xnu-7195.101.1.tar.gz

[apple/xnu.git] / bsd / kern / bsd_init.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2020 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 *
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 *
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 *
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 *
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      @(#)init_main.c 8.16 (Berkeley) 5/14/95
 */

/*
 *
 * Mach Operating System
 * Copyright (c) 1987 Carnegie-Mellon University
 * All rights reserved.  The CMU software License Agreement specifies
 * the terms and conditions for use and redistribution.
 */
/*
 * NOTICE: This file was modified by McAfee Research in 2004 to introduce
 * support for mandatory and extensible security protections.  This notice
 * is included in support of clause 2.2 (b) of the Apple Public License,
 * Version 2.0.
 */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/mount_internal.h>
#include <sys/proc_internal.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/vnode_internal.h>
#include <sys/conf.h>
#include <sys/buf_internal.h>
#include <sys/user.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/kasl.h>

#include <security/audit/audit.h>

#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/dkstat.h>
#include <sys/codesign.h>

#include <kern/startup.h>
#include <kern/thread.h>
#include <kern/task.h>
#include <kern/ast.h>
#include <kern/zalloc.h>
#include <kern/ux_handler.h>            /* for ux_handler_setup() */

#include <mach/vm_param.h>

#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>

#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <dev/busvar.h>                 /* for pseudo_inits */
#include <sys/kdebug.h>
#include <sys/monotonic.h>

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/vm_prot.h>
#include <mach/semaphore.h>
#include <mach/sync_policy.h>
#include <kern/clock.h>
#include <sys/csr.h>
#include <mach/kern_return.h>
#include <mach/thread_act.h>            /* for thread_resume() */
#include <sys/mcache.h>                 /* for mcache_init() */
#include <sys/mbuf.h>                   /* for mbinit() */
#include <sys/event.h>                  /* for knote_init() */
#include <sys/eventhandler.h>           /* for eventhandler_init() */
#include <sys/kern_memorystatus.h>      /* for memorystatus_init() */
#include <sys/kern_memorystatus_freeze.h> /* for memorystatus_freeze_init() */
#include <sys/aio_kern.h>               /* for aio_init() */
#include <sys/semaphore.h>              /* for psem_cache_init() */
#include <net/dlil.h>                   /* for dlil_init() */
#include <net/kpi_protocol.h>           /* for proto_kpi_init() */
#include <net/iptap.h>                  /* for iptap_init() */
#include <sys/socketvar.h>              /* for socketinit() */
#include <sys/protosw.h>                /* for domaininit() */
#include <kern/sched_prim.h>            /* for thread_wakeup() */
#include <net/if_ether.h>               /* for ether_family_init() */
#include <net/if_gif.h>                 /* for gif_init() */
#include <miscfs/devfs/devfsdefs.h>     /* for devfs_kernel_mount() */
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>                 /* for kmem_suballoc() */
#include <sys/msgbuf.h>                 /* for log_setsize() */
#include <sys/proc_uuid_policy.h>       /* proc_uuid_policy_init() */
#include <netinet/flow_divert.h>        /* flow_divert_init() */
#include <net/content_filter.h>         /* for cfil_init() */
#include <net/necp.h>                   /* for necp_init() */
#include <net/network_agent.h>          /* for netagent_init() */
#include <net/packet_mangler.h>         /* for pkt_mnglr_init() */
#include <net/if_utun.h>                /* for utun_register_control() */
#include <net/if_ipsec.h>               /* for ipsec_register_control() */
#include <net/net_str_id.h>             /* for net_str_id_init() */
#include <net/netsrc.h>                 /* for netsrc_init() */
#include <net/ntstat.h>                 /* for nstat_init() */
#include <netinet/tcp_cc.h>                     /* for tcp_cc_init() */
#include <netinet/mptcp_var.h>          /* for mptcp_control_register() */
#include <net/nwk_wq.h>                 /* for nwk_wq_init */
#include <net/restricted_in_port.h> /* for restricted_in_port_init() */
#include <kern/assert.h>                /* for assert() */
#include <sys/kern_overrides.h>         /* for init_system_override() */
#include <sys/lockf.h>                  /* for lf_init() */
#include <sys/fsctl.h>

#include <net/init.h>

#if CONFIG_MACF
#include <security/mac_framework.h>
#include <security/mac_internal.h>      /* mac_init_bsd() */
#include <security/mac_mach_internal.h> /* mac_update_task_label() */
#endif

#include <machine/exec.h>

#if CONFIG_NETBOOT
#include <sys/netboot.h>
#endif

#if CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
#include <sys/imageboot.h>
#endif

#if PFLOG
#include <net/if_pflog.h>
#endif


#include <pexpert/pexpert.h>
#include <machine/pal_routines.h>
#include <console/video_console.h>

#if CONFIG_XNUPOST
#include <tests/xnupost.h>
#endif

void * get_user_regs(thread_t);         /* XXX kludge for <machine/thread.h> */
void IOKitInitializeTime(void);         /* XXX */
void IOSleep(unsigned int);             /* XXX */
void loopattach(void);                  /* XXX */

const char *const copyright =
    "Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993\n\t"
    "The Regents of the University of California. "
    "All rights reserved.\n\n";

/* Components of the first process -- never freed. */
struct  proc proc0 = { .p_comm = "kernel_task", .p_name = "kernel_task" };
struct  session session0;
struct  pgrp pgrp0;
struct  filedesc filedesc0;
struct  plimit limit0;
struct  pstats pstats0;
struct  sigacts sigacts0;
SECURITY_READ_ONLY_LATE(proc_t) kernproc = &proc0;
proc_t XNU_PTRAUTH_SIGNED_PTR("initproc") initproc;

long tk_cancc;
long tk_nin;
long tk_nout;
long tk_rawcc;

int lock_trace = 0;
/* Global variables to make pstat happy. We do swapping differently */
int nswdev, nswap;
int nswapmap;
void *swapmap;
struct swdevt swdevt[1];

static LCK_GRP_DECLARE(hostname_lck_grp, "hostname");
LCK_MTX_DECLARE(hostname_lock, &hostname_lck_grp);
LCK_MTX_DECLARE(domainname_lock, &hostname_lck_grp);

dev_t   rootdev;                /* device of the root */
dev_t   dumpdev;                /* device to take dumps on */
long    dumplo;                 /* offset into dumpdev */
long    hostid;
char    hostname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
char    domainname[MAXDOMNAMELEN];
char    rootdevice[DEVMAXNAMESIZE];

struct  vnode *rootvp;
bool rootvp_is_ssd = false;
int boothowto;
int minimalboot = 0;
#if CONFIG_DARKBOOT
int darkboot = 0;
#endif

