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1 Bison News
2 ----------
3
4 Changes in version 2.1a:
5
6 * New warning: unused values
7 Typed right-hand side symbols whose value are not used are reported.
8 For instance:
9
10 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $1 ? $1 : $3; }
11 | exp "+" exp
12 ;
13
14 will trigger a warning about $$ and $5 in the first rule, and $3 in
15 the second ($1 is copied to $$ by the default rule). This example
16 most likely contains three errors, and should be rewritten as:
17
18 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $$ = $1 ? $3 : $5; }
19 | exp "+" exp { $$ = $1 + $3; }
20 ;
21
22 However, if the original actions were really intended, the warnings
23 can be suppressed by letting Bison believe the values are used, e.g.:
24
25 exp: exp "?" exp ":" exp { $1 ? $1 : $3; (void) ($$, $5); }
26 | exp "+" exp { $$ = $1; (void) $3; }
27 ;
28
29 If there are mid-rule actions, the warning is issued if no action
30 uses it. The following triggers no warning: $1 and $3 are used.
31
32 exp: exp { push ($1); } '+' exp { push ($3); sum (); };
33
34 Mid-rule actions that use $$ cause the corresponding value to be
35 set, therefore the following action must use it. The following rule
36 triggers a warning about $2.
37
38 exp: '1' { $$ = 1; } '+' exp { $$ = $1 + $4; };
39
40 The warning is intended to help catching lost values and memory leaks.
41 If a value is ignored, its associated memory typically is not reclaimed.
42
43 * %destructor vs. YYABORT, YYACCEPT, and YYERROR.
44 Destructors are now called when user code invokes YYABORT, YYACCEPT,
45 and YYERROR, for all objects on the stack, other than objects
46 corresponding to the right-hand side of the current rule.
47
48 * %expect, %expect-rr
49 Incorrect numbers of expected conflicts are now actual errors,
50 instead of warnings.
51
52 * GLR, YACC parsers.
53 The %parse-params are available in the %destructor's (and the
54 experimental %printer's) as per the documentation.
55
56 * Bison now warns if it finds a stray `$' or `@' in an action.
57
58 * %require "VERSION"
59 To specify that the grammar file depends on features implemented in
60 Bison version VERSION or higher.
61
62 * lalr1.cc: The token and value types are now class members.
63 The tokens were defined as free form enums and cpp macros. YYSTYPE
64 was defined as a free form union. They are now class members:
65 tokens are enumerations of the `yy::parser::token' struct, and the
66 semantic values have the `yy::parser::semantic_type' type.
67
68 If you do not want or can update to this scheme, the directive
69 `%define "global_tokens_and_yystype" "1"' triggers the global
70 definition of tokens and YYSTYPE. This change is suitable both
71 for previous releases of Bison, and this one.
72
73 If you wish to update, then make sure older version of Bison will
74 fail using `%require "2.1a"'.
75
76 * DJGPP support added.
77
78 Changes in version 2.1, 2005-09-16:
79
80 * The C++ lalr1.cc skeleton supports %lex-param.
81
82 * Bison-generated parsers now support the translation of diagnostics like
83 "syntax error" into languages other than English. The default
84 language is still English. For details, please see the new
85 Internationalization section of the Bison manual. Software
86 distributors should also see the new PACKAGING file. Thanks to
87 Bruno Haible for this new feature.
88
89 * Wording in the Bison-generated parsers has been changed slightly to
90 simplify translation. In particular, the message "memory exhausted"
91 has replaced "parser stack overflow", as the old message was not
92 always accurate for modern Bison-generated parsers.
93
94 * Destructors are now called when the parser aborts, for all symbols left
95 behind on the stack. Also, the start symbol is now destroyed after a
96 successful parse. In both cases, the behavior was formerly inconsistent.
97
98 * When generating verbose diagnostics, Bison-generated parsers no longer
99 quote the literal strings associated with tokens. For example, for
100 a syntax error associated with '%token NUM "number"' they might
101 print 'syntax error, unexpected number' instead of 'syntax error,
102 unexpected "number"'.
