(rc)) { \
+ lua_Number nb = nvalue(rb), nc = nvalue(rc); \
+ setnvalue(ra, op(nb, nc)); \
+ } \
+ else \
+ Protect(Arith(L, ra, rb, rc, tm)); \
+ }
+
+
+
+void luaV_execute (lua_State *L, int nexeccalls) {
+ LClosure *cl;
+ StkId base;
+ TValue *k;
+ const Instruction *pc;
+ reentry: /* entry point */
+ lua_assert(isLua(L->ci));
+ pc = L->savedpc;
+ cl = &clvalue(L->ci->func)->l;
+ base = L->base;
+ k = cl->p->k;
+ /* main loop of interpreter */
+ for (;;) {
+ const Instruction i = *pc++;
+ StkId ra;
+ if ((L->hookmask & (LUA_MASKLINE | LUA_MASKCOUNT)) &&
+ (--L->hookcount == 0 || L->hookmask & LUA_MASKLINE)) {
+ traceexec(L, pc);
+ if (L->status == LUA_YIELD) { /* did hook yield? */
+ L->savedpc = pc - 1;
+ return;
+ }
+ base = L->base;
+ }
+ /* warning!! several calls may realloc the stack and invalidate `ra' */
+ ra = RA(i);
+ lua_assert(base == L->base && L->base == L->ci->base);
+ lua_assert(base <= L->top && L->top <= L->stack + L->stacksize);
+ lua_assert(L->top == L->ci->top || luaG_checkopenop(i));
+ switch (GET_OPCODE(i)) {
+ case OP_MOVE: {
+ setobjs2s(L, ra, RB(i));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_LOADK: {
+ setobj2s(L, ra, KBx(i));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_LOADBOOL: {
+ setbvalue(ra, GETARG_B(i));
+ if (GETARG_C(i)) pc++; /* skip next instruction (if C) */
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_LOADNIL: {
+ TValue *rb = RB(i);
+ do {
+ setnilvalue(rb--);
+ } while (rb >= ra);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_GETUPVAL: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i);
+ setobj2s(L, ra, cl->upvals[b]->v);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_GETGLOBAL: {
+ TValue g;
+ TValue *rb = KBx(i);
+ sethvalue(L, &g, cl->env);
+ lua_assert(ttisstring(rb));
+ Protect(luaV_gettable(L, &g, rb, ra));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_GETTABLE: {
+ Protect(luaV_gettable(L, RB(i), RKC(i), ra));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_SETGLOBAL: {
+ TValue g;
+ sethvalue(L, &g, cl->env);
+ lua_assert(ttisstring(KBx(i)));
+ Protect(luaV_settable(L, &g, KBx(i), ra));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_SETUPVAL: {
+ UpVal *uv = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(i)];
+ setobj(L, uv->v, ra);
+ luaC_barrier(L, uv, ra);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_SETTABLE: {
+ Protect(luaV_settable(L, ra, RKB(i), RKC(i)));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_NEWTABLE: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i);
+ int c = GETARG_C(i);
+ sethvalue(L, ra, luaH_new(L, luaO_fb2int(b), luaO_fb2int(c)));
+ Protect(luaC_checkGC(L));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_SELF: {
+ StkId rb = RB(i);
+ setobjs2s(L, ra+1, rb);
+ Protect(luaV_gettable(L, rb, RKC(i), ra));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_ADD: {
+ arith_op(luai_numadd, TM_ADD);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_SUB: {
+ arith_op(luai_numsub, TM_SUB);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_MUL: {
+ arith_op(luai_nummul, TM_MUL);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_DIV: {
+ arith_op(luai_numdiv, TM_DIV);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_MOD: {
+ arith_op(luai_nummod, TM_MOD);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_POW: {
+ arith_op(luai_numpow, TM_POW);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_UNM: {
+ TValue *rb = RB(i);
+ if (ttisnumber(rb)) {
+ lua_Number nb = nvalue(rb);
+ setnvalue(ra, luai_numunm(nb));
+ }
+ else {
+ Protect(Arith(L, ra, rb, rb, TM_UNM));
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_NOT: {
+ int res = l_isfalse(RB(i)); /* next assignment may change this value */
+ setbvalue(ra, res);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_LEN: {
+ const TValue *rb = RB(i);
+ switch (ttype(rb)) {
+ case LUA_TTABLE: {
+ setnvalue(ra, cast_num(luaH_getn(hvalue(rb))));
+ break;
+ }
+ case LUA_TSTRING: {
+ setnvalue(ra, cast_num(tsvalue(rb)->len));
+ break;
+ }
+ default: { /* try metamethod */
+ Protect(
+ if (!call_binTM(L, rb, luaO_nilobject, ra, TM_LEN))
+ luaG_typeerror(L, rb, "get length of");