#if __arm64__
int legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode = LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_IGNORE;
#endif /* __arm64__ */

#if PROC_REF_DEBUG
__private_extern__ int proc_ref_tracking_disabled = 0; /* disable panics on leaked proc refs across syscall boundary */
#endif

extern kern_return_t IOFindBSDRoot(char *, unsigned int, dev_t *, u_int32_t *);
extern void IOSecureBSDRoot(const char * rootName);
extern kern_return_t IOKitBSDInit(void );
extern boolean_t IOSetRecoveryBoot(bsd_bootfail_mode_t, uuid_t, boolean_t);
extern void kminit(void);
extern void bsd_bufferinit(void);
extern void oslog_setsize(int size);
extern void throttle_init(void);

#if CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT
#define LOCKER_PROTOBOOT_MOUNT "/protoboot"

const char kernel_protoboot_mount[] = LOCKER_PROTOBOOT_MOUNT;
extern int mount_locker_protoboot(const char *fsname, const char *mntpoint,
    const char *pbdevpath);
#endif

extern int ncl;
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
extern int syscallfilter_disable;
#endif // DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG

vm_map_t        bsd_pageable_map;
vm_map_t        mb_map;

static  int bsd_simul_execs;
static int bsd_pageable_map_size;
__private_extern__ int execargs_cache_size = 0;
__private_extern__ int execargs_free_count = 0;
__private_extern__ vm_offset_t * execargs_cache = NULL;

void bsd_exec_setup(int);

__private_extern__ int bootarg_execfailurereports = 0;

#if __x86_64__
__private_extern__ int bootarg_no32exec = 1;
#endif
__private_extern__ int bootarg_vnode_cache_defeat = 0;

#if CONFIG_JETSAM && (DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG)
__private_extern__ int bootarg_no_vnode_jetsam = 0;
#endif /* CONFIG_JETSAM && (DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG) */

__private_extern__ int bootarg_no_vnode_drain = 0;

/*
 * Prevent kernel-based ASLR from being used, for testing.
 */
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
__private_extern__ int bootarg_disable_aslr = 0;
#endif


/*
 * Allow an alternate dyld to be used for testing.
 */

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
char dyld_alt_path[MAXPATHLEN];
int use_alt_dyld = 0;
extern uint64_t dyld_flags;
#endif

int     cmask = CMASK;
extern int customnbuf;

kern_return_t bsd_autoconf(void);
void bsd_utaskbootstrap(void);

static void parse_bsd_args(void);
#if CONFIG_DEV_KMEM
extern void dev_kmem_init(void);
#endif
extern void select_waitq_init(void);
static void process_name(const char *, proc_t);

static void setconf(void);

#if CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT
static int bsd_find_basesystem_dmg(char *bsdmgpath_out, bool *rooted_dmg, bool *skip_signature_check);
static boolean_t bsdmgroot_bootable(void);
#endif // CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT

static bool bsd_rooted_ramdisk(void);

#if SYSV_SHM
extern void sysv_shm_lock_init(void);
#endif
#if SYSV_SEM
extern void sysv_sem_lock_init(void);
#endif
#if SYSV_MSG
extern void sysv_msg_lock_init(void);
#endif

extern void ulock_initialize(void);

#if CONFIG_MACF
#if defined (__i386__) || defined (__x86_64__)
/* MACF policy_check configuration flags; see policy_check.c for details */
int policy_check_flags = 0;

extern int check_policy_init(int);
#endif
#endif  /* CONFIG_MACF */

/* If we are using CONFIG_DTRACE */
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
extern void dtrace_postinit(void);
#endif

/*
 * Initialization code.
 * Called from cold start routine as
 * soon as a stack and segmentation
 * have been established.
 * Functions:
 *      turn on clock
 *      hand craft 0th process
 *      call all initialization routines
 *  hand craft 1st user process
 */

/*
 *      Sets the name for the given task.
 */
static void
process_name(const char *s, proc_t p)
{
        strlcpy(p->p_comm, s, sizeof(p->p_comm));
        strlcpy(p->p_name, s, sizeof(p->p_name));
}

/* To allow these values to be patched, they're globals here */
#include <machine/vmparam.h>
struct rlimit vm_initial_limit_stack = { .rlim_cur = DFLSSIZ, .rlim_max = MAXSSIZ - PAGE_MAX_SIZE };
struct rlimit vm_initial_limit_data = { .rlim_cur = DFLDSIZ, .rlim_max = MAXDSIZ };
struct rlimit vm_initial_limit_core = { .rlim_cur = DFLCSIZ, .rlim_max = MAXCSIZ };

extern struct os_refgrp rlimit_refgrp;

extern thread_t cloneproc(task_t, coalition_t, proc_t, int, int);
extern int      (*mountroot)(void);

LCK_ATTR_DECLARE(proc_lck_attr, 0, 0);
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_lck_grp, "proc");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_slock_grp, "proc-slock");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_fdmlock_grp, "proc-fdmlock");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_mlock_grp, "proc-mlock");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_ucred_mlock_grp, "proc-ucred-mlock");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_dirslock_grp, "proc-dirslock");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_kqhashlock_grp, "proc-kqhashlock");
LCK_GRP_DECLARE(proc_knhashlock_grp, "proc-knhashlock");


LCK_MTX_DECLARE_ATTR(proc_list_mlock, &proc_mlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);

#if XNU_TARGET_OS_OSX
/* hook called after root is mounted XXX temporary hack */
void (*mountroot_post_hook)(void);
void (*unmountroot_pre_hook)(void);
#endif
void set_rootvnode(vnode_t);

extern lck_rw_t rootvnode_rw_lock;

/* called with an iocount and usecount on new_rootvnode */
void
set_rootvnode(vnode_t new_rootvnode)
{
        mount_t new_mount = (new_rootvnode != NULL) ? new_rootvnode->v_mount : NULL;
        vnode_t new_devvp = (new_mount != NULL) ? new_mount->mnt_devvp : NULL;
        vnode_t old_rootvnode = rootvnode;

        new_rootvnode->v_flag |= VROOT;
        rootvp = new_devvp;
        rootvnode = new_rootvnode;
        filedesc0.fd_cdir = new_rootvnode;
        if (new_devvp != NULL) {
                rootdev = vnode_specrdev(new_devvp);
        } else if (new_mount != NULL) {
                rootdev = vfs_statfs(new_mount)->f_fsid.val[0];  /* like ATTR_CMN_DEVID */
        } else {
                rootdev = NODEV;
        }

        if (old_rootvnode) {
                vnode_rele(old_rootvnode);
        }
}

#define RAMDEV "md0"

bool
bsd_rooted_ramdisk(void)
{
        bool is_ramdisk = false;
        char *dev_path = zalloc(ZV_NAMEI);
        if (dev_path == NULL) {
                panic("failed to allocate devpath string! \n");
        }

