xnu-4903.231.4.tar.gz

[apple/xnu.git] / osfmk / vm / vm_pageout.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2014 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 *
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 *
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 *
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */
/*
 * @OSF_COPYRIGHT@
 */
/*
 * Mach Operating System
 * Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989,1988,1987 Carnegie Mellon University
 * All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its
 * documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
 * notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
 * software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
 * thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
 *
 * CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
 * CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR
 * ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 *
 * Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
 *
 *  Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
 *  School of Computer Science
 *  Carnegie Mellon University
 *  Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
 *
 * any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon
 * the rights to redistribute these changes.
 */
/*
 */
/*
 *      File:   vm/vm_pageout.c
 *      Author: Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young
 *      Date:   1985
 *
 *      The proverbial page-out daemon.
 */

#include <stdint.h>

#include <debug.h>
#include <mach_pagemap.h>
#include <mach_cluster_stats.h>

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/memory_object.h>
#include <mach/memory_object_default.h>
#include <mach/memory_object_control_server.h>
#include <mach/mach_host_server.h>
#include <mach/upl.h>
#include <mach/vm_map.h>
#include <mach/vm_param.h>
#include <mach/vm_statistics.h>
#include <mach/sdt.h>

#include <kern/kern_types.h>
#include <kern/counters.h>
#include <kern/host_statistics.h>
#include <kern/machine.h>
#include <kern/misc_protos.h>
#include <kern/sched.h>
#include <kern/thread.h>
#include <kern/xpr.h>
#include <kern/kalloc.h>
#include <kern/policy_internal.h>
#include <kern/thread_group.h>

#include <machine/vm_tuning.h>
#include <machine/commpage.h>

#include <vm/pmap.h>
#include <vm/vm_compressor_pager.h>
#include <vm/vm_fault.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
#include <vm/vm_protos.h> /* must be last */
#include <vm/memory_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_purgeable_internal.h>
#include <vm/vm_shared_region.h>
#include <vm/vm_compressor.h>

#include <san/kasan.h>

#if CONFIG_PHANTOM_CACHE
#include <vm/vm_phantom_cache.h>
#endif

#if UPL_DEBUG
#include <libkern/OSDebug.h>
#endif

extern int cs_debug;

extern void mbuf_drain(boolean_t);

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
#if CONFIG_JETSAM
extern unsigned int memorystatus_available_pages;
extern unsigned int memorystatus_available_pages_pressure;
extern unsigned int memorystatus_available_pages_critical;
#else /* CONFIG_JETSAM */
extern uint64_t memorystatus_available_pages;
extern uint64_t memorystatus_available_pages_pressure;
extern uint64_t memorystatus_available_pages_critical;
#endif /* CONFIG_JETSAM */

extern unsigned int memorystatus_frozen_count;
extern unsigned int memorystatus_suspended_count;
extern vm_pressure_level_t memorystatus_vm_pressure_level;

void vm_pressure_response(void);
extern void consider_vm_pressure_events(void);

#define MEMORYSTATUS_SUSPENDED_THRESHOLD  4
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */


#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_INACTIVE_THROTTLE  /* maximum iterations of the inactive queue w/o stealing/cleaning a page */
#ifdef  CONFIG_EMBEDDED
#define VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_INACTIVE_THROTTLE 1024
#else
#define VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_INACTIVE_THROTTLE 4096
#endif
#endif

#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_RELIEF
#define VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_RELIEF 100  /* number of pages to move to break deadlock */
#endif

#ifndef VM_PAGE_LAUNDRY_MAX
#define VM_PAGE_LAUNDRY_MAX     128UL   /* maximum pageouts on a given pageout queue */
#endif  /* VM_PAGEOUT_LAUNDRY_MAX */

#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_WAIT
#define VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_WAIT   1       /* milliseconds */
#endif  /* VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_WAIT */

#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_EMPTY_WAIT
#define VM_PAGEOUT_EMPTY_WAIT   50      /* milliseconds */
#endif  /* VM_PAGEOUT_EMPTY_WAIT */

#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_WAIT
#define VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_WAIT 100    /* milliseconds */
#endif  /* VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_WAIT */

#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_IDLE_WAIT
#define VM_PAGEOUT_IDLE_WAIT    10      /* milliseconds */
#endif  /* VM_PAGEOUT_IDLE_WAIT */

#ifndef VM_PAGEOUT_SWAP_WAIT
#define VM_PAGEOUT_SWAP_WAIT    10      /* milliseconds */
#endif  /* VM_PAGEOUT_SWAP_WAIT */


#ifndef VM_PAGE_SPECULATIVE_TARGET
#define VM_PAGE_SPECULATIVE_TARGET(total) ((total) * 1 / (100 / vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_percentage))
#endif /* VM_PAGE_SPECULATIVE_TARGET */


/*
 *      To obtain a reasonable LRU approximation, the inactive queue
 *      needs to be large enough to give pages on it a chance to be
 *      referenced a second time.  This macro defines the fraction
 *      of active+inactive pages that should be inactive.
 *      The pageout daemon uses it to update vm_page_inactive_target.
 *
 *      If vm_page_free_count falls below vm_page_free_target and
 *      vm_page_inactive_count is below vm_page_inactive_target,
 *      then the pageout daemon starts running.
 */

#ifndef VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET
#define VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET(avail)  ((avail) * 1 / 2)
#endif  /* VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET */

/*
 *      Once the pageout daemon starts running, it keeps going
 *      until vm_page_free_count meets or exceeds vm_page_free_target.
 */

#ifndef VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET
#ifdef  CONFIG_EMBEDDED
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET(free)       (15 + (free) / 100)
#else
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET(free)       (15 + (free) / 80)
#endif
#endif  /* VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET */


/*
 *      The pageout daemon always starts running once vm_page_free_count
 *      falls below vm_page_free_min.
 */

#ifndef VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN
#ifdef  CONFIG_EMBEDDED
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN(free)          (10 + (free) / 200)
#else
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN(free)          (10 + (free) / 100)
#endif
#endif  /* VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN */

#ifdef  CONFIG_EMBEDDED
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT     100
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN_LIMIT          1500
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET_LIMIT       2000
#else
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT     1700
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN_LIMIT          3500
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET_LIMIT       4000
#endif

/*
 *      When vm_page_free_count falls below vm_page_free_reserved,
 *      only vm-privileged threads can allocate pages.  vm-privilege
 *      allows the pageout daemon and default pager (and any other
 *      associated threads needed for default pageout) to continue
 *      operation by dipping into the reserved pool of pages.
 */

#ifndef VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED
#define VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED(n)        \
        ((unsigned) (6 * VM_PAGE_LAUNDRY_MAX) + (n))
#endif  /* VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED */

/*
 *      When we dequeue pages from the inactive list, they are
 *      reactivated (ie, put back on the active queue) if referenced.
 *      However, it is possible to starve the free list if other
 *      processors are referencing pages faster than we can turn off
 *      the referenced bit.  So we limit the number of reactivations
 *      we will make per call of vm_pageout_scan().
 */
#define VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT_MAX 20000

#ifndef VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT
#ifdef  CONFIG_EMBEDDED
#define VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT(avail) (VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET(avail) / 2)
#else
#define VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT(avail) (MAX((avail) * 1 / 20,VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT_MAX))
#endif
#endif  /* VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT */
#define VM_PAGEOUT_INACTIVE_FORCE_RECLAIM       1000

extern boolean_t hibernate_cleaning_in_progress;

/*
 * Forward declarations for internal routines.
 */
struct cq {
        struct vm_pageout_queue *q;
        void                    *current_chead;
        char                    *scratch_buf;
        int                     id;
};

struct cq ciq[MAX_COMPRESSOR_THREAD_COUNT];


#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
void vm_pressure_thread(void);

boolean_t VM_PRESSURE_NORMAL_TO_WARNING(void);
boolean_t VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_CRITICAL(void);

boolean_t VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_NORMAL(void);
boolean_t VM_PRESSURE_CRITICAL_TO_WARNING(void);
#endif

void vm_pageout_garbage_collect(int);
static void vm_pageout_iothread_external(void);
static void vm_pageout_iothread_internal(struct cq *cq);
static void vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle(struct vm_pageout_queue *, boolean_t);

extern void vm_pageout_continue(void);
extern void vm_pageout_scan(void);

void vm_tests(void); /* forward */

#if !CONFIG_EMBEDDED
static boolean_t vm_pageout_waiter  = FALSE;
static boolean_t vm_pageout_running = FALSE;
#endif /* !CONFIG_EMBEDDED */


#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
struct vm_pageout_debug vm_pageout_debug;
#endif
struct vm_pageout_vminfo vm_pageout_vminfo;
struct vm_pageout_state  vm_pageout_state;
struct vm_config         vm_config;

struct  vm_pageout_queue vm_pageout_queue_internal __attribute__((aligned(VM_PACKED_POINTER_ALIGNMENT)));
struct  vm_pageout_queue vm_pageout_queue_external __attribute__((aligned(VM_PACKED_POINTER_ALIGNMENT)));

int         vm_upl_wait_for_pages = 0;
vm_object_t vm_pageout_scan_wants_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;

boolean_t (* volatile consider_buffer_cache_collect)(int) = NULL;

int     vm_debug_events = 0;

#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
extern boolean_t memorystatus_kill_on_VM_page_shortage(boolean_t async);

uint32_t vm_pageout_memorystatus_fb_factor_nr = 5;
uint32_t vm_pageout_memorystatus_fb_factor_dr = 2;

#endif



/*
 *      Routine:        vm_pageout_object_terminate
 *      Purpose:
 *              Destroy the pageout_object, and perform all of the
 *              required cleanup actions.
 *
 *      In/Out conditions:
 *              The object must be locked, and will be returned locked.
 */
void
vm_pageout_object_terminate(
        vm_object_t     object)
{
        vm_object_t     shadow_object;

        /*
         * Deal with the deallocation (last reference) of a pageout object
         * (used for cleaning-in-place) by dropping the paging references/
         * freeing pages in the original object.
         */

        assert(object->pageout);
        shadow_object = object->shadow;
        vm_object_lock(shadow_object);

        while (!vm_page_queue_empty(&object->memq)) {
                vm_page_t               p, m;
                vm_object_offset_t      offset;

                p = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&object->memq);

                assert(p->vmp_private);
                assert(p->vmp_free_when_done);
                p->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;
                assert(!p->vmp_cleaning);
                assert(!p->vmp_laundry);

                offset = p->vmp_offset;
                VM_PAGE_FREE(p);
                p = VM_PAGE_NULL;

                m = vm_page_lookup(shadow_object,
                        offset + object->vo_shadow_offset);

                if(m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                        continue;

                assert((m->vmp_dirty) || (m->vmp_precious) ||
                                (m->vmp_busy && m->vmp_cleaning));

                /*
                 * Handle the trusted pager throttle.
                 * Also decrement the burst throttle (if external).
                 */
                vm_page_lock_queues();
                if (m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q)
                        vm_pageout_throttle_up(m);

                /*
                 * Handle the "target" page(s). These pages are to be freed if
                 * successfully cleaned. Target pages are always busy, and are
                 * wired exactly once. The initial target pages are not mapped,
                 * (so cannot be referenced or modified) but converted target
                 * pages may have been modified between the selection as an
                 * adjacent page and conversion to a target.
                 */
                if (m->vmp_free_when_done) {
                        assert(m->vmp_busy);
                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_IS_WIRED);
                        assert(m->vmp_wire_count == 1);
                        m->vmp_cleaning = FALSE;
                        m->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;
                        /*
                         * Revoke all access to the page. Since the object is
                         * locked, and the page is busy, this prevents the page
                         * from being dirtied after the pmap_disconnect() call
                         * returns.
                         *
                         * Since the page is left "dirty" but "not modifed", we
                         * can detect whether the page was redirtied during
                         * pageout by checking the modify state.
                         */
                        if (pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m)) & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        } else {
                                m->vmp_dirty = FALSE;
                        }

                        if (m->vmp_dirty) {
                                vm_page_unwire(m, TRUE);        /* reactivates */
                                VM_STAT_INCR(reactivations);
                                PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(m);
                        } else {
                                vm_page_free(m);  /* clears busy, etc. */
                        }
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();
                        continue;
                }
                /*
                 * Handle the "adjacent" pages. These pages were cleaned in
                 * place, and should be left alone.
                 * If prep_pin_count is nonzero, then someone is using the
                 * page, so make it active.
                 */
                if ((m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q) && !m->vmp_private) {
                        if (m->vmp_reference)
                                vm_page_activate(m);
                        else
                                vm_page_deactivate(m);
                }
                if (m->vmp_overwriting) {
                        /*
                         * the (COPY_OUT_FROM == FALSE) request_page_list case
                         */
                        if (m->vmp_busy) {
                                /*
                                 * We do not re-set m->vmp_dirty !
                                 * The page was busy so no extraneous activity
                                 * could have occurred. COPY_INTO is a read into the
                                 * new pages. CLEAN_IN_PLACE does actually write
                                 * out the pages but handling outside of this code
                                 * will take care of resetting dirty. We clear the
                                 * modify however for the Programmed I/O case.
                                 */
                                pmap_clear_modify(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

                                m->vmp_busy = FALSE;
                                m->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * alternate (COPY_OUT_FROM == FALSE) request_page_list case
                                 * Occurs when the original page was wired
                                 * at the time of the list request
                                 */
                                 assert(VM_PAGE_WIRED(m));
                                 vm_page_unwire(m, TRUE);       /* reactivates */
                        }
                        m->vmp_overwriting = FALSE;
                } else {
                        m->vmp_dirty = FALSE;
                }
                m->vmp_cleaning = FALSE;

                /*
                 * Wakeup any thread waiting for the page to be un-cleaning.
                 */
                PAGE_WAKEUP(m);
                vm_page_unlock_queues();
        }
        /*
         * Account for the paging reference taken in vm_paging_object_allocate.
         */
        vm_object_activity_end(shadow_object);
        vm_object_unlock(shadow_object);

        assert(object->ref_count == 0);
        assert(object->paging_in_progress == 0);
        assert(object->activity_in_progress == 0);
        assert(object->resident_page_count == 0);
        return;
}

/*
 * Routine:     vm_pageclean_setup
 *
 * Purpose:     setup a page to be cleaned (made non-dirty), but not
 *              necessarily flushed from the VM page cache.
 *              This is accomplished by cleaning in place.
 *
 *              The page must not be busy, and new_object
 *              must be locked.
 *
 */
static void
vm_pageclean_setup(
        vm_page_t               m,
        vm_page_t               new_m,
        vm_object_t             new_object,
        vm_object_offset_t      new_offset)
{
        assert(!m->vmp_busy);
#if 0
        assert(!m->vmp_cleaning);
#endif

        XPR(XPR_VM_PAGEOUT,
            "vm_pageclean_setup, obj 0x%X off 0x%X page 0x%X new 0x%X new_off 0x%X\n",
                VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m), m->vmp_offset, m,
                new_m, new_offset);

        pmap_clear_modify(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

        /*
         * Mark original page as cleaning in place.
         */
        m->vmp_cleaning = TRUE;
        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
        m->vmp_precious = FALSE;

        /*
         * Convert the fictitious page to a private shadow of
         * the real page.
         */
        assert(new_m->vmp_fictitious);
        assert(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(new_m) == vm_page_fictitious_addr);
        new_m->vmp_fictitious = FALSE;
        new_m->vmp_private = TRUE;
        new_m->vmp_free_when_done = TRUE;
        VM_PAGE_SET_PHYS_PAGE(new_m, VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

        vm_page_lockspin_queues();
        vm_page_wire(new_m, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE, TRUE);
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        vm_page_insert_wired(new_m, new_object, new_offset, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE);
        assert(!new_m->vmp_wanted);
        new_m->vmp_busy = FALSE;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_pageout_initialize_page
 *      Purpose:
 *              Causes the specified page to be initialized in
 *              the appropriate memory object. This routine is used to push
 *              pages into a copy-object when they are modified in the
 *              permanent object.
 *
 *              The page is moved to a temporary object and paged out.
 *
 *      In/out conditions:
 *              The page in question must not be on any pageout queues.
 *              The object to which it belongs must be locked.
 *              The page must be busy, but not hold a paging reference.
 *
 *      Implementation:
 *              Move this page to a completely new object.
 */
void
vm_pageout_initialize_page(
        vm_page_t       m)
{
        vm_object_t             object;
        vm_object_offset_t      paging_offset;
        memory_object_t         pager;

        XPR(XPR_VM_PAGEOUT,
                "vm_pageout_initialize_page, page 0x%X\n",
                m, 0, 0, 0, 0);

        assert(VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_PRESENT);

        object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

        assert(m->vmp_busy);
        assert(object->internal);

        /*
         *      Verify that we really want to clean this page
         */
        assert(!m->vmp_absent);
        assert(!m->vmp_error);
        assert(m->vmp_dirty);

        /*
         *      Create a paging reference to let us play with the object.
         */
        paging_offset = m->vmp_offset + object->paging_offset;

        if (m->vmp_absent || m->vmp_error || m->vmp_restart || (!m->vmp_dirty && !m->vmp_precious)) {
                panic("reservation without pageout?"); /* alan */

                VM_PAGE_FREE(m);
                vm_object_unlock(object);

                return;
        }

        /*
         * If there's no pager, then we can't clean the page.  This should
         * never happen since this should be a copy object and therefore not
         * an external object, so the pager should always be there.
         */

        pager = object->pager;

        if (pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL) {
                panic("missing pager for copy object");

                VM_PAGE_FREE(m);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * set the page for future call to vm_fault_list_request
         */
        pmap_clear_modify(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));
        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);

        /*
         * keep the object from collapsing or terminating
         */
        vm_object_paging_begin(object);
        vm_object_unlock(object);

        /*
         *      Write the data to its pager.
         *      Note that the data is passed by naming the new object,
         *      not a virtual address; the pager interface has been
         *      manipulated to use the "internal memory" data type.
         *      [The object reference from its allocation is donated
         *      to the eventual recipient.]
         */
        memory_object_data_initialize(pager, paging_offset, PAGE_SIZE);

        vm_object_lock(object);
        vm_object_paging_end(object);
}


/*
 * vm_pageout_cluster:
 *
 * Given a page, queue it to the appropriate I/O thread,
 * which will page it out and attempt to clean adjacent pages
 * in the same operation.
 *
 * The object and queues must be locked. We will take a
 * paging reference to prevent deallocation or collapse when we
 * release the object lock back at the call site.  The I/O thread
 * is responsible for consuming this reference
 *
 * The page must not be on any pageout queue.
 */
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
vmct_stats_t vmct_stats;

int32_t vmct_active = 0;
uint64_t vm_compressor_epoch_start = 0;
uint64_t vm_compressor_epoch_stop = 0;

typedef enum vmct_state_t {
        VMCT_IDLE,
        VMCT_AWAKENED,
        VMCT_ACTIVE,
} vmct_state_t;
vmct_state_t vmct_state[MAX_COMPRESSOR_THREAD_COUNT];
#endif


void
vm_pageout_cluster(vm_page_t m)
{
        vm_object_t     object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);
        struct          vm_pageout_queue *q;


        XPR(XPR_VM_PAGEOUT,
                "vm_pageout_cluster, object 0x%X offset 0x%X page 0x%X\n",
                object, m->vmp_offset, m, 0, 0);

        VM_PAGE_CHECK(m);
        LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);
        vm_object_lock_assert_exclusive(object);

        /*
         * Only a certain kind of page is appreciated here.
         */
        assert((m->vmp_dirty || m->vmp_precious) && (!VM_PAGE_WIRED(m)));
        assert(!m->vmp_cleaning && !m->vmp_laundry);
        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q);

