Use the symbol properties to output the printer/destructor for lalr1.cc.

[bison.git] / doc / bison.texinfo

diff --git a/doc/bison.texinfo b/doc/bison.texinfo
index c6fc0a5f17434cff7230723fef8da695e4c3bbcb..302bc4a1143234de4a76e967bfd6d8547aeec99a 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/bison.texinfo
+++ b/doc/bison.texinfo
@@ -89,76 +89,76 @@ Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
 @menu
 * Introduction::
 * Conditions::
 @menu
 * Introduction::
 * Conditions::

-* Copying::           The @acronym{GNU} General Public License says
-                        how you can copy and share Bison
+* Copying::             The @acronym{GNU} General Public License says
+                          how you can copy and share Bison.

 
 Tutorial sections:
 
 Tutorial sections:

-* Concepts::          Basic concepts for understanding Bison.
-* Examples::          Three simple explained examples of using Bison.
+* Concepts::            Basic concepts for understanding Bison.
+* Examples::            Three simple explained examples of using Bison.

 
 Reference sections:
 
 Reference sections:

-* Grammar File::      Writing Bison declarations and rules.
-* Interface::         C-language interface to the parser function @code{yyparse}.
-* Algorithm::         How the Bison parser works at run-time.
-* Error Recovery::    Writing rules for error recovery.
+* Grammar File::        Writing Bison declarations and rules.
+* Interface::           C-language interface to the parser function @code{yyparse}.
+* Algorithm::           How the Bison parser works at run-time.
+* Error Recovery::      Writing rules for error recovery.

 * Context Dependency::  What to do if your language syntax is too
 * Context Dependency::  What to do if your language syntax is too

-                        messy for Bison to handle straightforwardly.
-* Debugging::         Understanding or debugging Bison parsers.
-* Invocation::        How to run Bison (to produce the parser source file).
-* Other Languages::   Creating C++ and Java parsers.
-* FAQ::               Frequently Asked Questions
-* Table of Symbols::  All the keywords of the Bison language are explained.
-* Glossary::          Basic concepts are explained.
-* Copying This Manual::  License for copying this manual.
-* Index::             Cross-references to the text.
+                          messy for Bison to handle straightforwardly.
+* Debugging::           Understanding or debugging Bison parsers.
+* Invocation::          How to run Bison (to produce the parser source file).
+* Other Languages::     Creating C++ and Java parsers.
+* FAQ::                 Frequently Asked Questions
+* Table of Symbols::    All the keywords of the Bison language are explained.
+* Glossary::            Basic concepts are explained.
+* Copying This Manual:: License for copying this manual.
+* Index::               Cross-references to the text.

 
 @detailmenu
  --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
 
 The Concepts of Bison
 
 
 @detailmenu
  --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
 
 The Concepts of Bison
 

-* Language and Grammar::  Languages and context-free grammars,
-                            as mathematical ideas.
-* Grammar in Bison::  How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
-* Semantic Values::   Each token or syntactic grouping can have
-                        a semantic value (the value of an integer,
-                        the name of an identifier, etc.).
-* Semantic Actions::  Each rule can have an action containing C code.
-* GLR Parsers::       Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
-* Locations Overview::    Tracking Locations.
-* Bison Parser::      What are Bison's input and output,
-                        how is the output used?
-* Stages::            Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
-* Grammar Layout::    Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.
+* Language and Grammar:: Languages and context-free grammars,
+                           as mathematical ideas.
+* Grammar in Bison::     How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
+* Semantic Values::      Each token or syntactic grouping can have
+                           a semantic value (the value of an integer,
+                           the name of an identifier, etc.).
+* Semantic Actions::     Each rule can have an action containing C code.
+* GLR Parsers::          Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
+* Locations Overview::   Tracking Locations.
+* Bison Parser::         What are Bison's input and output,
+                           how is the output used?
+* Stages::               Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
+* Grammar Layout::       Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.

 
 Writing @acronym{GLR} Parsers
 
 
 Writing @acronym{GLR} Parsers
 

-* Simple GLR Parsers::      Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
-* Merging GLR Parses::      Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
-* GLR Semantic Actions::    Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
-* Compiler Requirements::   @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.
+* Simple GLR Parsers::     Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
+* Merging GLR Parses::     Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
+* GLR Semantic Actions::   Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
+* Compiler Requirements::  @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.

 
 Examples
 
 
 Examples
 

-* RPN Calc::          Reverse polish notation calculator;
-                        a first example with no operator precedence.
-* Infix Calc::        Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
-                        Operator precedence is introduced.
+* RPN Calc::               Reverse polish notation calculator;
+                             a first example with no operator precedence.
+* Infix Calc::             Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
+                             Operator precedence is introduced.

 * Simple Error Recovery::  Continuing after syntax errors.
 * Location Tracking Calc:: Demonstrating the use of @@@var{n} and @@$.
 * Simple Error Recovery::  Continuing after syntax errors.
 * Location Tracking Calc:: Demonstrating the use of @@@var{n} and @@$.

-* Multi-function Calc::  Calculator with memory and trig functions.
-                           It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
-* Exercises::         Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.
+* Multi-function Calc::    Calculator with memory and trig functions.
+                             It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
+* Exercises::              Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.

 
 Reverse Polish Notation Calculator
 
 
 Reverse Polish Notation Calculator
 

-* Decls: Rpcalc Decls.  Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
-* Rules: Rpcalc Rules.  Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
-* Lexer: Rpcalc Lexer.  The lexical analyzer.
-* Main: Rpcalc Main.    The controlling function.
-* Error: Rpcalc Error.  The error reporting function.
-* Gen: Rpcalc Gen.      Running Bison on the grammar file.
-* Comp: Rpcalc Compile. Run the C compiler on the output code.
+* Rpcalc Declarations::    Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
+* Rpcalc Rules::           Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
+* Rpcalc Lexer::           The lexical analyzer.
+* Rpcalc Main::            The controlling function.
+* Rpcalc Error::           The error reporting function.
+* Rpcalc Generate::        Running Bison on the grammar file.
+* Rpcalc Compile::         Run the C compiler on the output code.

 
 Grammar Rules for @code{rpcalc}
 
 
 Grammar Rules for @code{rpcalc}
 


@@ -168,15 +168,15 @@ Grammar Rules for @code{rpcalc}
 
 Location Tracking Calculator: @code{ltcalc}
 
 
 Location Tracking Calculator: @code{ltcalc}
 

-* Decls: Ltcalc Decls.  Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
-* Rules: Ltcalc Rules.  Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
-* Lexer: Ltcalc Lexer.  The lexical analyzer.
+* Ltcalc Declarations::    Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
+* Ltcalc Rules::           Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
+* Ltcalc Lexer::           The lexical analyzer.

 
 Multi-Function Calculator: @code{mfcalc}
 
 
 Multi-Function Calculator: @code{mfcalc}
 

-* Decl: Mfcalc Decl.      Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
-* Rules: Mfcalc Rules.    Grammar rules for the calculator.
-* Symtab: Mfcalc Symtab.  Symbol table management subroutines.
+* Mfcalc Declarations::    Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
+* Mfcalc Rules::           Grammar rules for the calculator.
+* Mfcalc Symbol Table::    Symbol table management subroutines.

 
 Bison Grammar Files
 
 
 Bison Grammar Files
 


@@ -191,11 +191,11 @@ Bison Grammar Files
 
 Outline of a Bison Grammar
 
 
 Outline of a Bison Grammar
 

-* Prologue::          Syntax and usage of the prologue.
+* Prologue::              Syntax and usage of the prologue.

 * Prologue Alternatives:: Syntax and usage of alternatives to the prologue.
 * Prologue Alternatives:: Syntax and usage of alternatives to the prologue.

-* Bison Declarations::  Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
-* Grammar Rules::     Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
-* Epilogue::          Syntax and usage of the epilogue.
+* Bison Declarations::    Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
+* Grammar Rules::         Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
+* Epilogue::              Syntax and usage of the epilogue.