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("rd", dev_path, MAXPATHLEN)) {
                if (strncmp(dev_path, RAMDEV, strlen(RAMDEV)) == 0) {
                        is_ramdisk = true;
                }
        }

        zfree(ZV_NAMEI, dev_path);
        return is_ramdisk;
}

/*
 * This function is called very early on in the Mach startup, from the
 * function start_kernel_threads() in osfmk/kern/startup.c.  It's called
 * in the context of the current (startup) task using a call to the
 * function kernel_thread_create() to jump into start_kernel_threads().
 * Internally, kernel_thread_create() calls thread_create_internal(),
 * which calls uthread_alloc().  The function of uthread_alloc() is
 * normally to allocate a uthread structure, and fill out the uu_sigmask,
 * uu_context fields.  It skips filling these out in the case of the "task"
 * being "kernel_task", because the order of operation is inverted.  To
 * account for that, we need to manually fill in at least the contents
 * of the uu_context.vc_ucred field so that the uthread structure can be
 * used like any other.
 */

void
bsd_init(void)
{
        struct uthread *ut;
        unsigned int i;
        struct vfs_context context;
        kern_return_t   ret;
        struct ucred temp_cred;
        struct posix_cred temp_pcred;
        vnode_t init_rootvnode = NULLVP;
#if CONFIG_NETBOOT || CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
        boolean_t       netboot = FALSE;
#endif
#if CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT
        vnode_t pbvn = NULLVP;
        mount_t pbmnt = NULL;
        char *pbdevp = NULL;
        char pbdevpath[64];
        char pbfsname[MFSNAMELEN];
        const char *slash_dev = NULL;
#endif

#define DEBUG_BSDINIT 0

#if DEBUG_BSDINIT
#define bsd_init_kprintf(x, ...) kprintf("bsd_init: " x, ## __VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define bsd_init_kprintf(x, ...)
#endif

        throttle_init();

        printf(copyright);

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling parse_bsd_args\n");
        parse_bsd_args();

#if CONFIG_DEV_KMEM
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling dev_kmem_init\n");
        dev_kmem_init();
#endif

        /* Initialize kauth subsystem before instancing the first credential */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kauth_init\n");
        kauth_init();

        /* Initialize process and pgrp structures. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling procinit\n");
        procinit();

        /* kernel_task->proc = kernproc; */
        set_bsdtask_info(kernel_task, (void *)kernproc);

        /* give kernproc a name */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling process_name\n");
        process_name("kernel_task", kernproc);

        /* Allocate proc lock attribute */

        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_mlock, &proc_mlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_fdmlock, &proc_fdmlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_ucred_mlock, &proc_ucred_mlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        lck_spin_init(&kernproc->p_slock, &proc_slock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        lck_rw_init(&kernproc->p_dirs_lock, &proc_dirslock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);

        assert(bsd_simul_execs != 0);
        execargs_cache_size = bsd_simul_execs;
        execargs_free_count = bsd_simul_execs;
        execargs_cache = zalloc_permanent(bsd_simul_execs * sizeof(vm_offset_t),
            ZALIGN(vm_offset_t));

        if (current_task() != kernel_task) {
                printf("bsd_init: We have a problem, "
                    "current task is not kernel task\n");
        }

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling get_bsdthread_info\n");
        ut = (uthread_t)get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());

#if CONFIG_MACF
        /*
         * Initialize the MAC Framework
         */
        mac_policy_initbsd();

#if defined (__i386__) || defined (__x86_64__)
        /*
         * We currently only support this on i386/x86_64, as that is the
         * only lock code we have instrumented so far.
         */
        check_policy_init(policy_check_flags);
#endif
#endif /* MAC */

        ulock_initialize();

        /*
         * Create process 0.
         */
        proc_list_lock();
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&allproc, kernproc, p_list);
        kernproc->p_pgrp = &pgrp0;
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(PGRPHASH(0), &pgrp0, pg_hash);
        LIST_INIT(&pgrp0.pg_members);
        lck_mtx_init(&pgrp0.pg_mlock, &proc_mlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        /* There is no other bsd thread this point and is safe without pgrp lock */
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&pgrp0.pg_members, kernproc, p_pglist);
        kernproc->p_listflag |= P_LIST_INPGRP;
        kernproc->p_pgrpid = 0;
        kernproc->p_uniqueid = 0;

        pgrp0.pg_session = &session0;
        pgrp0.pg_membercnt = 1;

        session0.s_count = 1;
        session0.s_leader = kernproc;
        session0.s_listflags = 0;
        lck_mtx_init(&session0.s_mlock, &proc_mlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(SESSHASH(0), &session0, s_hash);
        proc_list_unlock();

#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
        kernproc->p_persona = NULL;
#endif

        kernproc->task = kernel_task;

        kernproc->p_stat = SRUN;
        kernproc->p_flag = P_SYSTEM;
        kernproc->p_lflag = 0;
        kernproc->p_ladvflag = 0;

#if defined(__LP64__)
        kernproc->p_flag |= P_LP64;
#endif

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (bootarg_disable_aslr) {
                kernproc->p_flag |= P_DISABLE_ASLR;
        }
#endif

        kernproc->p_nice = NZERO;
        kernproc->p_pptr = kernproc;

        TAILQ_INIT(&kernproc->p_uthlist);
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&kernproc->p_uthlist, ut, uu_list);

        kernproc->sigwait = FALSE;
        kernproc->sigwait_thread = THREAD_NULL;
        kernproc->exit_thread = THREAD_NULL;
        kernproc->p_csflags = CS_VALID;

        /*
         * Create credential.  This also Initializes the audit information.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bzero\n");
        bzero(&temp_cred, sizeof(temp_cred));
        bzero(&temp_pcred, sizeof(temp_pcred));
        temp_pcred.cr_ngroups = 1;
        /* kern_proc, shouldn't call up to DS for group membership */
        temp_pcred.cr_flags = CRF_NOMEMBERD;
        temp_cred.cr_audit.as_aia_p = audit_default_aia_p;

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kauth_cred_create\n");
        /*
         * We have to label the temp cred before we create from it to
         * properly set cr_ngroups, or the create will fail.
         */
        posix_cred_label(&temp_cred, &temp_pcred);
        kernproc->p_ucred = kauth_cred_create(&temp_cred);

        /* update cred on proc */
        PROC_UPDATE_CREDS_ONPROC(kernproc);