+ )
+ }
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_CONCAT: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i);
+ int c = GETARG_C(i);
+ Protect(luaV_concat(L, c-b+1, c); luaC_checkGC(L));
+ setobjs2s(L, RA(i), base+b);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_JMP: {
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(i));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_EQ: {
+ TValue *rb = RKB(i);
+ TValue *rc = RKC(i);
+ Protect(
+ if (equalobj(L, rb, rc) == GETARG_A(i))
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(*pc));
+ )
+ pc++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_LT: {
+ Protect(
+ if (luaV_lessthan(L, RKB(i), RKC(i)) == GETARG_A(i))
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(*pc));
+ )
+ pc++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_LE: {
+ Protect(
+ if (lessequal(L, RKB(i), RKC(i)) == GETARG_A(i))
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(*pc));
+ )
+ pc++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_TEST: {
+ if (l_isfalse(ra) != GETARG_C(i))
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(*pc));
+ pc++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_TESTSET: {
+ TValue *rb = RB(i);
+ if (l_isfalse(rb) != GETARG_C(i)) {
+ setobjs2s(L, ra, rb);
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(*pc));
+ }
+ pc++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_CALL: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i);
+ int nresults = GETARG_C(i) - 1;
+ if (b != 0) L->top = ra+b; /* else previous instruction set top */
+ L->savedpc = pc;
+ switch (luaD_precall(L, ra, nresults)) {
+ case PCRLUA: {
+ nexeccalls++;
+ goto reentry; /* restart luaV_execute over new Lua function */
+ }
+ case PCRC: {
+ /* it was a C function (`precall' called it); adjust results */
+ if (nresults >= 0) L->top = L->ci->top;
+ base = L->base;
+ continue;
+ }
+ default: {
+ return; /* yield */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ case OP_TAILCALL: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i);
+ if (b != 0) L->top = ra+b; /* else previous instruction set top */
+ L->savedpc = pc;
+ lua_assert(GETARG_C(i) - 1 == LUA_MULTRET);
+ switch (luaD_precall(L, ra, LUA_MULTRET)) {
+ case PCRLUA: {
+ /* tail call: put new frame in place of previous one */
+ CallInfo *ci = L->ci - 1; /* previous frame */
+ int aux;
+ StkId func = ci->func;
+ StkId pfunc = (ci+1)->func; /* previous function index */
+ if (L->openupval) luaF_close(L, ci->base);
+ L->base = ci->base = ci->func + ((ci+1)->base - pfunc);
+ for (aux = 0; pfunc+aux < L->top; aux++) /* move frame down */
+ setobjs2s(L, func+aux, pfunc+aux);
+ ci->top = L->top = func+aux; /* correct top */
+ lua_assert(L->top == L->base + clvalue(func)->l.p->maxstacksize);
+ ci->savedpc = L->savedpc;
+ ci->tailcalls++; /* one more call lost */
+ L->ci--; /* remove new frame */
+ goto reentry;
+ }
+ case PCRC: { /* it was a C function (`precall' called it) */
+ base = L->base;
+ continue;
+ }
+ default: {
+ return; /* yield */
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ case OP_RETURN: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i);
+ if (b != 0) L->top = ra+b-1;
+ if (L->openupval) luaF_close(L, base);
+ L->savedpc = pc;
+ b = luaD_poscall(L, ra);
+ if (--nexeccalls == 0) /* was previous function running `here'? */
+ return; /* no: return */
+ else { /* yes: continue its execution */
+ if (b) L->top = L->ci->top;
+ lua_assert(isLua(L->ci));
+ lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*((L->ci)->savedpc - 1)) == OP_CALL);
+ goto reentry;
+ }
+ }
+ case OP_FORLOOP: {
+ lua_Number step = nvalue(ra+2);
+ lua_Number idx = luai_numadd(nvalue(ra), step); /* increment index */
+ lua_Number limit = nvalue(ra+1);
+ if (luai_numlt(0, step) ? luai_numle(idx, limit)
+ : luai_numle(limit, idx)) {
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(i)); /* jump back */
+ setnvalue(ra, idx); /* update internal index... */
+ setnvalue(ra+3, idx); /* ...and external index */
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_FORPREP: {
+ const TValue *init = ra;
+ const TValue *plimit = ra+1;
+ const TValue *pstep = ra+2;