        /*
         * protect the object from collapse or termination
         */
        vm_object_activity_begin(object);

        if (object->internal == TRUE) {
                assert(VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_PRESENT);

                m->vmp_busy = TRUE;

                q = &vm_pageout_queue_internal;
        } else
                q = &vm_pageout_queue_external;

        /*
         * pgo_laundry count is tied to the laundry bit
         */
        m->vmp_laundry = TRUE;
        q->pgo_laundry++;

        m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q;
        vm_page_queue_enter(&q->pgo_pending, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);

        if (q->pgo_idle == TRUE) {
                q->pgo_idle = FALSE;
                thread_wakeup((event_t) &q->pgo_pending);
        }
        VM_PAGE_CHECK(m);
}


/*
 * A page is back from laundry or we are stealing it back from
 * the laundering state.  See if there are some pages waiting to
 * go to laundry and if we can let some of them go now.
 *
 * Object and page queues must be locked.
 */
void
vm_pageout_throttle_up(
       vm_page_t       m)
{
       struct vm_pageout_queue *q;
       vm_object_t      m_object;

       m_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

       assert(m_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
       assert(m_object != kernel_object);

       LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);
       vm_object_lock_assert_exclusive(m_object);

       if (m_object->internal == TRUE)
               q = &vm_pageout_queue_internal;
       else
               q = &vm_pageout_queue_external;

       if (m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q) {

               vm_page_queue_remove(&q->pgo_pending, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
               m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q;

               VM_PAGE_ZERO_PAGEQ_ENTRY(m);

               vm_object_activity_end(m_object);

               VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_page_steal_pageout_page, 1);
       }
       if (m->vmp_laundry == TRUE) {

               m->vmp_laundry = FALSE;
               q->pgo_laundry--;

               if (q->pgo_throttled == TRUE) {
                       q->pgo_throttled = FALSE;
                       thread_wakeup((event_t) &q->pgo_laundry);
               }
               if (q->pgo_draining == TRUE && q->pgo_laundry == 0) {
                       q->pgo_draining = FALSE;
                       thread_wakeup((event_t) (&q->pgo_laundry+1));
               }
               VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_throttle_up_count, 1);
        }
}


static void
vm_pageout_throttle_up_batch(
        struct vm_pageout_queue *q,
        int             batch_cnt)
{
       LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);

       VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_throttle_up_count, batch_cnt);

       q->pgo_laundry -= batch_cnt;

       if (q->pgo_throttled == TRUE) {
               q->pgo_throttled = FALSE;
               thread_wakeup((event_t) &q->pgo_laundry);
       }
       if (q->pgo_draining == TRUE && q->pgo_laundry == 0) {
               q->pgo_draining = FALSE;
               thread_wakeup((event_t) (&q->pgo_laundry+1));
       }
}



/*
 * VM memory pressure monitoring.
 *
 * vm_pageout_scan() keeps track of the number of pages it considers and
 * reclaims, in the currently active vm_pageout_stat[vm_pageout_stat_now].
 *
 * compute_memory_pressure() is called every second from compute_averages()
 * and moves "vm_pageout_stat_now" forward, to start accumulating the number
 * of recalimed pages in a new vm_pageout_stat[] bucket.
 *
 * mach_vm_pressure_monitor() collects past statistics about memory pressure.
 * The caller provides the number of seconds ("nsecs") worth of statistics
 * it wants, up to 30 seconds.
 * It computes the number of pages reclaimed in the past "nsecs" seconds and
 * also returns the number of pages the system still needs to reclaim at this
 * moment in time.
 */
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
#define VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_SIZE    (30 * 8) + 1
#else
#define VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_SIZE    (1 * 8) + 1
#endif
struct vm_pageout_stat {
        unsigned long vm_page_active_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_speculative_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_inactive_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_anonymous_count;

        unsigned long vm_page_free_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_wire_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_compressor_count;

        unsigned long vm_page_pages_compressed;
        unsigned long vm_page_pageable_internal_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_pageable_external_count;
        unsigned long vm_page_xpmapped_external_count;

        unsigned int pages_grabbed;
        unsigned int pages_freed;

        unsigned int pages_compressed;
        unsigned int pages_grabbed_by_compressor;
        unsigned int failed_compressions;

        unsigned int pages_evicted;
        unsigned int pages_purged;

        unsigned int considered;
        unsigned int considered_bq_internal;
        unsigned int considered_bq_external;

        unsigned int skipped_external;
        unsigned int filecache_min_reactivations;

        unsigned int freed_speculative;
        unsigned int freed_cleaned;
        unsigned int freed_internal;
        unsigned int freed_external;

        unsigned int cleaned_dirty_external;
        unsigned int cleaned_dirty_internal;

        unsigned int inactive_referenced;
        unsigned int inactive_nolock;
        unsigned int reactivation_limit_exceeded;
        unsigned int forced_inactive_reclaim;

        unsigned int throttled_internal_q;
        unsigned int throttled_external_q;

        unsigned int phantom_ghosts_found;
        unsigned int phantom_ghosts_added;
} vm_pageout_stats[VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_SIZE] = {{0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}, };

unsigned int vm_pageout_stat_now = 0;

#define VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(i) \
        (((i) == 0) ? VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_SIZE - 1 : (i) - 1)
#define VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_AFTER(i) \
        (((i) == VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_SIZE - 1) ? 0 : (i) + 1)

#if VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK
int vm_page_buckets_check_interval = 80; /* in eighths of a second */
#endif /* VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK */


void
record_memory_pressure(void);
void
record_memory_pressure(void)
{
        unsigned int vm_pageout_next;

#if VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK
        /* check the consistency of VM page buckets at regular interval */
        static int counter = 0;
        if ((++counter % vm_page_buckets_check_interval) == 0) {
                vm_page_buckets_check();
        }
#endif /* VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK */

        vm_pageout_state.vm_memory_pressure =
          vm_pageout_stats[VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(vm_pageout_stat_now)].freed_speculative +
          vm_pageout_stats[VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(vm_pageout_stat_now)].freed_cleaned +
          vm_pageout_stats[VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(vm_pageout_stat_now)].freed_internal +
          vm_pageout_stats[VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(vm_pageout_stat_now)].freed_external;

        commpage_set_memory_pressure( (unsigned int)vm_pageout_state.vm_memory_pressure );

        /* move "now" forward */
        vm_pageout_next = VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_AFTER(vm_pageout_stat_now);

        bzero(&vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_next], sizeof(struct vm_pageout_stat));

        vm_pageout_stat_now = vm_pageout_next;
}


/*
 * IMPORTANT
 * mach_vm_ctl_page_free_wanted() is called indirectly, via
 * mach_vm_pressure_monitor(), when taking a stackshot. Therefore,
 * it must be safe in the restricted stackshot context. Locks and/or
 * blocking are not allowable.
 */
unsigned int
mach_vm_ctl_page_free_wanted(void)
{
        unsigned int page_free_target, page_free_count, page_free_wanted;

        page_free_target = vm_page_free_target;
        page_free_count = vm_page_free_count;
        if (page_free_target > page_free_count) {
                page_free_wanted = page_free_target - page_free_count;
        } else {
                page_free_wanted = 0;
        }

        return page_free_wanted;
}


/*
 * IMPORTANT:
 * mach_vm_pressure_monitor() is called when taking a stackshot, with
 * wait_for_pressure FALSE, so that code path must remain safe in the
 * restricted stackshot context. No blocking or locks are allowable.
 * on that code path.
 */

kern_return_t
mach_vm_pressure_monitor(
        boolean_t       wait_for_pressure,
        unsigned int    nsecs_monitored,
        unsigned int    *pages_reclaimed_p,
        unsigned int    *pages_wanted_p)
{
        wait_result_t   wr;
        unsigned int    vm_pageout_then, vm_pageout_now;
        unsigned int    pages_reclaimed;
        unsigned int    units_of_monitor;

        units_of_monitor = 8 * nsecs_monitored;
        /*
         * We don't take the vm_page_queue_lock here because we don't want
         * vm_pressure_monitor() to get in the way of the vm_pageout_scan()
         * thread when it's trying to reclaim memory.  We don't need fully
         * accurate monitoring anyway...
         */

        if (wait_for_pressure) {
                /* wait until there's memory pressure */
                while (vm_page_free_count >= vm_page_free_target) {
                        wr = assert_wait((event_t) &vm_page_free_wanted,
                                         THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                        if (wr == THREAD_WAITING) {
                                wr = thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                        }
                        if (wr == THREAD_INTERRUPTED) {
                                return KERN_ABORTED;
                        }
                        if (wr == THREAD_AWAKENED) {
                                /*
                                 * The memory pressure might have already
                                 * been relieved but let's not block again
                                 * and let's report that there was memory
                                 * pressure at some point.
                                 */
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }

        /* provide the number of pages the system wants to reclaim */
        if (pages_wanted_p != NULL) {
                *pages_wanted_p = mach_vm_ctl_page_free_wanted();
        }

        if (pages_reclaimed_p == NULL) {
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }

        /* provide number of pages reclaimed in the last "nsecs_monitored" */
        vm_pageout_now = vm_pageout_stat_now;
        pages_reclaimed = 0;
        for (vm_pageout_then =
                     VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(vm_pageout_now);
             vm_pageout_then != vm_pageout_now &&
                     units_of_monitor-- != 0;
             vm_pageout_then =
                     VM_PAGEOUT_STAT_BEFORE(vm_pageout_then)) {
                pages_reclaimed += vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_then].freed_speculative;
                pages_reclaimed += vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_then].freed_cleaned;
                pages_reclaimed += vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_then].freed_internal;
                pages_reclaimed += vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_then].freed_external;
        }
        *pages_reclaimed_p = pages_reclaimed;

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}



#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG

static void
vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_in_queue(vm_page_queue_head_t *, int);

/*
 * condition variable used to make sure there is
 * only a single sweep going on at a time
 */
boolean_t       vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_active = FALSE;


void
vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages()
{
        vm_page_lock_queues();

        if (vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_active == TRUE) {
                vm_page_unlock_queues();
                return;
        }
        vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_active = TRUE;
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_in_queue(&vm_page_queue_throttled, vm_page_throttled_count);
        vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_in_queue(&vm_page_queue_anonymous, vm_page_anonymous_count);
        vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_in_queue(&vm_page_queue_active, vm_page_active_count);

        vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_active = FALSE;
}


void
vm_pageout_disconnect_all_pages_in_queue(vm_page_queue_head_t *q, int qcount)
{
        vm_page_t       m;
        vm_object_t     t_object = NULL;
        vm_object_t     l_object = NULL;
        vm_object_t     m_object = NULL;
        int             delayed_unlock = 0;
        int             try_failed_count = 0;
        int             disconnected_count = 0;
        int             paused_count = 0;
        int             object_locked_count = 0;

        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT_IST(KDEBUG_TRACE, (MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_WORKINGSET, VM_DISCONNECT_ALL_PAGE_MAPPINGS)) | DBG_FUNC_START,
                                  q, qcount, 0, 0, 0);

        vm_page_lock_queues();

        while (qcount && !vm_page_queue_empty(q)) {

                LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);

                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(q);
                m_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

                /*
                 * check to see if we currently are working
                 * with the same object... if so, we've
                 * already got the lock
                 */
                if (m_object != l_object) {
                        /*
                         * the object associated with candidate page is
                         * different from the one we were just working
                         * with... dump the lock if we still own it
                         */
                        if (l_object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                                l_object = NULL;
                        }
                        if (m_object != t_object)
                                try_failed_count = 0;

                        /*
                         * Try to lock object; since we've alread got the
                         * page queues lock, we can only 'try' for this one.
                         * if the 'try' fails, we need to do a mutex_pause
                         * to allow the owner of the object lock a chance to
                         * run...
                         */
                        if ( !vm_object_lock_try_scan(m_object)) {

                                if (try_failed_count > 20) {
                                        goto reenter_pg_on_q;
                                }
                                vm_page_unlock_queues();
                                mutex_pause(try_failed_count++);
                                vm_page_lock_queues();
                                delayed_unlock = 0;

                                paused_count++;

                                t_object = m_object;
                                continue;
                        }
                        object_locked_count++;

                        l_object = m_object;
                }
                if ( !m_object->alive || m->vmp_cleaning || m->vmp_laundry || m->vmp_busy || m->vmp_absent || m->vmp_error || m->vmp_free_when_done) {
                        /*
                         * put it back on the head of its queue
                         */
                        goto reenter_pg_on_q;
                }
                if (m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE) {

                        pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

                        disconnected_count++;
                }
reenter_pg_on_q:
                vm_page_queue_remove(q, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
                vm_page_queue_enter(q, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);

                qcount--;
                try_failed_count = 0;

                if (delayed_unlock++ > 128) {

                        if (l_object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                                l_object = NULL;
                        }
                        lck_mtx_yield(&vm_page_queue_lock);
                        delayed_unlock = 0;
                }
        }
        if (l_object != NULL) {
                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                l_object = NULL;
        }
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT_IST(KDEBUG_TRACE, (MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_WORKINGSET, VM_DISCONNECT_ALL_PAGE_MAPPINGS)) | DBG_FUNC_END,
                                  q, disconnected_count, object_locked_count, paused_count, 0);
}

#endif


static void
vm_pageout_page_queue(vm_page_queue_head_t *, int);

/*
 * condition variable used to make sure there is
 * only a single sweep going on at a time
 */
boolean_t       vm_pageout_anonymous_pages_active = FALSE;


void
vm_pageout_anonymous_pages()
{
        if (VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_PRESENT) {

                vm_page_lock_queues();

                if (vm_pageout_anonymous_pages_active == TRUE) {
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();
                        return;
                }
                vm_pageout_anonymous_pages_active = TRUE;
                vm_page_unlock_queues();

                vm_pageout_page_queue(&vm_page_queue_throttled, vm_page_throttled_count);
                vm_pageout_page_queue(&vm_page_queue_anonymous, vm_page_anonymous_count);
                vm_pageout_page_queue(&vm_page_queue_active, vm_page_active_count);

                if (VM_CONFIG_SWAP_IS_PRESENT)
                        vm_consider_swapping();

                vm_page_lock_queues();
                vm_pageout_anonymous_pages_active = FALSE;
                vm_page_unlock_queues();
        }
}


void
vm_pageout_page_queue(vm_page_queue_head_t *q, int qcount)
{
        vm_page_t       m;
        vm_object_t     t_object = NULL;
        vm_object_t     l_object = NULL;
        vm_object_t     m_object = NULL;
        int             delayed_unlock = 0;
        int             try_failed_count = 0;
        int             refmod_state;
        int             pmap_options;
        struct          vm_pageout_queue *iq;
        ppnum_t         phys_page;


        iq = &vm_pageout_queue_internal;

        vm_page_lock_queues();

        while (qcount && !vm_page_queue_empty(q)) {

                LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);

                if (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(iq)) {

                        if (l_object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                                l_object = NULL;
                        }
                        iq->pgo_draining = TRUE;

                        assert_wait((event_t) (&iq->pgo_laundry + 1), THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();

                        thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);

                        vm_page_lock_queues();
                        delayed_unlock = 0;
                        continue;
                }
                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(q);
                m_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

                /*
                 * check to see if we currently are working
                 * with the same object... if so, we've
                 * already got the lock
                 */
                if (m_object != l_object) {
                        if ( !m_object->internal)
                                goto reenter_pg_on_q;

                        /*
                         * the object associated with candidate page is
                         * different from the one we were just working
                         * with... dump the lock if we still own it
                         */
                        if (l_object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                                l_object = NULL;
                        }
                        if (m_object != t_object)
                                try_failed_count = 0;

                        /*
                         * Try to lock object; since we've alread got the
                         * page queues lock, we can only 'try' for this one.
                         * if the 'try' fails, we need to do a mutex_pause
                         * to allow the owner of the object lock a chance to
                         * run...
                         */
                        if ( !vm_object_lock_try_scan(m_object)) {

                                if (try_failed_count > 20) {
                                        goto reenter_pg_on_q;
                                }
                                vm_page_unlock_queues();
                                mutex_pause(try_failed_count++);
                                vm_page_lock_queues();
                                delayed_unlock = 0;

                                t_object = m_object;
                                continue;
                        }
                        l_object = m_object;
                }
                if ( !m_object->alive || m->vmp_cleaning || m->vmp_laundry || m->vmp_busy || m->vmp_absent || m->vmp_error || m->vmp_free_when_done) {
                        /*
                         * page is not to be cleaned
                         * put it back on the head of its queue
                         */
                        goto reenter_pg_on_q;
                }
                phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m);

                if (m->vmp_reference == FALSE && m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE) {
                        refmod_state = pmap_get_refmod(phys_page);

                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_REFERENCED)
                                m->vmp_reference = TRUE;
                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        }
                }
                if (m->vmp_reference == TRUE) {
                        m->vmp_reference = FALSE;
                        pmap_clear_refmod_options(phys_page, VM_MEM_REFERENCED, PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH, (void *)NULL);
                        goto reenter_pg_on_q;
                }
                if (m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE) {
                        if (m->vmp_dirty || m->vmp_precious) {
                                pmap_options = PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR;
                        } else {
                                pmap_options = PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR_IFF_MODIFIED;
                        }
                        refmod_state = pmap_disconnect_options(phys_page, pmap_options, NULL);
                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        }
                }

                if ( !m->vmp_dirty && !m->vmp_precious) {
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();
                        VM_PAGE_FREE(m);
                        vm_page_lock_queues();
                        delayed_unlock = 0;

                        goto next_pg;
                }
                if (!m_object->pager_initialized || m_object->pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL)  {

                        if (!m_object->pager_initialized) {

                                vm_page_unlock_queues();

                                vm_object_collapse(m_object, (vm_object_offset_t) 0, TRUE);

                                if (!m_object->pager_initialized)
                                        vm_object_compressor_pager_create(m_object);

                                vm_page_lock_queues();
                                delayed_unlock = 0;
                        }
                        if (!m_object->pager_initialized || m_object->pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL)
                                goto reenter_pg_on_q;
                        /*
                         * vm_object_compressor_pager_create will drop the object lock
                         * which means 'm' may no longer be valid to use
                         */
                        continue;
                }
                /*
                 * we've already factored out pages in the laundry which
                 * means this page can't be on the pageout queue so it's
                 * safe to do the vm_page_queues_remove
                 */
                vm_page_queues_remove(m, TRUE);

                LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);

                vm_pageout_cluster(m);

                goto next_pg;

reenter_pg_on_q:
                vm_page_queue_remove(q, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
                vm_page_queue_enter(q, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
next_pg:
                qcount--;
                try_failed_count = 0;

                if (delayed_unlock++ > 128) {

                        if (l_object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                                l_object = NULL;
                        }
                        lck_mtx_yield(&vm_page_queue_lock);
                        delayed_unlock = 0;
                }
        }
        if (l_object != NULL) {
                vm_object_unlock(l_object);
                l_object = NULL;
        }
        vm_page_unlock_queues();
}



/*
 * function in BSD to apply I/O throttle to the pageout thread
 */
extern void vm_pageout_io_throttle(void);

#define VM_PAGEOUT_SCAN_HANDLE_REUSABLE_PAGE(m, obj)                    \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        /*                                                              \
         * If a "reusable" page somehow made it back into               \
         * the active queue, it's been re-used and is not               \
         * quite re-usable.                                             \
         * If the VM object was "all_reusable", consider it             \
         * as "all re-used" instead of converting it to                 \
         * "partially re-used", which could be expensive.               \
         */                                                             \
        assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT((m)) == (obj));                           \
        if ((m)->vmp_reusable ||                                        \
            (obj)->all_reusable) {                                      \
                vm_object_reuse_pages((obj),                            \
                                      (m)->vmp_offset,                  \
                                      (m)->vmp_offset + PAGE_SIZE_64,   \
                                      FALSE);                           \
        }                                                               \
        MACRO_END


