@cindex generalized @acronym{LR} (@acronym{GLR}) parsing
@cindex ambiguous grammars
@cindex non-deterministic parsing
-Parsers for @acronym{LALR}(1) grammars are @dfn{deterministic},
-meaning roughly that
-the next grammar rule to apply at any point in the input is uniquely
-determined by the preceding input and a fixed, finite portion (called
-a @dfn{look-ahead}) of the remaining input.
-A context-free grammar can be @dfn{ambiguous}, meaning that
-there are multiple ways to apply the grammar rules to get the some inputs.
-Even unambiguous grammars can be @dfn{non-deterministic}, meaning that no
-fixed look-ahead always suffices to determine the next grammar rule to apply.
-With the proper declarations, Bison is also able to parse these more general
-context-free grammars, using a technique known as @acronym{GLR} parsing (for
-Generalized @acronym{LR}). Bison's @acronym{GLR} parsers are able to
-handle any context-free
-grammar for which the number of possible parses of any given string
-is finite.
+
+Parsers for @acronym{LALR}(1) grammars are @dfn{deterministic}, meaning
+roughly that the next grammar rule to apply at any point in the input is
+uniquely determined by the preceding input and a fixed, finite portion
+(called a @dfn{look-ahead}) of the remaining input. A context-free
+grammar can be @dfn{ambiguous}, meaning that there are multiple ways to
+apply the grammar rules to get the some inputs. Even unambiguous
+grammars can be @dfn{non-deterministic}, meaning that no fixed
+look-ahead always suffices to determine the next grammar rule to apply.
+With the proper declarations, Bison is also able to parse these more
+general context-free grammars, using a technique known as @acronym{GLR}
+parsing (for Generalized @acronym{LR}). Bison's @acronym{GLR} parsers
+are able to handle any context-free grammar for which the number of
+possible parses of any given string is finite.
@cindex symbols (abstract)
@cindex token
@cindex syntactic grouping
@cindex grouping, syntactic
-In the formal grammatical rules for a language, each kind of syntactic unit
-or grouping is named by a @dfn{symbol}. Those which are built by grouping
-smaller constructs according to grammatical rules are called
+In the formal grammatical rules for a language, each kind of syntactic
+unit or grouping is named by a @dfn{symbol}. Those which are built by
+grouping smaller constructs according to grammatical rules are called
@dfn{nonterminal symbols}; those which can't be subdivided are called
@dfn{terminal symbols} or @dfn{token types}. We call a piece of input
corresponding to a single terminal symbol a @dfn{token}, and a piece
corresponding to a single nonterminal symbol a @dfn{grouping}.
We can use the C language as an example of what symbols, terminal and
-nonterminal, mean. The tokens of C are identifiers, constants (numeric and
-string), and the various keywords, arithmetic operators and punctuation
-marks. So the terminal symbols of a grammar for C include `identifier',
-`number', `string', plus one symbol for each keyword, operator or
-punctuation mark: `if', `return', `const', `static', `int', `char',
-`plus-sign', `open-brace', `close-brace', `comma' and many more. (These
-tokens can be subdivided into characters, but that is a matter of
+nonterminal, mean. The tokens of C are identifiers, constants (numeric
+and string), and the various keywords, arithmetic operators and
+punctuation marks. So the terminal symbols of a grammar for C include
+`identifier', `number', `string', plus one symbol for each keyword,
+operator or punctuation mark: `if', `return', `const', `static', `int',
+`char', `plus-sign', `open-brace', `close-brace', `comma' and many more.
+(These tokens can be subdivided into characters, but that is a matter of
lexicography, not grammar.)
Here is a simple C function subdivided into tokens:
@cindex conflicts
@cindex shift/reduce conflicts
-In some grammars, there will be cases where Bison's standard @acronym{LALR}(1)
-parsing algorithm cannot decide whether to apply a certain grammar rule
-at a given point. That is, it may not be able to decide (on the basis
-of the input read so far) which of two possible reductions (applications
-of a grammar rule) applies, or whether to apply a reduction or read more
-of the input and apply a reduction later in the input. These are known
-respectively as @dfn{reduce/reduce} conflicts (@pxref{Reduce/Reduce}),
-and @dfn{shift/reduce} conflicts (@pxref{Shift/Reduce}).