 
 Defining Language Semantics
 
 
 Defining Language Semantics
 


@@ -230,24 +230,28 @@ Bison Declarations
 
 Parser C-Language Interface
 
 
 Parser C-Language Interface
 

-* Parser Function::   How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
-* Lexical::           You must supply a function @code{yylex}
-                        which reads tokens.
-* Error Reporting::   You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
-* Action Features::   Special features for use in actions.
-* Internationalization::  How to let the parser speak in the user's
-                        native language.
+* Parser Function::         How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
+* Push Parser Function::    How to call @code{yypush_parse} and what it returns.
+* Pull Parser Function::    How to call @code{yypull_parse} and what it returns.
+* Parser Create Function::  How to call @code{yypstate_new} and what it returns.
+* Parser Delete Function::  How to call @code{yypstate_delete} and what it returns.
+* Lexical::                 You must supply a function @code{yylex}
+                              which reads tokens.
+* Error Reporting::         You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
+* Action Features::         Special features for use in actions.
+* Internationalization::    How to let the parser speak in the user's
+                              native language.

 
 The Lexical Analyzer Function @code{yylex}
 
 * Calling Convention::  How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.
 
 The Lexical Analyzer Function @code{yylex}
 
 * Calling Convention::  How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.

-* Token Values::      How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
-                        of the token it has read.
-* Token Locations::   How @code{yylex} must return the text location
-                        (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
-                        actions want that.
-* Pure Calling::      How the calling convention differs
-                        in a pure parser (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).
+* Token Values::        How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
+                          of the token it has read.
+* Token Locations::     How @code{yylex} must return the text location
+                          (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
+                          actions want that.
+* Pure Calling::        How the calling convention differs in a pure parser
+                          (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).

 
 The Bison Parser Algorithm
 
 
 The Bison Parser Algorithm
 


@@ -257,14 +261,15 @@ The Bison Parser Algorithm
 * Contextual Precedence::  When an operator's precedence depends on context.
 * Parser States::     The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.
 * Reduce/Reduce::     When two rules are applicable in the same situation.
 * Contextual Precedence::  When an operator's precedence depends on context.
 * Parser States::     The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.
 * Reduce/Reduce::     When two rules are applicable in the same situation.

-* Mystery Conflicts::  Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.
+* Mystery Conflicts:: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.

 * Generalized LR Parsing::  Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.
 * Memory Management:: What happens when memory is exhausted.  How to avoid it.
 
 Operator Precedence
 
 * Why Precedence::    An example showing why precedence is needed.
 * Generalized LR Parsing::  Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.
 * Memory Management:: What happens when memory is exhausted.  How to avoid it.
 
 Operator Precedence
 
 * Why Precedence::    An example showing why precedence is needed.

-* Using Precedence::  How to specify precedence in Bison grammars.
+* Using Precedence::  How to specify precedence and associativity.
+* Precedence Only::   How to specify precedence only.

 * Precedence Examples::  How these features are used in the previous example.
 * How Precedence::    How they work.
 
 * Precedence Examples::  How these features are used in the previous example.
 * How Precedence::    How they work.
 


@@ -311,33 +316,33 @@ A Complete C++ Example
 
 Java Parsers
 
 
 Java Parsers
 

-* Java Bison Interface::         Asking for Java parser generation
-* Java Semantic Values::         %type and %token vs. Java
-* Java Location Values::         The position and location classes
-* Java Parser Interface::        Instantiating and running the parser
-* Java Scanner Interface::       Specifying the scanner for the parser
-* Java Action Features::         Special features for use in actions.
-* Java Differences::             Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
-* Java Declarations Summary::    List of Bison declarations used with Java
+* Java Bison Interface::        Asking for Java parser generation
+* Java Semantic Values::        %type and %token vs. Java
+* Java Location Values::        The position and location classes
+* Java Parser Interface::       Instantiating and running the parser
+* Java Scanner Interface::      Specifying the scanner for the parser
+* Java Action Features::        Special features for use in actions
+* Java Differences::            Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
+* Java Declarations Summary::   List of Bison declarations used with Java

 
 Frequently Asked Questions
 
 
 Frequently Asked Questions
 

-* Memory Exhausted::           Breaking the Stack Limits
-* How Can I Reset the Parser:: @code{yyparse} Keeps some State
-* Strings are Destroyed::      @code{yylval} Loses Track of Strings
-* Implementing Gotos/Loops::   Control Flow in the Calculator
-* Multiple start-symbols::     Factoring closely related grammars
-* Secure?  Conform?::          Is Bison @acronym{POSIX} safe?
-* I can't build Bison::        Troubleshooting
-* Where can I find help?::     Troubleshouting
-* Bug Reports::                Troublereporting
-* Other Languages::            Parsers in Java and others
-* Beta Testing::               Experimenting development versions
-* Mailing Lists::              Meeting other Bison users
+* Memory Exhausted::            Breaking the Stack Limits
+* How Can I Reset the Parser::  @code{yyparse} Keeps some State
+* Strings are Destroyed::       @code{yylval} Loses Track of Strings
+* Implementing Gotos/Loops::    Control Flow in the Calculator
+* Multiple start-symbols::      Factoring closely related grammars
+* Secure?  Conform?::           Is Bison @acronym{POSIX} safe?
+* I can't build Bison::         Troubleshooting
+* Where can I find help?::      Troubleshouting
+* Bug Reports::                 Troublereporting
+* More Languages::              Parsers in C++, Java, and so on
+* Beta Testing::                Experimenting development versions
+* Mailing Lists::               Meeting other Bison users

 
 Copying This Manual
 
 
 Copying This Manual
 

-* Copying This Manual::        License for copying this manual.
+* Copying This Manual::         License for copying this manual.

 
 @end detailmenu
 @end menu
 
 @end detailmenu
 @end menu


@@ -417,19 +422,19 @@ details of Bison will not make sense.  If you do not already know how to
 use Bison or Yacc, we suggest you start by reading this chapter carefully.
 
 @menu
 use Bison or Yacc, we suggest you start by reading this chapter carefully.
 
 @menu

-* Language and Grammar::  Languages and context-free grammars,
-                            as mathematical ideas.
-* Grammar in Bison::  How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
-* Semantic Values::   Each token or syntactic grouping can have
-                        a semantic value (the value of an integer,
-                        the name of an identifier, etc.).
-* Semantic Actions::  Each rule can have an action containing C code.
-* GLR Parsers::       Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
-* Locations Overview::    Tracking Locations.
-* Bison Parser::      What are Bison's input and output,
-                        how is the output used?
-* Stages::            Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
-* Grammar Layout::    Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.
+* Language and Grammar:: Languages and context-free grammars,
+                           as mathematical ideas.
+* Grammar in Bison::     How we represent grammars for Bison's sake.
+* Semantic Values::      Each token or syntactic grouping can have
+                           a semantic value (the value of an integer,
+                           the name of an identifier, etc.).
+* Semantic Actions::     Each rule can have an action containing C code.
+* GLR Parsers::          Writing parsers for general context-free languages.
+* Locations Overview::   Tracking Locations.
+* Bison Parser::         What are Bison's input and output,
+                           how is the output used?
+* Stages::               Stages in writing and running Bison grammars.
+* Grammar Layout::       Overall structure of a Bison grammar file.

 @end menu
 
 @node Language and Grammar
 @end menu
 
 @node Language and Grammar


@@ -745,10 +750,10 @@ user-defined function on the resulting values to produce an arbitrary
 merged result.
 
 @menu
 merged result.
 
 @menu

-* Simple GLR Parsers::      Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
-* Merging GLR Parses::      Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
-* GLR Semantic Actions::    Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
-* Compiler Requirements::   @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.
+* Simple GLR Parsers::     Using @acronym{GLR} parsers on unambiguous grammars.
+* Merging GLR Parses::     Using @acronym{GLR} parsers to resolve ambiguities.
+* GLR Semantic Actions::   Deferred semantic actions have special concerns.
+* Compiler Requirements::  @acronym{GLR} parsers require a modern C compiler.