#define VM_PAGEOUT_DELAYED_UNLOCK_LIMIT         64
#define VM_PAGEOUT_DELAYED_UNLOCK_LIMIT_MAX     1024

#define FCS_IDLE                0
#define FCS_DELAYED             1
#define FCS_DEADLOCK_DETECTED   2

struct flow_control {
        int             state;
        mach_timespec_t ts;
};


#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
uint64_t vm_pageout_rejected_bq_internal = 0;
uint64_t vm_pageout_rejected_bq_external = 0;
uint64_t vm_pageout_skipped_bq_internal = 0;
#endif

#define ANONS_GRABBED_LIMIT     2


#if 0
static void vm_pageout_delayed_unlock(int *, int *, vm_page_t *);
#endif
static void vm_pageout_prepare_to_block(vm_object_t *, int *, vm_page_t *, int *, int);

#define VM_PAGEOUT_PB_NO_ACTION                         0
#define VM_PAGEOUT_PB_CONSIDER_WAKING_COMPACTOR_SWAPPER 1
#define VM_PAGEOUT_PB_THREAD_YIELD                      2


#if 0
static void
vm_pageout_delayed_unlock(int *delayed_unlock, int *local_freed, vm_page_t *local_freeq)
{
        if (*local_freeq) {
                vm_page_unlock_queues();

                VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(
                        vm_pageout_freelist, VM_PAGEOUT_FREELIST, DBG_FUNC_START,
                        vm_page_free_count, 0, 0, 1);

                vm_page_free_list(*local_freeq, TRUE);

                VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pageout_freelist,VM_PAGEOUT_FREELIST, DBG_FUNC_END,
                               vm_page_free_count, *local_freed, 0, 1);

                *local_freeq = NULL;
                *local_freed = 0;

                vm_page_lock_queues();
        } else {
                lck_mtx_yield(&vm_page_queue_lock);
        }
        *delayed_unlock = 1;
}
#endif


static void
vm_pageout_prepare_to_block(vm_object_t *object, int *delayed_unlock,
                            vm_page_t *local_freeq, int *local_freed, int action)
{
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        if (*object != NULL) {
                vm_object_unlock(*object);
                *object = NULL;
        }
        if (*local_freeq) {

                vm_page_free_list(*local_freeq, TRUE);

                *local_freeq = NULL;
                *local_freed = 0;
        }
        *delayed_unlock = 1;

        switch (action) {

        case VM_PAGEOUT_PB_CONSIDER_WAKING_COMPACTOR_SWAPPER:
                vm_consider_waking_compactor_swapper();
                break;
        case VM_PAGEOUT_PB_THREAD_YIELD:
                thread_yield_internal(1);
                break;
        case VM_PAGEOUT_PB_NO_ACTION:
        default:
                break;
        }
        vm_page_lock_queues();
}


static struct vm_pageout_vminfo last;

uint64_t last_vm_page_pages_grabbed = 0;

extern  uint32_t c_segment_pages_compressed;

extern uint64_t shared_region_pager_reclaimed;
extern struct memory_object_pager_ops shared_region_pager_ops;

void update_vm_info(void)
{
        uint64_t tmp;

        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_active_count = vm_page_active_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_speculative_count = vm_page_speculative_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_inactive_count = vm_page_inactive_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_anonymous_count = vm_page_anonymous_count;

        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_free_count = vm_page_free_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_wire_count = vm_page_wire_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_compressor_count = VM_PAGE_COMPRESSOR_COUNT;

        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_pages_compressed = c_segment_pages_compressed;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_pageable_internal_count = vm_page_pageable_internal_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_pageable_external_count = vm_page_pageable_external_count;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_xpmapped_external_count = vm_page_xpmapped_external_count;


        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_page;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_considered_page);
        last.vm_pageout_considered_page = tmp;

        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_compressions;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_compressed = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_compressions);
        last.vm_pageout_compressions = tmp;

        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_compressor_failed;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].failed_compressions = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_compressor_failed);
        last.vm_compressor_failed = tmp;

        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_compressor_pages_grabbed;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_grabbed_by_compressor = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_compressor_pages_grabbed);
        last.vm_compressor_pages_grabbed = tmp;

        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_phantom_cache_found_ghost;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].phantom_ghosts_found = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_phantom_cache_found_ghost);
        last.vm_phantom_cache_found_ghost = tmp;

        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_phantom_cache_added_ghost;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].phantom_ghosts_added = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_phantom_cache_added_ghost);
        last.vm_phantom_cache_added_ghost = tmp;

        tmp = get_pages_grabbed_count();
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_grabbed = (unsigned int)(tmp - last_vm_page_pages_grabbed);
        last_vm_page_pages_grabbed = tmp;

        tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_page_pages_freed;
        vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_freed = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_page_pages_freed);
        last.vm_page_pages_freed = tmp;


        if (vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered) {

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_pages_evicted;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_evicted = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_pages_evicted);
                last.vm_pageout_pages_evicted = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_pages_purged;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_purged = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_pages_purged);
                last.vm_pageout_pages_purged = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_speculative;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_speculative = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_freed_speculative);
                last.vm_pageout_freed_speculative = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_external;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_external = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_freed_external);
                last.vm_pageout_freed_external = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_referenced;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].inactive_referenced = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_inactive_referenced);
                last.vm_pageout_inactive_referenced = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_external;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].throttled_external_q = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_external);
                last.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_external = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_external;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].cleaned_dirty_external = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_external);
                last.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_external = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_cleaned;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_cleaned = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_freed_cleaned);
                last.vm_pageout_freed_cleaned = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_nolock;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].inactive_nolock = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_inactive_nolock);
                last.vm_pageout_inactive_nolock = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_internal;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].throttled_internal_q = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_internal);
                last.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_internal = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_skipped_external;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].skipped_external = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_skipped_external);
                last.vm_pageout_skipped_external = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_reactivation_limit_exceeded;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].reactivation_limit_exceeded = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_reactivation_limit_exceeded);
                last.vm_pageout_reactivation_limit_exceeded = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_force_reclaim;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].forced_inactive_reclaim = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_inactive_force_reclaim);
                last.vm_pageout_inactive_force_reclaim = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_internal;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_internal = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_freed_internal);
                last.vm_pageout_freed_internal = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_bq_internal;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered_bq_internal = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_considered_bq_internal);
                last.vm_pageout_considered_bq_internal = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_bq_external;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered_bq_external = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_considered_bq_external);
                last.vm_pageout_considered_bq_external = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_filecache_min_reactivated;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].filecache_min_reactivations = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_filecache_min_reactivated);
                last.vm_pageout_filecache_min_reactivated = tmp;

                tmp = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_internal;
                vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].cleaned_dirty_internal = (unsigned int)(tmp - last.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_internal);
                last.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_internal = tmp;
        }

        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO1)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_active_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_speculative_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_inactive_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_anonymous_count,
                              0);

        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_free_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_wire_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_compressor_count,
                              0,
                              0);

        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO3)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_pages_compressed,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_pageable_internal_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_pageable_external_count,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].vm_page_xpmapped_external_count,
                              0);

        if (vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered ||
            vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_compressed ||
            vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].failed_compressions) {

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO4)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_speculative,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_external,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].inactive_referenced,
                                      0);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO5)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].throttled_external_q,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].cleaned_dirty_external,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_cleaned,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].inactive_nolock,
                                      0);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO6)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].throttled_internal_q,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_compressed,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_grabbed_by_compressor,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].skipped_external,
                                      0);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO7)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].reactivation_limit_exceeded,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].forced_inactive_reclaim,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].failed_compressions,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].freed_internal,
                                      0);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO8)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered_bq_internal,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].considered_bq_external,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].filecache_min_reactivations,
                                      vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].cleaned_dirty_internal,
                                      0);

        }
        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM, VM_INFO9)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_grabbed,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].pages_freed,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].phantom_ghosts_found,
                              vm_pageout_stats[vm_pageout_stat_now].phantom_ghosts_added,
                              0);

        record_memory_pressure();
}

extern boolean_t hibernation_vmqueues_inspection;

void
vm_page_balance_inactive(int max_to_move)
{
        vm_page_t m;

        LCK_MTX_ASSERT(&vm_page_queue_lock, LCK_MTX_ASSERT_OWNED);

        if (hibernation_vmqueues_inspection == TRUE) {
                /*
                 * It is likely that the hibernation code path is
                 * dealing with these very queues as we are about
                 * to move pages around in/from them and completely
                 * change the linkage of the pages.
                 *
                 * And so we skip the rebalancing of these queues.
                 */
                return;
        }
        vm_page_inactive_target = VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET(vm_page_active_count +
                                                          vm_page_inactive_count +
                                                          vm_page_speculative_count);

        while (max_to_move-- && (vm_page_inactive_count + vm_page_speculative_count) < vm_page_inactive_target) {

                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_balanced, 1);

                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_active);

                assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_ACTIVE_Q);
                assert(!m->vmp_laundry);
                assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) != kernel_object);
                assert(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m) != vm_page_guard_addr);

                DTRACE_VM2(scan, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);

                /*
                 * by not passing in a pmap_flush_context we will forgo any TLB flushing, local or otherwise...
                 *
                 * a TLB flush isn't really needed here since at worst we'll miss the reference bit being
                 * updated in the PTE if a remote processor still has this mapping cached in its TLB when the
                 * new reference happens. If no futher references happen on the page after that remote TLB flushes
                 * we'll see a clean, non-referenced page when it eventually gets pulled out of the inactive queue
                 * by pageout_scan, which is just fine since the last reference would have happened quite far
                 * in the past (TLB caches don't hang around for very long), and of course could just as easily
                 * have happened before we moved the page
                 */
                if (m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE)
                        pmap_clear_refmod_options(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m), VM_MEM_REFERENCED, PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH, (void *)NULL);

                /*
                 * The page might be absent or busy,
                 * but vm_page_deactivate can handle that.
                 * FALSE indicates that we don't want a H/W clear reference
                 */
                vm_page_deactivate_internal(m, FALSE);
        }
}


/*
 *      vm_pageout_scan does the dirty work for the pageout daemon.
 *      It returns with both vm_page_queue_free_lock and vm_page_queue_lock
 *      held and vm_page_free_wanted == 0.
 */
void
vm_pageout_scan(void)
{
        unsigned int loop_count = 0;
        unsigned int inactive_burst_count = 0;
        unsigned int reactivated_this_call;
        unsigned int reactivate_limit;
        vm_page_t   local_freeq = NULL;
        int         local_freed = 0;
        int         delayed_unlock;
        int         delayed_unlock_limit = 0;
        int         refmod_state = 0;
        int     vm_pageout_deadlock_target = 0;
        struct  vm_pageout_queue *iq;
        struct  vm_pageout_queue *eq;
        struct  vm_speculative_age_q *sq;
        struct  flow_control    flow_control = { 0, { 0, 0 } };
        boolean_t inactive_throttled = FALSE;
        mach_timespec_t ts;
        unsigned        int msecs = 0;
        vm_object_t     object = NULL;
        uint32_t        inactive_reclaim_run;
        boolean_t       exceeded_burst_throttle;
        boolean_t       grab_anonymous = FALSE;
        boolean_t       force_anonymous = FALSE;
        boolean_t       force_speculative_aging = FALSE;
        int             anons_grabbed = 0;
        int             page_prev_q_state = 0;
#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
        boolean_t       page_from_bg_q = FALSE;
#endif
        int             cache_evict_throttle = 0;
        uint32_t        vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit = 0;
        uint32_t        inactive_external_count;
        int             force_purge = 0;
        int             divisor;
#define DELAY_SPECULATIVE_AGE   1000
        int             delay_speculative_age = 0;
        vm_object_t     m_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
        vm_pressure_level_t pressure_level;
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */

        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pageout_scan, VM_PAGEOUT_SCAN, DBG_FUNC_START,
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_speculative,
                                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_clean,
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_internal,
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_external);

        flow_control.state = FCS_IDLE;
        iq = &vm_pageout_queue_internal;
        eq = &vm_pageout_queue_external;
        sq = &vm_page_queue_speculative[VM_PAGE_SPECULATIVE_AGED_Q];


        XPR(XPR_VM_PAGEOUT, "vm_pageout_scan\n", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

        /* Ask the pmap layer to return any pages it no longer needs. */
        uint64_t pmap_wired_pages_freed = pmap_release_pages_fast();

        vm_page_lock_queues();

        vm_page_wire_count -= pmap_wired_pages_freed;

        delayed_unlock = 1;

        /*
         *      Calculate the max number of referenced pages on the inactive
         *      queue that we will reactivate.
         */
        reactivated_this_call = 0;
        reactivate_limit = VM_PAGE_REACTIVATE_LIMIT(vm_page_active_count +
                                                    vm_page_inactive_count);
        inactive_reclaim_run = 0;

        vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit = vm_page_active_count + vm_page_inactive_count;

        /*
         *      We must limit the rate at which we send pages to the pagers
         *      so that we don't tie up too many pages in the I/O queues.
         *      We implement a throttling mechanism using the laundry count
         *      to limit the number of pages outstanding to the default
         *      and external pagers.  We can bypass the throttles and look
         *      for clean pages if the pageout queues don't drain in a timely
         *      fashion since this may indicate that the pageout paths are
         *      stalled waiting for memory, which only we can provide.
         */

Restart:

        assert(object == NULL);
        assert(delayed_unlock != 0);

        vm_page_anonymous_min = vm_page_inactive_target / 20;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_percentage > 50)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_percentage = 50;
        else if (vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_percentage <= 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_percentage = 1;

        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_target = VM_PAGE_SPECULATIVE_TARGET(vm_page_active_count +
                                                                                 vm_page_inactive_count);

        for (;;) {
                vm_page_t m;

                DTRACE_VM2(rev, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);

                if (vm_upl_wait_for_pages < 0)
                        vm_upl_wait_for_pages = 0;

                delayed_unlock_limit = VM_PAGEOUT_DELAYED_UNLOCK_LIMIT + vm_upl_wait_for_pages;

                if (delayed_unlock_limit > VM_PAGEOUT_DELAYED_UNLOCK_LIMIT_MAX)
                        delayed_unlock_limit = VM_PAGEOUT_DELAYED_UNLOCK_LIMIT_MAX;

#if CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY
                /*
                 * Deal with secluded_q overflow.
                 */
                if (vm_page_secluded_count > vm_page_secluded_target) {
                        vm_page_t secluded_page;

                        /*
                         * SECLUDED_AGING_BEFORE_ACTIVE:
                         * Excess secluded pages go to the active queue and
                         * will later go to the inactive queue.
                         */
                        assert((vm_page_secluded_count_free +
                                vm_page_secluded_count_inuse) ==
                                vm_page_secluded_count);
                        secluded_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_secluded);
                        assert(secluded_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SECLUDED_Q);

                        vm_page_queues_remove(secluded_page, FALSE);
                        assert(!secluded_page->vmp_fictitious);
                        assert(!VM_PAGE_WIRED(secluded_page));

                        if (secluded_page->vmp_object == 0) {
                                /* transfer to free queue */
                                assert(secluded_page->vmp_busy);
                                secluded_page->vmp_snext = local_freeq;
                                local_freeq = secluded_page;
                                local_freed++;
                        } else {
                                /* transfer to head of active queue */
                                vm_page_enqueue_active(secluded_page, FALSE);
                                secluded_page = VM_PAGE_NULL;
                        }
                }
#endif /* CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY */

                assert(delayed_unlock);

                /*
                 * maintain our balance
                 */
                vm_page_balance_inactive(1);


                /**********************************************************************
                 * above this point we're playing with the active and secluded queues
                 * below this point we're playing with the throttling mechanisms
                 * and the inactive queue
                 **********************************************************************/

                if (vm_page_free_count + local_freed >= vm_page_free_target)
                {
                        vm_pageout_scan_wants_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;

                        vm_pageout_prepare_to_block(&object, &delayed_unlock, &local_freeq, &local_freed,
                                                    VM_PAGEOUT_PB_CONSIDER_WAKING_COMPACTOR_SWAPPER);
                        /*
                         * make sure the pageout I/O threads are running
                         * throttled in case there are still requests
                         * in the laundry... since we have met our targets
                         * we don't need the laundry to be cleaned in a timely
                         * fashion... so let's avoid interfering with foreground
                         * activity
                         */
                        vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle(eq, TRUE);

                        lck_mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);

                        if ((vm_page_free_count >= vm_page_free_target) &&
                            (vm_page_free_wanted == 0) && (vm_page_free_wanted_privileged == 0)) {
                                /*
                                 * done - we have met our target *and*
                                 * there is no one waiting for a page.
                                 */
return_from_scan:
                                assert(vm_pageout_scan_wants_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL);

                                VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pageout_scan, VM_PAGEOUT_SCAN, DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive,
                                                        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_used, 0, 0);
                                VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pageout_scan, VM_PAGEOUT_SCAN, DBG_FUNC_END,
                                                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_speculative,
                                                        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_clean,
                                                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_internal,
                                                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_external);

                                return;
                        }
                        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);
                }

                /*
                 * Before anything, we check if we have any ripe volatile
                 * objects around. If so, try to purge the first object.
                 * If the purge fails, fall through to reclaim a page instead.
                 * If the purge succeeds, go back to the top and reevalute
                 * the new memory situation.
                 */

                assert (available_for_purge>=0);
                force_purge = 0; /* no force-purging */

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
                pressure_level = memorystatus_vm_pressure_level;

                if (pressure_level > kVMPressureNormal) {

                        if (pressure_level >= kVMPressureCritical) {
                                force_purge = vm_pageout_state.memorystatus_purge_on_critical;
                        } else if (pressure_level >= kVMPressureUrgent) {
                                force_purge = vm_pageout_state.memorystatus_purge_on_urgent;
                        } else if (pressure_level >= kVMPressureWarning) {
                                force_purge = vm_pageout_state.memorystatus_purge_on_warning;
                        }
                }
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */

                if (available_for_purge || force_purge) {

                        if (object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                                object = NULL;
                        }

                        memoryshot(VM_PAGEOUT_PURGEONE, DBG_FUNC_START);

                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_pageout_purgeone, VM_PAGEOUT_PURGEONE, DBG_FUNC_START, vm_page_free_count, 0, 0, 0);
                        if (vm_purgeable_object_purge_one(force_purge, C_DONT_BLOCK)) {
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_purged_objects, 1);
                                VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_pageout_purgeone, VM_PAGEOUT_PURGEONE, DBG_FUNC_END, vm_page_free_count, 0, 0, 0);
                                memoryshot(VM_PAGEOUT_PURGEONE, DBG_FUNC_END);
                                continue;
                        }
                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_pageout_purgeone, VM_PAGEOUT_PURGEONE, DBG_FUNC_END, 0, 0, 0, -1);
                        memoryshot(VM_PAGEOUT_PURGEONE, DBG_FUNC_END);
                }

                if (vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q) && vm_page_speculative_count) {
                        /*
                         * try to pull pages from the aging bins...
                         * see vm_page.h for an explanation of how
                         * this mechanism works
                         */
                        struct vm_speculative_age_q     *aq;
                        boolean_t       can_steal = FALSE;
                        int num_scanned_queues;

                        aq = &vm_page_queue_speculative[speculative_steal_index];

                        num_scanned_queues = 0;
                        while (vm_page_queue_empty(&aq->age_q) &&
                               num_scanned_queues++ != VM_PAGE_MAX_SPECULATIVE_AGE_Q) {