+ L->savedpc = pc; /* next steps may throw errors */
+ if (!tonumber(init, ra))
+ luaG_runerror(L, LUA_QL("for") " initial value must be a number");
+ else if (!tonumber(plimit, ra+1))
+ luaG_runerror(L, LUA_QL("for") " limit must be a number");
+ else if (!tonumber(pstep, ra+2))
+ luaG_runerror(L, LUA_QL("for") " step must be a number");
+ setnvalue(ra, luai_numsub(nvalue(ra), nvalue(pstep)));
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(i));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_TFORLOOP: {
+ StkId cb = ra + 3; /* call base */
+ setobjs2s(L, cb+2, ra+2);
+ setobjs2s(L, cb+1, ra+1);
+ setobjs2s(L, cb, ra);
+ L->top = cb+3; /* func. + 2 args (state and index) */
+ Protect(luaD_call(L, cb, GETARG_C(i)));
+ L->top = L->ci->top;
+ cb = RA(i) + 3; /* previous call may change the stack */
+ if (!ttisnil(cb)) { /* continue loop? */
+ setobjs2s(L, cb-1, cb); /* save control variable */
+ dojump(L, pc, GETARG_sBx(*pc)); /* jump back */
+ }
+ pc++;
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_SETLIST: {
+ int n = GETARG_B(i);
+ int c = GETARG_C(i);
+ int last;
+ Table *h;
+ if (n == 0) {
+ n = cast_int(L->top - ra) - 1;
+ L->top = L->ci->top;
+ }
+ if (c == 0) c = cast_int(*pc++);
+ runtime_check(L, ttistable(ra));
+ h = hvalue(ra);
+ last = ((c-1)*LFIELDS_PER_FLUSH) + n;
+ if (last > h->sizearray) /* needs more space? */
+ luaH_resizearray(L, h, last); /* pre-alloc it at once */
+ for (; n > 0; n--) {
+ TValue *val = ra+n;
+ setobj2t(L, luaH_setnum(L, h, last--), val);
+ luaC_barriert(L, h, val);
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_CLOSE: {
+ luaF_close(L, ra);
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_CLOSURE: {
+ Proto *p;
+ Closure *ncl;
+ int nup, j;
+ p = cl->p->p[GETARG_Bx(i)];
+ nup = p->nups;
+ ncl = luaF_newLclosure(L, nup, cl->env);
+ ncl->l.p = p;
+ for (j=0; j<nup; j++, pc++) {
+ if (GET_OPCODE(*pc) == OP_GETUPVAL)
+ ncl->l.upvals[j] = cl->upvals[GETARG_B(*pc)];
+ else {
+ lua_assert(GET_OPCODE(*pc) == OP_MOVE);
+ ncl->l.upvals[j] = luaF_findupval(L, base + GETARG_B(*pc));
+ }
+ }
+ setclvalue(L, ra, ncl);
+ Protect(luaC_checkGC(L));
+ continue;
+ }
+ case OP_VARARG: {
+ int b = GETARG_B(i) - 1;
+ int j;
+ CallInfo *ci = L->ci;
+ int n = cast_int(ci->base - ci->func) - cl->p->numparams - 1;
+ if (b == LUA_MULTRET) {
+ Protect(luaD_checkstack(L, n));
+ ra = RA(i); /* previous call may change the stack */
+ b = n;
+ L->top = ra + n;
+ }
+ for (j = 0; j < b; j++) {
+ if (j < n) {
+ setobjs2s(L, ra + j, ci->base - n + j);
+ }
+ else {
+ setnilvalue(ra + j);
+ }
+ }
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lvm.h,v 2.5.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Lua virtual machine
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#ifndef lvm_h
+#define lvm_h
+
+
+#include "ldo.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "ltm.h"
+
+
+#define tostring(L,o) ((ttype(o) == LUA_TSTRING) || (luaV_tostring(L, o)))
+
+#define tonumber(o,n) (ttype(o) == LUA_TNUMBER || \
+ (((o) = luaV_tonumber(o,n)) != NULL))
+
+#define equalobj(L,o1,o2) \
+ (ttype(o1) == ttype(o2) && luaV_equalval(L, o1, o2))
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessthan (lua_State *L, const TValue *l, const TValue *r);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaV_equalval (lua_State *L, const TValue *t1, const TValue *t2);
+LUAI_FUNC const TValue *luaV_tonumber (const TValue *obj, TValue *n);
+LUAI_FUNC int luaV_tostring (lua_State *L, StkId obj);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaV_gettable (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
+ StkId val);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaV_settable (lua_State *L, const TValue *t, TValue *key,
+ StkId val);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaV_execute (lua_State *L, int nexeccalls);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaV_concat (lua_State *L, int total, int last);
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lzio.c,v 1.31.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** a generic input stream interface
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define lzio_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "llimits.h"