        /* give the (already exisiting) initial thread a reference on it */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kauth_cred_ref\n");
        kauth_cred_ref(kernproc->p_ucred);
        ut->uu_context.vc_ucred = kernproc->p_ucred;
        ut->uu_context.vc_thread = current_thread();

        vfs_set_context_kernel(&ut->uu_context);

        TAILQ_INIT(&kernproc->p_aio_activeq);
        TAILQ_INIT(&kernproc->p_aio_doneq);
        kernproc->p_aio_total_count = 0;

#if CONFIG_MACF
        mac_cred_label_associate_kernel(kernproc->p_ucred);
#endif

        /* Create the file descriptor table. */
        kernproc->p_fd = &filedesc0;
        filedesc0.fd_cmask = (mode_t)cmask;
        filedesc0.fd_knlistsize = 0;
        filedesc0.fd_knlist = NULL;
        filedesc0.fd_knhash = NULL;
        filedesc0.fd_knhashmask = 0;
        lck_mtx_init(&filedesc0.fd_kqhashlock, &proc_kqhashlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&filedesc0.fd_knhashlock, &proc_knhashlock_grp, &proc_lck_attr);

        /* Create the limits structures. */
        kernproc->p_limit = &limit0;
        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(kernproc->p_limit->pl_rlimit) / sizeof(kernproc->p_limit->pl_rlimit[0]); i++) {
                limit0.pl_rlimit[i].rlim_cur =
                    limit0.pl_rlimit[i].rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
        }
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE].rlim_cur = NOFILE;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_cur = maxprocperuid;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_max = maxproc;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK] = vm_initial_limit_stack;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA] = vm_initial_limit_data;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE] = vm_initial_limit_core;
        os_ref_init_count(&limit0.pl_refcnt, &rlimit_refgrp, 1);

        kernproc->p_stats = &pstats0;
        kernproc->p_sigacts = &sigacts0;
        kernproc->p_subsystem_root_path = NULL;

        /*
         * Charge root for one process: launchd.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling chgproccnt\n");
        (void)chgproccnt(0, 1);

        /*
         *      Allocate a kernel submap for pageable memory
         *      for temporary copying (execve()).
         */
        {
                vm_offset_t     minimum;

                bsd_init_kprintf("calling kmem_suballoc\n");
                assert(bsd_pageable_map_size != 0);
                ret = kmem_suballoc(kernel_map,
                    &minimum,
                    (vm_size_t)bsd_pageable_map_size,
                    TRUE,
                    VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                    VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE,
                    VM_KERN_MEMORY_BSD,
                    &bsd_pageable_map);
                if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        panic("bsd_init: Failed to allocate bsd pageable map");
                }
        }

        /*
         * Initialize buffers and hash links for buffers
         *
         * SIDE EFFECT: Starts a thread for bcleanbuf_thread(), so must
         *              happen after a credential has been associated with
         *              the kernel task.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bsd_bufferinit\n");
        bsd_bufferinit();

        /*
         * Initialize the calendar.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling IOKitInitializeTime\n");
        IOKitInitializeTime();

        /* Initialize the file systems. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling vfsinit\n");
        vfsinit();

#if CONFIG_PROC_UUID_POLICY
        /* Initial proc_uuid_policy subsystem */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling proc_uuid_policy_init()\n");
        proc_uuid_policy_init();
#endif

#if SOCKETS
        /* Initialize per-CPU cache allocator */
        mcache_init();

        /* Initialize mbuf's. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling mbinit\n");
        mbinit();
        net_str_id_init(); /* for mbuf tags */
        restricted_in_port_init();
#endif /* SOCKETS */

        /*
         * Initializes security event auditing.
         * XXX: Should/could this occur later?
         */
#if CONFIG_AUDIT
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling audit_init\n");
        audit_init();
#endif

        /* Initialize kqueues */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling knote_init\n");
        knote_init();

        /* Initialize event handler */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling eventhandler_init\n");
        eventhandler_init();

        /* Initialize for async IO */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling aio_init\n");
        aio_init();

        pthread_init();
        /* POSIX Shm and Sem */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling pshm_cache_init\n");
        pshm_cache_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling psem_cache_init\n");
        psem_cache_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling select_waitq_init\n");
        select_waitq_init();

        /*
         * Initialize protocols.  Block reception of incoming packets
         * until everything is ready.
         */
#if NETWORKING
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling nwk_wq_init\n");
        nwk_wq_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling dlil_init\n");
        dlil_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling proto_kpi_init\n");
        proto_kpi_init();
#endif /* NETWORKING */
#if SOCKETS
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling socketinit\n");
        socketinit();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling domaininit\n");
        domaininit();
        iptap_init();
#if FLOW_DIVERT
        flow_divert_init();
#endif  /* FLOW_DIVERT */
#endif /* SOCKETS */
#if NETWORKING
#if NECP
        /* Initialize Network Extension Control Policies */
        necp_init();
#endif
        netagent_init();
#endif /* NETWORKING */
        kernproc->p_fd->fd_cdir = NULL;
        kernproc->p_fd->fd_rdir = NULL;

#if defined (__x86_64__) && (DEBUG || DEVELOPMENT)
        hvg_bsd_init();
#endif /* DEBUG || DEVELOPMENT */

#if CONFIG_FREEZE
#ifndef CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
    #error "CONFIG_FREEZE defined without matching CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS"
#endif
        /* Initialise background freezing */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling memorystatus_freeze_init\n");
        memorystatus_freeze_init();
#endif

#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
        /* Initialize kernel memory status notifications */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling memorystatus_init\n");
        memorystatus_init();
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS */

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling sysctl_mib_init\n");
        sysctl_mib_init();

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bsd_autoconf\n");
        bsd_autoconf();

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        dtrace_postinit();
#endif

        /*
         * We attach the loopback interface *way* down here to ensure
         * it happens after autoconf(), otherwise it becomes the
         * "primary" interface.
         */
#include <loop.h>
#if NLOOP > 0
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling loopattach\n");
        loopattach();                   /* XXX */
#endif
#if NGIF
        /* Initialize gif interface (after lo0) */
        gif_init();
#endif

#if PFLOG
        /* Initialize packet filter log interface */
        pfloginit();
#endif /* PFLOG */

#if NETHER > 0
        /* Register the built-in dlil ethernet interface family */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling ether_family_init\n");
        ether_family_init();
#endif /* ETHER */