                                speculative_steal_index++;

                                if (speculative_steal_index > VM_PAGE_MAX_SPECULATIVE_AGE_Q)
                                        speculative_steal_index = VM_PAGE_MIN_SPECULATIVE_AGE_Q;

                                aq = &vm_page_queue_speculative[speculative_steal_index];
                        }

                        if (num_scanned_queues == VM_PAGE_MAX_SPECULATIVE_AGE_Q + 1) {
                                /*
                                 * XXX We've scanned all the speculative
                                 * queues but still haven't found one
                                 * that is not empty, even though
                                 * vm_page_speculative_count is not 0.
                                 */
                                if (!vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q))
                                        continue;
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                                panic("vm_pageout_scan: vm_page_speculative_count=%d but queues are empty", vm_page_speculative_count);
#endif
                                /* readjust... */
                                vm_page_speculative_count = 0;
                                /* ... and continue */
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (vm_page_speculative_count > vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_target || force_speculative_aging == TRUE)
                                can_steal = TRUE;
                        else {
                                if (!delay_speculative_age) {
                                        mach_timespec_t ts_fully_aged;

                                        ts_fully_aged.tv_sec = (VM_PAGE_MAX_SPECULATIVE_AGE_Q * vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_q_age_ms) / 1000;
                                        ts_fully_aged.tv_nsec = ((VM_PAGE_MAX_SPECULATIVE_AGE_Q * vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_q_age_ms) % 1000)
                                                * 1000 * NSEC_PER_USEC;

                                        ADD_MACH_TIMESPEC(&ts_fully_aged, &aq->age_ts);

                                        clock_sec_t sec;
                                        clock_nsec_t nsec;
                                        clock_get_system_nanotime(&sec, &nsec);
                                        ts.tv_sec = (unsigned int) sec;
                                        ts.tv_nsec = nsec;

                                        if (CMP_MACH_TIMESPEC(&ts, &ts_fully_aged) >= 0)
                                                can_steal = TRUE;
                                        else
                                                delay_speculative_age++;
                                } else {
                                        delay_speculative_age++;
                                        if (delay_speculative_age == DELAY_SPECULATIVE_AGE)
                                                delay_speculative_age = 0;
                                }
                        }
                        if (can_steal == TRUE)
                                vm_page_speculate_ageit(aq);
                }
                force_speculative_aging = FALSE;

                if (vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q) && cache_evict_throttle == 0) {

                        int     pages_evicted;

                        if (object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                                object = NULL;
                        }
                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(0x13001ec | DBG_FUNC_START, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                        pages_evicted = vm_object_cache_evict(100, 10);

                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(0x13001ec | DBG_FUNC_END, pages_evicted, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                        if (pages_evicted) {

                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_pages_evicted += pages_evicted;

                                VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_pageout_cache_evict, VM_PAGEOUT_CACHE_EVICT, DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                               vm_page_free_count, pages_evicted, vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_pages_evicted, 0);
                                memoryshot(VM_PAGEOUT_CACHE_EVICT, DBG_FUNC_NONE);

                                /*
                                 * we just freed up to 100 pages,
                                 * so go back to the top of the main loop
                                 * and re-evaulate the memory situation
                                 */
                                continue;
                        } else
                                cache_evict_throttle = 1000;
                }
                if  (cache_evict_throttle)
                        cache_evict_throttle--;

                divisor = vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min_divisor;

#if CONFIG_JETSAM
                /*
                 * don't let the filecache_min fall below 15% of available memory
                 * on systems with an active compressor that isn't nearing its
                 * limits w/r to accepting new data
                 *
                 * on systems w/o the compressor/swapper, the filecache is always
                 * a very large percentage of the AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY
                 * since most (if not all) of the anonymous pages are in the
                 * throttled queue (which isn't counted as available) which
                 * effectively disables this filter
                 */
                if (vm_compressor_low_on_space() || divisor == 0)
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min = 0;
                else
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min =
                          ((AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY) * 10) / divisor;
#else
                if (vm_compressor_out_of_space() || divisor == 0)
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min = 0;
                else {
                        /*
                         * don't let the filecache_min fall below the specified critical level
                         */
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min =
                          ((AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY) * 10) / divisor;
                }
#endif
                if (vm_page_free_count < (vm_page_free_reserved / 4))
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min = 0;

                exceeded_burst_throttle = FALSE;
                /*
                 * Sometimes we have to pause:
                 *      1) No inactive pages - nothing to do.
                 *      2) Loop control - no acceptable pages found on the inactive queue
                 *         within the last vm_pageout_burst_inactive_throttle iterations
                 *      3) Flow control - default pageout queue is full
                 */
                if (vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_inactive) &&
                    vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_anonymous) &&
                    vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_cleaned) &&
                    vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q)) {
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_empty_throttle, 1);
                        msecs = vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_empty_wait;
                        goto vm_pageout_scan_delay;

                } else if (inactive_burst_count >=
                           MIN(vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_inactive_throttle,
                               (vm_page_inactive_count +
                                vm_page_speculative_count))) {
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_burst_throttle, 1);
                        msecs = vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_wait;

                        exceeded_burst_throttle = TRUE;
                        goto vm_pageout_scan_delay;

                } else if (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(iq) &&
                                  VM_DYNAMIC_PAGING_ENABLED()) {
                        clock_sec_t sec;
                        clock_nsec_t nsec;

                        switch (flow_control.state) {

                        case FCS_IDLE:
                                if ((vm_page_free_count + local_freed) < vm_page_free_target &&
                                    vm_pageout_state.vm_restricted_to_single_processor == FALSE) {
                                        /*
                                         * since the compressor is running independently of vm_pageout_scan
                                         * let's not wait for it just yet... as long as we have a healthy supply
                                         * of filecache pages to work with, let's keep stealing those.
                                         */
                                        inactive_external_count = vm_page_inactive_count - vm_page_anonymous_count;

                                        if (vm_page_pageable_external_count > vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min &&
                                            (inactive_external_count >= VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET(vm_page_pageable_external_count))) {
                                                anons_grabbed = ANONS_GRABBED_LIMIT;
                                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_throttle_deferred, 1);
                                                goto consider_inactive;
                                        }
                                }
reset_deadlock_timer:
                                ts.tv_sec = vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_wait / 1000;
                                ts.tv_nsec = (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_wait % 1000) * 1000 * NSEC_PER_USEC;
                                clock_get_system_nanotime(&sec, &nsec);
                                flow_control.ts.tv_sec = (unsigned int) sec;
                                flow_control.ts.tv_nsec = nsec;
                                ADD_MACH_TIMESPEC(&flow_control.ts, &ts);

                                flow_control.state = FCS_DELAYED;
                                msecs = vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_wait;

                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_internal++;
                                break;

                        case FCS_DELAYED:
                                clock_get_system_nanotime(&sec, &nsec);
                                ts.tv_sec = (unsigned int) sec;
                                ts.tv_nsec = nsec;

                                if (CMP_MACH_TIMESPEC(&ts, &flow_control.ts) >= 0) {
                                        /*
                                         * the pageout thread for the default pager is potentially
                                         * deadlocked since the
                                         * default pager queue has been throttled for more than the
                                         * allowable time... we need to move some clean pages or dirty
                                         * pages belonging to the external pagers if they aren't throttled
                                         * vm_page_free_wanted represents the number of threads currently
                                         * blocked waiting for pages... we'll move one page for each of
                                         * these plus a fixed amount to break the logjam... once we're done
                                         * moving this number of pages, we'll re-enter the FSC_DELAYED state
                                         * with a new timeout target since we have no way of knowing
                                         * whether we've broken the deadlock except through observation
                                         * of the queue associated with the default pager... we need to
                                         * stop moving pages and allow the system to run to see what
                                         * state it settles into.
                                         */
                                        vm_pageout_deadlock_target = vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_relief +
                                                                     vm_page_free_wanted + vm_page_free_wanted_privileged;
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_deadlock_detected, 1);
                                        flow_control.state = FCS_DEADLOCK_DETECTED;
                                        thread_wakeup((event_t) &vm_pageout_garbage_collect);
                                        goto consider_inactive;
                                }
                                /*
                                 * just resniff instead of trying
                                 * to compute a new delay time... we're going to be
                                 * awakened immediately upon a laundry completion,
                                 * so we won't wait any longer than necessary
                                 */
                                msecs = vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_idle_wait;
                                break;

                        case FCS_DEADLOCK_DETECTED:
                                if (vm_pageout_deadlock_target)
                                        goto consider_inactive;
                                goto reset_deadlock_timer;

                        }
vm_pageout_scan_delay:
                        vm_pageout_scan_wants_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;

                        vm_pageout_prepare_to_block(&object, &delayed_unlock, &local_freeq, &local_freed,
                                                    VM_PAGEOUT_PB_CONSIDER_WAKING_COMPACTOR_SWAPPER);

                        if (vm_page_free_count >= vm_page_free_target) {
                                /*
                                 * we're here because
                                 *  1) someone else freed up some pages while we had
                                 *     the queues unlocked above
                                 * and we've hit one of the 3 conditions that
                                 * cause us to pause the pageout scan thread
                                 *
                                 * since we already have enough free pages,
                                 * let's avoid stalling and return normally
                                 *
                                 * before we return, make sure the pageout I/O threads
                                 * are running throttled in case there are still requests
                                 * in the laundry... since we have enough free pages
                                 * we don't need the laundry to be cleaned in a timely
                                 * fashion... so let's avoid interfering with foreground
                                 * activity
                                 *
                                 * we don't want to hold vm_page_queue_free_lock when
                                 * calling vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle (since it
                                 * may cause other locks to be taken), we do the intitial
                                 * check outside of the lock.  Once we take the lock,
                                 * we recheck the condition since it may have changed.
                                 * if it has, no problem, we will make the threads
                                 * non-throttled before actually blocking
                                 */
                                vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle(eq, TRUE);
                        }
                        lck_mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);

                        if (vm_page_free_count >= vm_page_free_target &&
                            (vm_page_free_wanted == 0) && (vm_page_free_wanted_privileged == 0)) {
                                goto return_from_scan;
                        }
                        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);

                        if ((vm_page_free_count + vm_page_cleaned_count) < vm_page_free_target) {
                                /*
                                 * we're most likely about to block due to one of
                                 * the 3 conditions that cause vm_pageout_scan to
                                 * not be able to make forward progress w/r
                                 * to providing new pages to the free queue,
                                 * so unthrottle the I/O threads in case we
                                 * have laundry to be cleaned... it needs
                                 * to be completed ASAP.
                                 *
                                 * even if we don't block, we want the io threads
                                 * running unthrottled since the sum of free +
                                 * clean pages is still under our free target
                                 */
                                vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle(eq, FALSE);
                        }
                        if (vm_page_cleaned_count > 0 && exceeded_burst_throttle == FALSE) {
                                /*
                                 * if we get here we're below our free target and
                                 * we're stalling due to a full laundry queue or
                                 * we don't have any inactive pages other then
                                 * those in the clean queue...
                                 * however, we have pages on the clean queue that
                                 * can be moved to the free queue, so let's not
                                 * stall the pageout scan
                                 */
                                flow_control.state = FCS_IDLE;
                                goto consider_inactive;
                        }
                        if (flow_control.state == FCS_DELAYED && !VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(iq)) {
                                flow_control.state = FCS_IDLE;
                                goto consider_inactive;
                        }

                        VM_CHECK_MEMORYSTATUS;

                        if (flow_control.state != FCS_IDLE)
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_throttle, 1);

                        iq->pgo_throttled = TRUE;
                        assert_wait_timeout((event_t) &iq->pgo_laundry, THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE, msecs, 1000*NSEC_PER_USEC);

                        counter(c_vm_pageout_scan_block++);

                        vm_page_unlock_queues();

                        assert(vm_pageout_scan_wants_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL);

                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_pageout_thread_block, VM_PAGEOUT_THREAD_BLOCK, DBG_FUNC_START,
                                       iq->pgo_laundry, iq->pgo_maxlaundry, msecs, 0);
                        memoryshot(VM_PAGEOUT_THREAD_BLOCK, DBG_FUNC_START);

                        thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);

                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_pageout_thread_block, VM_PAGEOUT_THREAD_BLOCK, DBG_FUNC_END,
                                       iq->pgo_laundry, iq->pgo_maxlaundry, msecs, 0);
                        memoryshot(VM_PAGEOUT_THREAD_BLOCK, DBG_FUNC_END);

                        vm_page_lock_queues();

                        iq->pgo_throttled = FALSE;

                        if (loop_count >= vm_page_inactive_count)
                                loop_count = 0;
                        inactive_burst_count = 0;

                        goto Restart;
                        /*NOTREACHED*/
                }


                flow_control.state = FCS_IDLE;
consider_inactive:
                vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit = MIN((vm_page_active_count + vm_page_inactive_count),
                                                                            vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit);
                loop_count++;
                inactive_burst_count++;
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive++;

                /*
                 * Choose a victim.
                 */
                while (1) {

#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
                        page_from_bg_q = FALSE;
#endif /* CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE */

                        m = NULL;
                        m_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;

                        if (VM_DYNAMIC_PAGING_ENABLED()) {
                                assert(vm_page_throttled_count == 0);
                                assert(vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_throttled));
                        }

                        /*
                         * Try for a clean-queue inactive page.
                         * These are pages that vm_pageout_scan tried to steal earlier, but
                         * were dirty and had to be cleaned.  Pick them up now that they are clean.
                         */
                        if (!vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_cleaned)) {
                                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_cleaned);

                                assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q);

                                break;
                        }

                        /*
                         * The next most eligible pages are ones we paged in speculatively,
                         * but which have not yet been touched and have been aged out.
                         */
                        if (!vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q)) {
                                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&sq->age_q);

                                assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q);

                                if (!m->vmp_dirty || force_anonymous == FALSE)
                                        break;
                                else
                                        m = NULL;
                        }

#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
                        if (vm_page_background_mode != VM_PAGE_BG_DISABLED && (vm_page_background_count > vm_page_background_target)) {
                                vm_object_t     bg_m_object = NULL;

                                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_background);

                                bg_m_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

                                if (!VM_PAGE_PAGEABLE(m)) {
                                        /*
                                         * This page is on the background queue
                                         * but not on a pageable queue.  This is
                                         * likely a transient state and whoever
                                         * took it out of its pageable queue
                                         * will likely put it back on a pageable
                                         * queue soon but we can't deal with it
                                         * at this point, so let's ignore this
                                         * page.
                                         */
                                } else if (force_anonymous == FALSE || bg_m_object->internal) {

                                        if (bg_m_object->internal &&
                                            (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(iq) ||
                                             vm_compressor_out_of_space() == TRUE ||
                                             vm_page_free_count < (vm_page_free_reserved / 4))) {

                                                vm_pageout_skipped_bq_internal++;
                                        } else {
                                                page_from_bg_q = TRUE;

                                                if (bg_m_object->internal)
                                                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_bq_internal++;
                                                else
                                                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_bq_external++;
                                                break;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
#endif
                        inactive_external_count = vm_page_inactive_count - vm_page_anonymous_count;

                        if ((vm_page_pageable_external_count < vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min || force_anonymous == TRUE) ||
                            (inactive_external_count < VM_PAGE_INACTIVE_TARGET(vm_page_pageable_external_count))) {
                                grab_anonymous = TRUE;
                                anons_grabbed = 0;

                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_skipped_external++;
                                goto want_anonymous;
                        }
                        grab_anonymous = (vm_page_anonymous_count > vm_page_anonymous_min);

#if CONFIG_JETSAM
                        /* If the file-backed pool has accumulated
                         * significantly more pages than the jetsam
                         * threshold, prefer to reclaim those
                         * inline to minimise compute overhead of reclaiming
                         * anonymous pages.
                         * This calculation does not account for the CPU local
                         * external page queues, as those are expected to be
                         * much smaller relative to the global pools.
                         */
                        if (grab_anonymous == TRUE && !VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(eq)) {
                                if (vm_page_pageable_external_count >
                                    vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min) {
                                        if ((vm_page_pageable_external_count *
                                                vm_pageout_memorystatus_fb_factor_dr) >
                                            (memorystatus_available_pages_critical *
                                            vm_pageout_memorystatus_fb_factor_nr)) {
                                                grab_anonymous = FALSE;

                                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_grab_anon_overrides, 1);
                                        }
                                }
                                if (grab_anonymous) {
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_grab_anon_nops, 1);
                                }
                        }
#endif /* CONFIG_JETSAM */

want_anonymous:
                        if (grab_anonymous == FALSE || anons_grabbed >= ANONS_GRABBED_LIMIT || vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_anonymous)) {

                                if ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_inactive) ) {
                                        m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_inactive);

                                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_EXTERNAL_Q);
                                        anons_grabbed = 0;

                                        if (vm_page_pageable_external_count < vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min) {

                                              if ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_anonymous) ) {
                                                    if ((++reactivated_this_call % 100)) {
                                                          vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_filecache_min_reactivated++;
                                                          goto must_activate_page;
                                                    }
                                                    /*
                                                     * steal 1% of the file backed pages even if
                                                     * we are under the limit that has been set
                                                     * for a healthy filecache
                                                     */
                                              }
                                        }
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_anonymous) ) {
                                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_anonymous);

                                assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_INTERNAL_Q);
                                anons_grabbed++;

                                break;
                        }

                        /*
                         * if we've gotten here, we have no victim page.
                         * check to see if we've not finished balancing the queues
                         * or we have a page on the aged speculative queue that we
                         * skipped due to force_anonymous == TRUE.. or we have
                         * speculative  pages that we can prematurely age... if
                         * one of these cases we'll keep going, else panic
                         */
                        force_anonymous = FALSE;
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_no_victim, 1);

                        if (!vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q))
                                goto done_with_inactivepage;

                        if (vm_page_speculative_count) {
                                force_speculative_aging = TRUE;
                                goto done_with_inactivepage;
                        }
                        panic("vm_pageout: no victim");

                        /* NOTREACHED */
                }
                assert(VM_PAGE_PAGEABLE(m));
                m_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);
                force_anonymous = FALSE;

                page_prev_q_state = m->vmp_q_state;
                /*
                 * we just found this page on one of our queues...
                 * it can't also be on the pageout queue, so safe
                 * to call vm_page_queues_remove
                 */
                vm_page_queues_remove(m, TRUE);

                assert(!m->vmp_laundry);
                assert(!m->vmp_private);
                assert(!m->vmp_fictitious);
                assert(m_object != kernel_object);
                assert(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m) != vm_page_guard_addr);

                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_page++;

                DTRACE_VM2(scan, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);

                /*
                 * check to see if we currently are working
                 * with the same object... if so, we've
                 * already got the lock
                 */
                if (m_object != object) {
                        /*
                         * the object associated with candidate page is
                         * different from the one we were just working
                         * with... dump the lock if we still own it
                         */
                        if (object != NULL) {
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                                object = NULL;
                        }
                        /*
                         * Try to lock object; since we've alread got the
                         * page queues lock, we can only 'try' for this one.
                         * if the 'try' fails, we need to do a mutex_pause
                         * to allow the owner of the object lock a chance to
                         * run... otherwise, we're likely to trip over this
                         * object in the same state as we work our way through
                         * the queue... clumps of pages associated with the same
                         * object are fairly typical on the inactive and active queues
                         */
                        if (!vm_object_lock_try_scan(m_object)) {
                                vm_page_t m_want = NULL;

                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_nolock++;

                                if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q)
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_cleaned_nolock, 1);

                                pmap_clear_reference(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

                                m->vmp_reference = FALSE;