+#include "lmem.h"
+#include "lstate.h"
+#include "lzio.h"
+
+
+int luaZ_fill (ZIO *z) {
+ size_t size;
+ lua_State *L = z->L;
+ const char *buff;
+ lua_unlock(L);
+ buff = z->reader(L, z->data, &size);
+ lua_lock(L);
+ if (buff == NULL || size == 0) return EOZ;
+ z->n = size - 1;
+ z->p = buff;
+ return char2int(*(z->p++));
+}
+
+
+int luaZ_lookahead (ZIO *z) {
+ if (z->n == 0) {
+ if (luaZ_fill(z) == EOZ)
+ return EOZ;
+ else {
+ z->n++; /* luaZ_fill removed first byte; put back it */
+ z->p--;
+ }
+ }
+ return char2int(*z->p);
+}
+
+
+void luaZ_init (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, lua_Reader reader, void *data) {
+ z->L = L;
+ z->reader = reader;
+ z->data = data;
+ z->n = 0;
+ z->p = NULL;
+}
+
+
+/* --------------------------------------------------------------- read --- */
+size_t luaZ_read (ZIO *z, void *b, size_t n) {
+ while (n) {
+ size_t m;
+ if (luaZ_lookahead(z) == EOZ)
+ return n; /* return number of missing bytes */
+ m = (n <= z->n) ? n : z->n; /* min. between n and z->n */
+ memcpy(b, z->p, m);
+ z->n -= m;
+ z->p += m;
+ b = (char *)b + m;
+ n -= m;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+char *luaZ_openspace (lua_State *L, Mbuffer *buff, size_t n) {
+ if (n > buff->buffsize) {
+ if (n < LUA_MINBUFFER) n = LUA_MINBUFFER;
+ luaZ_resizebuffer(L, buff, n);
+ }
+ return buff->buffer;
+}
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: lzio.h,v 1.21.1.1 2007/12/27 13:02:25 roberto Exp $
+** Buffered streams
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+
+#ifndef lzio_h
+#define lzio_h
+
+#include "lua.h"
+
+#include "lmem.h"
+
+
+#define EOZ (-1) /* end of stream */
+
+typedef struct Zio ZIO;
+
+#define char2int(c) cast(int, cast(unsigned char, (c)))
+
+#define zgetc(z) (((z)->n--)>0 ? char2int(*(z)->p++) : luaZ_fill(z))
+
+typedef struct Mbuffer {
+ char *buffer;
+ size_t n;
+ size_t buffsize;
+} Mbuffer;
+
+#define luaZ_initbuffer(L, buff) ((buff)->buffer = NULL, (buff)->buffsize = 0)
+
+#define luaZ_buffer(buff) ((buff)->buffer)
+#define luaZ_sizebuffer(buff) ((buff)->buffsize)
+#define luaZ_bufflen(buff) ((buff)->n)
+
+#define luaZ_resetbuffer(buff) ((buff)->n = 0)
+
+
+#define luaZ_resizebuffer(L, buff, size) \
+ (luaM_reallocvector(L, (buff)->buffer, (buff)->buffsize, size, char), \
+ (buff)->buffsize = size)
+
+#define luaZ_freebuffer(L, buff) luaZ_resizebuffer(L, buff, 0)
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC char *luaZ_openspace (lua_State *L, Mbuffer *buff, size_t n);
+LUAI_FUNC void luaZ_init (lua_State *L, ZIO *z, lua_Reader reader,
+ void *data);
+LUAI_FUNC size_t luaZ_read (ZIO* z, void* b, size_t n); /* read next n bytes */
+LUAI_FUNC int luaZ_lookahead (ZIO *z);
+
+
+
+/* --------- Private Part ------------------ */
+
+struct Zio {
+ size_t n; /* bytes still unread */
+ const char *p; /* current position in buffer */
+ lua_Reader reader;
+ void* data; /* additional data */
+ lua_State *L; /* Lua state (for reader) */
+};
+
+
+LUAI_FUNC int luaZ_fill (ZIO *z);
+
+#endif
--- /dev/null
+/*
+** $Id: print.c,v 1.55a 2006/05/31 13:30:05 lhf Exp $
+** print bytecodes
+** See Copyright Notice in lua.h
+*/
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define luac_c
+#define LUA_CORE
+
+#include "ldebug.h"
+#include "lobject.h"
+#include "lopcodes.h"
+#include "lundump.h"
+
+#define PrintFunction luaU_print
+
+#define Sizeof(x) ((int)sizeof(x))
+#define VOID(p) ((const void*)(p))
+
+static void PrintString(const TString* ts)
+{
+ const char* s=getstr(ts);
+ size_t i,n=ts->tsv.len;
+ putchar('"');
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ int c=s[i];
+ switch (c)
+ {
+ case '"': printf("\\\""); break;
+ case '\\': printf("\\\\"); break;
+ case '\a': printf("\\a"); break;
+ case '\b': printf("\\b"); break;
+ case '\f': printf("\\f"); break;
+ case '\n': printf("\\n"); break;
+ case '\r': printf("\\r"); break;
+ case '\t': printf("\\t"); break;
+ case '\v': printf("\\v"); break;
+ default: if (isprint((unsigned char)c))
+ putchar(c);
+ else
+ printf("\\%03u",(unsigned char)c);
+ }
+ }
+ putchar('"');
+}
+
+static void PrintConstant(const Proto* f, int i)