103
104 Changes in version 2.0, 2004-12-25:
105
106 * Possibly-incompatible changes
107
108 - Bison-generated parsers no longer default to using the alloca function
109 (when available) to extend the parser stack, due to widespread
110 problems in unchecked stack-overflow detection. You can "#define
111 YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA 1" to require the use of alloca, but please read
112 the manual to determine safe values for YYMAXDEPTH in that case.
113
114 - Error token location.
115 During error recovery, the location of the syntax error is updated
116 to cover the whole sequence covered by the error token: it includes
117 the shifted symbols thrown away during the first part of the error
118 recovery, and the lookahead rejected during the second part.
119
120 - Semicolon changes:
121 . Stray semicolons are no longer allowed at the start of a grammar.
122 . Semicolons are now required after in-grammar declarations.
123
124 - Unescaped newlines are no longer allowed in character constants or
125 string literals. They were never portable, and GCC 3.4.0 has
126 dropped support for them. Better diagnostics are now generated if
127 forget a closing quote.
128
129 - NUL bytes are no longer allowed in Bison string literals, unfortunately.
130
131 * New features
132
133 - GLR grammars now support locations.
134
135 - New directive: %initial-action.
136 This directive allows the user to run arbitrary code (including
137 initializing @$) from yyparse before parsing starts.
138
139 - A new directive "%expect-rr N" specifies the expected number of
140 reduce/reduce conflicts in GLR parsers.
141
142 - %token numbers can now be hexadecimal integers, e.g., `%token FOO 0x12d'.
143 This is a GNU extension.
144
145 - The option `--report=lookahead' was changed to `--report=look-ahead'.
146 The old spelling still works, but is not documented and will be
147 removed.
148
149 - Experimental %destructor support has been added to lalr1.cc.
150
151 - New configure option --disable-yacc, to disable installation of the
152 yacc command and -ly library introduced in 1.875 for POSIX conformance.
153
154 * Bug fixes
155
156 - For now, %expect-count violations are now just warnings, not errors.
157 This is for compatibility with Bison 1.75 and earlier (when there are
158 reduce/reduce conflicts) and with Bison 1.30 and earlier (when there
159 are too many or too few shift/reduce conflicts). However, in future
160 versions of Bison we plan to improve the %expect machinery so that
161 these violations will become errors again.
162
163 - Within Bison itself, numbers (e.g., goto numbers) are no longer
164 arbitrarily limited to 16-bit counts.
165
166 - Semicolons are now allowed before "|" in grammar rules, as POSIX requires.
167 \f
168 Changes in version 1.875, 2003-01-01:
169
170 * The documentation license has been upgraded to version 1.2
171 of the GNU Free Documentation License.
172
173 * syntax error processing
174
175 - In Yacc-style parsers YYLLOC_DEFAULT is now used to compute error
176 locations too. This fixes bugs in error-location computation.
177
178 - %destructor
179 It is now possible to reclaim the memory associated to symbols
180 discarded during error recovery. This feature is still experimental.
181
182 - %error-verbose
183 This new directive is preferred over YYERROR_VERBOSE.
184
185 - #defining yyerror to steal internal variables is discouraged.
186 It is not guaranteed to work forever.
187
188 * POSIX conformance
189
190 - Semicolons are once again optional at the end of grammar rules.
191 This reverts to the behavior of Bison 1.33 and earlier, and improves
192 compatibility with Yacc.
193
194 - `parse error' -> `syntax error'
195 Bison now uniformly uses the term `syntax error'; formerly, the code
196 and manual sometimes used the term `parse error' instead. POSIX
197 requires `syntax error' in diagnostics, and it was thought better to
198 be consistent.
199
200 - The documentation now emphasizes that yylex and yyerror must be
201 declared before use. C99 requires this.
202
203 - Bison now parses C99 lexical constructs like UCNs and
204 backslash-newline within C escape sequences, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires.
205
206 - File names are properly escaped in C output. E.g., foo\bar.y is
207 output as "foo\\bar.y".
208
209 - Yacc command and library now available
210 The Bison distribution now installs a `yacc' command, as POSIX requires.
211 Also, Bison now installs a small library liby.a containing
212 implementations of Yacc-compatible yyerror and main functions.