#if NETWORKING
#if CONTENT_FILTER
        cfil_init();
#endif

#if PACKET_MANGLER
        pkt_mnglr_init();
#endif

        /*
         * Register subsystems with kernel control handlers
         */
        utun_register_control();
#if IPSEC
        ipsec_register_control();
#endif /* IPSEC */
        netsrc_init();
        nstat_init();
        tcp_cc_init();
#if MPTCP
        mptcp_control_register();
#endif /* MPTCP */

        /*
         * The the networking stack is now initialized so it is a good time to call
         * the clients that are waiting for the networking stack to be usable.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling net_init_run\n");
        net_init_run();
#endif /* NETWORKING */

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling inittodr\n");
        inittodr(0);

        /* Mount the root file system. */
        while (TRUE) {
                int err;

                bsd_init_kprintf("calling setconf\n");
                setconf();
#if CONFIG_NETBOOT
                netboot = (mountroot == netboot_mountroot);
#endif

                bsd_init_kprintf("vfs_mountroot\n");
                if (0 == (err = vfs_mountroot())) {
                        break;
                }
                rootdevice[0] = '\0';
#if CONFIG_NETBOOT
                if (netboot) {
                        PE_display_icon( 0, "noroot");  /* XXX a netboot-specific icon would be nicer */
                        vc_progress_set(FALSE, 0);
                        for (i = 1; 1; i *= 2) {
                                printf("bsd_init: failed to mount network root, error %d, %s\n",
                                    err, PE_boot_args());
                                printf("We are hanging here...\n");
                                IOSleep(i * 60 * 1000);
                        }
                        /*NOTREACHED*/
                }
#endif
                printf("cannot mount root, errno = %d\n", err);
                boothowto |= RB_ASKNAME;
        }

        IOSecureBSDRoot(rootdevice);

        context.vc_thread = current_thread();
        context.vc_ucred = kernproc->p_ucred;
        mountlist.tqh_first->mnt_flag |= MNT_ROOTFS;

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling VFS_ROOT\n");
        /* Get the vnode for '/'.  Set fdp->fd_fd.fd_cdir to reference it. */
        if (VFS_ROOT(mountlist.tqh_first, &init_rootvnode, &context)) {
                panic("bsd_init: cannot find root vnode: %s", PE_boot_args());
        }
        (void)vnode_ref(init_rootvnode);
        (void)vnode_put(init_rootvnode);

        lck_rw_lock_exclusive(&rootvnode_rw_lock);
        set_rootvnode(init_rootvnode);
        lck_rw_unlock_exclusive(&rootvnode_rw_lock);
        init_rootvnode = NULLVP;  /* use rootvnode after this point */


        if (!bsd_rooted_ramdisk()) {
#if CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
#if XNU_TARGET_OS_OSX && defined(__arm64__)
                /* Apple Silicon MacOS */
                if (!imageboot_desired()) {
                        /* enforce sealedness */
                        int autherr = VNOP_IOCTL(rootvnode, FSIOC_KERNEL_ROOTAUTH, NULL, 0, vfs_context_kernel());
                        if (autherr) {
                                panic("rootvp not authenticated after mounting \n");
                        }
                }
#endif // TARGET_OS_OSX && arm64
#endif // config_imageboot
                /* Otherwise, noop */
        }


#if CONFIG_NETBOOT
        if (netboot) {
                int err;

                netboot = TRUE;
                /* post mount setup */
                if ((err = netboot_setup()) != 0) {
                        PE_display_icon( 0, "noroot");  /* XXX a netboot-specific icon would be nicer */
                        vc_progress_set(FALSE, 0);
                        for (i = 1; 1; i *= 2) {
                                printf("bsd_init: NetBoot could not find root, error %d: %s\n",
                                    err, PE_boot_args());
                                printf("We are hanging here...\n");
                                IOSleep(i * 60 * 1000);
                        }
                        /*NOTREACHED*/
                }
        }
#endif


#if CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
#if CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT
        /*
         * Stash the protoboot vnode, mount, filesystem name, and device name for
         * later use. Note that the mount-from name may not have the "/dev/"
         * component, so we must sniff out this condition and add it as needed.
         */
        pbvn = rootvnode;
        pbmnt = pbvn->v_mount;
        pbdevp = vfs_statfs(pbmnt)->f_mntfromname;
        slash_dev = strnstr(pbdevp, "/dev/", strlen(pbdevp));
        if (slash_dev) {
                /*
                 * If the old root is a snapshot mount, it will have the form:
                 *
                 *     com.apple.os.update-<boot manifest hash>@<dev node path>
                 *
                 * So we just search the mntfromname for any occurrence of "/dev/" and
                 * grab that as the device path. The image boot code needs a dev node to
                 * do the re-mount, so we cannot directly mount the snapshot as the
                 * protoboot volume currently.
                 */
                strlcpy(pbdevpath, slash_dev, sizeof(pbdevpath));
        } else {
                snprintf(pbdevpath, sizeof(pbdevpath), "/dev/%s", pbdevp);
        }

        bsd_init_kprintf("protoboot mount-from: %s\n", pbdevp);
        bsd_init_kprintf("protoboot dev path: %s\n", pbdevpath);

        strlcpy(pbfsname, pbmnt->mnt_vtable->vfc_name, sizeof(pbfsname));
#endif

        /*
         * See if a system disk image is present. If so, mount it and
         * switch the root vnode to point to it
         */
        imageboot_type_t imageboot_type = imageboot_needed();
        if (netboot == FALSE && imageboot_type) {
                /*
                 * An image was found.  No turning back: we're booted
                 * with a kernel from the disk image.
                 */
                bsd_init_kprintf("doing image boot: type = %d\n", imageboot_type);
                imageboot_setup(imageboot_type);
        }

#if CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT
        if (imageboot_type == IMAGEBOOT_LOCKER) {
                bsd_init_kprintf("booting from locker\n");
                if (vnode_tag(rootvnode) != VT_LOCKERFS) {
                        panic("root filesystem not a locker: fsname = %s",
                            rootvnode->v_mount->mnt_vtable->vfc_name);
                }
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT */
#endif /* CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT */

        /* set initial time; all other resource data is  already zero'ed */
        microtime_with_abstime(&kernproc->p_start, &kernproc->p_stats->ps_start);

#if DEVFS
        {
                char mounthere[] = "/dev"; /* !const because of internal casting */

                bsd_init_kprintf("calling devfs_kernel_mount\n");
                devfs_kernel_mount(mounthere);
        }
#endif /* DEVFS */