+{
+ const TValue* o=&f->k[i];
+ switch (ttype(o))
+ {
+ case LUA_TNIL:
+ printf("nil");
+ break;
+ case LUA_TBOOLEAN:
+ printf(bvalue(o) ? "true" : "false");
+ break;
+ case LUA_TNUMBER:
+ printf(LUA_NUMBER_FMT,nvalue(o));
+ break;
+ case LUA_TSTRING:
+ PrintString(rawtsvalue(o));
+ break;
+ default: /* cannot happen */
+ printf("? type=%d",ttype(o));
+ break;
+ }
+}
+
+static void PrintCode(const Proto* f)
+{
+ const Instruction* code=f->code;
+ int pc,n=f->sizecode;
+ for (pc=0; pc<n; pc++)
+ {
+ Instruction i=code[pc];
+ OpCode o=GET_OPCODE(i);
+ int a=GETARG_A(i);
+ int b=GETARG_B(i);
+ int c=GETARG_C(i);
+ int bx=GETARG_Bx(i);
+ int sbx=GETARG_sBx(i);
+ int line=getline(f,pc);
+ printf("\t%d\t",pc+1);
+ if (line>0) printf("[%d]\t",line); else printf("[-]\t");
+ printf("%-9s\t",luaP_opnames[o]);
+ switch (getOpMode(o))
+ {
+ case iABC:
+ printf("%d",a);
+ if (getBMode(o)!=OpArgN) printf(" %d",ISK(b) ? (-1-INDEXK(b)) : b);
+ if (getCMode(o)!=OpArgN) printf(" %d",ISK(c) ? (-1-INDEXK(c)) : c);
+ break;
+ case iABx:
+ if (getBMode(o)==OpArgK) printf("%d %d",a,-1-bx); else printf("%d %d",a,bx);
+ break;
+ case iAsBx:
+ if (o==OP_JMP) printf("%d",sbx); else printf("%d %d",a,sbx);
+ break;
+ }
+ switch (o)
+ {
+ case OP_LOADK:
+ printf("\t; "); PrintConstant(f,bx);
+ break;
+ case OP_GETUPVAL:
+ case OP_SETUPVAL:
+ printf("\t; %s", (f->sizeupvalues>0) ? getstr(f->upvalues[b]) : "-");
+ break;
+ case OP_GETGLOBAL:
+ case OP_SETGLOBAL:
+ printf("\t; %s",svalue(&f->k[bx]));
+ break;
+ case OP_GETTABLE:
+ case OP_SELF:
+ if (ISK(c)) { printf("\t; "); PrintConstant(f,INDEXK(c)); }
+ break;
+ case OP_SETTABLE:
+ case OP_ADD:
+ case OP_SUB:
+ case OP_MUL:
+ case OP_DIV:
+ case OP_POW:
+ case OP_EQ:
+ case OP_LT:
+ case OP_LE:
+ if (ISK(b) || ISK(c))
+ {
+ printf("\t; ");
+ if (ISK(b)) PrintConstant(f,INDEXK(b)); else printf("-");
+ printf(" ");
+ if (ISK(c)) PrintConstant(f,INDEXK(c)); else printf("-");
+ }
+ break;
+ case OP_JMP:
+ case OP_FORLOOP:
+ case OP_FORPREP:
+ printf("\t; to %d",sbx+pc+2);
+ break;
+ case OP_CLOSURE:
+ printf("\t; %p",VOID(f->p[bx]));
+ break;
+ case OP_SETLIST:
+ if (c==0) printf("\t; %d",(int)code[++pc]);
+ else printf("\t; %d",c);
+ break;
+ default:
+ break;
+ }
+ printf("\n");
+ }
+}
+
+#define SS(x) (x==1)?"":"s"
+#define S(x) x,SS(x)
+
+static void PrintHeader(const Proto* f)
+{
+ const char* s=getstr(f->source);
+ if (*s=='@' || *s=='=')
+ s++;
+ else if (*s==LUA_SIGNATURE[0])
+ s="(bstring)";
+ else
+ s="(string)";
+ printf("\n%s <%s:%d,%d> (%d instruction%s, %d bytes at %p)\n",
+ (f->linedefined==0)?"main":"function",s,
+ f->linedefined,f->lastlinedefined,
+ S(f->sizecode),f->sizecode*Sizeof(Instruction),VOID(f));
+ printf("%d%s param%s, %d slot%s, %d upvalue%s, ",
+ f->numparams,f->is_vararg?"+":"",SS(f->numparams),
+ S(f->maxstacksize),S(f->nups));
+ printf("%d local%s, %d constant%s, %d function%s\n",
+ S(f->sizelocvars),S(f->sizek),S(f->sizep));
+}
+
+static void PrintConstants(const Proto* f)
+{
+ int i,n=f->sizek;
+ printf("constants (%d) for %p:\n",n,VOID(f));
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ printf("\t%d\t",i+1);
+ PrintConstant(f,i);
+ printf("\n");
+ }
+}
+
+static void PrintLocals(const Proto* f)
+{
+ int i,n=f->sizelocvars;
+ printf("locals (%d) for %p:\n",n,VOID(f));
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ printf("\t%d\t%s\t%d\t%d\n",
+ i,getstr(f->locvars[i].varname),f->locvars[i].startpc+1,f->locvars[i].endpc+1);
+ }
+}
+
+static void PrintUpvalues(const Proto* f)
+{
+ int i,n=f->sizeupvalues;
+ printf("upvalues (%d) for %p:\n",n,VOID(f));
+ if (f->upvalues==NULL) return;
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++)
+ {
+ printf("\t%d\t%s\n",i,getstr(f->upvalues[i]));
+ }
+}
+
+void PrintFunction(const Proto* f, int full)
+{
+ int i,n=f->sizep;
+ PrintHeader(f);
+ PrintCode(f);
+ if (full)
+ {
+ PrintConstants(f);
+ PrintLocals(f);
+ PrintUpvalues(f);
+ }
+ for (i=0; i<n; i++) PrintFunction(f->p[i],full);
+}
--- /dev/null
+These are simple tests for Lua. Some of them contain useful code.
+They are meant to be run to make sure Lua is built correctly and also
+to be read, to see how Lua programs look.