 @end menu
 
 @node Simple GLR Parsers
 @end menu
 
 @node Simple GLR Parsers


@@ -1376,15 +1381,15 @@ languages are written the same way.  You can copy these examples into a
 source file to try them.
 
 @menu
 source file to try them.
 
 @menu

-* RPN Calc::          Reverse polish notation calculator;
-                        a first example with no operator precedence.
-* Infix Calc::        Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
-                        Operator precedence is introduced.
+* RPN Calc::               Reverse polish notation calculator;
+                             a first example with no operator precedence.
+* Infix Calc::             Infix (algebraic) notation calculator.
+                             Operator precedence is introduced.

 * Simple Error Recovery::  Continuing after syntax errors.
 * Location Tracking Calc:: Demonstrating the use of @@@var{n} and @@$.
 * Simple Error Recovery::  Continuing after syntax errors.
 * Location Tracking Calc:: Demonstrating the use of @@@var{n} and @@$.

-* Multi-function Calc::  Calculator with memory and trig functions.
-                           It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
-* Exercises::         Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.
+* Multi-function Calc::    Calculator with memory and trig functions.
+                             It uses multiple data-types for semantic values.
+* Exercises::              Ideas for improving the multi-function calculator.

 @end menu
 
 @node RPN Calc
 @end menu
 
 @node RPN Calc


@@ -1403,16 +1408,16 @@ The source code for this calculator is named @file{rpcalc.y}.  The
 @samp{.y} extension is a convention used for Bison input files.
 
 @menu
 @samp{.y} extension is a convention used for Bison input files.
 
 @menu

-* Decls: Rpcalc Decls.  Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
-* Rules: Rpcalc Rules.  Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
-* Lexer: Rpcalc Lexer.  The lexical analyzer.
-* Main: Rpcalc Main.    The controlling function.
-* Error: Rpcalc Error.  The error reporting function.
-* Gen: Rpcalc Gen.      Running Bison on the grammar file.
-* Comp: Rpcalc Compile. Run the C compiler on the output code.
+* Rpcalc Declarations::    Prologue (declarations) for rpcalc.
+* Rpcalc Rules::           Grammar Rules for rpcalc, with explanation.
+* Rpcalc Lexer::           The lexical analyzer.
+* Rpcalc Main::            The controlling function.
+* Rpcalc Error::           The error reporting function.
+* Rpcalc Generate::        Running Bison on the grammar file.
+* Rpcalc Compile::         Run the C compiler on the output code.

 @end menu
 
 @end menu
 

-@node Rpcalc Decls
+@node Rpcalc Declarations

 @subsection Declarations for @code{rpcalc}
 
 Here are the C and Bison declarations for the reverse polish notation
 @subsection Declarations for @code{rpcalc}
 
 Here are the C and Bison declarations for the reverse polish notation


@@ -1662,7 +1667,7 @@ therefore, @code{NUM} becomes a macro for @code{yylex} to use.
 The semantic value of the token (if it has one) is stored into the
 global variable @code{yylval}, which is where the Bison parser will look
 for it.  (The C data type of @code{yylval} is @code{YYSTYPE}, which was
 The semantic value of the token (if it has one) is stored into the
 global variable @code{yylval}, which is where the Bison parser will look
 for it.  (The C data type of @code{yylval} is @code{YYSTYPE}, which was

-defined at the beginning of the grammar; @pxref{Rpcalc Decls,
+defined at the beginning of the grammar; @pxref{Rpcalc Declarations,

 ,Declarations for @code{rpcalc}}.)
 
 A token type code of zero is returned if the end-of-input is encountered.
 ,Declarations for @code{rpcalc}}.)
 
 A token type code of zero is returned if the end-of-input is encountered.


@@ -1758,7 +1763,7 @@ have not written any error rules in this example, so any invalid input will
 cause the calculator program to exit.  This is not clean behavior for a
 real calculator, but it is adequate for the first example.
 
 cause the calculator program to exit.  This is not clean behavior for a
 real calculator, but it is adequate for the first example.
 

-@node Rpcalc Gen
+@node Rpcalc Generate

 @subsection Running Bison to Make the Parser
 @cindex running Bison (introduction)
 
 @subsection Running Bison to Make the Parser
 @cindex running Bison (introduction)
 


@@ -1858,8 +1863,8 @@ parentheses nested to arbitrary depth.  Here is the Bison code for
 %token NUM
 %left '-' '+'
 %left '*' '/'
 %token NUM
 %left '-' '+'
 %left '*' '/'

-%left NEG     /* negation--unary minus */
-%right '^'    /* exponentiation */
+%precedence NEG   /* negation--unary minus */
+%right '^'        /* exponentiation */

 
 %% /* The grammar follows.  */
 input:    /* empty */
 
 %% /* The grammar follows.  */
 input:    /* empty */


@@ -1892,15 +1897,16 @@ In the second section (Bison declarations), @code{%left} declares token
 types and says they are left-associative operators.  The declarations
 @code{%left} and @code{%right} (right associativity) take the place of
 @code{%token} which is used to declare a token type name without
 types and says they are left-associative operators.  The declarations
 @code{%left} and @code{%right} (right associativity) take the place of
 @code{%token} which is used to declare a token type name without

-associativity.  (These tokens are single-character literals, which
+associativity/precedence.  (These tokens are single-character literals, which

 ordinarily don't need to be declared.  We declare them here to specify
 ordinarily don't need to be declared.  We declare them here to specify

-the associativity.)
+the associativity/precedence.)

 
 Operator precedence is determined by the line ordering of the
 declarations; the higher the line number of the declaration (lower on
 the page or screen), the higher the precedence.  Hence, exponentiation
 has the highest precedence, unary minus (@code{NEG}) is next, followed
 
 Operator precedence is determined by the line ordering of the
 declarations; the higher the line number of the declaration (lower on
 the page or screen), the higher the precedence.  Hence, exponentiation
 has the highest precedence, unary minus (@code{NEG}) is next, followed

-by @samp{*} and @samp{/}, and so on.  @xref{Precedence, ,Operator
+by @samp{*} and @samp{/}, and so on.  Unary minus is not associative,
+only precedence matters (@code{%precedence}. @xref{Precedence, ,Operator

 Precedence}.
 
 The other important new feature is the @code{%prec} in the grammar
 Precedence}.
 
 The other important new feature is the @code{%prec} in the grammar


@@ -1977,12 +1983,12 @@ most of the work needed to use locations will be done in the lexical
 analyzer.
 
 @menu
 analyzer.
 
 @menu

-* Decls: Ltcalc Decls.  Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
-* Rules: Ltcalc Rules.  Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
-* Lexer: Ltcalc Lexer.  The lexical analyzer.
+* Ltcalc Declarations::    Bison and C declarations for ltcalc.
+* Ltcalc Rules::           Grammar rules for ltcalc, with explanations.
+* Ltcalc Lexer::           The lexical analyzer.

 @end menu
 
 @end menu
 

-@node Ltcalc Decls
+@node Ltcalc Declarations

 @subsection Declarations for @code{ltcalc}
 
 The C and Bison declarations for the location tracking calculator are
 @subsection Declarations for @code{ltcalc}
 
 The C and Bison declarations for the location tracking calculator are


@@ -2003,7 +2009,7 @@ the same as the declarations for the infix notation calculator.
 
 %left '-' '+'
 %left '*' '/'
 
 %left '-' '+'
 %left '*' '/'

-%left NEG
+%precedence NEG

 %right '^'
 
 %% /* The grammar follows.  */
 %right '^'
 
 %% /* The grammar follows.  */


@@ -2218,12 +2224,12 @@ $
 Note that multiple assignment and nested function calls are permitted.
 
 @menu
 Note that multiple assignment and nested function calls are permitted.
 
 @menu

-* Decl: Mfcalc Decl.      Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
-* Rules: Mfcalc Rules.    Grammar rules for the calculator.
-* Symtab: Mfcalc Symtab.  Symbol table management subroutines.
+* Mfcalc Declarations::    Bison declarations for multi-function calculator.
+* Mfcalc Rules::           Grammar rules for the calculator.
+* Mfcalc Symbol Table::    Symbol table management subroutines.