-
-To use a grammar that is not easily modified to be @acronym{LALR}(1), a more
-general parsing algorithm is sometimes necessary. If you include
+In some grammars, there will be cases where Bison's standard
+@acronym{LALR}(1) parsing algorithm cannot decide whether to apply a
+certain grammar rule at a given point. That is, it may not be able to
+decide (on the basis of the input read so far) which of two possible
+reductions (applications of a grammar rule) applies, or whether to apply
+a reduction or read more of the input and apply a reduction later in the
+input. These are known respectively as @dfn{reduce/reduce} conflicts
+(@pxref{Reduce/Reduce}), and @dfn{shift/reduce} conflicts
+(@pxref{Shift/Reduce}).
+
+To use a grammar that is not easily modified to be @acronym{LALR}(1), a
+more general parsing algorithm is sometimes necessary. If you include
@code{%glr-parser} among the Bison declarations in your file
-(@pxref{Grammar Outline}), the result will be a Generalized
-@acronym{LR} (@acronym{GLR})
-parser. These parsers handle Bison grammars that contain no unresolved
-conflicts (i.e., after applying precedence declarations) identically to
-@acronym{LALR}(1) parsers. However, when faced with unresolved
-shift/reduce and reduce/reduce conflicts, @acronym{GLR} parsers use
-the simple expedient of doing
-both, effectively cloning the parser to follow both possibilities. Each
-of the resulting parsers can again split, so that at any given time,
-there can be any number of possible parses being explored. The parsers
+(@pxref{Grammar Outline}), the result will be a Generalized @acronym{LR}
+(@acronym{GLR}) parser. These parsers handle Bison grammars that
+contain no unresolved conflicts (i.e., after applying precedence
+declarations) identically to @acronym{LALR}(1) parsers. However, when
+faced with unresolved shift/reduce and reduce/reduce conflicts,
+@acronym{GLR} parsers use the simple expedient of doing both,
+effectively cloning the parser to follow both possibilities. Each of
+the resulting parsers can again split, so that at any given time, there
+can be any number of possible parses being explored. The parsers
proceed in lockstep; that is, all of them consume (shift) a given input
symbol before any of them proceed to the next. Each of the cloned
parsers eventually meets one of two possible fates: either it runs into
"x" y z + T <init-declare> x T <cast> y z + = <OR>
@end example
+@sp 1
+
+@cindex @code{incline}
+@cindex @acronym{GLR} parsers and @code{inline}
+Note that the @acronym{GLR} parsers require an ISO C89 compiler. In
+addition, they use the @code{inline} keyword, which is not C89, but a
+common extension. It is up to the user of these parsers to handle
+portability issues. For instance, if using Autoconf and the Autoconf
+macro @code{AC_C_INLINE}, a mere
+
+@example
+%@{
+#include <config.h>
+%@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+will suffice. Otherwise, we suggest
+
+@example
+%@{
+#if ! defined __GNUC__ && ! defined inline
+# define inline
+#endif
+%@}
+@end example
@node Locations Overview
@section Locations
When @code{yyparse} detects a syntax error, it calls the error reporting
function @code{yyerror} to print an error message (usually but not
-always @code{"parse error"}). It is up to the programmer to supply
+always @code{"syntax error"}). It is up to the programmer to supply
@code{yyerror} (@pxref{Interface, ,Parser C-Language Interface}), so
here is the definition we will use:
@end example
This addition to the grammar allows for simple error recovery in the
-event of a parse error. If an expression that cannot be evaluated is
+event of a syntax error. If an expression that cannot be evaluated is
read, the error will be recognized by the third rule for @code{line},
and parsing will continue. (The @code{yyerror} function is still called
upon to print its message as well.) The action executes the statement
@}
%@{
-static void yyprint(FILE *, int, YYSTYPE);
-#define YYPRINT(F, N, L) yyprint(F, N, L)
+static void print_token_value (FILE *, int, YYSTYPE);
+#define YYPRINT(F, N, L) print_token_value (F, N, L)
%@}
@dots{}
,Special Features for Use in Actions}). This mode is enabled as soon as
the grammar uses the special @samp{@@@var{n}} tokens, but if your
grammar does not use it, using @samp{%locations} allows for more
-accurate parse error messages.