213 This library is normally not useful, but POSIX requires it.
214
215 - Type clashes now generate warnings, not errors.
216
217 - If the user does not define YYSTYPE as a macro, Bison now declares it
218 using typedef instead of defining it as a macro.
219 For consistency, YYLTYPE is also declared instead of defined.
220
221 * Other compatibility issues
222
223 - %union directives can now have a tag before the `{', e.g., the
224 directive `%union foo {...}' now generates the C code
225 `typedef union foo { ... } YYSTYPE;'; this is for Yacc compatibility.
226 The default union tag is `YYSTYPE', for compatibility with Solaris 9 Yacc.
227 For consistency, YYLTYPE's struct tag is now `YYLTYPE' not `yyltype'.
228 This is for compatibility with both Yacc and Bison 1.35.
229
230 - `;' is output before the terminating `}' of an action, for
231 compatibility with Bison 1.35.
232
233 - Bison now uses a Yacc-style format for conflict reports, e.g.,
234 `conflicts: 2 shift/reduce, 1 reduce/reduce'.
235
236 - `yystype' and `yyltype' are now obsolescent macros instead of being
237 typedefs or tags; they are no longer documented and are planned to be
238 withdrawn in a future release.
239
240 * GLR parser notes
241
242 - GLR and inline
243 Users of Bison have to decide how they handle the portability of the
244 C keyword `inline'.
245
246 - `parsing stack overflow...' -> `parser stack overflow'
247 GLR parsers now report `parser stack overflow' as per the Bison manual.
248
249 * Bison now warns if it detects conflicting outputs to the same file,
250 e.g., it generates a warning for `bison -d -o foo.h foo.y' since
251 that command outputs both code and header to foo.h.
252
253 * #line in output files
254 - --no-line works properly.
255
256 * Bison can no longer be built by a K&R C compiler; it requires C89 or
257 later to be built. This change originally took place a few versions
258 ago, but nobody noticed until we recently asked someone to try
259 building Bison with a K&R C compiler.
260 \f
261 Changes in version 1.75, 2002-10-14:
262
263 * Bison should now work on 64-bit hosts.
264
265 * Indonesian translation thanks to Tedi Heriyanto.
266
267 * GLR parsers
268 Fix spurious parse errors.
269
270 * Pure parsers
271 Some people redefine yyerror to steal yyparse' private variables.
272 Reenable this trick until an official feature replaces it.
273
274 * Type Clashes
275 In agreement with POSIX and with other Yaccs, leaving a default
276 action is valid when $$ is untyped, and $1 typed:
277
278 untyped: ... typed;
279
280 but the converse remains an error:
281
282 typed: ... untyped;
283
284 * Values of mid-rule actions
285 The following code:
286
287 foo: { ... } { $$ = $1; } ...
288
289 was incorrectly rejected: $1 is defined in the second mid-rule
290 action, and is equal to the $$ of the first mid-rule action.
291 \f
292 Changes in version 1.50, 2002-10-04:
293
294 * GLR parsing
295 The declaration
296 %glr-parser
297 causes Bison to produce a Generalized LR (GLR) parser, capable of handling
298 almost any context-free grammar, ambiguous or not. The new declarations
299 %dprec and %merge on grammar rules allow parse-time resolution of
300 ambiguities. Contributed by Paul Hilfinger.
301
302 Unfortunately Bison 1.50 does not work properly on 64-bit hosts
303 like the Alpha, so please stick to 32-bit hosts for now.
304
305 * Output Directory
306 When not in Yacc compatibility mode, when the output file was not
307 specified, running `bison foo/bar.y' created `foo/bar.c'. It
308 now creates `bar.c'.
309
310 * Undefined token
311 The undefined token was systematically mapped to 2 which prevented
312 the use of 2 by the user. This is no longer the case.
313
314 * Unknown token numbers
315 If yylex returned an out of range value, yyparse could die. This is
316 no longer the case.
317
318 * Error token
319 According to POSIX, the error token must be 256.
320 Bison extends this requirement by making it a preference: *if* the
321 user specified that one of her tokens is numbered 256, then error
322 will be mapped onto another number.