 @end menu
 
 @end menu
 

-@node Mfcalc Decl
+@node Mfcalc Declarations

 @subsection Declarations for @code{mfcalc}
 
 Here are the C and Bison declarations for the multi-function calculator.
 @subsection Declarations for @code{mfcalc}
 
 Here are the C and Bison declarations for the multi-function calculator.


@@ -2251,8 +2257,8 @@ Here are the C and Bison declarations for the multi-function calculator.
 %right '='
 %left '-' '+'
 %left '*' '/'
 %right '='
 %left '-' '+'
 %left '*' '/'

-%left NEG     /* negation--unary minus */
-%right '^'    /* exponentiation */
+%precedence NEG /* negation--unary minus */
+%right '^'      /* exponentiation */

 @end group
 %% /* The grammar follows.  */
 @end smallexample
 @end group
 %% /* The grammar follows.  */
 @end smallexample


@@ -2319,7 +2325,7 @@ exp:      NUM                @{ $$ = $1;                         @}
 %%
 @end smallexample
 
 %%
 @end smallexample
 

-@node Mfcalc Symtab
+@node Mfcalc Symbol Table

 @subsection The @code{mfcalc} Symbol Table
 @cindex symbol table example
 
 @subsection The @code{mfcalc} Symbol Table
 @cindex symbol table example
 


@@ -2632,11 +2638,11 @@ As a @acronym{GNU} extension, @samp{//} introduces a comment that
 continues until end of line.
 
 @menu
 continues until end of line.
 
 @menu

-* Prologue::          Syntax and usage of the prologue.
+* Prologue::              Syntax and usage of the prologue.

 * Prologue Alternatives:: Syntax and usage of alternatives to the prologue.
 * Prologue Alternatives:: Syntax and usage of alternatives to the prologue.

-* Bison Declarations::  Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
-* Grammar Rules::     Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
-* Epilogue::          Syntax and usage of the epilogue.
+* Bison Declarations::    Syntax and usage of the Bison declarations section.
+* Grammar Rules::         Syntax and usage of the grammar rules section.
+* Epilogue::              Syntax and usage of the epilogue.

 @end menu
 
 @node Prologue
 @end menu
 
 @node Prologue


@@ -4019,7 +4025,8 @@ Bison will convert this into a @code{#define} directive in
 the parser, so that the function @code{yylex} (if it is in this file)
 can use the name @var{name} to stand for this token type's code.
 
 the parser, so that the function @code{yylex} (if it is in this file)
 can use the name @var{name} to stand for this token type's code.
 

-Alternatively, you can use @code{%left}, @code{%right}, or
+Alternatively, you can use @code{%left}, @code{%right},
+@code{%precedence}, or

 @code{%nonassoc} instead of @code{%token}, if you wish to specify
 associativity and precedence.  @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator
 Precedence}.
 @code{%nonassoc} instead of @code{%token}, if you wish to specify
 associativity and precedence.  @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator
 Precedence}.


@@ -4095,7 +4102,8 @@ of ``$end'':
 @cindex declaring operator precedence
 @cindex operator precedence, declaring
 
 @cindex declaring operator precedence
 @cindex operator precedence, declaring
 

-Use the @code{%left}, @code{%right} or @code{%nonassoc} declaration to
+Use the @code{%left}, @code{%right}, @code{%nonassoc}, or
+@code{%precedence} declaration to

 declare a token and specify its precedence and associativity, all at
 once.  These are called @dfn{precedence declarations}.
 @xref{Precedence, ,Operator Precedence}, for general information on
 declare a token and specify its precedence and associativity, all at
 once.  These are called @dfn{precedence declarations}.
 @xref{Precedence, ,Operator Precedence}, for general information on


@@ -4131,6 +4139,10 @@ left-associativity (grouping @var{x} with @var{y} first) and
 means that @samp{@var{x} @var{op} @var{y} @var{op} @var{z}} is
 considered a syntax error.
 
 means that @samp{@var{x} @var{op} @var{y} @var{op} @var{z}} is
 considered a syntax error.
 

+@code{%precedence} gives only precedence to the @var{symbols}, and
+defines no associativity at all.  Use this to define precedence only,
+and leave any potential conflict due to associativity enabled.
+

 @item
 The precedence of an operator determines how it nests with other operators.
 All the tokens declared in a single precedence declaration have equal
 @item
 The precedence of an operator determines how it nests with other operators.
 All the tokens declared in a single precedence declaration have equal


@@ -4838,7 +4850,7 @@ already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
 Define a variable to adjust Bison's behavior.
 The possible choices for @var{variable}, as well as their meanings, depend on
 the selected target language and/or the parser skeleton (@pxref{Decl
 Define a variable to adjust Bison's behavior.
 The possible choices for @var{variable}, as well as their meanings, depend on
 the selected target language and/or the parser skeleton (@pxref{Decl

-Summary,,%language}).
+Summary,,%language}, @pxref{Decl Summary,,%skeleton}).

 
 Bison will warn if a @var{variable} is defined multiple times.
 
 
 Bison will warn if a @var{variable} is defined multiple times.
 


@@ -5051,6 +5063,9 @@ chosen as if the input file were named @file{@var{prefix}.y}.
 Specify the programming language for the generated parser.  Currently
 supported languages include C, C++, and Java.
 @var{language} is case-insensitive.
 Specify the programming language for the generated parser.  Currently
 supported languages include C, C++, and Java.
 @var{language} is case-insensitive.

+
+This directive is experimental and its effect may be modified in future
+releases.

 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %locations
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %locations


@@ -5111,10 +5126,10 @@ Require a Version of Bison}.
 @deffn {Directive} %skeleton "@var{file}"
 Specify the skeleton to use.
 
 @deffn {Directive} %skeleton "@var{file}"
 Specify the skeleton to use.
 

-You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison.
-You should use @code{%language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
-different language, because it is clearer and because it will always choose the
-correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.
+@c You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison.
+@c You should use @code{%language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
+@c different language, because it is clearer and because it will always choose the
+@c correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.

 
 If @var{file} does not contain a @code{/}, @var{file} is the name of a skeleton
 file in the Bison installation directory.
 
 If @var{file} does not contain a @code{/}, @var{file} is the name of a skeleton
 file in the Bison installation directory.


@@ -5218,19 +5233,17 @@ identifier (aside from those in this manual) in an action or in epilogue
 in the grammar file, you are likely to run into trouble.
 
 @menu
 in the grammar file, you are likely to run into trouble.
 
 @menu

-* Parser Function::   How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
-* Push Parser Function::  How to call @code{yypush_parse} and what it returns.
-* Pull Parser Function::  How to call @code{yypull_parse} and what it returns.
-* Parser Create Function::  How to call @code{yypstate_new} and what it
-                        returns.
-* Parser Delete Function::  How to call @code{yypstate_delete} and what it
-                        returns.
-* Lexical::           You must supply a function @code{yylex}
-                        which reads tokens.
-* Error Reporting::   You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
-* Action Features::   Special features for use in actions.
-* Internationalization::  How to let the parser speak in the user's
-                        native language.
+* Parser Function::         How to call @code{yyparse} and what it returns.
+* Push Parser Function::    How to call @code{yypush_parse} and what it returns.
+* Pull Parser Function::    How to call @code{yypull_parse} and what it returns.
+* Parser Create Function::  How to call @code{yypstate_new} and what it returns.
+* Parser Delete Function::  How to call @code{yypstate_delete} and what it returns.
+* Lexical::                 You must supply a function @code{yylex}
+                              which reads tokens.
+* Error Reporting::         You must supply a function @code{yyerror}.
+* Action Features::         Special features for use in actions.
+* Internationalization::    How to let the parser speak in the user's
+                              native language.

 @end menu
 
 @node Parser Function
 @end menu
 
 @node Parser Function


@@ -5397,13 +5410,13 @@ that need it.  @xref{Invocation, ,Invoking Bison}.
 