                                if ( !m_object->object_is_shared_cache) {
                                        /*
                                         * don't apply this optimization if this is the shared cache
                                         * object, it's too easy to get rid of very hot and important
                                         * pages...
                                         * m->vmp_object must be stable since we hold the page queues lock...
                                         * we can update the scan_collisions field sans the object lock
                                         * since it is a separate field and this is the only spot that does
                                         * a read-modify-write operation and it is never executed concurrently...
                                         * we can asynchronously set this field to 0 when creating a UPL, so it
                                         * is possible for the value to be a bit non-determistic, but that's ok
                                         * since it's only used as a hint
                                         */
                                        m_object->scan_collisions = 1;
                                }
                                if ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_cleaned))
                                        m_want = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_cleaned);
                                else if ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&sq->age_q))
                                        m_want = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&sq->age_q);
                                else if ( (grab_anonymous == FALSE || anons_grabbed >= ANONS_GRABBED_LIMIT ||
                                           vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_anonymous)) &&
                                          !vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_inactive))
                                        m_want = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_inactive);
                                else if ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&vm_page_queue_anonymous))
                                        m_want = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_anonymous);

                                /*
                                 * this is the next object we're going to be interested in
                                 * try to make sure its available after the mutex_pause
                                 * returns control
                                 */
                                if (m_want)
                                        vm_pageout_scan_wants_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m_want);

                                goto requeue_page;
                        }
                        object = m_object;
                        vm_pageout_scan_wants_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                }
                assert(m_object == object);
                assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) == m_object);

                if (m->vmp_busy) {
                        /*
                         *      Somebody is already playing with this page.
                         *      Put it back on the appropriate queue
                         *
                         */
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_inactive_busy, 1);

                        if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q)
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_cleaned_busy, 1);
requeue_page:
                        if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q)
                                vm_page_enqueue_inactive(m, FALSE);
                        else
                                vm_page_activate(m);
#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                        if (page_from_bg_q == TRUE) {
                                if (m_object->internal)
                                        vm_pageout_rejected_bq_internal++;
                                else
                                        vm_pageout_rejected_bq_external++;
                        }
#endif
#endif
                        goto done_with_inactivepage;
                }

                /*
                 *   if (m->vmp_cleaning && !m->vmp_free_when_done)
                 *      If already cleaning this page in place
                 *      just leave if off the paging queues.
                 *      We can leave the page mapped, and upl_commit_range
                 *      will put it on the clean queue.
                 *
                 *   if (m->vmp_free_when_done && !m->vmp_cleaning)
                 *      an msync INVALIDATE is in progress...
                 *      this page has been marked for destruction
                 *      after it has been cleaned,
                 *      but not yet gathered into a UPL
                 *      where 'cleaning' will be set...
                 *      just leave it off the paging queues
                 *
                 *   if (m->vmp_free_when_done && m->vmp_clenaing)
                 *      an msync INVALIDATE is in progress
                 *      and the UPL has already gathered this page...
                 *      just leave it off the paging queues
                 */
                if (m->vmp_free_when_done || m->vmp_cleaning) {
                        goto done_with_inactivepage;
                }


                /*
                 *      If it's absent, in error or the object is no longer alive,
                 *      we can reclaim the page... in the no longer alive case,
                 *      there are 2 states the page can be in that preclude us
                 *      from reclaiming it - busy or cleaning - that we've already
                 *      dealt with
                 */
                if (m->vmp_absent || m->vmp_error || !object->alive) {

                        if (m->vmp_absent)
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_inactive_absent, 1);
                        else if (!object->alive)
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_inactive_notalive, 1);
                        else
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_inactive_error, 1);
reclaim_page:
                        if (vm_pageout_deadlock_target) {
                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttle_success, 1);
                                vm_pageout_deadlock_target--;
                        }

                        DTRACE_VM2(dfree, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);

                        if (object->internal) {
                                DTRACE_VM2(anonfree, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
                        } else {
                                DTRACE_VM2(fsfree, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
                        }
                        assert(!m->vmp_cleaning);
                        assert(!m->vmp_laundry);

                        if (!object->internal &&
                            object->pager != NULL &&
                            object->pager->mo_pager_ops == &shared_region_pager_ops) {
                                shared_region_pager_reclaimed++;
                        }

                        m->vmp_busy = TRUE;

                        /*
                         * remove page from object here since we're already
                         * behind the object lock... defer the rest of the work
                         * we'd normally do in vm_page_free_prepare_object
                         * until 'vm_page_free_list' is called
                         */
                        if (m->vmp_tabled)
                                vm_page_remove(m, TRUE);

                        assert(m->vmp_pageq.next == 0 && m->vmp_pageq.prev == 0);
                        m->vmp_snext = local_freeq;
                        local_freeq = m;
                        local_freed++;

                        if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q)
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_speculative++;
                        else if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q)
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_cleaned++;
                        else if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_INTERNAL_Q)
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_internal++;
                        else
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_freed_external++;

                        inactive_burst_count = 0;
                        goto done_with_inactivepage;
                }
                if (object->copy == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        /*
                         * No one else can have any interest in this page.
                         * If this is an empty purgable object, the page can be
                         * reclaimed even if dirty.
                         * If the page belongs to a volatile purgable object, we
                         * reactivate it if the compressor isn't active.
                         */
                        if (object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY) {
                                if (m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE) {
                                        /* unmap the page */
                                        refmod_state = pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));
                                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                                        }
                                }
                                if (m->vmp_dirty || m->vmp_precious) {
                                        /* we saved the cost of cleaning this page ! */
                                        vm_page_purged_count++;
                                }
                                goto reclaim_page;
                        }

                        if (VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_ACTIVE) {
                                /*
                                 * With the VM compressor, the cost of
                                 * reclaiming a page is much lower (no I/O),
                                 * so if we find a "volatile" page, it's better
                                 * to let it get compressed rather than letting
                                 * it occupy a full page until it gets purged.
                                 * So no need to check for "volatile" here.
                                 */
                        } else if (object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE) {
                                /*
                                 * Avoid cleaning a "volatile" page which might
                                 * be purged soon.
                                 */

                                /* if it's wired, we can't put it on our queue */
                                assert(!VM_PAGE_WIRED(m));

                                /* just stick it back on! */
                                reactivated_this_call++;

                                if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q)
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_cleaned_volatile_reactivated, 1);

                                goto reactivate_page;
                        }
                }
                /*
                 *      If it's being used, reactivate.
                 *      (Fictitious pages are either busy or absent.)
                 *      First, update the reference and dirty bits
                 *      to make sure the page is unreferenced.
                 */
                refmod_state = -1;

                if (m->vmp_reference == FALSE && m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE) {
                        refmod_state = pmap_get_refmod(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_REFERENCED)
                                m->vmp_reference = TRUE;
                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        }
                }

                if (m->vmp_reference || m->vmp_dirty) {
                        /* deal with a rogue "reusable" page */
                        VM_PAGEOUT_SCAN_HANDLE_REUSABLE_PAGE(m, m_object);
                }
                divisor = vm_pageout_state.vm_page_xpmapped_min_divisor;

                if (divisor == 0)
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_xpmapped_min = 0;
                else
                        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_xpmapped_min = (vm_page_external_count * 10) / divisor;

                if (!m->vmp_no_cache &&
#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
                    page_from_bg_q == FALSE &&
#endif
                    (m->vmp_reference || (m->vmp_xpmapped && !object->internal &&
                                      (vm_page_xpmapped_external_count < vm_pageout_state.vm_page_xpmapped_min)))) {
                        /*
                         * The page we pulled off the inactive list has
                         * been referenced.  It is possible for other
                         * processors to be touching pages faster than we
                         * can clear the referenced bit and traverse the
                         * inactive queue, so we limit the number of
                         * reactivations.
                         */
                        if (++reactivated_this_call >= reactivate_limit) {
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_reactivation_limit_exceeded++;
                        } else if (++inactive_reclaim_run >= VM_PAGEOUT_INACTIVE_FORCE_RECLAIM) {
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_force_reclaim++;
                        } else {
                                uint32_t isinuse;

                                if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q)
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_cleaned_reference_reactivated, 1);

                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_referenced++;
reactivate_page:
                                if ( !object->internal && object->pager != MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL &&
                                     vnode_pager_get_isinuse(object->pager, &isinuse) == KERN_SUCCESS && !isinuse) {
                                        /*
                                         * no explict mappings of this object exist
                                         * and it's not open via the filesystem
                                         */
                                        vm_page_deactivate(m);
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_inactive_deactivated, 1);
                                } else {
must_activate_page:
                                        /*
                                         * The page was/is being used, so put back on active list.
                                         */
                                        vm_page_activate(m);
                                        VM_STAT_INCR(reactivations);
                                        inactive_burst_count = 0;
                                }
#if CONFIG_BACKGROUND_QUEUE
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                                if (page_from_bg_q == TRUE) {
                                        if (m_object->internal)
                                                vm_pageout_rejected_bq_internal++;
                                        else
                                                vm_pageout_rejected_bq_external++;
                                }
#endif
#endif
                                if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_CLEANED_Q)
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_cleaned_reactivated, 1);
                                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_used++;

                                goto done_with_inactivepage;
                        }
                        /*
                         * Make sure we call pmap_get_refmod() if it
                         * wasn't already called just above, to update
                         * the dirty bit.
                         */
                        if ((refmod_state == -1) && !m->vmp_dirty && m->vmp_pmapped) {
                                refmod_state = pmap_get_refmod(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));
                                if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                                }
                        }
                }

                XPR(XPR_VM_PAGEOUT,
                "vm_pageout_scan, replace object 0x%X offset 0x%X page 0x%X\n",
                object, m->vmp_offset, m, 0,0);

                /*
                 * we've got a candidate page to steal...
                 *
                 * m->vmp_dirty is up to date courtesy of the
                 * preceding check for m->vmp_reference... if
                 * we get here, then m->vmp_reference had to be
                 * FALSE (or possibly "reactivate_limit" was
                 * exceeded), but in either case we called
                 * pmap_get_refmod() and updated both
                 * m->vmp_reference and m->vmp_dirty
                 *
                 * if it's dirty or precious we need to
                 * see if the target queue is throtttled
                 * it if is, we need to skip over it by moving it back
                 * to the end of the inactive queue
                 */

                inactive_throttled = FALSE;

                if (m->vmp_dirty || m->vmp_precious) {
                        if (object->internal) {
                                if (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(iq))
                                        inactive_throttled = TRUE;
                        } else if (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(eq)) {
                                inactive_throttled = TRUE;
                        }
                }
throttle_inactive:
                if (!VM_DYNAMIC_PAGING_ENABLED() &&
                    object->internal && m->vmp_dirty &&
                    (object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_DENY ||
                     object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_NONVOLATILE ||
                     object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE)) {
                        vm_page_check_pageable_safe(m);
                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q);
                        vm_page_queue_enter(&vm_page_queue_throttled, m,
                                            vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
                        m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_THROTTLED_Q;
                        vm_page_throttled_count++;

                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_reclaimed_throttled, 1);

                        inactive_burst_count = 0;
                        goto done_with_inactivepage;
                }
                if (inactive_throttled == TRUE) {

                        if (object->internal == FALSE) {
                                /*
                                 * we need to break up the following potential deadlock case...
                                 *  a) The external pageout thread is stuck on the truncate lock for a file that is being extended i.e. written.
                                 *  b) The thread doing the writing is waiting for pages while holding the truncate lock
                                 *  c) Most of the pages in the inactive queue belong to this file.
                                 *
                                 * we are potentially in this deadlock because...
                                 *  a) the external pageout queue is throttled
                                 *  b) we're done with the active queue and moved on to the inactive queue
                                 *  c) we've got a dirty external page
                                 *
                                 * since we don't know the reason for the external pageout queue being throttled we
                                 * must suspect that we are deadlocked, so move the current page onto the active queue
                                 * in an effort to cause a page from the active queue to 'age' to the inactive queue
                                 *
                                 * if we don't have jetsam configured (i.e. we have a dynamic pager), set
                                 * 'force_anonymous' to TRUE to cause us to grab a page from the cleaned/anonymous
                                 * pool the next time we select a victim page... if we can make enough new free pages,
                                 * the deadlock will break, the external pageout queue will empty and it will no longer
                                 * be throttled
                                 *
                                 * if we have jetsam configured, keep a count of the pages reactivated this way so
                                 * that we can try to find clean pages in the active/inactive queues before
                                 * deciding to jetsam a process
                                 */
                                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_scan_inactive_throttled_external++;

                                vm_page_check_pageable_safe(m);
                                assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q);
                                vm_page_queue_enter(&vm_page_queue_active, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
                                m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_ACTIVE_Q;
                                vm_page_active_count++;
                                vm_page_pageable_external_count++;

                                vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle(eq, FALSE);

#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM
                                vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit--;

                                if (vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit <= 0) {
                                        vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_reactivate_limit = vm_page_active_count + vm_page_inactive_count;
                                        /*
                                         * Possible deadlock scenario so request jetsam action
                                         */
                                        assert(object);
                                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                                        object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                                        vm_page_unlock_queues();

                                        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pageout_jetsam, VM_PAGEOUT_JETSAM, DBG_FUNC_START,
                                               vm_page_active_count, vm_page_inactive_count, vm_page_free_count, vm_page_free_count);

                                        /* Kill first suitable process. If this call returned FALSE, we might have simply purged a process instead. */
                                        if (memorystatus_kill_on_VM_page_shortage(FALSE) == TRUE) {
                                                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_inactive_external_forced_jetsam_count, 1);
                                        }

                                        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pageout_jetsam, VM_PAGEOUT_JETSAM, DBG_FUNC_END,
                                                        vm_page_active_count, vm_page_inactive_count, vm_page_free_count, vm_page_free_count);

                                        vm_page_lock_queues();
                                        delayed_unlock = 1;
                                }
#else /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM */
                                force_anonymous = TRUE;
#endif
                                inactive_burst_count = 0;
                                goto done_with_inactivepage;
                        } else {
                                goto must_activate_page;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * we've got a page that we can steal...
                 * eliminate all mappings and make sure
                 * we have the up-to-date modified state
                 *
                 * if we need to do a pmap_disconnect then we
                 * need to re-evaluate m->vmp_dirty since the pmap_disconnect
                 * provides the true state atomically... the
                 * page was still mapped up to the pmap_disconnect
                 * and may have been dirtied at the last microsecond
                 *
                 * Note that if 'pmapped' is FALSE then the page is not
                 * and has not been in any map, so there is no point calling
                 * pmap_disconnect().  m->vmp_dirty could have been set in anticipation
                 * of likely usage of the page.
                 */
                if (m->vmp_pmapped == TRUE) {
                        int pmap_options;

                        /*
                         * Don't count this page as going into the compressor
                         * if any of these are true:
                         * 1) compressed pager isn't enabled
                         * 2) Freezer enabled device with compressed pager
                         *    backend (exclusive use) i.e. most of the VM system
                         *    (including vm_pageout_scan) has no knowledge of
                         *    the compressor
                         * 3) This page belongs to a file and hence will not be
                         *    sent into the compressor
                         */
                        if ( !VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_ACTIVE ||
                            object->internal == FALSE) {
                                pmap_options = 0;
                        } else if (m->vmp_dirty || m->vmp_precious) {
                                /*
                                 * VM knows that this page is dirty (or
                                 * precious) and needs to be compressed
                                 * rather than freed.
                                 * Tell the pmap layer to count this page
                                 * as "compressed".
                                 */
                                pmap_options = PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * VM does not know if the page needs to
                                 * be preserved but the pmap layer might tell
                                 * us if any mapping has "modified" it.
                                 * Let's the pmap layer to count this page
                                 * as compressed if and only if it has been
                                 * modified.
                                 */
                                pmap_options =
                                        PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR_IFF_MODIFIED;
                        }
                        refmod_state = pmap_disconnect_options(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m),
                                                               pmap_options,
                                                               NULL);
                        if (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * reset our count of pages that have been reclaimed
                 * since the last page was 'stolen'
                 */
                inactive_reclaim_run = 0;

                /*
                 *      If it's clean and not precious, we can free the page.
                 */
                if (!m->vmp_dirty && !m->vmp_precious) {

                        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_clean++;

                        /*
                         * OK, at this point we have found a page we are going to free.
                         */
#if CONFIG_PHANTOM_CACHE
                        if (!object->internal)
                                vm_phantom_cache_add_ghost(m);
#endif
                        goto reclaim_page;
                }

                /*
                 * The page may have been dirtied since the last check
                 * for a throttled target queue (which may have been skipped
                 * if the page was clean then).  With the dirty page
                 * disconnected here, we can make one final check.
                 */
                if (object->internal) {
                        if (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(iq))
                                inactive_throttled = TRUE;
                } else if (VM_PAGE_Q_THROTTLED(eq)) {
                        inactive_throttled = TRUE;
                }

                if (inactive_throttled == TRUE)
                        goto throttle_inactive;

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
#if CONFIG_JETSAM

                /*
                 * If Jetsam is enabled, then the sending
                 * of memory pressure notifications is handled
                 * from the same thread that takes care of high-water
                 * and other jetsams i.e. the memorystatus_thread.
                 */

#else /* CONFIG_JETSAM */

                vm_pressure_response();

#endif /* CONFIG_JETSAM */
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */

                if (page_prev_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q)
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_speculative_dirty, 1);

                if (object->internal)
                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_internal++;
                else
                        vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_inactive_dirty_external++;

                /*
                 * internal pages will go to the compressor...
                 * external pages will go to the appropriate pager to be cleaned
                 * and upon completion will end up on 'vm_page_queue_cleaned' which
                 * is a preferred queue to steal from
                 */
                vm_pageout_cluster(m);
                inactive_burst_count = 0;

done_with_inactivepage:

                if (delayed_unlock++ > delayed_unlock_limit) {
                        int freed = local_freed;

                        vm_pageout_prepare_to_block(&object, &delayed_unlock, &local_freeq, &local_freed,
                                                    VM_PAGEOUT_PB_CONSIDER_WAKING_COMPACTOR_SWAPPER);
                        if (freed == 0)
                                lck_mtx_yield(&vm_page_queue_lock);
                } else if (vm_pageout_scan_wants_object) {
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();
                        mutex_pause(0);
                        vm_page_lock_queues();
                }
                /*
                 * back to top of pageout scan loop
                 */
        }
}


void
vm_page_free_reserve(
        int pages)
{
        int             free_after_reserve;

        if (VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_PRESENT) {

                if ((vm_page_free_reserved + pages + COMPRESSOR_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT) >= (VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT + COMPRESSOR_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT))
                        vm_page_free_reserved = VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT + COMPRESSOR_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT;
                else
                        vm_page_free_reserved += (pages + COMPRESSOR_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT);

        } else {
                if ((vm_page_free_reserved + pages) >= VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT)
                        vm_page_free_reserved = VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT;
                else
                        vm_page_free_reserved += pages;
        }
        free_after_reserve = vm_pageout_state.vm_page_free_count_init - vm_page_free_reserved;

        vm_page_free_min = vm_page_free_reserved +
                VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN(free_after_reserve);

        if (vm_page_free_min > VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN_LIMIT)
                vm_page_free_min = VM_PAGE_FREE_MIN_LIMIT;

        vm_page_free_target = vm_page_free_reserved +
                VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET(free_after_reserve);

        if (vm_page_free_target > VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET_LIMIT)
                vm_page_free_target = VM_PAGE_FREE_TARGET_LIMIT;

        if (vm_page_free_target < vm_page_free_min + 5)
                vm_page_free_target = vm_page_free_min + 5;

        vm_page_throttle_limit = vm_page_free_target - (vm_page_free_target / 2);
}

/*
 *      vm_pageout is the high level pageout daemon.
 */

void
vm_pageout_continue(void)
{
        DTRACE_VM2(pgrrun, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_scan_event_counter, 1);