+
+Here is a one-line summary of each program:
+
+ bisect.lua bisection method for solving non-linear equations
+ cf.lua temperature conversion table (celsius to farenheit)
+ echo.lua echo command line arguments
+ env.lua environment variables as automatic global variables
+ factorial.lua factorial without recursion
+ fib.lua fibonacci function with cache
+ fibfor.lua fibonacci numbers with coroutines and generators
+ globals.lua report global variable usage
+ hello.lua the first program in every language
+ life.lua Conway's Game of Life
+ luac.lua bare-bones luac
+ printf.lua an implementation of printf
+ readonly.lua make global variables readonly
+ sieve.lua the sieve of of Eratosthenes programmed with coroutines
+ sort.lua two implementations of a sort function
+ table.lua make table, grouping all data for the same item
+ trace-calls.lua trace calls
+ trace-globals.lua trace assigments to global variables
+ xd.lua hex dump
+
--- /dev/null
+-- bisection method for solving non-linear equations
+
+delta=1e-6 -- tolerance
+
+function bisect(f,a,b,fa,fb)
+ local c=(a+b)/2
+ io.write(n," c=",c," a=",a," b=",b,"\n")
+ if c==a or c==b or math.abs(a-b)<delta then return c,b-a end
+ n=n+1
+ local fc=f(c)
+ if fa*fc<0 then return bisect(f,a,c,fa,fc) else return bisect(f,c,b,fc,fb) end
+end
+
+-- find root of f in the inverval [a,b]. needs f(a)*f(b)<0
+function solve(f,a,b)
+ n=0
+ local z,e=bisect(f,a,b,f(a),f(b))
+ io.write(string.format("after %d steps, root is %.17g with error %.1e, f=%.1e\n",n,z,e,f(z)))
+end
+
+-- our function
+function f(x)
+ return x*x*x-x-1
+end
+
+-- find zero in [1,2]
+solve(f,1,2)
--- /dev/null
+-- temperature conversion table (celsius to farenheit)
+
+for c0=-20,50-1,10 do
+ io.write("C ")
+ for c=c0,c0+10-1 do
+ io.write(string.format("%3.0f ",c))
+ end
+ io.write("\n")
+
+ io.write("F ")
+ for c=c0,c0+10-1 do
+ f=(9/5)*c+32
+ io.write(string.format("%3.0f ",f))
+ end
+ io.write("\n\n")
+end
--- /dev/null
+-- echo command line arguments
+
+for i=0,table.getn(arg) do
+ print(i,arg[i])
+end
--- /dev/null
+-- read environment variables as if they were global variables
+
+local f=function (t,i) return os.getenv(i) end
+setmetatable(getfenv(),{__index=f})
+
+-- an example
+print(a,USER,PATH)
--- /dev/null
+-- function closures are powerful
+
+-- traditional fixed-point operator from functional programming
+Y = function (g)
+ local a = function (f) return f(f) end
+ return a(function (f)
+ return g(function (x)
+ local c=f(f)
+ return c(x)
+ end)
+ end)
+end
+
+
+-- factorial without recursion
+F = function (f)
+ return function (n)
+ if n == 0 then return 1
+ else return n*f(n-1) end
+ end
+ end
+
+factorial = Y(F) -- factorial is the fixed point of F
+
+-- now test it
+function test(x)
+ io.write(x,"! = ",factorial(x),"\n")
+end
+
+for n=0,16 do
+ test(n)
+end
--- /dev/null
+-- fibonacci function with cache
+
+-- very inefficient fibonacci function
+function fib(n)
+ N=N+1
+ if n<2 then
+ return n
+ else
+ return fib(n-1)+fib(n-2)
+ end
+end
+
+-- a general-purpose value cache
+function cache(f)
+ local c={}
+ return function (x)
+ local y=c[x]
+ if not y then
+ y=f(x)
+ c[x]=y
+ end
+ return y
+ end
+end
+
+-- run and time it
+function test(s,f)
+ N=0
+ local c=os.clock()
+ local v=f(n)
+ local t=os.clock()-c
+ print(s,n,v,t,N)
+end
+
+n=arg[1] or 24 -- for other values, do lua fib.lua XX
+n=tonumber(n)
+print("","n","value","time","evals")
+test("plain",fib)
+fib=cache(fib)
+test("cached",fib)
--- /dev/null
+-- example of for with generator functions
+
+function generatefib (n)
+ return coroutine.wrap(function ()
+ local a,b = 1, 1
+ while a <= n do
+ coroutine.yield(a)
+ a, b = b, a+b
+ end
+ end)
+end
+
+for i in generatefib(1000) do print(i) end
--- /dev/null
+-- reads luac listings and reports global variable usage
+-- lines where a global is written to are marked with "*"
+-- typical usage: luac -p -l file.lua | lua globals.lua | sort | lua table.lua
+
+while 1 do
+ local s=io.read()
+ if s==nil then break end
+ local ok,_,l,op,g=string.find(s,"%[%-?(%d*)%]%s*([GS])ETGLOBAL.-;%s+(.*)$")
+ if ok then
+ if op=="S" then op="*" else op="" end
+ io.write(g,"\t",l,op,"\n")
+ end
+end
--- /dev/null
+-- the first program in every language
+
+io.write("Hello world, from ",_VERSION,"!\n")
--- /dev/null
+-- life.lua
+-- original by Dave Bollinger <DBollinger@compuserve.com> posted to lua-l