+accurate syntax error messages.
@end deffn
@deffn {Directive} %name-prefix="@var{prefix}"
parameter information to it in a reentrant way. To do so, use the
declaration @code{%parse-param}:
-@deffn {Directive} %parse-param @var{argument-declaration} @var{argument-name}
+@deffn {Directive} %parse-param @{@var{argument-declaration}@}
@findex %parse-param
-Declare that @code{argument-name} is an additional @code{yyparse}
-argument. This argument is also passed to @code{yyerror}. The
-@var{argument-declaration} is used when declaring functions or
-prototypes.
+Declare that an argument declared by @code{argument-declaration} is an
+additional @code{yyparse} argument. This argument is also passed to
+@code{yyerror}. The @var{argument-declaration} is used when declaring
+functions or prototypes. The last identifier in
+@var{argument-declaration} must be the argument name.
@end deffn
Here's an example. Write this in the parser:
@example
-%parse-param "int *nastiness" "nastiness"
-%parse-param "int *randomness" "randomness"
+%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}
+%parse-param @{int *randomness@}
@end example
@noindent
@code{%lex-param} just like @code{%parse-param} (@pxref{Parser
Function}).
-@deffn {Directive} lex-param @var{argument-declaration} @var{argument-name}
+@deffn {Directive} lex-param @{@var{argument-declaration}@}
@findex %lex-param
-Declare that @code{argument-name} is an additional @code{yylex}
-argument.
+Declare that @code{argument-declaration} is an additional @code{yylex}
+argument declaration.
@end deffn
For instance:
@example
-%parse-param "int *nastiness" "nastiness"
-%lex-param "int *nastiness" "nastiness"
-%parse-param "int *randomness" "randomness"
+%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}
+%lex-param @{int *nastiness@}
+%parse-param @{int *randomness@}
@end example
@noindent
@cindex parse error
@cindex syntax error
-The Bison parser detects a @dfn{parse error} or @dfn{syntax error}
+The Bison parser detects a @dfn{syntax error} or @dfn{parse error}
whenever it reads a token which cannot satisfy any syntax rule. An
action in the grammar can also explicitly proclaim an error, using the
macro @code{YYERROR} (@pxref{Action Features, ,Special Features for Use
The Bison parser expects to report the error by calling an error
reporting function named @code{yyerror}, which you must supply. It is
called by @code{yyparse} whenever a syntax error is found, and it
-receives one argument. For a parse error, the string is normally
-@w{@code{"parse error"}}.
+receives one argument. For a syntax error, the string is normally
+@w{@code{"syntax error"}}.
@findex %error-verbose
If you invoke the directive @code{%error-verbose} in the Bison
declarations section (@pxref{Bison Declarations, ,The Bison Declarations
Section}), then Bison provides a more verbose and specific error message
-string instead of just plain @w{@code{"parse error"}}.
+string instead of just plain @w{@code{"syntax error"}}.
The parser can detect one other kind of error: stack overflow. This
happens when the input contains constructions that are very deeply
void yyerror (YYLTYPE *locp, const char *msg); /* GLR parsers. */
@end example
-If @samp{%parse-param "int *nastiness" "nastiness"} is used, then:
+If @samp{%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}} is used, then:
@example
void yyerror (int *randomness, const char *msg); /* Yacc parsers. */
%locations
/* Pure yylex. */
%pure-parser
-%lex-param "int *nastiness" "nastiness"
+%lex-param @{int *nastiness@}
/* Pure yyparse. */
-%parse-param "int *nastiness" "nastiness"
-%parse-param "int *randomness" "randomness"
+%parse-param @{int *nastiness@}
+%parse-param @{int *randomness@}
@end example
@noindent
@cindex error recovery
@cindex recovery from errors
-It is not usually acceptable to have a program terminate on a parse
+It is not usually acceptable to have a program terminate on a syntax
error. For example, a compiler should recover sufficiently to parse the
rest of the input file and check it for errors; a calculator should accept
another expression.
this token. Write the statement @samp{yyclearin;} in the error rule's
action.