 @menu
 * Calling Convention::  How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.
 
 @menu
 * Calling Convention::  How @code{yyparse} calls @code{yylex}.

-* Token Values::      How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
-                        of the token it has read.
-* Token Locations::   How @code{yylex} must return the text location
-                        (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
-                        actions want that.
-* Pure Calling::      How the calling convention differs
-                        in a pure parser (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).
+* Token Values::        How @code{yylex} must return the semantic value
+                          of the token it has read.
+* Token Locations::     How @code{yylex} must return the text location
+                          (line number, etc.) of the token, if the
+                          actions want that.
+* Pure Calling::        How the calling convention differs in a pure parser
+                          (@pxref{Pure Decl, ,A Pure (Reentrant) Parser}).

 @end menu
 
 @node Calling Convention
 @end menu
 
 @node Calling Convention


@@ -6046,7 +6059,7 @@ This kind of parser is known in the literature as a bottom-up parser.
 * Contextual Precedence::  When an operator's precedence depends on context.
 * Parser States::     The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.
 * Reduce/Reduce::     When two rules are applicable in the same situation.
 * Contextual Precedence::  When an operator's precedence depends on context.
 * Parser States::     The parser is a finite-state-machine with stack.
 * Reduce/Reduce::     When two rules are applicable in the same situation.

-* Mystery Conflicts::  Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.
+* Mystery Conflicts:: Reduce/reduce conflicts that look unjustified.

 * Generalized LR Parsing::  Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.
 * Memory Management:: What happens when memory is exhausted.  How to avoid it.
 @end menu
 * Generalized LR Parsing::  Parsing arbitrary context-free grammars.
 * Memory Management:: What happens when memory is exhausted.  How to avoid it.
 @end menu


@@ -6218,7 +6231,8 @@ shift and when to reduce.
 
 @menu
 * Why Precedence::    An example showing why precedence is needed.
 
 @menu
 * Why Precedence::    An example showing why precedence is needed.

-* Using Precedence::  How to specify precedence in Bison grammars.
+* Using Precedence::  How to specify precedence and associativity.
+* Precedence Only::   How to specify precedence only.

 * Precedence Examples::  How these features are used in the previous example.
 * How Precedence::    How they work.
 @end menu
 * Precedence Examples::  How these features are used in the previous example.
 * How Precedence::    How they work.
 @end menu


@@ -6273,8 +6287,9 @@ makes right-associativity.
 @node Using Precedence
 @subsection Specifying Operator Precedence
 @findex %left
 @node Using Precedence
 @subsection Specifying Operator Precedence
 @findex %left

-@findex %right

 @findex %nonassoc
 @findex %nonassoc

+@findex %precedence
+@findex %right

 
 Bison allows you to specify these choices with the operator precedence
 declarations @code{%left} and @code{%right}.  Each such declaration
 
 Bison allows you to specify these choices with the operator precedence
 declarations @code{%left} and @code{%right}.  Each such declaration


@@ -6284,13 +6299,63 @@ those operators left-associative and the @code{%right} declaration makes
 them right-associative.  A third alternative is @code{%nonassoc}, which
 declares that it is a syntax error to find the same operator twice ``in a
 row''.
 them right-associative.  A third alternative is @code{%nonassoc}, which
 declares that it is a syntax error to find the same operator twice ``in a
 row''.

+The last alternative, @code{%precedence}, allows to define only
+precedence and no associativity at all.  As a result, any
+associativity-related conflict that remains will be reported as an
+compile-time error.  The directive @code{%nonassoc} creates run-time
+error: using the operator in a associative way is a syntax error.  The
+directive @code{%precedence} creates compile-time errors: an operator
+@emph{can} be involved in an associativity-related conflict, contrary to
+what expected the grammar author.

 
 The relative precedence of different operators is controlled by the
 
 The relative precedence of different operators is controlled by the

-order in which they are declared.  The first @code{%left} or
-@code{%right} declaration in the file declares the operators whose
+order in which they are declared.  The first precedence/associativity
+declaration in the file declares the operators whose

 precedence is lowest, the next such declaration declares the operators
 whose precedence is a little higher, and so on.
 
 precedence is lowest, the next such declaration declares the operators
 whose precedence is a little higher, and so on.
 

+@node Precedence Only
+@subsection Specifying Precedence Only
+@findex %precedence
+
+Since @acronym{POSIX} Yacc defines only @code{%left}, @code{%right}, and
+@code{%nonassoc}, which all defines precedence and associativity, little
+attention is paid to the fact that precedence cannot be defined without
+defining associativity.  Yet, sometimes, when trying to solve a
+conflict, precedence suffices.  In such a case, using @code{%left},
+@code{%right}, or @code{%nonassoc} might hide future (associativity
+related) conflicts that would remain hidden.
+
+The dangling @code{else} ambiguity (@pxref{Shift/Reduce, , Shift/Reduce
+Conflicts}) can be solved explictly.  This shift/reduce conflicts occurs
+in the following situation, where the period denotes the current parsing
+state:
+
+@example
+if @var{e1} then if  @var{e2} then @var{s1} . else @var{s2}
+@end example
+
+The conflict involves the reduction of the rule @samp{IF expr THEN
+stmt}, which precedence is by default that of its last token
+(@code{THEN}), and the shifting of the token @code{ELSE}.  The usual
+disambiguation (attach the @code{else} to the closest @code{if}),
+shifting must be preferred, i.e., the precedence of @code{ELSE} must be
+higher than that of @code{THEN}.  But neither is expected to be involved
+in an associativity related conflict, which can be specified as follows.
+
+@example
+%precedence THEN
+%precedence ELSE
+@end example
+
+The unary-minus is another typical example where associativity is
+usually over-specified, see @ref{Infix Calc, , Infix Notation
+Calculator: @code{calc}}.  The @code{%left} directive is traditionaly
+used to declare the precedence of @code{NEG}, which is more than needed
+since it also defines its associativity.  While this is harmless in the
+traditional example, who knows how @code{NEG} might be used in future
+evolutions of the grammar@dots{}
+

 @node Precedence Examples
 @subsection Precedence Examples
 
 @node Precedence Examples
 @subsection Precedence Examples
 


@@ -6352,8 +6417,8 @@ outlandish at first, but it is really very common.  For example, a minus
 sign typically has a very high precedence as a unary operator, and a
 somewhat lower precedence (lower than multiplication) as a binary operator.
 
 sign typically has a very high precedence as a unary operator, and a
 somewhat lower precedence (lower than multiplication) as a binary operator.
 

-The Bison precedence declarations, @code{%left}, @code{%right} and
-@code{%nonassoc}, can only be used once for a given token; so a token has
+The Bison precedence declarations
+can only be used once for a given token; so a token has

 only one precedence declared in this way.  For context-dependent
 precedence, you need to use an additional mechanism: the @code{%prec}
 modifier for rules.
 only one precedence declared in this way.  For context-dependent
 precedence, you need to use an additional mechanism: the @code{%prec}
 modifier for rules.


@@ -7650,7 +7715,7 @@ standard I/O stream, the numeric code for the token type, and the token
 value (from @code{yylval}).
 
 Here is an example of @code{YYPRINT} suitable for the multi-function
 value (from @code{yylval}).
 
 Here is an example of @code{YYPRINT} suitable for the multi-function

-calculator (@pxref{Mfcalc Decl, ,Declarations for @code{mfcalc}}):
+calculator (@pxref{Mfcalc Declarations, ,Declarations for @code{mfcalc}}):

 
 @smallexample
 %@{
 
 @smallexample
 %@{


@@ -7830,6 +7895,11 @@ In the parser file, define the macro @code{YYDEBUG} to 1 if it is not
 already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
 @xref{Tracing, ,Tracing Your Parser}.
 
 already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
 @xref{Tracing, ,Tracing Your Parser}.
 