+-- modified to use ANSI terminal escape sequences
+-- modified to use for instead of while
+
+local write=io.write
+
+ALIVE="¥" DEAD="þ"
+ALIVE="O" DEAD="-"
+
+function delay() -- NOTE: SYSTEM-DEPENDENT, adjust as necessary
+ for i=1,10000 do end
+ -- local i=os.clock()+1 while(os.clock()<i) do end
+end
+
+function ARRAY2D(w,h)
+ local t = {w=w,h=h}
+ for y=1,h do
+ t[y] = {}
+ for x=1,w do
+ t[y][x]=0
+ end
+ end
+ return t
+end
+
+_CELLS = {}
+
+-- give birth to a "shape" within the cell array
+function _CELLS:spawn(shape,left,top)
+ for y=0,shape.h-1 do
+ for x=0,shape.w-1 do
+ self[top+y][left+x] = shape[y*shape.w+x+1]
+ end
+ end
+end
+
+-- run the CA and produce the next generation
+function _CELLS:evolve(next)
+ local ym1,y,yp1,yi=self.h-1,self.h,1,self.h
+ while yi > 0 do
+ local xm1,x,xp1,xi=self.w-1,self.w,1,self.w
+ while xi > 0 do
+ local sum = self[ym1][xm1] + self[ym1][x] + self[ym1][xp1] +
+ self[y][xm1] + self[y][xp1] +
+ self[yp1][xm1] + self[yp1][x] + self[yp1][xp1]
+ next[y][x] = ((sum==2) and self[y][x]) or ((sum==3) and 1) or 0
+ xm1,x,xp1,xi = x,xp1,xp1+1,xi-1
+ end
+ ym1,y,yp1,yi = y,yp1,yp1+1,yi-1
+ end
+end
+
+-- output the array to screen
+function _CELLS:draw()
+ local out="" -- accumulate to reduce flicker
+ for y=1,self.h do
+ for x=1,self.w do
+ out=out..(((self[y][x]>0) and ALIVE) or DEAD)
+ end
+ out=out.."\n"
+ end
+ write(out)
+end
+
+-- constructor
+function CELLS(w,h)
+ local c = ARRAY2D(w,h)
+ c.spawn = _CELLS.spawn
+ c.evolve = _CELLS.evolve
+ c.draw = _CELLS.draw
+ return c
+end
+
+--
+-- shapes suitable for use with spawn() above
+--
+HEART = { 1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1; w=3,h=3 }
+GLIDER = { 0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1; w=3,h=3 }
+EXPLODE = { 0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0; w=3,h=4 }
+FISH = { 0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0; w=5,h=4 }
+BUTTERFLY = { 1,0,0,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1; w=5,h=5 }
+
+-- the main routine
+function LIFE(w,h)
+ -- create two arrays
+ local thisgen = CELLS(w,h)
+ local nextgen = CELLS(w,h)
+
+ -- create some life
+ -- about 1000 generations of fun, then a glider steady-state
+ thisgen:spawn(GLIDER,5,4)
+ thisgen:spawn(EXPLODE,25,10)
+ thisgen:spawn(FISH,4,12)
+
+ -- run until break
+ local gen=1
+ write("\027[2J") -- ANSI clear screen
+ while 1 do
+ thisgen:evolve(nextgen)
+ thisgen,nextgen = nextgen,thisgen
+ write("\027[H") -- ANSI home cursor
+ thisgen:draw()
+ write("Life - generation ",gen,"\n")
+ gen=gen+1
+ if gen>2000 then break end
+ --delay() -- no delay
+ end
+end
+
+LIFE(40,20)
--- /dev/null
+-- bare-bones luac in Lua
+-- usage: lua luac.lua file.lua
+
+assert(arg[1]~=nil and arg[2]==nil,"usage: lua luac.lua file.lua")
+f=assert(io.open("luac.out","wb"))
+assert(f:write(string.dump(assert(loadfile(arg[1])))))
+assert(f:close())
--- /dev/null
+-- an implementation of printf
+
+function printf(...)
+ io.write(string.format(...))
+end
+
+printf("Hello %s from %s on %s\n",os.getenv"USER" or "there",_VERSION,os.date())
--- /dev/null
+-- make global variables readonly
+
+local f=function (t,i) error("cannot redefine global variable `"..i.."'",2) end
+local g={}
+local G=getfenv()
+setmetatable(g,{__index=G,__newindex=f})
+setfenv(1,g)
+
+-- an example
+rawset(g,"x",3)
+x=2
+y=1 -- cannot redefine `y'
--- /dev/null
+-- the sieve of of Eratosthenes programmed with coroutines
+-- typical usage: lua -e N=1000 sieve.lua | column
+
+-- generate all the numbers from 2 to n
+function gen (n)
+ return coroutine.wrap(function ()
+ for i=2,n do coroutine.yield(i) end
+ end)
+end
+
+-- filter the numbers generated by `g', removing multiples of `p'
+function filter (p, g)
+ return coroutine.wrap(function ()
+ while 1 do
+ local n = g()
+ if n == nil then return end
+ if math.mod(n, p) ~= 0 then coroutine.yield(n) end
+ end
+ end)
+end
+
+N=N or 1000 -- from command line
+x = gen(N) -- generate primes up to N
+while 1 do
+ local n = x() -- pick a number until done
+ if n == nil then break end
+ print(n) -- must be a prime number
+ x = filter(n, x) -- now remove its multiples
+end
--- /dev/null
+-- two implementations of a sort function
+-- this is an example only. Lua has now a built-in function "sort"
+
+-- extracted from Programming Pearls, page 110
+function qsort(x,l,u,f)
+ if l<u then