#if CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT
#if CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
        if (bsdmgroot_bootable()) {
                int error;
                bool rooted_dmg = false;
                bool skip_signature_check = false;

                printf("trying to find and mount BaseSystem dmg as root volume\n");
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                printf("(set boot-arg -nobsdmgroot to avoid this)\n");
#endif // DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG

                char *dmgpath = NULL;
                dmgpath = zalloc_flags(ZV_NAMEI, Z_ZERO | Z_WAITOK);
                if (dmgpath == NULL) {
                        panic("%s: M_NAMEI zone exhausted", __FUNCTION__);
                }

                error = bsd_find_basesystem_dmg(dmgpath, &rooted_dmg, &skip_signature_check);
                if (error) {
                        bsd_init_kprintf("failed to to find BaseSystem dmg: error = %d\n", error);
                } else {
                        PE_parse_boot_argn("bsdmgpath", dmgpath, sizeof(dmgpath));

                        bsd_init_kprintf("found BaseSystem dmg at: %s\n", dmgpath);

                        error = imageboot_pivot_image(dmgpath, IMAGEBOOT_DMG, "/System/Volumes/BaseSystem", "System/Volumes/macOS", rooted_dmg, skip_signature_check);
                        if (error) {
                                bsd_init_kprintf("couldn't mount BaseSystem dmg: error = %d", error);
                        }
                }
                zfree(ZV_NAMEI, dmgpath);
        }
#else /* CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT */
#error CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT requires CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
#endif /* CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT */
#endif /* CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT */

#if CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT
        /*
         * We need to wait until devfs is up before remounting the protoboot volume
         * within the locker so that it can have a real devfs vnode backing it.
         */
        if (imageboot_type == IMAGEBOOT_LOCKER) {
                bsd_init_kprintf("re-mounting protoboot volume\n");
                int error = mount_locker_protoboot(pbfsname, LOCKER_PROTOBOOT_MOUNT,
                    pbdevpath);
                if (error) {
                        panic("failed to mount protoboot volume: dev path = %s, error = %d",
                            pbdevpath, error);
                }
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_LOCKERBOOT */

        /* Initialize signal state for process 0. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling siginit\n");
        siginit(kernproc);

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bsd_utaskbootstrap\n");
        bsd_utaskbootstrap();

        pal_kernel_announce();

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling mountroot_post_hook\n");

#if XNU_TARGET_OS_OSX
        /* invoke post-root-mount hook */
        if (mountroot_post_hook != NULL) {
                mountroot_post_hook();
        }
#endif

#if 0 /* not yet */
        consider_zone_gc(FALSE);
#endif

        bsd_init_kprintf("done\n");
}

void
bsdinit_task(void)
{
        proc_t p = current_proc();

        process_name("init", p);

        /* Set up exception-to-signal reflection */
        ux_handler_setup();

#if CONFIG_MACF
        mac_cred_label_associate_user(p->p_ucred);
#endif

        vm_init_before_launchd();

#if CONFIG_XNUPOST
        int result = bsd_list_tests();
        result = bsd_do_post();
        if (result != 0) {
                panic("bsd_do_post: Tests failed with result = 0x%08x\n", result);
        }
#endif

        bsd_init_kprintf("bsd_do_post - done");

        load_init_program(p);
        lock_trace = 1;
}

kern_return_t
bsd_autoconf(void)
{
        kprintf("bsd_autoconf: calling kminit\n");
        kminit();

        /*
         * Early startup for bsd pseudodevices.
         */
        {
                struct pseudo_init *pi;

                for (pi = pseudo_inits; pi->ps_func; pi++) {
                        (*pi->ps_func)(pi->ps_count);
                }
        }

        return IOKitBSDInit();
}


#include <sys/disklabel.h>  /* for MAXPARTITIONS */

static void
setconf(void)
{
        u_int32_t       flags;
        kern_return_t   err;

        err = IOFindBSDRoot(rootdevice, sizeof(rootdevice), &rootdev, &flags);
        if (err) {
                printf("setconf: IOFindBSDRoot returned an error (%d);"
                    "setting rootdevice to 'sd0a'.\n", err);     /* XXX DEBUG TEMP */
                rootdev = makedev( 6, 0 );
                strlcpy(rootdevice, "sd0a", sizeof(rootdevice));
                flags = 0;
        }

#if CONFIG_NETBOOT
        if (flags & 1) {
                /* network device */
                mountroot = netboot_mountroot;
        } else {
#endif
        /* otherwise have vfs determine root filesystem */
        mountroot = NULL;
#if CONFIG_NETBOOT
}
#endif
}

/*
 * Boot into the flavor of Recovery dictated by `mode`.
 */
boolean_t
bsd_boot_to_recovery(bsd_bootfail_mode_t mode, uuid_t volume_uuid, boolean_t reboot)
{
        return IOSetRecoveryBoot(mode, volume_uuid, reboot);
}

void
bsd_utaskbootstrap(void)
{
        thread_t thread;
        struct uthread *ut;

        /*
         * Clone the bootstrap process from the kernel process, without
         * inheriting either task characteristics or memory from the kernel;
         */
        thread = cloneproc(TASK_NULL, COALITION_NULL, kernproc, FALSE, TRUE);

        /* Hold the reference as it will be dropped during shutdown */
        initproc = proc_find(1);
#if __PROC_INTERNAL_DEBUG
        if (initproc == PROC_NULL) {
                panic("bsd_utaskbootstrap: initproc not set\n");
        }
#endif

        zalloc_first_proc_made();

        /*
         * Since we aren't going back out the normal way to our parent,
         * we have to drop the transition locks explicitly.
         */
        proc_signalend(initproc, 0);
        proc_transend(initproc, 0);

        ut = (struct uthread *)get_bsdthread_info(thread);
        ut->uu_sigmask = 0;
        act_set_astbsd(thread);
        task_clear_return_wait(get_threadtask(thread), TCRW_CLEAR_ALL_WAIT);
}

static void
parse_bsd_args(void)
{
        char namep[48];
        int msgbuf;

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-s", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                boothowto |= RB_SINGLE;
        }

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-x", namep, sizeof(namep))) { /* safe boot */
                boothowto |= RB_SAFEBOOT;
        }

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-minimalboot", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                /*
                 * -minimalboot indicates that we want userspace to be bootstrapped to a
                 * minimal environment.  What constitutes minimal is up to the bootstrap
                 * process.
                 */
                minimalboot = 1;
        }

#if __x86_64__
        int no32exec;

        /* disable 32 bit grading */
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("no32exec", &no32exec, sizeof(no32exec))) {
                bootarg_no32exec = !!no32exec;
        }
#endif

        int execfailure_crashreports;
        /* enable crash reports on various exec failures */
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("execfailurecrashes", &execfailure_crashreports, sizeof(execfailure_crashreports))) {
                bootarg_execfailurereports = !!execfailure_crashreports;
        }