+@item -D @var{name}[=@var{value}]
+@itemx --define=@var{name}[=@var{value}]
+Same as running @samp{%define @var{name} "@var{value}"} (@pxref{Decl
+Summary, ,%define}).
+

 @item -L @var{language}
 @itemx --language=@var{language}
 Specify the programming language for the generated parser, as if
 @item -L @var{language}
 @itemx --language=@var{language}
 Specify the programming language for the generated parser, as if


@@ -7837,6 +7907,9 @@ Specify the programming language for the generated parser, as if
 Summary}).  Currently supported languages include C, C++, and Java.
 @var{language} is case-insensitive.
 
 Summary}).  Currently supported languages include C, C++, and Java.
 @var{language} is case-insensitive.
 

+This option is experimental and its effect may be modified in future
+releases.
+

 @item --locations
 Pretend that @code{%locations} was specified.  @xref{Decl Summary}.
 
 @item --locations
 Pretend that @code{%locations} was specified.  @xref{Decl Summary}.
 


@@ -7858,10 +7931,10 @@ parser file, treating it as an independent source file in its own right.
 Specify the skeleton to use, similar to @code{%skeleton}
 (@pxref{Decl Summary, , Bison Declaration Summary}).
 
 Specify the skeleton to use, similar to @code{%skeleton}
 (@pxref{Decl Summary, , Bison Declaration Summary}).
 

-You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison.
-You should use @option{--language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
-different language, because it is clearer and because it will always
-choose the correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.
+@c You probably don't need this option unless you are developing Bison.
+@c You should use @option{--language} if you want to specify the skeleton for a
+@c different language, because it is clearer and because it will always
+@c choose the correct skeleton for non-deterministic or push parsers.

 
 If @var{file} does not contain a @code{/}, @var{file} is the name of a skeleton
 file in the Bison installation directory.
 
 If @var{file} does not contain a @code{/}, @var{file} is the name of a skeleton
 file in the Bison installation directory.


@@ -7928,7 +8001,7 @@ Specify the @var{file} for the parser file.
 The other output files' names are constructed from @var{file} as
 described under the @samp{-v} and @samp{-d} options.
 
 The other output files' names are constructed from @var{file} as
 described under the @samp{-v} and @samp{-d} options.
 

-@item -g[@var{file}]
+@item -g [@var{file}]

 @itemx --graph[=@var{file}]
 Output a graphical representation of the @acronym{LALR}(1) grammar
 automaton computed by Bison, in @uref{http://www.graphviz.org/, Graphviz}
 @itemx --graph[=@var{file}]
 Output a graphical representation of the @acronym{LALR}(1) grammar
 automaton computed by Bison, in @uref{http://www.graphviz.org/, Graphviz}


@@ -7937,7 +8010,7 @@ automaton computed by Bison, in @uref{http://www.graphviz.org/, Graphviz}
 If omitted and the grammar file is @file{foo.y}, the output file will be
 @file{foo.dot}.
 
 If omitted and the grammar file is @file{foo.y}, the output file will be
 @file{foo.dot}.
 

-@item -x[@var{file}]
+@item -x [@var{file}]

 @itemx --xml[=@var{file}]
 Output an XML report of the @acronym{LALR}(1) automaton computed by Bison.
 @code{@var{file}} is optional.
 @itemx --xml[=@var{file}]
 Output an XML report of the @acronym{LALR}(1) automaton computed by Bison.
 @code{@var{file}} is optional.


@@ -7950,12 +8023,11 @@ More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 @node Option Cross Key
 @section Option Cross Key
 
 @node Option Cross Key
 @section Option Cross Key
 

-@c FIXME: How about putting the directives too?

 Here is a list of options, alphabetized by long option, to help you find
 the corresponding short option.
 
 Here is a list of options, alphabetized by long option, to help you find
 the corresponding short option.
 

-@multitable {@option{--defines=@var{defines-file}}} {@option{-b @var{file-prefix}XXX}}
-@headitem Long Option @tab Short Option
+@multitable {@option{--defines=@var{defines-file}}} {@option{-D @var{name}[=@var{value}]}} {@code{%nondeterministic-parser}}
+@headitem Long Option @tab Short Option @tab Bison Directive

 @include cross-options.texi
 @end multitable
 
 @include cross-options.texi
 @end multitable
 


@@ -8009,13 +8081,13 @@ int yyparse (void);
 
 @node C++ Bison Interface
 @subsection C++ Bison Interface
 
 @node C++ Bison Interface
 @subsection C++ Bison Interface

-@c - %language "C++"
+@c - %skeleton "lalr1.cc"

 @c - Always pure
 @c - initial action
 
 @c - Always pure
 @c - initial action
 

-The C++ @acronym{LALR}(1) parser is selected using the language directive,
-@samp{%language "C++"}, or the synonymous command-line option
-@option{--language=c++}.
+The C++ @acronym{LALR}(1) parser is selected using the skeleton directive,
+@samp{%skeleton "lalr1.c"}, or the synonymous command-line option
+@option{--skeleton=lalr1.c}.

 @xref{Decl Summary}.
 
 When run, @command{bison} will create several entities in the @samp{yy}
 @xref{Decl Summary}.
 
 When run, @command{bison} will create several entities in the @samp{yy}


@@ -8409,7 +8481,7 @@ the grammar for.
 
 @comment file: calc++-parser.yy
 @example
 
 @comment file: calc++-parser.yy
 @example

-%language "C++"                          /*  -*- C++ -*- */
+%skeleton "lalr1.cc"                          /*  -*- C++ -*- */

 %require "@value{VERSION}"
 %defines
 %define parser_class_name "calcxx_parser"
 %require "@value{VERSION}"
 %defines
 %define parser_class_name "calcxx_parser"


@@ -8549,6 +8621,7 @@ exp: exp '+' exp   @{ $$ = $1 + $3; @}
    | exp '-' exp   @{ $$ = $1 - $3; @}
    | exp '*' exp   @{ $$ = $1 * $3; @}
    | exp '/' exp   @{ $$ = $1 / $3; @}
    | exp '-' exp   @{ $$ = $1 - $3; @}
    | exp '*' exp   @{ $$ = $1 * $3; @}
    | exp '/' exp   @{ $$ = $1 / $3; @}

+   | '(' exp ')'   @{ $$ = $2; @}

    | "identifier"  @{ $$ = driver.variables[*$1]; delete $1; @}
    | "number"      @{ $$ = $1; @};
 %%
    | "identifier"  @{ $$ = driver.variables[*$1]; delete $1; @}
    | "number"      @{ $$ = $1; @};
 %%


@@ -8653,7 +8726,7 @@ It is convenient to use a typedef to shorten
   typedef yy::calcxx_parser::token token;
 %@}
            /* Convert ints to the actual type of tokens.  */
   typedef yy::calcxx_parser::token token;
 %@}
            /* Convert ints to the actual type of tokens.  */

-[-+*/]     return yy::calcxx_parser::token_type (yytext[0]);
+[-+*/()]   return yy::calcxx_parser::token_type (yytext[0]);

 ":="       return token::ASSIGN;
 @{int@}      @{
   errno = 0;
 ":="       return token::ASSIGN;
 @{int@}      @{
   errno = 0;


@@ -8707,6 +8780,7 @@ The top level file, @file{calc++.cc}, poses no problem.
 int
 main (int argc, char *argv[])
 @{
 int
 main (int argc, char *argv[])
 @{

+  int res = 0;

   calcxx_driver driver;
   for (++argv; argv[0]; ++argv)
     if (*argv == std::string ("-p"))
   calcxx_driver driver;
   for (++argv; argv[0]; ++argv)
     if (*argv == std::string ("-p"))


@@ -8715,6 +8789,9 @@ main (int argc, char *argv[])
       driver.trace_scanning = true;
     else if (!driver.parse (*argv))
       std::cout << driver.result << std::endl;
       driver.trace_scanning = true;
     else if (!driver.parse (*argv))
       std::cout << driver.result << std::endl;

+    else
+      res = 1;
+  return res;