#if !CONFIG_EMBEDDED
        lck_mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);
        vm_pageout_running = TRUE;
        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);
#endif /* CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

        vm_pageout_scan();
        /*
         * we hold both the vm_page_queue_free_lock
         * and the vm_page_queues_lock at this point
         */
        assert(vm_page_free_wanted == 0);
        assert(vm_page_free_wanted_privileged == 0);
        assert_wait((event_t) &vm_page_free_wanted, THREAD_UNINT);

#if !CONFIG_EMBEDDED
        vm_pageout_running = FALSE;
        if (vm_pageout_waiter) {
                vm_pageout_waiter = FALSE;
                thread_wakeup((event_t)&vm_pageout_waiter);
        }
#endif /* !CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        counter(c_vm_pageout_block++);
        thread_block((thread_continue_t)vm_pageout_continue);
        /*NOTREACHED*/
}

#if !CONFIG_EMBEDDED
kern_return_t
vm_pageout_wait(uint64_t deadline)
{
        kern_return_t kr;

        lck_mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);
        for (kr = KERN_SUCCESS; vm_pageout_running && (KERN_SUCCESS == kr); ) {
                vm_pageout_waiter = TRUE;
                if (THREAD_AWAKENED != lck_mtx_sleep_deadline(
                                &vm_page_queue_free_lock, LCK_SLEEP_DEFAULT,
                                (event_t) &vm_pageout_waiter, THREAD_UNINT, deadline)) {
                        kr = KERN_OPERATION_TIMED_OUT;
                }
        }
        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);

        return (kr);
}
#endif /* !CONFIG_EMBEDDED */


static void
vm_pageout_iothread_external_continue(struct vm_pageout_queue *q)
{
        vm_page_t       m = NULL;
        vm_object_t     object;
        vm_object_offset_t offset;
        memory_object_t pager;

        /* On systems with a compressor, the external IO thread clears its
         * VM privileged bit to accommodate large allocations (e.g. bulk UPL
         * creation)
         */
        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_internal_iothread != THREAD_NULL)
                current_thread()->options &= ~TH_OPT_VMPRIV;

        vm_page_lockspin_queues();

        while ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&q->pgo_pending) ) {

                   q->pgo_busy = TRUE;
                   vm_page_queue_remove_first(&q->pgo_pending, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);

                   assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q);
                   VM_PAGE_CHECK(m);
                   /*
                    * grab a snapshot of the object and offset this
                    * page is tabled in so that we can relookup this
                    * page after we've taken the object lock - these
                    * fields are stable while we hold the page queues lock
                    * but as soon as we drop it, there is nothing to keep
                    * this page in this object... we hold an activity_in_progress
                    * on this object which will keep it from terminating
                    */
                   object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);
                   offset = m->vmp_offset;

                   m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q;
                   VM_PAGE_ZERO_PAGEQ_ENTRY(m);

                   vm_page_unlock_queues();

                   vm_object_lock(object);

                   m = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);

                   if (m == NULL ||
                       m->vmp_busy || m->vmp_cleaning || !m->vmp_laundry || (m->vmp_q_state != VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q)) {
                           /*
                            * it's either the same page that someone else has
                            * started cleaning (or it's finished cleaning or
                            * been put back on the pageout queue), or
                            * the page has been freed or we have found a
                            * new page at this offset... in all of these cases
                            * we merely need to release the activity_in_progress
                            * we took when we put the page on the pageout queue
                            */
                           vm_object_activity_end(object);
                           vm_object_unlock(object);

                           vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                           continue;
                   }
                   pager = object->pager;

                   if (pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL) {
                           /*
                            * This pager has been destroyed by either
                            * memory_object_destroy or vm_object_destroy, and
                            * so there is nowhere for the page to go.
                            */
                           if (m->vmp_free_when_done) {
                                   /*
                                    * Just free the page... VM_PAGE_FREE takes
                                    * care of cleaning up all the state...
                                    * including doing the vm_pageout_throttle_up
                                    */
                                   VM_PAGE_FREE(m);
                           } else {
                                   vm_page_lockspin_queues();

                                   vm_pageout_throttle_up(m);
                                   vm_page_activate(m);

                                   vm_page_unlock_queues();

                                   /*
                                    *   And we are done with it.
                                    */
                           }
                           vm_object_activity_end(object);
                           vm_object_unlock(object);

                           vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                           continue;
                   }
#if 0
                   /*
                    * we don't hold the page queue lock
                    * so this check isn't safe to make
                    */
                   VM_PAGE_CHECK(m);
#endif
                   /*
                    * give back the activity_in_progress reference we
                    * took when we queued up this page and replace it
                    * it with a paging_in_progress reference that will
                    * also hold the paging offset from changing and
                    * prevent the object from terminating
                    */
                   vm_object_activity_end(object);
                   vm_object_paging_begin(object);
                   vm_object_unlock(object);

                   /*
                    * Send the data to the pager.
                    * any pageout clustering happens there
                    */
                   memory_object_data_return(pager,
                                             m->vmp_offset + object->paging_offset,
                                             PAGE_SIZE,
                                             NULL,
                                             NULL,
                                             FALSE,
                                             FALSE,
                                             0);

                   vm_object_lock(object);
                   vm_object_paging_end(object);
                   vm_object_unlock(object);

                   vm_pageout_io_throttle();

                   vm_page_lockspin_queues();
        }
        q->pgo_busy = FALSE;
        q->pgo_idle = TRUE;

        assert_wait((event_t) &q->pgo_pending, THREAD_UNINT);
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        thread_block_parameter((thread_continue_t)vm_pageout_iothread_external_continue, (void *) q);
        /*NOTREACHED*/
}


#define         MAX_FREE_BATCH          32
uint32_t vm_compressor_time_thread; /* Set via sysctl to record time accrued by
                                     * this thread.
                                     */


void
vm_pageout_iothread_internal_continue(struct cq *);
void
vm_pageout_iothread_internal_continue(struct cq *cq)
{
        struct vm_pageout_queue *q;
        vm_page_t       m = NULL;
        boolean_t       pgo_draining;
        vm_page_t   local_q;
        int         local_cnt;
        vm_page_t   local_freeq = NULL;
        int         local_freed = 0;
        int         local_batch_size;
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        int       ncomps = 0;
        boolean_t marked_active = FALSE;
#endif
        KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe040000c | DBG_FUNC_END, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

        q = cq->q;
        local_batch_size = q->pgo_maxlaundry / (vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count * 2);

#if RECORD_THE_COMPRESSED_DATA
        if (q->pgo_laundry)
                c_compressed_record_init();
#endif
        while (TRUE) {
                int     pages_left_on_q = 0;

                local_cnt = 0;
                local_q = NULL;

                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400014 | DBG_FUNC_START, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                vm_page_lock_queues();
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                if (marked_active == FALSE) {
                        vmct_active++;
                        vmct_state[cq->id] = VMCT_ACTIVE;
                        marked_active = TRUE;
                        if (vmct_active == 1) {
                                vm_compressor_epoch_start = mach_absolute_time();
                        }
                }
#endif
                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400014 | DBG_FUNC_END, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400018 | DBG_FUNC_START, q->pgo_laundry, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                while ( !vm_page_queue_empty(&q->pgo_pending) && local_cnt < local_batch_size) {

                        vm_page_queue_remove_first(&q->pgo_pending, m, vm_page_t, vmp_pageq);
                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q);
                        VM_PAGE_CHECK(m);

                        m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q;
                        VM_PAGE_ZERO_PAGEQ_ENTRY(m);
                        m->vmp_laundry = FALSE;

                        m->vmp_snext = local_q;
                        local_q = m;
                        local_cnt++;
                }
                if (local_q == NULL)
                        break;

                q->pgo_busy = TRUE;

                if ((pgo_draining = q->pgo_draining) == FALSE) {
                        vm_pageout_throttle_up_batch(q, local_cnt);
                        pages_left_on_q = q->pgo_laundry;
                } else
                        pages_left_on_q = q->pgo_laundry - local_cnt;

                vm_page_unlock_queues();

#if !RECORD_THE_COMPRESSED_DATA
                if (pages_left_on_q >= local_batch_size && cq->id < (vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count - 1)) {
                        thread_wakeup((event_t) ((uintptr_t)&q->pgo_pending + cq->id + 1));
                }
#endif
                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400018 | DBG_FUNC_END, q->pgo_laundry, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                while (local_q) {

                        KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400024 | DBG_FUNC_START, local_cnt, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                        m = local_q;
                        local_q = m->vmp_snext;
                        m->vmp_snext = NULL;

                        if (vm_pageout_compress_page(&cq->current_chead, cq->scratch_buf, m) == KERN_SUCCESS) {
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                                ncomps++;
#endif
                                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400024 | DBG_FUNC_END, local_cnt, 0, 0, 0, 0);

                                m->vmp_snext = local_freeq;
                                local_freeq = m;
                                local_freed++;

                                if (local_freed >= MAX_FREE_BATCH) {

                                        OSAddAtomic64(local_freed, &vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_compressions);

                                        vm_page_free_list(local_freeq, TRUE);

                                        local_freeq = NULL;
                                        local_freed = 0;
                                }
                        }
#if !CONFIG_JETSAM
                        while (vm_page_free_count < COMPRESSOR_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT) {
                                kern_return_t   wait_result;
                                int             need_wakeup = 0;

                                if (local_freeq) {
                                        OSAddAtomic64(local_freed, &vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_compressions);

                                        vm_page_free_list(local_freeq, TRUE);
                                        local_freeq = NULL;
                                        local_freed = 0;

                                        continue;
                                }
                                lck_mtx_lock_spin(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);

                                if (vm_page_free_count < COMPRESSOR_FREE_RESERVED_LIMIT) {

                                        if (vm_page_free_wanted_privileged++ == 0)
                                                need_wakeup = 1;
                                        wait_result = assert_wait((event_t)&vm_page_free_wanted_privileged, THREAD_UNINT);

                                        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);

                                        if (need_wakeup)
                                                thread_wakeup((event_t)&vm_page_free_wanted);

                                        if (wait_result == THREAD_WAITING)

                                                thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                } else
                                        lck_mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_lock);
                        }
#endif
                }
                if (local_freeq) {
                        OSAddAtomic64(local_freed, &vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_compressions);

                        vm_page_free_list(local_freeq, TRUE);
                        local_freeq = NULL;
                        local_freed = 0;
                }
                if (pgo_draining == TRUE) {
                        vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                        vm_pageout_throttle_up_batch(q, local_cnt);
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();
                }
        }
        KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe040000c | DBG_FUNC_START, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

        /*
         * queue lock is held and our q is empty
         */
        q->pgo_busy = FALSE;
        q->pgo_idle = TRUE;

        assert_wait((event_t) ((uintptr_t)&q->pgo_pending + cq->id), THREAD_UNINT);
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (marked_active == TRUE) {
                vmct_active--;
                vmct_state[cq->id] = VMCT_IDLE;

                if (vmct_active == 0) {
                        vm_compressor_epoch_stop = mach_absolute_time();
                        assertf(vm_compressor_epoch_stop >= vm_compressor_epoch_start,
                            "Compressor epoch non-monotonic: 0x%llx -> 0x%llx",
                            vm_compressor_epoch_start, vm_compressor_epoch_stop);
                        /* This interval includes intervals where one or more
                         * compressor threads were pre-empted
                         */
                        vmct_stats.vmct_cthreads_total += vm_compressor_epoch_stop - vm_compressor_epoch_start;
                }
        }
#endif
        vm_page_unlock_queues();
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (__improbable(vm_compressor_time_thread)) {
                vmct_stats.vmct_runtimes[cq->id] = thread_get_runtime_self();
                vmct_stats.vmct_pages[cq->id] += ncomps;
                vmct_stats.vmct_iterations[cq->id]++;
                if (ncomps > vmct_stats.vmct_maxpages[cq->id]) {
                        vmct_stats.vmct_maxpages[cq->id] = ncomps;
                }
                if (ncomps < vmct_stats.vmct_minpages[cq->id]) {
                        vmct_stats.vmct_minpages[cq->id] = ncomps;
                }
        }
#endif

        KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400018 | DBG_FUNC_END, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

        thread_block_parameter((thread_continue_t)vm_pageout_iothread_internal_continue, (void *) cq);
        /*NOTREACHED*/
}


kern_return_t
vm_pageout_compress_page(void **current_chead, char *scratch_buf, vm_page_t m)
{
        vm_object_t     object;
        memory_object_t pager;
        int             compressed_count_delta;
        kern_return_t   retval;

        object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

        assert(!m->vmp_free_when_done);
        assert(!m->vmp_laundry);

        pager = object->pager;

        if (!object->pager_initialized || pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL)  {

                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400010 | DBG_FUNC_START, object, pager, 0, 0, 0);

                vm_object_lock(object);

                /*
                 * If there is no memory object for the page, create
                 * one and hand it to the compression pager.
                 */

                if (!object->pager_initialized)
                        vm_object_collapse(object, (vm_object_offset_t) 0, TRUE);
                if (!object->pager_initialized)
                        vm_object_compressor_pager_create(object);

                pager = object->pager;

                if (!object->pager_initialized || pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Still no pager for the object,
                         * or the pager has been destroyed.
                         * Reactivate the page.
                         *
                         * Should only happen if there is no
                         * compression pager
                         */
                        PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(m);

                        vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                        vm_page_activate(m);
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_pageout_dirty_no_pager, 1);
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();

                        /*
                         *      And we are done with it.
                         */
                        vm_object_activity_end(object);
                        vm_object_unlock(object);

                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                }
                vm_object_unlock(object);

                KERNEL_DEBUG(0xe0400010 | DBG_FUNC_END, object, pager, 0, 0, 0);
        }
        assert(object->pager_initialized && pager != MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL);
        assert(object->activity_in_progress > 0);

        retval = vm_compressor_pager_put(
                pager,
                m->vmp_offset + object->paging_offset,
                VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m),
                current_chead,
                scratch_buf,
                &compressed_count_delta);

        vm_object_lock(object);

        assert(object->activity_in_progress > 0);
        assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) == object);
        assert( !VM_PAGE_WIRED(m));

        vm_compressor_pager_count(pager,
                                  compressed_count_delta,
                                  FALSE, /* shared_lock */
                                  object);

        if (retval == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /*
                 * If the object is purgeable, its owner's
                 * purgeable ledgers will be updated in
                 * vm_page_remove() but the page still
                 * contributes to the owner's memory footprint,
                 * so account for it as such.
                 */
                if ((object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_DENY ||
                     object->vo_ledger_tag) &&
                    object->vo_owner != NULL) {
                        /* one more compressed purgeable/tagged page */
                        vm_object_owner_compressed_update(object,
                                                          +1);
                }
                VM_STAT_INCR(compressions);

                if (m->vmp_tabled)
                        vm_page_remove(m, TRUE);

        } else {
                PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(m);

                vm_page_lockspin_queues();

                vm_page_activate(m);
                vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_compressor_failed++;

                vm_page_unlock_queues();
        }
        vm_object_activity_end(object);
        vm_object_unlock(object);

        return retval;
}


static void
vm_pageout_adjust_eq_iothrottle(struct vm_pageout_queue *eq, boolean_t req_lowpriority)
{
        uint32_t        policy;

        if (hibernate_cleaning_in_progress == TRUE)
                req_lowpriority = FALSE;

        if (eq->pgo_inited == TRUE && eq->pgo_lowpriority != req_lowpriority) {

                vm_page_unlock_queues();

                if (req_lowpriority == TRUE) {
                        policy = THROTTLE_LEVEL_PAGEOUT_THROTTLED;
                        DTRACE_VM(laundrythrottle);
                } else {
                        policy = THROTTLE_LEVEL_PAGEOUT_UNTHROTTLED;
                        DTRACE_VM(laundryunthrottle);
                }
                proc_set_thread_policy_with_tid(kernel_task, eq->pgo_tid,
                                                TASK_POLICY_EXTERNAL, TASK_POLICY_IO, policy);

                eq->pgo_lowpriority = req_lowpriority;

                vm_page_lock_queues();
        }
}


static void
vm_pageout_iothread_external(void)
{
        thread_t        self = current_thread();

        self->options |= TH_OPT_VMPRIV;

        DTRACE_VM2(laundrythrottle, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);

        proc_set_thread_policy(self, TASK_POLICY_EXTERNAL,
                               TASK_POLICY_IO, THROTTLE_LEVEL_PAGEOUT_THROTTLED);

        vm_page_lock_queues();

        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_tid = self->thread_id;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_lowpriority = TRUE;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_inited = TRUE;

        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        vm_pageout_iothread_external_continue(&vm_pageout_queue_external);

        /*NOTREACHED*/
}


static void
vm_pageout_iothread_internal(struct cq *cq)
{
        thread_t        self = current_thread();

        self->options |= TH_OPT_VMPRIV;

        vm_page_lock_queues();

        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_tid = self->thread_id;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_lowpriority = TRUE;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_inited = TRUE;

        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_restricted_to_single_processor == TRUE)
                thread_vm_bind_group_add();


        thread_set_thread_name(current_thread(), "VM_compressor");
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        vmct_stats.vmct_minpages[cq->id] = INT32_MAX;
#endif
        vm_pageout_iothread_internal_continue(cq);

        /*NOTREACHED*/
}

kern_return_t
vm_set_buffer_cleanup_callout(boolean_t (*func)(int))
{
        if (OSCompareAndSwapPtr(NULL, func, (void * volatile *) &consider_buffer_cache_collect)) {
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        } else {
                return KERN_FAILURE; /* Already set */
        }
}

extern boolean_t        memorystatus_manual_testing_on;
extern unsigned int     memorystatus_level;


#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS

boolean_t vm_pressure_events_enabled = FALSE;

void
vm_pressure_response(void)
{

        vm_pressure_level_t     old_level = kVMPressureNormal;
        int                     new_level = -1;
        unsigned int            total_pages;
        uint64_t                available_memory = 0;

        if (vm_pressure_events_enabled == FALSE)
                return;

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED

        available_memory = (uint64_t) memorystatus_available_pages;

#else /* CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

        available_memory = (uint64_t) AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY;
        memorystatus_available_pages = (uint64_t) AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY;

#endif /* CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

        total_pages = (unsigned int) atop_64(max_mem);
#if CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY
        total_pages -= vm_page_secluded_count;
#endif /* CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY */
        memorystatus_level = (unsigned int) ((available_memory * 100) / total_pages);

        if (memorystatus_manual_testing_on) {
                return;
        }

        old_level = memorystatus_vm_pressure_level;

        switch (memorystatus_vm_pressure_level) {

                case kVMPressureNormal:
                {
                        if (VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_CRITICAL()) {
                                new_level = kVMPressureCritical;
                        }  else if (VM_PRESSURE_NORMAL_TO_WARNING()) {
                                new_level = kVMPressureWarning;
                        }
                        break;
                }

                case kVMPressureWarning:
                case kVMPressureUrgent:
                {
                        if (VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_NORMAL()) {
                                new_level = kVMPressureNormal;
                        }  else if (VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_CRITICAL()) {
                                new_level = kVMPressureCritical;
                        }
                        break;
                }

                case kVMPressureCritical:
                {
                        if (VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_NORMAL()) {
                                new_level = kVMPressureNormal;
                        }  else if (VM_PRESSURE_CRITICAL_TO_WARNING()) {
                                new_level = kVMPressureWarning;
                        }
                        break;
                }

                default:
                        return;
        }

        if (new_level != -1) {
                memorystatus_vm_pressure_level = (vm_pressure_level_t) new_level;

                if (new_level != old_level) {
                        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_pressure_level_change, VM_PRESSURE_LEVEL_CHANGE, DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        new_level, old_level, 0, 0);
                }

                if ((memorystatus_vm_pressure_level != kVMPressureNormal) || (old_level != memorystatus_vm_pressure_level)) {
                        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_thread_running == FALSE) {
                                thread_wakeup(&vm_pressure_thread);
                        }