-For example, suppose that on a parse error, an error handling routine is
+For example, suppose that on a syntax error, an error handling routine is
called that advances the input stream to some point where parsing should
once again commence. The next symbol returned by the lexical scanner is
probably correct. The previous look-ahead token ought to be discarded
flow jumps to state 2. If there is no such transition on a nonterminal
symbol, and the lookahead is a @code{NUM}, then this token is shifted on
the parse stack, and the control flow jumps to state 1. Any other
-lookahead triggers a parse error.''
+lookahead triggers a syntax error.''
@cindex core, item set
@cindex item set core
@samp{+}, it will be shifted on the parse stack, and the automaton
control will jump to state 4, corresponding to the item @samp{exp -> exp
'+' . exp}. Since there is no default action, any other token than
-those listed above will trigger a parse error.
+those listed above will trigger a syntax error.
The state 3 is named the @dfn{final state}, or the @dfn{accepting
state}:
calculator (@pxref{Mfcalc Decl, ,Declarations for @code{mfcalc}}):
@smallexample
-#define YYPRINT(file, type, value) yyprint (file, type, value)
+#define YYPRINT(file, type, value) print_token_value (file, type, value)
static void
-yyprint (FILE *file, int type, YYSTYPE value)
+print_token_value (FILE *file, int type, YYSTYPE value)
@{
if (type == VAR)
- fprintf (file, " %s", value.tptr->name);
+ fprintf (file, "%s", value.tptr->name);
else if (type == NUM)
- fprintf (file, " %d", value.val);
+ fprintf (file, "%d", value.val);
@}
@end smallexample
A token name reserved for error recovery. This token may be used in
grammar rules so as to allow the Bison parser to recognize an error in
the grammar without halting the process. In effect, a sentence
-containing an error may be recognized as valid. On a parse error, the
+containing an error may be recognized as valid. On a syntax error, the
token @code{error} becomes the current look-ahead token. Actions
corresponding to @code{error} are then executed, and the look-ahead
token is reset to the token that originally caused the violation.
@deffn {Macro} yyerrok
Macro to cause parser to recover immediately to its normal mode
-after a parse error. @xref{Error Recovery}.
+after a syntax error. @xref{Error Recovery}.
@end deffn
@deffn {Function} yyerror
@end deffn
@deffn {Variable} yynerrs
-Global variable which Bison increments each time there is a parse error.
+Global variable which Bison increments each time there is a syntax error.
(In a pure parser, it is a local variable within @code{yyparse}.)
@xref{Error Reporting, ,The Error Reporting Function @code{yyerror}}.
@end deffn
@xref{Precedence Decl, ,Operator Precedence}.
@end deffn
-@deffn {Directive} %lex-param "@var{argument-declaration}" "@var{argument-name}"
+@deffn {Directive} %lex-param @{@var{argument-declaration}@}
Bison declaration to specifying an additional parameter that
@code{yylex} should accept. @xref{Pure Calling,, Calling Conventions
for Pure Parsers}.
Summary}.
@end deffn
-@deffn {Directive} %parse-param "@var{argument-declaration}" "@var{argument-name}"
+@deffn {Directive} %parse-param @{@var{argument-declaration}@}
Bison declaration to specifying an additional parameter that
@code{yyparse} should accept. @xref{Parser Function,, The Parser
Function @code{yyparse}}.
be expressed through rules in terms of smaller constructs; in other
words, a construct that is not a token. @xref{Symbols}.
-@item Parse error
-An error encountered during parsing of an input stream due to invalid
-syntax. @xref{Error Recovery}.
-
@item Parser
A function that recognizes valid sentences of a language by analyzing
the syntax structure of a set of tokens passed to it from a lexical
during parsing to allow for recognition and use of existing
information in repeated uses of a symbol. @xref{Multi-function Calc}.
+@item Syntax error
+An error encountered during parsing of an input stream due to invalid
+syntax. @xref{Error Recovery}.
+
@item Token
A basic, grammatically indivisible unit of a language. The symbol
that describes a token in the grammar is a terminal symbol.
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