323
324 * Verbose error messages
325 They no longer report `..., expecting error or...' for states where
326 error recovery is possible.
327
328 * End token
329 Defaults to `$end' instead of `$'.
330
331 * Error recovery now conforms to documentation and to POSIX
332 When a Bison-generated parser encounters a syntax error, it now pops
333 the stack until it finds a state that allows shifting the error
334 token. Formerly, it popped the stack until it found a state that
335 allowed some non-error action other than a default reduction on the
336 error token. The new behavior has long been the documented behavior,
337 and has long been required by POSIX. For more details, please see
338 Paul Eggert, "Reductions during Bison error handling" (2002-05-20)
339 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-bison/2002-05/msg00038.html>.
340
341 * Traces
342 Popped tokens and nonterminals are now reported.
343
344 * Larger grammars
345 Larger grammars are now supported (larger token numbers, larger grammar
346 size (= sum of the LHS and RHS lengths), larger LALR tables).
347 Formerly, many of these numbers ran afoul of 16-bit limits;
348 now these limits are 32 bits on most hosts.
349
350 * Explicit initial rule
351 Bison used to play hacks with the initial rule, which the user does
352 not write. It is now explicit, and visible in the reports and
353 graphs as rule 0.
354
355 * Useless rules
356 Before, Bison reported the useless rules, but, although not used,
357 included them in the parsers. They are now actually removed.
358
359 * Useless rules, useless nonterminals
360 They are now reported, as a warning, with their locations.
361
362 * Rules never reduced
363 Rules that can never be reduced because of conflicts are now
364 reported.
365
366 * Incorrect `Token not used'
367 On a grammar such as
368
369 %token useless useful
370 %%
371 exp: '0' %prec useful;
372
373 where a token was used to set the precedence of the last rule,
374 bison reported both `useful' and `useless' as useless tokens.
375
376 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31
377 as they caused too many portability hassles.
378
379 * Default locations
380 By an accident of design, the default computation of @$ was
381 performed after another default computation was performed: @$ = @1.
382 The latter is now removed: YYLLOC_DEFAULT is fully responsible of
383 the computation of @$.
384
385 * Token end-of-file
386 The token end of file may be specified by the user, in which case,
387 the user symbol is used in the reports, the graphs, and the verbose
388 error messages instead of `$end', which remains being the default.
389 For instance
390 %token MYEOF 0
391 or
392 %token MYEOF 0 "end of file"
393
394 * Semantic parser
395 This old option, which has been broken for ages, is removed.
396
397 * New translations
398 Brazilian Portuguese, thanks to Alexandre Folle de Menezes.
399 Croatian, thanks to Denis Lackovic.
400
401 * Incorrect token definitions
402 When given `%token 'a' "A"', Bison used to output `#define 'a' 65'.
403
404 * Token definitions as enums
405 Tokens are output both as the traditional #define's, and, provided
406 the compiler supports ANSI C or is a C++ compiler, as enums.
407 This lets debuggers display names instead of integers.
408
409 * Reports
410 In addition to --verbose, bison supports --report=THINGS, which
411 produces additional information:
412 - itemset
413 complete the core item sets with their closure
414 - lookahead [changed to `look-ahead' in 1.875e and later]
415 explicitly associate look-ahead tokens to items
416 - solved
417 describe shift/reduce conflicts solving.
418 Bison used to systematically output this information on top of
419 the report. Solved conflicts are now attached to their states.
420
421 * Type clashes
422 Previous versions don't complain when there is a type clash on
423 the default action if the rule has a mid-rule action, such as in:
424
425 %type <foo> bar
426 %%
427 bar: '0' {} '0';
428
429 This is fixed.
430
431 * GNU M4 is now required when using Bison.
432 \f
433 Changes in version 1.35, 2002-03-25:
434
435 * C Skeleton
436 Some projects use Bison's C parser with C++ compilers, and define
437 YYSTYPE as a class. The recent adjustment of C parsers for data
438 alignment and 64 bit architectures made this impossible.
439
440 Because for the time being no real solution for C++ parser
441 generation exists, kludges were implemented in the parser to
442 maintain this use. In the future, when Bison has C++ parsers, this
443 kludge will be disabled.