                        if (old_level != memorystatus_vm_pressure_level) {
                                thread_wakeup(&vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_changed);
                        }
                }
        }

}
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */

kern_return_t
mach_vm_pressure_level_monitor(__unused boolean_t wait_for_pressure, __unused unsigned int *pressure_level) {

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED

        return KERN_FAILURE;

#elif !VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS

        return KERN_FAILURE;

#else /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */

        kern_return_t   kr = KERN_SUCCESS;

        if (pressure_level != NULL) {

                vm_pressure_level_t     old_level = memorystatus_vm_pressure_level;

                if (wait_for_pressure == TRUE) {
                        wait_result_t           wr = 0;

                        while (old_level == *pressure_level) {
                                wr = assert_wait((event_t) &vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_changed,
                                                 THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                                if (wr == THREAD_WAITING) {
                                        wr = thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                }
                                if (wr == THREAD_INTERRUPTED) {
                                        return KERN_ABORTED;
                                }
                                if (wr == THREAD_AWAKENED) {

                                        old_level = memorystatus_vm_pressure_level;

                                        if (old_level != *pressure_level) {
                                                break;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }

                *pressure_level = old_level;
                kr = KERN_SUCCESS;
        } else {
                kr = KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        return kr;
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */
}

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
void
vm_pressure_thread(void) {
        static boolean_t thread_initialized = FALSE;

        if (thread_initialized == TRUE) {
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_thread_running = TRUE;
                consider_vm_pressure_events();
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_thread_running = FALSE;
        }

        thread_set_thread_name(current_thread(), "VM_pressure");
        thread_initialized = TRUE;
        assert_wait((event_t) &vm_pressure_thread, THREAD_UNINT);
        thread_block((thread_continue_t)vm_pressure_thread);
}
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */


/*
 * called once per-second via "compute_averages"
 */
void
compute_pageout_gc_throttle(__unused void *arg)
{
        if (vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_page != vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_considered_page_last) {

                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_considered_page_last = vm_pageout_vminfo.vm_pageout_considered_page;

                thread_wakeup((event_t) &vm_pageout_garbage_collect);
        }
}

/*
 * vm_pageout_garbage_collect can also be called when the zone allocator needs
 * to call zone_gc on a different thread in order to trigger zone-map-exhaustion
 * jetsams. We need to check if the zone map size is above its jetsam limit to
 * decide if this was indeed the case.
 *
 * We need to do this on a different thread because of the following reasons:
 *
 * 1. In the case of synchronous jetsams, the leaking process can try to jetsam
 * itself causing the system to hang. We perform synchronous jetsams if we're
 * leaking in the VM map entries zone, so the leaking process could be doing a
 * zalloc for a VM map entry while holding its vm_map lock, when it decides to
 * jetsam itself. We also need the vm_map lock on the process termination path,
 * which would now lead the dying process to deadlock against itself.
 *
 * 2. The jetsam path might need to allocate zone memory itself. We could try
 * using the non-blocking variant of zalloc for this path, but we can still
 * end up trying to do a kernel_memory_allocate when the zone_map is almost
 * full.
 */

extern boolean_t is_zone_map_nearing_exhaustion(void);

void
vm_pageout_garbage_collect(int collect)
{
        if (collect) {
                if (is_zone_map_nearing_exhaustion()) {
                        /*
                         * Woken up by the zone allocator for zone-map-exhaustion jetsams.
                         *
                         * Bail out after calling zone_gc (which triggers the
                         * zone-map-exhaustion jetsams). If we fall through, the subsequent
                         * operations that clear out a bunch of caches might allocate zone
                         * memory themselves (for eg. vm_map operations would need VM map
                         * entries). Since the zone map is almost full at this point, we
                         * could end up with a panic. We just need to quickly jetsam a
                         * process and exit here.
                         *
                         * It could so happen that we were woken up to relieve memory
                         * pressure and the zone map also happened to be near its limit at
                         * the time, in which case we'll skip out early. But that should be
                         * ok; if memory pressure persists, the thread will simply be woken
                         * up again.
                         */
                        consider_zone_gc(TRUE);

                } else {
                        /* Woken up by vm_pageout_scan or compute_pageout_gc_throttle. */
                        boolean_t buf_large_zfree = FALSE;
                        boolean_t first_try = TRUE;

                        stack_collect();

                        consider_machine_collect();
                        mbuf_drain(FALSE);

                        do {
                                if (consider_buffer_cache_collect != NULL) {
                                        buf_large_zfree = (*consider_buffer_cache_collect)(0);
                                }
                                if (first_try == TRUE || buf_large_zfree == TRUE) {
                                        /*
                                         * consider_zone_gc should be last, because the other operations
                                         * might return memory to zones.
                                         */
                                        consider_zone_gc(FALSE);
                                }
                                first_try = FALSE;

                        } while (buf_large_zfree == TRUE && vm_page_free_count < vm_page_free_target);

                        consider_machine_adjust();
                }
        }

        assert_wait((event_t) &vm_pageout_garbage_collect, THREAD_UNINT);

        thread_block_parameter((thread_continue_t) vm_pageout_garbage_collect, (void *)1);
        /*NOTREACHED*/
}


#if VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK
#if VM_PAGE_FAKE_BUCKETS
extern vm_map_offset_t vm_page_fake_buckets_start, vm_page_fake_buckets_end;
#endif /* VM_PAGE_FAKE_BUCKETS */
#endif /* VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK */



void
vm_set_restrictions()
{
        host_basic_info_data_t hinfo;
        mach_msg_type_number_t count = HOST_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;

#define BSD_HOST 1
        host_info((host_t)BSD_HOST, HOST_BASIC_INFO, (host_info_t)&hinfo, &count);

        assert(hinfo.max_cpus > 0);

        if (hinfo.max_cpus <= 3) {
                /*
                 * on systems with a limited number of CPUS, bind the
                 * 4 major threads that can free memory and that tend to use
                 * a fair bit of CPU under pressured conditions to a single processor.
                 * This insures that these threads don't hog all of the available CPUs
                 * (important for camera launch), while allowing them to run independently
                 * w/r to locks... the 4 threads are
                 * vm_pageout_scan,  vm_pageout_iothread_internal (compressor),
                 * vm_compressor_swap_trigger_thread (minor and major compactions),
                 * memorystatus_thread (jetsams).
                 *
                 * the first time the thread is run, it is responsible for checking the
                 * state of vm_restricted_to_single_processor, and if TRUE it calls
                 * thread_bind_master...  someday this should be replaced with a group
                 * scheduling mechanism and KPI.
                 */
                vm_pageout_state.vm_restricted_to_single_processor = TRUE;
        } else
                vm_pageout_state.vm_restricted_to_single_processor = FALSE;
}

void
vm_pageout(void)
{
        thread_t        self = current_thread();
        thread_t        thread;
        kern_return_t   result;
        spl_t           s;

        /*
         * Set thread privileges.
         */
        s = splsched();

        thread_lock(self);
        self->options |= TH_OPT_VMPRIV;
        sched_set_thread_base_priority(self, BASEPRI_VM);
        thread_unlock(self);

        if (!self->reserved_stack)
                self->reserved_stack = self->kernel_stack;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_restricted_to_single_processor == TRUE)
                thread_vm_bind_group_add();

        splx(s);

        thread_set_thread_name(current_thread(), "VM_pageout_scan");

        /*
         *      Initialize some paging parameters.
         */

        vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_thread_running = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pressure_changed = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_state.memorystatus_purge_on_warning = 2;
        vm_pageout_state.memorystatus_purge_on_urgent = 5;
        vm_pageout_state.memorystatus_purge_on_critical = 8;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_q_age_ms = VM_PAGE_SPECULATIVE_Q_AGE_MS;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_percentage = 5;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_speculative_target = 0;

        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_external_iothread = THREAD_NULL;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_internal_iothread = THREAD_NULL;

        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_swap_wait = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_idle_wait = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_empty_wait = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_wait = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_wait = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_relief = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_inactive_throttle = 0;

        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_used = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_inactive_clean = 0;

        vm_pageout_state.vm_memory_pressure = 0;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min = 0;
#if CONFIG_JETSAM
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min_divisor = 70;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_xpmapped_min_divisor = 40;
#else
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_filecache_min_divisor = 27;
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_xpmapped_min_divisor = 36;
#endif
        vm_pageout_state.vm_page_free_count_init = vm_page_free_count;

        vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_considered_page_last = 0;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_swap_wait == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_swap_wait = VM_PAGEOUT_SWAP_WAIT;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_idle_wait == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_idle_wait = VM_PAGEOUT_IDLE_WAIT;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_wait == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_wait = VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_WAIT;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_empty_wait == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_empty_wait = VM_PAGEOUT_EMPTY_WAIT;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_wait == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_wait = VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_WAIT;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_relief == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_deadlock_relief = VM_PAGEOUT_DEADLOCK_RELIEF;

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_inactive_throttle == 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_burst_inactive_throttle = VM_PAGEOUT_BURST_INACTIVE_THROTTLE;
        /*
         * even if we've already called vm_page_free_reserve
         * call it again here to insure that the targets are
         * accurately calculated (it uses vm_page_free_count_init)
         * calling it with an arg of 0 will not change the reserve
         * but will re-calculate free_min and free_target
         */
        if (vm_page_free_reserved < VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED(processor_count)) {
                vm_page_free_reserve((VM_PAGE_FREE_RESERVED(processor_count)) - vm_page_free_reserved);
        } else
                vm_page_free_reserve(0);


        vm_page_queue_init(&vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_pending);
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_maxlaundry = VM_PAGE_LAUNDRY_MAX;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_laundry = 0;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_idle = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_busy = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_throttled = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_draining = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_lowpriority = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_tid = -1;
        vm_pageout_queue_external.pgo_inited = FALSE;

        vm_page_queue_init(&vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_pending);
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_maxlaundry = 0;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_laundry = 0;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_idle = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_busy = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_throttled = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_draining = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_lowpriority = FALSE;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_tid = -1;
        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_inited = FALSE;

        /* internal pageout thread started when default pager registered first time */
        /* external pageout and garbage collection threads started here */

        result = kernel_thread_start_priority((thread_continue_t)vm_pageout_iothread_external, NULL,
                                              BASEPRI_VM,
                                              &vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_external_iothread);
        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS)
                panic("vm_pageout_iothread_external: create failed");

        thread_deallocate(vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_external_iothread);

        result = kernel_thread_start_priority((thread_continue_t)vm_pageout_garbage_collect, NULL,
                                              BASEPRI_DEFAULT,
                                              &thread);
        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS)
                panic("vm_pageout_garbage_collect: create failed");

        thread_deallocate(thread);

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
        result = kernel_thread_start_priority((thread_continue_t)vm_pressure_thread, NULL,
                                                BASEPRI_DEFAULT,
                                                &thread);

        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS)
                panic("vm_pressure_thread: create failed");

        thread_deallocate(thread);
#endif

        vm_object_reaper_init();


        bzero(&vm_config, sizeof(vm_config));

        switch(vm_compressor_mode) {

        case VM_PAGER_DEFAULT:
                printf("mapping deprecated VM_PAGER_DEFAULT to VM_PAGER_COMPRESSOR_WITH_SWAP\n");

        case VM_PAGER_COMPRESSOR_WITH_SWAP:
                vm_config.compressor_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.swap_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.compressor_is_active = TRUE;
                vm_config.swap_is_active = TRUE;
                break;

        case VM_PAGER_COMPRESSOR_NO_SWAP:
                vm_config.compressor_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.swap_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.compressor_is_active = TRUE;
                break;

        case VM_PAGER_FREEZER_DEFAULT:
                printf("mapping deprecated VM_PAGER_FREEZER_DEFAULT to VM_PAGER_FREEZER_COMPRESSOR_NO_SWAP\n");

        case VM_PAGER_FREEZER_COMPRESSOR_NO_SWAP:
                vm_config.compressor_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.swap_is_present = TRUE;
                break;

        case VM_PAGER_COMPRESSOR_NO_SWAP_PLUS_FREEZER_COMPRESSOR_WITH_SWAP:
                vm_config.compressor_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.swap_is_present = TRUE;
                vm_config.compressor_is_active = TRUE;
                vm_config.freezer_swap_is_active = TRUE;
                break;

        case VM_PAGER_NOT_CONFIGURED:
                break;

        default:
                printf("unknown compressor mode - %x\n", vm_compressor_mode);
                break;
        }
        if (VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_PRESENT)
                vm_compressor_pager_init();

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
        vm_pressure_events_enabled = TRUE;
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */

#if CONFIG_PHANTOM_CACHE
        vm_phantom_cache_init();
#endif
#if VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK
#if VM_PAGE_FAKE_BUCKETS
        printf("**** DEBUG: protecting fake buckets [0x%llx:0x%llx]\n",
               (uint64_t) vm_page_fake_buckets_start,
               (uint64_t) vm_page_fake_buckets_end);
        pmap_protect(kernel_pmap,
                     vm_page_fake_buckets_start,
                     vm_page_fake_buckets_end,
                     VM_PROT_READ);
//      *(char *) vm_page_fake_buckets_start = 'x';     /* panic! */
#endif /* VM_PAGE_FAKE_BUCKETS */
#endif /* VM_PAGE_BUCKETS_CHECK */

#if VM_OBJECT_TRACKING
        vm_object_tracking_init();
#endif /* VM_OBJECT_TRACKING */

        vm_tests();

        vm_pageout_continue();

        /*
         * Unreached code!
         *
         * The vm_pageout_continue() call above never returns, so the code below is never
         * executed.  We take advantage of this to declare several DTrace VM related probe
         * points that our kernel doesn't have an analog for.  These are probe points that
         * exist in Solaris and are in the DTrace documentation, so people may have written
         * scripts that use them.  Declaring the probe points here means their scripts will
         * compile and execute which we want for portability of the scripts, but since this
         * section of code is never reached, the probe points will simply never fire.  Yes,
         * this is basically a hack.  The problem is the DTrace probe points were chosen with
         * Solaris specific VM events in mind, not portability to different VM implementations.
         */

        DTRACE_VM2(execfree, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        DTRACE_VM2(execpgin, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        DTRACE_VM2(execpgout, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        DTRACE_VM2(pgswapin, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        DTRACE_VM2(pgswapout, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        DTRACE_VM2(swapin, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        DTRACE_VM2(swapout, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        /*NOTREACHED*/
}



kern_return_t
vm_pageout_internal_start(void)
{
        kern_return_t   result;
        int             i;
        host_basic_info_data_t hinfo;

        assert (VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_PRESENT);

        mach_msg_type_number_t count = HOST_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;
#define BSD_HOST 1
        host_info((host_t)BSD_HOST, HOST_BASIC_INFO, (host_info_t)&hinfo, &count);

        assert(hinfo.max_cpus > 0);

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED
        vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count = 1;
#else
        if (hinfo.max_cpus > 4)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count = 2;
        else
                vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count = 1;
#endif
        PE_parse_boot_argn("vmcomp_threads", &vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count,
                           sizeof(vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count));

        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count >= hinfo.max_cpus)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count = hinfo.max_cpus - 1;
        if (vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count <= 0)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count = 1;
        else if (vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count > MAX_COMPRESSOR_THREAD_COUNT)
                vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count = MAX_COMPRESSOR_THREAD_COUNT;

        vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_maxlaundry = (vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count * 4) * VM_PAGE_LAUNDRY_MAX;

        PE_parse_boot_argn("vmpgoi_maxlaundry", &vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_maxlaundry, sizeof(vm_pageout_queue_internal.pgo_maxlaundry));

        for (i = 0; i < vm_pageout_state.vm_compressor_thread_count; i++) {
                ciq[i].id = i;
                ciq[i].q = &vm_pageout_queue_internal;
                ciq[i].current_chead = NULL;
                ciq[i].scratch_buf = kalloc(COMPRESSOR_SCRATCH_BUF_SIZE);

                result = kernel_thread_start_priority((thread_continue_t)vm_pageout_iothread_internal, (void *)&ciq[i],
                                                      BASEPRI_VM, &vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_internal_iothread);

                if (result == KERN_SUCCESS)
                        thread_deallocate(vm_pageout_state.vm_pageout_internal_iothread);
                else
                        break;
        }
        return result;
}

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
/*
 * To support I/O Expedite for compressed files we mark the upls with special flags.
 * The way decmpfs works is that we create a big upl which marks all the pages needed to
 * represent the compressed file as busy. We tag this upl with the flag UPL_DECMP_REQ. Decmpfs
 * then issues smaller I/Os for compressed I/Os, deflates them and puts the data into the pages
 * being held in the big original UPL. We mark each of these smaller UPLs with the flag
 * UPL_DECMP_REAL_IO. Any outstanding real I/O UPL is tracked by the big req upl using the
 * decmp_io_upl field (in the upl structure). This link is protected in the forward direction
 * by the req upl lock (the reverse link doesnt need synch. since we never inspect this link
 * unless the real I/O upl is being destroyed).
 */


static void
upl_set_decmp_info(upl_t upl, upl_t src_upl)
{
        assert((src_upl->flags & UPL_DECMP_REQ) != 0);

        upl_lock(src_upl);
        if (src_upl->decmp_io_upl) {
                /*
                 * If there is already an alive real I/O UPL, ignore this new UPL.
                 * This case should rarely happen and even if it does, it just means
                 * that we might issue a spurious expedite which the driver is expected
                 * to handle.
                 */
                upl_unlock(src_upl);
                return;
        }
        src_upl->decmp_io_upl = (void *)upl;
        src_upl->ref_count++;

        upl->flags |= UPL_DECMP_REAL_IO;
        upl->decmp_io_upl = (void *)src_upl;
        upl_unlock(src_upl);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_IOSCHED */

#if UPL_DEBUG
int     upl_debug_enabled = 1;
#else
int     upl_debug_enabled = 0;
#endif

static upl_t
upl_create(int type, int flags, upl_size_t size)
{
        upl_t   upl;
        vm_size_t       page_field_size = 0;
        int     upl_flags = 0;
        vm_size_t       upl_size  = sizeof(struct upl);

        size = round_page_32(size);

        if (type & UPL_CREATE_LITE) {
                page_field_size = (atop(size) + 7) >> 3;
                page_field_size = (page_field_size + 3) & 0xFFFFFFFC;

                upl_flags |= UPL_LITE;
        }
        if (type & UPL_CREATE_INTERNAL) {
                upl_size += sizeof(struct upl_page_info) * atop(size);

                upl_flags |= UPL_INTERNAL;
        }
        upl = (upl_t)kalloc(upl_size + page_field_size);

        if (page_field_size)
                bzero((char *)upl + upl_size, page_field_size);

        upl->flags = upl_flags | flags;
        upl->kaddr = (vm_offset_t)0;
        upl->size = 0;
        upl->map_object = NULL;
        upl->ref_count = 1;
        upl->ext_ref_count = 0;
        upl->highest_page = 0;
        upl_lock_init(upl);
        upl->vector_upl = NULL;
        upl->associated_upl = NULL;
        upl->upl_iodone = NULL;
#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
        if (type & UPL_CREATE_IO_TRACKING) {
                upl->upl_priority = proc_get_effective_thread_policy(current_thread(), TASK_POLICY_IO);
        }

        upl->upl_reprio_info = 0;
        upl->decmp_io_upl = 0;
        if ((type & UPL_CREATE_INTERNAL) && (type & UPL_CREATE_EXPEDITE_SUP)) {
                /* Only support expedite on internal UPLs */
                thread_t        curthread = current_thread();
                upl->upl_reprio_info = (uint64_t *)kalloc(sizeof(uint64_t) * atop(size));
                bzero(upl->upl_reprio_info, (sizeof(uint64_t) * atop(size)));
                upl->flags |= UPL_EXPEDITE_SUPPORTED;
                if (curthread->decmp_upl != NULL)
                        upl_set_decmp_info(upl, curthread->decmp_upl);
        }
#endif
#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
        if ((type & UPL_CREATE_IO_TRACKING) || upl_debug_enabled) {
                upl->upl_creator = current_thread();
                upl->uplq.next = 0;
                upl->uplq.prev = 0;
                upl->flags |= UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT;
        }
#endif