+ local m=math.random(u-(l-1))+l-1 -- choose a random pivot in range l..u
+ x[l],x[m]=x[m],x[l] -- swap pivot to first position
+ local t=x[l] -- pivot value
+ m=l
+ local i=l+1
+ while i<=u do
+ -- invariant: x[l+1..m] < t <= x[m+1..i-1]
+ if f(x[i],t) then
+ m=m+1
+ x[m],x[i]=x[i],x[m] -- swap x[i] and x[m]
+ end
+ i=i+1
+ end
+ x[l],x[m]=x[m],x[l] -- swap pivot to a valid place
+ -- x[l+1..m-1] < x[m] <= x[m+1..u]
+ qsort(x,l,m-1,f)
+ qsort(x,m+1,u,f)
+ end
+end
+
+function selectionsort(x,n,f)
+ local i=1
+ while i<=n do
+ local m,j=i,i+1
+ while j<=n do
+ if f(x[j],x[m]) then m=j end
+ j=j+1
+ end
+ x[i],x[m]=x[m],x[i] -- swap x[i] and x[m]
+ i=i+1
+ end
+end
+
+function show(m,x)
+ io.write(m,"\n\t")
+ local i=1
+ while x[i] do
+ io.write(x[i])
+ i=i+1
+ if x[i] then io.write(",") end
+ end
+ io.write("\n")
+end
+
+function testsorts(x)
+ local n=1
+ while x[n] do n=n+1 end; n=n-1 -- count elements
+ show("original",x)
+ qsort(x,1,n,function (x,y) return x<y end)
+ show("after quicksort",x)
+ selectionsort(x,n,function (x,y) return x>y end)
+ show("after reverse selection sort",x)
+ qsort(x,1,n,function (x,y) return x<y end)
+ show("after quicksort again",x)
+end
+
+-- array to be sorted
+x={"Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"}
+
+testsorts(x)
--- /dev/null
+-- make table, grouping all data for the same item
+-- input is 2 columns (item, data)
+
+local A
+while 1 do
+ local l=io.read()
+ if l==nil then break end
+ local _,_,a,b=string.find(l,'"?([_%w]+)"?%s*(.*)$')
+ if a~=A then A=a io.write("\n",a,":") end
+ io.write(" ",b)
+end
+io.write("\n")
--- /dev/null
+-- trace calls
+-- example: lua -ltrace-calls bisect.lua
+
+local level=0
+
+local function hook(event)
+ local t=debug.getinfo(3)
+ io.write(level," >>> ",string.rep(" ",level))
+ if t~=nil and t.currentline>=0 then io.write(t.short_src,":",t.currentline," ") end
+ t=debug.getinfo(2)
+ if event=="call" then
+ level=level+1
+ else
+ level=level-1 if level<0 then level=0 end
+ end
+ if t.what=="main" then
+ if event=="call" then
+ io.write("begin ",t.short_src)
+ else
+ io.write("end ",t.short_src)
+ end
+ elseif t.what=="Lua" then
+-- table.foreach(t,print)
+ io.write(event," ",t.name or "(Lua)"," <",t.linedefined,":",t.short_src,">")
+ else
+ io.write(event," ",t.name or "(C)"," [",t.what,"] ")
+ end
+ io.write("\n")
+end
+
+debug.sethook(hook,"cr")
+level=0
--- /dev/null
+-- trace assigments to global variables
+
+do
+ -- a tostring that quotes strings. note the use of the original tostring.
+ local _tostring=tostring
+ local tostring=function(a)
+ if type(a)=="string" then
+ return string.format("%q",a)
+ else
+ return _tostring(a)
+ end
+ end
+
+ local log=function (name,old,new)
+ local t=debug.getinfo(3,"Sl")
+ local line=t.currentline
+ io.write(t.short_src)
+ if line>=0 then io.write(":",line) end
+ io.write(": ",name," is now ",tostring(new)," (was ",tostring(old),")","\n")
+ end
+
+ local g={}
+ local set=function (t,name,value)
+ log(name,g[name],value)
+ g[name]=value
+ end
+ setmetatable(getfenv(),{__index=g,__newindex=set})
+end
+
+-- an example
+
+a=1
+b=2
+a=10
+b=20
+b=nil
+b=200
+print(a,b,c)
--- /dev/null
+-- hex dump
+-- usage: lua xd.lua < file
+
+local offset=0
+while true do
+ local s=io.read(16)
+ if s==nil then return end
+ io.write(string.format("%08X ",offset))
+ string.gsub(s,"(.)",
+ function (c) io.write(string.format("%02X ",string.byte(c))) end)
+ io.write(string.rep(" ",3*(16-string.len(s))))
+ io.write(" ",string.gsub(s,"%c","."),"\n")
+ offset=offset+16
+end
@cd ../deps/hiredis && $(MAKE) static ARCH="$(ARCH)"
@echo $(MAKECOLOR)MAKE$(ENDCOLOR) $(BINCOLOR)linenoise$(ENDCOLOR)
@cd ../deps/linenoise && $(MAKE) ARCH="$(ARCH)"
+ @echo $(MAKECOLOR)MAKE$(ENDCOLOR) $(BINCOLOR)Lua ansi$(ENDCOLOR)
+ @cd ../deps/lua && $(MAKE) ARCH="$(ARCH)" ansi
redis-server: $(OBJ)
- @$(CC) -o $(PRGNAME) $(CCOPT) $(DEBUG) $(OBJ)
+ @$(CC) -o $(PRGNAME) $(CCOPT) $(DEBUG) $(OBJ) ../deps/lua/src/liblua.a
@echo $(LINKCOLOR)LINK$(ENDCOLOR) $(BINCOLOR)$(@)$(ENDCOLOR)
redis-benchmark: dependencies $(BENCHOBJ)
@echo $(LINKCOLOR)LINK$(ENDCOLOR) $(BINCOLOR)$(@)$(ENDCOLOR)
.c.o:
- @$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) $(COMPILE_TIME) $<
+ @$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(DEBUG) $(COMPILE_TIME) -I../deps/lua/src $<
@echo $(CCCOLOR)CC$(ENDCOLOR) $(SRCCOLOR)$(<)$(ENDCOLOR)
clean:
projects / redis.git / commitdiff