444
445 This kludge also addresses some C++ problems when the stack was
446 extended.
447 \f
448 Changes in version 1.34, 2002-03-12:
449
450 * File name clashes are detected
451 $ bison foo.y -d -o foo.x
452 fatal error: header and parser would both be named `foo.x'
453
454 * A missing `;' at the end of a rule triggers a warning
455 In accordance with POSIX, and in agreement with other
456 Yacc implementations, Bison will mandate this semicolon in the near
457 future. This eases the implementation of a Bison parser of Bison
458 grammars by making this grammar LALR(1) instead of LR(2). To
459 facilitate the transition, this release introduces a warning.
460
461 * Revert the C++ namespace changes introduced in 1.31, as they caused too
462 many portability hassles.
463
464 * DJGPP support added.
465
466 * Fix test suite portability problems.
467 \f
468 Changes in version 1.33, 2002-02-07:
469
470 * Fix C++ issues
471 Groff could not be compiled for the definition of size_t was lacking
472 under some conditions.
473
474 * Catch invalid @n
475 As is done with $n.
476 \f
477 Changes in version 1.32, 2002-01-23:
478
479 * Fix Yacc output file names
480
481 * Portability fixes
482
483 * Italian, Dutch translations
484 \f
485 Changes in version 1.31, 2002-01-14:
486
487 * Many Bug Fixes
488
489 * GNU Gettext and %expect
490 GNU Gettext asserts 10 s/r conflicts, but there are 7. Now that
491 Bison dies on incorrect %expectations, we fear there will be
492 too many bug reports for Gettext, so _for the time being_, %expect
493 does not trigger an error when the input file is named `plural.y'.
494
495 * Use of alloca in parsers
496 If YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA is defined to 0, then the parsers will use
497 malloc exclusively. Since 1.29, but was not NEWS'ed.
498
499 alloca is used only when compiled with GCC, to avoid portability
500 problems as on AIX.
501
502 * yyparse now returns 2 if memory is exhausted; formerly it dumped core.
503
504 * When the generated parser lacks debugging code, YYDEBUG is now 0
505 (as POSIX requires) instead of being undefined.
506
507 * User Actions
508 Bison has always permitted actions such as { $$ = $1 }: it adds the
509 ending semicolon. Now if in Yacc compatibility mode, the semicolon
510 is no longer output: one has to write { $$ = $1; }.
511
512 * Better C++ compliance
513 The output parsers try to respect C++ namespaces.
514 [This turned out to be a failed experiment, and it was reverted later.]
515
516 * Reduced Grammars
517 Fixed bugs when reporting useless nonterminals.
518
519 * 64 bit hosts
520 The parsers work properly on 64 bit hosts.
521
522 * Error messages
523 Some calls to strerror resulted in scrambled or missing error messages.
524
525 * %expect
526 When the number of shift/reduce conflicts is correct, don't issue
527 any warning.
528
529 * The verbose report includes the rule line numbers.
530
531 * Rule line numbers are fixed in traces.
532
533 * Swedish translation
534
535 * Parse errors
536 Verbose parse error messages from the parsers are better looking.
537 Before: parse error: unexpected `'/'', expecting `"number"' or `'-'' or `'(''
538 Now: parse error: unexpected '/', expecting "number" or '-' or '('
539
540 * Fixed parser memory leaks.
541 When the generated parser was using malloc to extend its stacks, the
542 previous allocations were not freed.
543
544 * Fixed verbose output file.
545 Some newlines were missing.
546 Some conflicts in state descriptions were missing.
547
548 * Fixed conflict report.
549 Option -v was needed to get the result.
550
551 * %expect
552 Was not used.
553 Mismatches are errors, not warnings.
554
555 * Fixed incorrect processing of some invalid input.
556
557 * Fixed CPP guards: 9foo.h uses BISON_9FOO_H instead of 9FOO_H.
558
559 * Fixed some typos in the documentation.
560
561 * %token MY_EOF 0 is supported.
562 Before, MY_EOF was silently renumbered as 257.
563
564 * doc/refcard.tex is updated.
565
566 * %output, %file-prefix, %name-prefix.
