+# b4_assert_if([IF-ASSERTIONS-ARE-USED], [IF-NOT])
+# ------------------------------------------------
+m4_define([b4_assert_if],
+[b4_percent_define_ifdef([[assert]], [$1], [$2])])
+
+
+# b4_lhs_value([TYPE])
+# --------------------
+# Expansion of $<TYPE>$.
+m4_define([b4_lhs_value],
+[b4_symbol_value([yylhs.value], [$1])])
+
+
+# b4_lhs_location()
+# -----------------
+# Expansion of @$.
+m4_define([b4_lhs_location],
+[yylhs.location])
+
+
+# b4_rhs_data(RULE-LENGTH, NUM)
+# -----------------------------
+# Return the data corresponding to the symbol #NUM, where the current
+# rule has RULE-LENGTH symbols on RHS.
+m4_define([b4_rhs_data],
+ [yystack_@{($1) - ($2)@}])
+
+
+# b4_rhs_state(RULE-LENGTH, NUM)
+# -----------------------------
+# The state corresponding to the symbol #NUM, where the current
+# rule has RULE-LENGTH symbols on RHS.
+m4_define([b4_rhs_state],
+ [b4_rhs_data([$1], [$2]).state])
+
+
+# b4_rhs_value(RULE-LENGTH, NUM, [TYPE])
+# --------------------------------------
+# Expansion of $<TYPE>NUM, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH
+# symbols on RHS.
+m4_define([b4_rhs_value],
+ [b4_symbol_value([b4_rhs_data([$1], [$2]).value], [$3])])
+
+
+# b4_rhs_location(RULE-LENGTH, NUM)
+# ---------------------------------
+# Expansion of @NUM, where the current rule has RULE-LENGTH symbols
+# on RHS.
+m4_define([b4_rhs_location],
+ [b4_rhs_data([$1], [$2]).location])
+
+
+# b4_symbol(NUM, FIELD)
+# ---------------------
+# Recover a FIELD about symbol #NUM. Thanks to m4_indir, fails if
+# undefined.
+m4_define([b4_symbol],
+[m4_indir([b4_symbol($1, $2)])])
+
+
+# b4_symbol_if(NUM, FIELD, IF-TRUE, IF-FALSE)
+# -------------------------------------------
+# If FIELD about symbol #NUM is 1 expand IF-TRUE, if is 0, expand IF-FALSE.
+# Otherwise an error.
+m4_define([b4_symbol_if],
+[m4_case(b4_symbol([$1], [$2]),
+ [1], [$3],
+ [0], [$4],
+ [m4_fatal([$0: field $2 of $1 is not a Boolean:] b4_symbol([$1], [$2]))])])
+
+
+# b4_symbol_actions(FILENAME, LINENO,
+# SYMBOL-TAG, SYMBOL-NUM,
+# SYMBOL-ACTION, SYMBOL-TYPENAME)
+# -------------------------------------------------
+# Same as in C, but using references instead of pointers.
+m4_define([b4_symbol_actions],
+[m4_pushdef([b4_dollar_dollar],
+ [b4_symbol_value_template([yysym.value], [$6])])dnl
+m4_pushdef([b4_at_dollar], [yysym.location])dnl
+ case $4: // $3
+b4_syncline([$2], [$1])
+ $5;
+b4_syncline([@oline@], [@ofile@])
+ break;
+m4_popdef([b4_at_dollar])dnl
+m4_popdef([b4_dollar_dollar])dnl
+])
+
+
+# b4_symbol_case_(SYMBOL-NUM)
+# ---------------------------
+# Issue a "case NUM" for SYMBOL-NUM.
+m4_define([b4_symbol_case_],
+[ case b4_symbol([$1], [number]): // b4_symbol([$1], [tag])
+])
+
+
+# b4_type_action_(NUMS)
+# ---------------------
+# Run actions for the symbol NUMS that all have the same type-name.
+# Skip NUMS that have no type-name.
+m4_define([b4_type_action_],
+[b4_symbol_if([$1], [has_type_name],
+[m4_map([b4_symbol_case_], [$@])[]dnl
+ b4_dollar_dollar([b4_symbol([$1], [number])],
+ [b4_symbol([$1], [tag])],
+ [b4_symbol([$1], [type_name])]);