 @}
 @end example
 
 @}
 @end example
 


@@ -8722,14 +8799,14 @@ main (int argc, char *argv[])
 @section Java Parsers
 
 @menu
 @section Java Parsers
 
 @menu

-* Java Bison Interface::         Asking for Java parser generation
-* Java Semantic Values::         %type and %token vs. Java
-* Java Location Values::         The position and location classes
-* Java Parser Interface::        Instantiating and running the parser
-* Java Scanner Interface::       Specifying the scanner for the parser
-* Java Action Features::         Special features for use in actions.
-* Java Differences::             Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
-* Java Declarations Summary::    List of Bison declarations used with Java
+* Java Bison Interface::        Asking for Java parser generation
+* Java Semantic Values::        %type and %token vs. Java
+* Java Location Values::        The position and location classes
+* Java Parser Interface::       Instantiating and running the parser
+* Java Scanner Interface::      Specifying the scanner for the parser
+* Java Action Features::        Special features for use in actions
+* Java Differences::            Differences between C/C++ and Java Grammars
+* Java Declarations Summary::   List of Bison declarations used with Java

 @end menu
 
 @node Java Bison Interface
 @end menu
 
 @node Java Bison Interface


@@ -8770,15 +8847,21 @@ No header file can be generated for Java parsers.  Do not use the
 @code{%defines} directive or the @option{-d}/@option{--defines} options.
 
 @c FIXME: Possible code change.
 @code{%defines} directive or the @option{-d}/@option{--defines} options.
 
 @c FIXME: Possible code change.

-Currently, support for debugging and verbose errors are always compiled
+Currently, support for debugging is always compiled

 in.  Thus the @code{%debug} and @code{%token-table} directives and the
 @option{-t}/@option{--debug} and @option{-k}/@option{--token-table}
 options have no effect.  This may change in the future to eliminate
 in.  Thus the @code{%debug} and @code{%token-table} directives and the
 @option{-t}/@option{--debug} and @option{-k}/@option{--token-table}
 options have no effect.  This may change in the future to eliminate

-unused code in the generated parser, so use @code{%debug} and
-@code{%verbose-error} explicitly if needed.  Also, in the future the
+unused code in the generated parser, so use @code{%debug} explicitly
+if needed.  Also, in the future the

 @code{%token-table} directive might enable a public interface to
 access the token names and codes.
 
 @code{%token-table} directive might enable a public interface to
 access the token names and codes.
 

+Getting a ``code too large'' error from the Java compiler means the code
+hit the 64KB bytecode per method limination of the Java class file.
+Try reducing the amount of code in actions and static initializers;
+otherwise, report a bug so that the parser skeleton will be improved.
+
+

 @node Java Semantic Values
 @subsection Java Semantic Values
 @c - No %union, specify type in %type/%token.
 @node Java Semantic Values
 @subsection Java Semantic Values
 @c - No %union, specify type in %type/%token.


@@ -8851,7 +8934,7 @@ The first, inclusive, position of the range, and the first beyond.
 @end deftypeivar
 
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {Location} {} Location (Position @var{loc})
 @end deftypeivar
 
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {Location} {} Location (Position @var{loc})

-Create a @code{Location} denoting an empty range located at a given point. 
+Create a @code{Location} denoting an empty range located at a given point.

 @end deftypeop
 
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {Location} {} Location (Position @var{begin}, Position @var{end})
 @end deftypeop
 
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {Location} {} Location (Position @var{begin}, Position @var{end})


@@ -8885,6 +8968,8 @@ according to the Java language specification, the name of the @file{.java}
 file should match the name of the class in this case.  Similarly, you can
 use @code{abstract}, @code{final} and @code{strictfp} with the
 @code{%define} declaration to add other modifiers to the parser class.
 file should match the name of the class in this case.  Similarly, you can
 use @code{abstract}, @code{final} and @code{strictfp} with the
 @code{%define} declaration to add other modifiers to the parser class.

+A single @code{%define annotations "@var{annotations}"} directive can
+be used to add any number of annotations to the parser class.

 
 The Java package name of the parser class can be specified using the
 @code{%define package} directive.  The superclass and the implemented
 
 The Java package name of the parser class can be specified using the
 @code{%define package} directive.  The superclass and the implemented


@@ -8898,21 +8983,19 @@ these inner class/interface, and the members described in the interface
 below, all the other members and fields are preceded with a @code{yy} or
 @code{YY} prefix to avoid clashes with user code.
 
 below, all the other members and fields are preceded with a @code{yy} or
 @code{YY} prefix to avoid clashes with user code.
 

-@c FIXME: The following constants and variables are still undocumented:
-@c @code{bisonVersion}, @code{bisonSkeleton} and @code{errorVerbose}.
-

 The parser class can be extended using the @code{%parse-param}
 directive. Each occurrence of the directive will add a @code{protected
 final} field to the parser class, and an argument to its constructor,
 which initialize them automatically.
 
 The parser class can be extended using the @code{%parse-param}
 directive. Each occurrence of the directive will add a @code{protected
 final} field to the parser class, and an argument to its constructor,
 which initialize them automatically.
 

-Token names defined by @code{%token} and the predefined @code{EOF} token
-name are added as constant fields to the parser class.
-

 @deftypeop {Constructor} {YYParser} {} YYParser (@var{lex_param}, @dots{}, @var{parse_param}, @dots{})
 Build a new parser object with embedded @code{%code lexer}.  There are
 no parameters, unless @code{%parse-param}s and/or @code{%lex-param}s are
 used.
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {YYParser} {} YYParser (@var{lex_param}, @dots{}, @var{parse_param}, @dots{})
 Build a new parser object with embedded @code{%code lexer}.  There are
 no parameters, unless @code{%parse-param}s and/or @code{%lex-param}s are
 used.

+
+Use @code{%code init} for code added to the start of the constructor
+body. This is especially useful to initialize superclasses. Use
+@code{%define init_throws} to specify any uncatch exceptions.

 @end deftypeop
 
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {YYParser} {} YYParser (Lexer @var{lexer}, @var{parse_param}, @dots{})
 @end deftypeop
 
 @deftypeop {Constructor} {YYParser} {} YYParser (Lexer @var{lexer}, @var{parse_param}, @dots{})


@@ -8922,6 +9005,10 @@ additional parameters unless @code{%parse-param}s are used.
 If the scanner is defined by @code{%code lexer}, this constructor is
 declared @code{protected} and is called automatically with a scanner
 created with the correct @code{%lex-param}s.
 If the scanner is defined by @code{%code lexer}, this constructor is
 declared @code{protected} and is called automatically with a scanner
 created with the correct @code{%lex-param}s.

+
+Use @code{%code init} for code added to the start of the constructor
+body. This is especially useful to initialize superclasses. Use
+@code{%define init_throws} to specify any uncatch exceptions.

 @end deftypeop
 
 @deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} parse ()
 @end deftypeop
 
 @deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} parse ()


@@ -8929,6 +9016,21 @@ Run the syntactic analysis, and return @code{true} on success,
 @code{false} otherwise.
 @end deftypemethod
 
 @code{false} otherwise.
 @end deftypemethod
 

+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} getErrorVerbose ()
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} setErrorVerbose (boolean @var{verbose})
+Get or set the option to produce verbose error messages.  These are only
+available with the @code{%error-verbose} directive, which also turn on
+verbose error messages.
+@end deftypemethod
+
+@deftypemethod {YYParser} {void} yyerror (String @var{msg})
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} yyerror (Position @var{pos}, String @var{msg})
+@deftypemethodx {YYParser} {void} yyerror (Location @var{loc}, String @var{msg})
+Print an error message using the @code{yyerror} method of the scanner
+instance in use. The @code{Location} and @code{Position} parameters are
+available only if location tracking is active.
+@end deftypemethod
+

 @deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} recovering ()
 During the syntactic analysis, return @code{true} if recovering
 from a syntax error.
 @deftypemethod {YYParser} {boolean} recovering ()
 During the syntactic analysis, return @code{true} if recovering
 from a syntax error.