567 New.
568
569 * --output
570 New, aliasing `--output-file'.
571 \f
572 Changes in version 1.30, 2001-10-26:
573
574 * `--defines' and `--graph' have now an optional argument which is the
575 output file name. `-d' and `-g' do not change; they do not take any
576 argument.
577
578 * `%source_extension' and `%header_extension' are removed, failed
579 experiment.
580
581 * Portability fixes.
582 \f
583 Changes in version 1.29, 2001-09-07:
584
585 * The output file does not define const, as this caused problems when used
586 with common autoconfiguration schemes. If you still use ancient compilers
587 that lack const, compile with the equivalent of the C compiler option
588 `-Dconst='. autoconf's AC_C_CONST macro provides one way to do this.
589
590 * Added `-g' and `--graph'.
591
592 * The Bison manual is now distributed under the terms of the GNU FDL.
593
594 * The input and the output files has automatically a similar extension.
595
596 * Russian translation added.
597
598 * NLS support updated; should hopefully be less troublesome.
599
600 * Added the old Bison reference card.
601
602 * Added `--locations' and `%locations'.
603
604 * Added `-S' and `--skeleton'.
605
606 * `%raw', `-r', `--raw' is disabled.
607
608 * Special characters are escaped when output. This solves the problems
609 of the #line lines with path names including backslashes.
610
611 * New directives.
612 `%yacc', `%fixed_output_files', `%defines', `%no_parser', `%verbose',
613 `%debug', `%source_extension' and `%header_extension'.
614
615 * @$
616 Automatic location tracking.
617 \f
618 Changes in version 1.28, 1999-07-06:
619
620 * Should compile better now with K&R compilers.
621
622 * Added NLS.
623
624 * Fixed a problem with escaping the double quote character.
625
626 * There is now a FAQ.
627 \f
628 Changes in version 1.27:
629
630 * The make rule which prevented bison.simple from being created on
631 some systems has been fixed.
632 \f
633 Changes in version 1.26:
634
635 * Bison now uses automake.
636
637 * New mailing lists: <bug-bison@gnu.org> and <help-bison@gnu.org>.
638
639 * Token numbers now start at 257 as previously documented, not 258.
640
641 * Bison honors the TMPDIR environment variable.
642
643 * A couple of buffer overruns have been fixed.
644
645 * Problems when closing files should now be reported.
646
647 * Generated parsers should now work even on operating systems which do
648 not provide alloca().
649 \f
650 Changes in version 1.25, 1995-10-16:
651
652 * Errors in the input grammar are not fatal; Bison keeps reading
653 the grammar file, and reports all the errors found in it.
654
655 * Tokens can now be specified as multiple-character strings: for
656 example, you could use "<=" for a token which looks like <=, instead
657 of chosing a name like LESSEQ.
658
659 * The %token_table declaration says to write a table of tokens (names
660 and numbers) into the parser file. The yylex function can use this
661 table to recognize multiple-character string tokens, or for other
662 purposes.
663
664 * The %no_lines declaration says not to generate any #line preprocessor
665 directives in the parser file.
666
667 * The %raw declaration says to use internal Bison token numbers, not
668 Yacc-compatible token numbers, when token names are defined as macros.
669
670 * The --no-parser option produces the parser tables without including
671 the parser engine; a project can now use its own parser engine.
672 The actions go into a separate file called NAME.act, in the form of
673 a switch statement body.
674 \f
675 Changes in version 1.23:
676
677 The user can define YYPARSE_PARAM as the name of an argument to be
678 passed into yyparse. The argument should have type void *. It should
679 actually point to an object. Grammar actions can access the variable
680 by casting it to the proper pointer type.
681
682 Line numbers in output file corrected.
683 \f
684 Changes in version 1.22:
685
686 --help option added.
687 \f
688 Changes in version 1.20:
689
690 Output file does not redefine const for C++.
691
692 Local Variables:
693 mode: outline
694 End:
695
696 -----
697
698 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
699 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
700
701 This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
702
703 Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
704 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
705 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
706 any later version.
707
708 Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
709 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
710 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
711 GNU General Public License for more details.
712
713 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
714 along with autoconf; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
715 the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
716 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.