        /* disable vnode_cache_is_authorized() by setting vnode_cache_defeat */
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-vnode_cache_defeat", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                bootarg_vnode_cache_defeat = 1;
        }

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-disable_aslr", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                bootarg_disable_aslr = 1;
        }
#endif



        PE_parse_boot_argn("ncl", &ncl, sizeof(ncl));
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("nbuf", &max_nbuf_headers,
            sizeof(max_nbuf_headers))) {
                customnbuf = 1;
        }

#if CONFIG_MACF
#if defined (__i386__) || defined (__x86_64__)
        PE_parse_boot_argn("policy_check", &policy_check_flags, sizeof(policy_check_flags));
#endif
#endif  /* CONFIG_MACF */

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("msgbuf", &msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf))) {
                log_setsize(msgbuf);
                oslog_setsize(msgbuf);
        }

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-novfscache", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                nc_disabled = 1;
        }

#if CONFIG_JETSAM && (DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG)
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-no_vnode_jetsam", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                bootarg_no_vnode_jetsam = 1;
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_JETSAM && (DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG) */

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-no_vnode_drain", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                bootarg_no_vnode_drain = 1;
        }

#if CONFIG_DARKBOOT
        /*
         * The darkboot flag is specified by the bootloader and is stored in
         * boot_args->bootFlags. This flag is available starting revision 2.
         */
        boot_args *args = (boot_args *) PE_state.bootArgs;
        if ((args != NULL) && (args->Revision >= kBootArgsRevision2)) {
                darkboot = (args->bootFlags & kBootFlagsDarkBoot) ? 1 : 0;
        } else {
                darkboot = 0;
        }
#endif

#if PROC_REF_DEBUG
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-disable_procref_tracking", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                proc_ref_tracking_disabled = 1;
        }
#endif

        PE_parse_boot_argn("sigrestrict", &sigrestrict_arg, sizeof(sigrestrict_arg));

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-no_sigsys", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                send_sigsys = false;
        }

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("alt-dyld", dyld_alt_path, sizeof(dyld_alt_path))) {
                if (strlen(dyld_alt_path) > 0) {
                        use_alt_dyld = 1;
                }
        }
        PE_parse_boot_argn("dyld_flags", &dyld_flags, sizeof(dyld_flags));

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-disable_syscallfilter", &namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                syscallfilter_disable = 1;
        }

#if __arm64__
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode", &legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode, sizeof(legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode))) {
                /*
                 * legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode specifies the behavior we want associated
                 * with the entitlement. The supported modes are:
                 *
                 * LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_IGNORE:
                 *      Indicates that we want every process to have the memory accounting
                 *      that is available in iOS 12.0 and beyond.
                 *
                 * LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_IOS11_ACCT:
                 *      Indicates that for every process that has the 'legacy footprint entitlement',
                 *      we want to give it the old iOS 11.0 accounting behavior which accounted some
                 *      of the process's memory to the kernel.
                 *
                 * LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_LIMIT_INCREASE:
                 *      Indicates that for every process that has the 'legacy footprint entitlement',
                 *      we want it to have a higher memory limit which will help them acclimate to the
                 *      iOS 12.0 (& beyond) accounting behavior that does the right accounting.
                 *      The bonus added to the system-wide task limit to calculate this higher memory limit
                 *      is available in legacy_footprint_bonus_mb.
                 */

                if (legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode < LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_IGNORE ||
                    legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode > LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_LIMIT_INCREASE) {
                        legacy_footprint_entitlement_mode = LEGACY_FOOTPRINT_ENTITLEMENT_LIMIT_INCREASE;
                }
        }
#endif /* __arm64__ */
#endif /* DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG */
}

#if CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT

extern const char* IOGetBootUUID(void);
extern const char* IOGetApfsPrebootUUID(void);

// Get the UUID of the Preboot (and Recovery) folder associated with the
// current boot volume, if applicable. The meaning of the UUID can be
// filesystem-dependent and not all kinds of boots will have a UUID.
// If available, the string will be returned. It does not need to be
// deallocate. (Future: if we need to return the string as a copy that the
// caller must free, we'll introduce a new functcion for that.)
// NULL will be returned if the current boot has no applicable Preboot UUID.
static
const char *
get_preboot_uuid(void)
{
        const char *maybe_uuid_string;

        // try IOGetApfsPrebootUUID
        maybe_uuid_string = IOGetApfsPrebootUUID();
        if (maybe_uuid_string) {
                uuid_t maybe_uuid;
                int error = uuid_parse(maybe_uuid_string, maybe_uuid);
                if (error == 0) {
                        return maybe_uuid_string;
                }
        }

        // try IOGetBootUUID
        maybe_uuid_string = IOGetBootUUID();
        if (maybe_uuid_string) {
                uuid_t maybe_uuid;
                int error = uuid_parse(maybe_uuid_string, maybe_uuid);
                if (error == 0) {
                        return maybe_uuid_string;
                }
        }

        // didn't find it
        return NULL;
}

#if defined(__arm64__)
extern const char *IOGetBootObjectsPath(void);
#endif

// Find the BaseSystem.dmg to be used as the initial root volume during certain
// kinds of boots.
// This may mount volumes and lookup vnodes.
// The DEVELOPMENT kernel will look for BaseSystem.rooted.dmg first.
// If it returns 0 (no error), then it also writes the absolute path to the
// BaseSystem.dmg into its argument (which must be a char[MAXPATHLEN]).
static
int
bsd_find_basesystem_dmg(char *bsdmgpath_out, bool *rooted_dmg, bool *skip_signature_check)
{
        int error;
        size_t len;
        char *dmgbasepath;
        char *dmgpath;
        bool allow_rooted_dmg = false;

        dmgbasepath = zalloc_flags(ZV_NAMEI, Z_ZERO | Z_WAITOK);
        dmgpath = zalloc_flags(ZV_NAMEI, Z_ZERO | Z_WAITOK);
        vnode_t imagevp = NULLVP;

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        allow_rooted_dmg = true;
#endif

        //must provide output bool
        if (rooted_dmg && skip_signature_check) {
                *rooted_dmg = false;
                *skip_signature_check = false;
        } else {
                error = EINVAL;
                goto done;
        }

        error = vfs_mount_recovery();
        if (error) {
                goto done;
        }

        len = strlcpy(dmgbasepath, "/System/Volumes/Recovery/", MAXPATHLEN);
        if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                goto done;
        }

        if (csr_check(CSR_ALLOW_ANY_RECOVERY_OS) == 0) {
                *skip_signature_check = true;
                allow_rooted_dmg = true;
        }