@@ -8947,6 +9049,11 @@ Get or set the tracing level.  Currently its value is either 0, no trace,
 or nonzero, full tracing.
 @end deftypemethod
 
 or nonzero, full tracing.
 @end deftypemethod
 

+@deftypecv {Constant} {YYParser} {String} {bisonVersion}
+@deftypecvx {Constant} {YYParser} {String} {bisonSkeleton}
+Identify the Bison version and skeleton used to generate this parser.
+@end deftypecv
+

 
 @node Java Scanner Interface
 @subsection Java Scanner Interface
 
 @node Java Scanner Interface
 @subsection Java Scanner Interface


@@ -8957,7 +9064,9 @@ or nonzero, full tracing.
 There are two possible ways to interface a Bison-generated Java parser
 with a scanner: the scanner may be defined by @code{%code lexer}, or
 defined elsewhere.  In either case, the scanner has to implement the
 There are two possible ways to interface a Bison-generated Java parser
 with a scanner: the scanner may be defined by @code{%code lexer}, or
 defined elsewhere.  In either case, the scanner has to implement the

-@code{Lexer} inner interface of the parser class.
+@code{Lexer} inner interface of the parser class.  This interface also
+contain constants for all user-defined token names and the predefined
+@code{EOF} token.

 
 In the first case, the body of the scanner class is placed in
 @code{%code lexer} blocks.  If you want to pass parameters from the
 
 In the first case, the body of the scanner class is placed in
 @code{%code lexer} blocks.  If you want to pass parameters from the


@@ -9065,12 +9174,12 @@ Return immediately from the parser, indicating success.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Statement} {return YYERROR;}
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Statement} {return YYERROR;}

-Start error recovery without printing an error message. 
+Start error recovery without printing an error message.

 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Statement} {return YYFAIL;}
 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Statement} {return YYFAIL;}

-Print an error message and start error recovery. 
+Print an error message and start error recovery.

 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deffn
 


@@ -9081,11 +9190,12 @@ operation.
 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deftypefn
 
 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deftypefn
 

-@deftypefn  {Function} {protected void} yyerror (String msg)
-@deftypefnx {Function} {protected void} yyerror (Position pos, String msg)
-@deftypefnx {Function} {protected void} yyerror (Location loc, String msg)
+@deftypefn  {Function} {void} yyerror (String @var{msg})
+@deftypefnx {Function} {void} yyerror (Position @var{loc}, String @var{msg})
+@deftypefnx {Function} {void} yyerror (Location @var{loc}, String @var{msg})

 Print an error message using the @code{yyerror} method of the scanner
 Print an error message using the @code{yyerror} method of the scanner

-instance in use.
+instance in use. The @code{Location} and @code{Position} parameters are
+available only if location tracking is active.

 @end deftypefn
 
 
 @end deftypefn
 
 


@@ -9201,6 +9311,11 @@ Code inserted just after the @code{package} declaration.
 @xref{Java Differences}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Java Differences}.
 @end deffn
 

+@deffn {Directive} {%code init} @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
+Code inserted at the beginning of the parser constructor body.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
+

 @deffn {Directive} {%code lexer} @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
 Code added to the body of a inner lexer class within the parser class.
 @xref{Java Scanner Interface}.
 @deffn {Directive} {%code lexer} @{ @var{code} @dots{} @}
 Code added to the body of a inner lexer class within the parser class.
 @xref{Java Scanner Interface}.


@@ -9213,7 +9328,7 @@ Code (after the second @code{%%}) appended to the end of the file,
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %@{ @var{code} @dots{} %@}
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %@{ @var{code} @dots{} %@}

-Not supported.  Use @code{%code import} instead.
+Not supported.  Use @code{%code imports} instead.

 @xref{Java Differences}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Java Differences}.
 @end deffn
 


@@ -9222,6 +9337,11 @@ Whether the parser class is declared @code{abstract}.  Default is false.
 @xref{Java Bison Interface}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Java Bison Interface}.
 @end deffn
 

+@deffn {Directive} {%define annotations} "@var{annotations}"
+The Java annotations for the parser class.  Default is none.
+@xref{Java Bison Interface}.
+@end deffn
+

 @deffn {Directive} {%define extends} "@var{superclass}"
 The superclass of the parser class.  Default is none.
 @xref{Java Bison Interface}.
 @deffn {Directive} {%define extends} "@var{superclass}"
 The superclass of the parser class.  Default is none.
 @xref{Java Bison Interface}.


@@ -9238,6 +9358,12 @@ Default is none.
 @xref{Java Bison Interface}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Java Bison Interface}.
 @end deffn
 

+@deffn {Directive} {%define init_throws} "@var{exceptions}"
+The exceptions thrown by @code{%code init} from the parser class
+constructor.  Default is none.
+@xref{Java Parser Interface}.
+@end deffn
+

 @deffn {Directive} {%define lex_throws} "@var{exceptions}"
 The exceptions thrown by the @code{yylex} method of the lexer, a
 comma-separated list.  Default is @code{java.io.IOException}.
 @deffn {Directive} {%define lex_throws} "@var{exceptions}"
 The exceptions thrown by the @code{yylex} method of the lexer, a
 comma-separated list.  Default is @code{java.io.IOException}.


@@ -9850,7 +9976,7 @@ Specify the programming language for the generated parser.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %left
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %left

-Bison declaration to assign left associativity to token(s).
+Bison declaration to assign precedence and left associativity to token(s).

 @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 


@@ -9885,7 +10011,7 @@ parser file.  @xref{Decl Summary}.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %nonassoc
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %nonassoc

-Bison declaration to assign nonassociativity to token(s).
+Bison declaration to assign precedence and nonassociativity to token(s).

 @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 


@@ -9905,6 +10031,11 @@ Bison declaration to assign a precedence to a specific rule.
 @xref{Contextual Precedence, ,Context-Dependent Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Contextual Precedence, ,Context-Dependent Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 

+@deffn {Directive} %precedence
+Bison declaration to assign precedence to token(s), but no associativity
+@xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
+@end deffn
+

 @deffn {Directive} %pure-parser
 Deprecated version of @code{%define api.pure} (@pxref{Decl Summary, ,%define}),
 for which Bison is more careful to warn about unreasonable usage.
 @deffn {Directive} %pure-parser
 Deprecated version of @code{%define api.pure} (@pxref{Decl Summary, ,%define}),
 for which Bison is more careful to warn about unreasonable usage.


@@ -9916,7 +10047,7 @@ Require a Version of Bison}.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %right
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %right

-Bison declaration to assign right associativity to token(s).
+Bison declaration to assign precedence and right associativity to token(s).

 @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 
 @xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
 @end deffn
 


@@ -10351,7 +10482,7 @@ grammatically indivisible.  The piece of text it represents is a token.
 @c LocalWords: akim fn cp syncodeindex vr tp synindex dircategory direntry
 @c LocalWords: ifset vskip pt filll insertcopying sp ISBN Etienne Suvasa
 @c LocalWords: ifnottex yyparse detailmenu GLR RPN Calc var Decls Rpcalc
 @c LocalWords: akim fn cp syncodeindex vr tp synindex dircategory direntry
 @c LocalWords: ifset vskip pt filll insertcopying sp ISBN Etienne Suvasa
 @c LocalWords: ifnottex yyparse detailmenu GLR RPN Calc var Decls Rpcalc

-@c LocalWords: rpcalc Lexer Gen Comp Expr ltcalc mfcalc Decl Symtab yylex
+@c LocalWords: rpcalc Lexer Expr ltcalc mfcalc yylex

 @c LocalWords: yyerror pxref LR yylval cindex dfn LALR samp gpl BNF xref
 @c LocalWords: const int paren ifnotinfo AC noindent emph expr stmt findex
 @c LocalWords: glr YYSTYPE TYPENAME prog dprec printf decl init stmtMerge
 @c LocalWords: yyerror pxref LR yylval cindex dfn LALR samp gpl BNF xref
 @c LocalWords: const int paren ifnotinfo AC noindent emph expr stmt findex
 @c LocalWords: glr YYSTYPE TYPENAME prog dprec printf decl init stmtMerge