#if defined(__arm64__)
        const char *boot_obj_path = IOGetBootObjectsPath();
        if (boot_obj_path) {
                if (boot_obj_path[0] == '/') {
                        dmgbasepath[len - 1] = '\0';
                }

                len = strlcat(dmgbasepath, boot_obj_path, MAXPATHLEN);
                if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                        error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                        goto done;
                }

                len = strlcat(dmgbasepath, "/usr/standalone/firmware/", MAXPATHLEN);
                if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                        error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                        goto done;
                }

                if (allow_rooted_dmg) {
                        len = strlcpy(dmgpath, dmgbasepath, MAXPATHLEN);
                        if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                                error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                                goto done;
                        }

                        len = strlcat(dmgpath, "arm64eBaseSystem.rooted.dmg", MAXPATHLEN);
                        if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                                error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                                goto done;
                        }

                        error = vnode_lookup(dmgpath, 0, &imagevp, vfs_context_kernel());
                        if (error == 0) {
                                *rooted_dmg = true;
                                *skip_signature_check = true;
                                goto done;
                        }
                        memset(dmgpath, 0, MAXPATHLEN);
                }

                len = strlcpy(dmgpath, dmgbasepath, MAXPATHLEN);
                if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                        error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                        goto done;
                }

                len = strlcat(dmgpath, "arm64eBaseSystem.dmg", MAXPATHLEN);
                if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                        error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                        goto done;
                }

                error = vnode_lookup(dmgpath, 0, &imagevp, vfs_context_kernel());
                if (error == 0) {
                        goto done;
                }
                memset(dmgpath, 0, MAXPATHLEN);
                dmgbasepath[strlen("/System/Volumes/Recovery/")] = '\0';
        }
#endif // __arm64__

        const char *preboot_uuid = get_preboot_uuid();
        if (preboot_uuid == NULL) {
                // no preboot? bail out
                return EINVAL;
        }

        len = strlcat(dmgbasepath, preboot_uuid, MAXPATHLEN);
        if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                goto done;
        }

        if (allow_rooted_dmg) {
                // Try BaseSystem.rooted.dmg
                len = strlcpy(dmgpath, dmgbasepath, MAXPATHLEN);
                if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                        error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                        goto done;
                }

                len = strlcat(dmgpath, "/BaseSystem.rooted.dmg", MAXPATHLEN);
                if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                        error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                        goto done;
                }

                error = vnode_lookup(dmgpath, 0, &imagevp, vfs_context_kernel());
                if (error == 0) {
                        // we found it! success!
                        *rooted_dmg = true;
                        *skip_signature_check = true;
                        goto done;
                }
        }

        // Try BaseSystem.dmg
        len = strlcpy(dmgpath, dmgbasepath, MAXPATHLEN);
        if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                goto done;
        }

        len = strlcat(dmgpath, "/BaseSystem.dmg", MAXPATHLEN);
        if (len > MAXPATHLEN) {
                error = ENAMETOOLONG;
                goto done;
        }

        error = vnode_lookup(dmgpath, 0, &imagevp, vfs_context_kernel());
        if (error == 0) {
                // success!
                goto done;
        }

done:
        if (error == 0) {
                strlcpy(bsdmgpath_out, dmgpath, MAXPATHLEN);
        } else {
                bsd_init_kprintf("%s: error %d\n", __func__, error);
        }
        if (imagevp != NULLVP) {
                vnode_put(imagevp);
        }
        zfree(ZV_NAMEI, dmgpath);
        zfree(ZV_NAMEI, dmgbasepath);
        return error;
}

static boolean_t
bsdmgroot_bootable(void)
{
#if defined(__arm64__)
#define BSDMGROOT_DEFAULT true
#else
#define BSDMGROOT_DEFAULT false
#endif

        boolean_t resolved = BSDMGROOT_DEFAULT;

        boolean_t boot_arg_bsdmgroot = false;
        boolean_t boot_arg_nobsdmgroot = false;
        int error;
        mount_t mp;
        boolean_t root_part_of_volume_group = false;
        struct vfs_attr vfsattr;

        mp = rootvnode->v_mount;
        VFSATTR_INIT(&vfsattr);
        VFSATTR_WANTED(&vfsattr, f_capabilities);

        boot_arg_bsdmgroot = PE_parse_boot_argn("-bsdmgroot", NULL, 0);
        boot_arg_nobsdmgroot = PE_parse_boot_argn("-nobsdmgroot", NULL, 0);

        error = vfs_getattr(mp, &vfsattr, vfs_context_kernel());
        if (!error && VFSATTR_IS_SUPPORTED(&vfsattr, f_capabilities)) {
                if ((vfsattr.f_capabilities.capabilities[VOL_CAPABILITIES_FORMAT] & VOL_CAP_FMT_VOL_GROUPS) &&
                    (vfsattr.f_capabilities.valid[VOL_CAPABILITIES_FORMAT] & VOL_CAP_FMT_VOL_GROUPS)) {
                        root_part_of_volume_group = true;
                }
        }

        boolean_t singleuser = (boothowto & RB_SINGLE) != 0;

        // Start with the #defined default above.
        // If booting to single-user mode, default to false, because single-
        // user mode inside the BaseSystem is probably not what's wanted.
        // If the 'yes' boot-arg is set, we'll allow that even in single-user
        // mode, we'll assume you know what you're doing.
        // The 'no' boot-arg overpowers the 'yes' boot-arg.
        // In any case, we will not attempt to root from BaseSystem if the
        // original (booter-chosen) root volume isn't in a volume group.
        // This is just out of an abundance of caution: if the boot environment
        // seems to be "something other than a standard install",
        // we'll be conservative in messing with the root volume.

        if (singleuser) {
                resolved = false;
        }

        if (boot_arg_bsdmgroot) {
                resolved = true;
        }

        if (boot_arg_nobsdmgroot) {
                resolved = false;
        }

        if (!root_part_of_volume_group) {
                resolved = false;
        }

        return resolved;
}
#endif // CONFIG_BASESYSTEMROOT

void
bsd_exec_setup(int scale)
{
        switch (scale) {
        case 0:
        case 1:
                bsd_simul_execs = BSD_SIMUL_EXECS;
                break;
        case 2:
        case 3:
                bsd_simul_execs = 65;
                break;
        case 4:
        case 5:
                bsd_simul_execs = 129;
                break;
        case 6:
        case 7:
                bsd_simul_execs = 257;
                break;
        default:
                bsd_simul_execs = 513;
                break;
        }
        bsd_pageable_map_size = (bsd_simul_execs * BSD_PAGEABLE_SIZE_PER_EXEC);
}

#if !CONFIG_NETBOOT
int
netboot_root(void);

int
netboot_root(void)
{
        return 0;
}
#endif