#if UPL_DEBUG
        upl->ubc_alias1 = 0;
        upl->ubc_alias2 = 0;

        upl->upl_state = 0;
        upl->upl_commit_index = 0;
        bzero(&upl->upl_commit_records[0], sizeof(upl->upl_commit_records));

        (void) OSBacktrace(&upl->upl_create_retaddr[0], UPL_DEBUG_STACK_FRAMES);
#endif /* UPL_DEBUG */

        return(upl);
}

static void
upl_destroy(upl_t upl)
{
        int     page_field_size;  /* bit field in word size buf */
        int     size;

        if (upl->ext_ref_count) {
                panic("upl(%p) ext_ref_count", upl);
        }

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
        if ((upl->flags & UPL_DECMP_REAL_IO) && upl->decmp_io_upl) {
                upl_t src_upl;
                src_upl = upl->decmp_io_upl;
                assert((src_upl->flags & UPL_DECMP_REQ) != 0);
                upl_lock(src_upl);
                src_upl->decmp_io_upl = NULL;
                upl_unlock(src_upl);
                upl_deallocate(src_upl);
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_IOSCHED */

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
        if ((upl->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT) && !(upl->flags & UPL_VECTOR)) {
                vm_object_t     object;

                if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED) {
                        object = upl->map_object->shadow;
                } else {
                        object = upl->map_object;
                }

                vm_object_lock(object);
                queue_remove(&object->uplq, upl, upl_t, uplq);
                vm_object_activity_end(object);
                vm_object_collapse(object, 0, TRUE);
                vm_object_unlock(object);
        }
#endif
        /*
         * drop a reference on the map_object whether or
         * not a pageout object is inserted
         */
        if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED)
                vm_object_deallocate(upl->map_object);

        if (upl->flags & UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY)
                size = PAGE_SIZE;
        else
                size = upl->size;
        page_field_size = 0;

        if (upl->flags & UPL_LITE) {
                page_field_size = ((size/PAGE_SIZE) + 7) >> 3;
                page_field_size = (page_field_size + 3) & 0xFFFFFFFC;
        }
        upl_lock_destroy(upl);
        upl->vector_upl = (vector_upl_t) 0xfeedbeef;

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
        if (upl->flags & UPL_EXPEDITE_SUPPORTED)
                kfree(upl->upl_reprio_info, sizeof(uint64_t) * (size/PAGE_SIZE));
#endif

        if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL) {
                kfree(upl,
                      sizeof(struct upl) +
                      (sizeof(struct upl_page_info) * (size/PAGE_SIZE))
                      + page_field_size);
        } else {
                kfree(upl, sizeof(struct upl) + page_field_size);
        }
}

void
upl_deallocate(upl_t upl)
{
        upl_lock(upl);

        if (--upl->ref_count == 0) {
                if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl))
                        vector_upl_deallocate(upl);
                upl_unlock(upl);

                if (upl->upl_iodone)
                        upl_callout_iodone(upl);

                upl_destroy(upl);
        } else
                upl_unlock(upl);
}

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
void
upl_mark_decmp(upl_t upl)
{
        if (upl->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT) {
                upl->flags |= UPL_DECMP_REQ;
                upl->upl_creator->decmp_upl = (void *)upl;
        }
}

void
upl_unmark_decmp(upl_t upl)
{
        if(upl && (upl->flags & UPL_DECMP_REQ)) {
                upl->upl_creator->decmp_upl = NULL;
        }
}

#endif /* CONFIG_IOSCHED */

#define VM_PAGE_Q_BACKING_UP(q)         \
        ((q)->pgo_laundry >= (((q)->pgo_maxlaundry * 8) / 10))

boolean_t must_throttle_writes(void);

boolean_t
must_throttle_writes()
{
        if (VM_PAGE_Q_BACKING_UP(&vm_pageout_queue_external) &&
            vm_page_pageable_external_count > (AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY * 6) / 10)
                return (TRUE);

        return (FALSE);
}


/*
 *      Routine:        vm_object_upl_request
 *      Purpose:
 *              Cause the population of a portion of a vm_object.
 *              Depending on the nature of the request, the pages
 *              returned may be contain valid data or be uninitialized.
 *              A page list structure, listing the physical pages
 *              will be returned upon request.
 *              This function is called by the file system or any other
 *              supplier of backing store to a pager.
 *              IMPORTANT NOTE: The caller must still respect the relationship
 *              between the vm_object and its backing memory object.  The
 *              caller MUST NOT substitute changes in the backing file
 *              without first doing a memory_object_lock_request on the
 *              target range unless it is know that the pages are not
 *              shared with another entity at the pager level.
 *              Copy_in_to:
 *                      if a page list structure is present
 *                      return the mapped physical pages, where a
 *                      page is not present, return a non-initialized
 *                      one.  If the no_sync bit is turned on, don't
 *                      call the pager unlock to synchronize with other
 *                      possible copies of the page. Leave pages busy
 *                      in the original object, if a page list structure
 *                      was specified.  When a commit of the page list
 *                      pages is done, the dirty bit will be set for each one.
 *              Copy_out_from:
 *                      If a page list structure is present, return
 *                      all mapped pages.  Where a page does not exist
 *                      map a zero filled one. Leave pages busy in
 *                      the original object.  If a page list structure
 *                      is not specified, this call is a no-op.
 *
 *              Note:  access of default pager objects has a rather interesting
 *              twist.  The caller of this routine, presumably the file system
 *              page cache handling code, will never actually make a request
 *              against a default pager backed object.  Only the default
 *              pager will make requests on backing store related vm_objects
 *              In this way the default pager can maintain the relationship
 *              between backing store files (abstract memory objects) and
 *              the vm_objects (cache objects), they support.
 *
 */

__private_extern__ kern_return_t
vm_object_upl_request(
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        upl_size_t              size,
        upl_t                   *upl_ptr,
        upl_page_info_array_t   user_page_list,
        unsigned int            *page_list_count,
        upl_control_flags_t     cntrl_flags,
        vm_tag_t                tag)
{
        vm_page_t               dst_page = VM_PAGE_NULL;
        vm_object_offset_t      dst_offset;
        upl_size_t              xfer_size;
        unsigned int            size_in_pages;
        boolean_t               dirty;
        boolean_t               hw_dirty;
        upl_t                   upl = NULL;
        unsigned int            entry;
        vm_page_t               alias_page = NULL;
        int                     refmod_state = 0;
        wpl_array_t             lite_list = NULL;
        vm_object_t             last_copy_object;
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    dw_array[DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT];
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    *dwp;
        int                     dw_count;
        int                     dw_limit;
        int                     io_tracking_flag = 0;
        int                     grab_options;
        int                     page_grab_count = 0;
        ppnum_t                 phys_page;
        pmap_flush_context      pmap_flush_context_storage;
        boolean_t               pmap_flushes_delayed = FALSE;

        if (cntrl_flags & ~UPL_VALID_FLAGS) {
                /*
                 * For forward compatibility's sake,
                 * reject any unknown flag.
                 */
                return KERN_INVALID_VALUE;
        }
        if ( (!object->internal) && (object->paging_offset != 0) )
                panic("vm_object_upl_request: external object with non-zero paging offset\n");
        if (object->phys_contiguous)
                panic("vm_object_upl_request: contiguous object specified\n");

        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_object_upl_request, VM_UPL_REQUEST, DBG_FUNC_START, size, cntrl_flags, 0, 0);

        if (size > MAX_UPL_SIZE_BYTES)
                size = MAX_UPL_SIZE_BYTES;

        if ( (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_INTERNAL) && page_list_count != NULL)
                *page_list_count = MAX_UPL_SIZE_BYTES >> PAGE_SHIFT;

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
        if (object->io_tracking || upl_debug_enabled)
                io_tracking_flag |= UPL_CREATE_IO_TRACKING;
#endif
#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
        if (object->io_tracking)
                io_tracking_flag |= UPL_CREATE_EXPEDITE_SUP;
#endif

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_INTERNAL) {
                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_LITE) {

                        upl = upl_create(UPL_CREATE_INTERNAL | UPL_CREATE_LITE | io_tracking_flag, 0, size);

                        user_page_list = (upl_page_info_t *) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
                        lite_list = (wpl_array_t)
                                        (((uintptr_t)user_page_list) +
                                        ((size/PAGE_SIZE) * sizeof(upl_page_info_t)));
                        if (size == 0) {
                                user_page_list = NULL;
                                lite_list = NULL;
                        }
                } else {
                        upl = upl_create(UPL_CREATE_INTERNAL | io_tracking_flag, 0, size);

                        user_page_list = (upl_page_info_t *) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
                        if (size == 0) {
                                user_page_list = NULL;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_LITE) {

                        upl = upl_create(UPL_CREATE_EXTERNAL | UPL_CREATE_LITE | io_tracking_flag, 0, size);

                        lite_list = (wpl_array_t) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
                        if (size == 0) {
                                lite_list = NULL;
                        }
                } else {
                        upl = upl_create(UPL_CREATE_EXTERNAL | io_tracking_flag, 0, size);
                }
        }
        *upl_ptr = upl;

        if (user_page_list)
                user_page_list[0].device = FALSE;

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_LITE) {
                upl->map_object = object;
        } else {
                upl->map_object = vm_object_allocate(size);
                /*
                 * No neeed to lock the new object: nobody else knows
                 * about it yet, so it's all ours so far.
                 */
                upl->map_object->shadow = object;
                upl->map_object->pageout = TRUE;
                upl->map_object->can_persist = FALSE;
                upl->map_object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_NONE;
                upl->map_object->vo_shadow_offset = offset;
                upl->map_object->wimg_bits = object->wimg_bits;

                VM_PAGE_GRAB_FICTITIOUS(alias_page);

                upl->flags |= UPL_SHADOWED;
        }
        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_FOR_PAGEOUT)
                upl->flags |= UPL_PAGEOUT;

        vm_object_lock(object);
        vm_object_activity_begin(object);

        grab_options = 0;
#if CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY
        if (object->can_grab_secluded) {
                grab_options |= VM_PAGE_GRAB_SECLUDED;
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY */

        /*
         * we can lock in the paging_offset once paging_in_progress is set
         */
        upl->size = size;
        upl->offset = offset + object->paging_offset;

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
        if (object->io_tracking || upl_debug_enabled) {
                vm_object_activity_begin(object);
                queue_enter(&object->uplq, upl, upl_t, uplq);
        }
#endif
        if ((cntrl_flags & UPL_WILL_MODIFY) && object->copy != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                /*
                 * Honor copy-on-write obligations
                 *
                 * The caller is gathering these pages and
                 * might modify their contents.  We need to
                 * make sure that the copy object has its own
                 * private copies of these pages before we let
                 * the caller modify them.
                 */
                vm_object_update(object,
                                 offset,
                                 size,
                                 NULL,
                                 NULL,
                                 FALSE, /* should_return */
                                 MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYNC,
                                 VM_PROT_NO_CHANGE);

                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(upl_cow, 1);
                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(upl_cow_pages, (size >> PAGE_SHIFT));
        }
        /*
         * remember which copy object we synchronized with
         */
        last_copy_object = object->copy;
        entry = 0;

        xfer_size = size;
        dst_offset = offset;
        size_in_pages = size / PAGE_SIZE;

        dwp = &dw_array[0];
        dw_count = 0;
        dw_limit = DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT(DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT);

        if (vm_page_free_count > (vm_page_free_target + size_in_pages) ||
            object->resident_page_count < ((MAX_UPL_SIZE_BYTES * 2) >> PAGE_SHIFT))
                object->scan_collisions = 0;

        if ((cntrl_flags & UPL_WILL_MODIFY) && must_throttle_writes() == TRUE) {
                boolean_t       isSSD = FALSE;

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED
                isSSD = TRUE;
#else
                vnode_pager_get_isSSD(object->pager, &isSSD);
#endif
                vm_object_unlock(object);

                OSAddAtomic(size_in_pages, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                if (isSSD == TRUE)
                        delay(1000 * size_in_pages);
                else
                        delay(5000 * size_in_pages);
                OSAddAtomic(-size_in_pages, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                vm_object_lock(object);
        }

        while (xfer_size) {

                dwp->dw_mask = 0;

                if ((alias_page == NULL) && !(cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_LITE)) {
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                        VM_PAGE_GRAB_FICTITIOUS(alias_page);
                        vm_object_lock(object);
                }
                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM) {
                        upl->flags |= UPL_PAGE_SYNC_DONE;

                        if ( ((dst_page = vm_page_lookup(object, dst_offset)) == VM_PAGE_NULL) ||
                                dst_page->vmp_fictitious ||
                                dst_page->vmp_absent ||
                                dst_page->vmp_error ||
                                dst_page->vmp_cleaning ||
                                (VM_PAGE_WIRED(dst_page))) {

                                if (user_page_list)
                                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                                goto try_next_page;
                        }
                        phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(dst_page);

                        /*
                         * grab this up front...
                         * a high percentange of the time we're going to
                         * need the hardware modification state a bit later
                         * anyway... so we can eliminate an extra call into
                         * the pmap layer by grabbing it here and recording it
                         */
                        if (dst_page->vmp_pmapped)
                                refmod_state = pmap_get_refmod(phys_page);
                        else
                                refmod_state = 0;

                        if ( (refmod_state & VM_MEM_REFERENCED) && VM_PAGE_INACTIVE(dst_page)) {
                                /*
                                 * page is on inactive list and referenced...
                                 * reactivate it now... this gets it out of the
                                 * way of vm_pageout_scan which would have to
                                 * reactivate it upon tripping over it
                                 */
                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_activate;
                        }
                        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_RET_ONLY_DIRTY) {
                                /*
                                 * we're only asking for DIRTY pages to be returned
                                 */
                                if (dst_page->vmp_laundry || !(cntrl_flags & UPL_FOR_PAGEOUT)) {
                                        /*
                                         * if we were the page stolen by vm_pageout_scan to be
                                         * cleaned (as opposed to a buddy being clustered in
                                         * or this request is not being driven by a PAGEOUT cluster
                                         * then we only need to check for the page being dirty or
                                         * precious to decide whether to return it
                                         */
                                        if (dst_page->vmp_dirty || dst_page->vmp_precious || (refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED))
                                                goto check_busy;
                                        goto dont_return;
                                }
                                /*
                                 * this is a request for a PAGEOUT cluster and this page
                                 * is merely along for the ride as a 'buddy'... not only
                                 * does it have to be dirty to be returned, but it also
                                 * can't have been referenced recently...
                                 */
                                if ( (hibernate_cleaning_in_progress == TRUE ||
                                      (!((refmod_state & VM_MEM_REFERENCED) || dst_page->vmp_reference) ||
                                       (dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_THROTTLED_Q))) &&
                                     ((refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) || dst_page->vmp_dirty || dst_page->vmp_precious) ) {
                                        goto check_busy;
                                }
dont_return:
                                /*
                                 * if we reach here, we're not to return
                                 * the page... go on to the next one
                                 */
                                if (dst_page->vmp_laundry == TRUE) {
                                        /*
                                         * if we get here, the page is not 'cleaning' (filtered out above).
                                         * since it has been referenced, remove it from the laundry
                                         * so we don't pay the cost of an I/O to clean a page
                                         * we're just going to take back
                                         */
                                        vm_page_lockspin_queues();

                                        vm_pageout_steal_laundry(dst_page, TRUE);
                                        vm_page_activate(dst_page);

                                        vm_page_unlock_queues();
                                }
                                if (user_page_list)
                                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                                goto try_next_page;
                        }
check_busy:
                        if (dst_page->vmp_busy) {
                                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_NOBLOCK) {
                                        if (user_page_list)
                                                user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;
                                        dwp->dw_mask = 0;

                                        goto try_next_page;
                                }
                                /*
                                 * someone else is playing with the
                                 * page.  We will have to wait.
                                 */
                                PAGE_SLEEP(object, dst_page, THREAD_UNINT);

                                continue;
                        }
                        if (dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q) {

                                vm_page_lockspin_queues();

                                if (dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_PAGEOUT_Q) {
                                        /*
                                         * we've buddied up a page for a clustered pageout
                                         * that has already been moved to the pageout
                                         * queue by pageout_scan... we need to remove
                                         * it from the queue and drop the laundry count
                                         * on that queue
                                         */
                                        vm_pageout_throttle_up(dst_page);
                                }
                                vm_page_unlock_queues();
                        }
                        hw_dirty = refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED;
                        dirty = hw_dirty ? TRUE : dst_page->vmp_dirty;

                        if (phys_page > upl->highest_page)
                                upl->highest_page = phys_page;

                        assert (!pmap_is_noencrypt(phys_page));

                        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_LITE) {
                                unsigned int    pg_num;

                                pg_num = (unsigned int) ((dst_offset-offset)/PAGE_SIZE);
                                assert(pg_num == (dst_offset-offset)/PAGE_SIZE);
                                lite_list[pg_num>>5] |= 1 << (pg_num & 31);

                                if (hw_dirty) {
                                        if (pmap_flushes_delayed == FALSE) {
                                                pmap_flush_context_init(&pmap_flush_context_storage);
                                                pmap_flushes_delayed = TRUE;
                                        }
                                        pmap_clear_refmod_options(phys_page,
                                                                  VM_MEM_MODIFIED,
                                                                  PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH | PMAP_OPTIONS_CLEAR_WRITE,
                                                                  &pmap_flush_context_storage);
                                }

                                /*
                                 * Mark original page as cleaning
                                 * in place.
                                 */
                                dst_page->vmp_cleaning = TRUE;
                                dst_page->vmp_precious = FALSE;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * use pageclean setup, it is more
                                 * convenient even for the pageout
                                 * cases here
                                 */
                                vm_object_lock(upl->map_object);
                                vm_pageclean_setup(dst_page, alias_page, upl->map_object, size - xfer_size);
                                vm_object_unlock(upl->map_object);

                                alias_page->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                                alias_page = NULL;
                        }
                        if (dirty) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(dst_page, FALSE);
                        } else {
                                dst_page->vmp_dirty = FALSE;
                        }

                        if (!dirty)
                                dst_page->vmp_precious = TRUE;

                        if ( !(cntrl_flags & UPL_CLEAN_IN_PLACE) ) {
                                if ( !VM_PAGE_WIRED(dst_page))
                                        dst_page->vmp_free_when_done = TRUE;
                        }
                } else {
                        if ((cntrl_flags & UPL_WILL_MODIFY) && object->copy != last_copy_object) {
                                /*
                                 * Honor copy-on-write obligations
                                 *
                                 * The copy object has changed since we
                                 * last synchronized for copy-on-write.
                                 * Another copy object might have been
                                 * inserted while we released the object's
                                 * lock.  Since someone could have seen the
                                 * original contents of the remaining pages
                                 * through that new object, we have to
                                 * synchronize with it again for the remaining
                                 * pages only.  The previous pages are "busy"
                                 * so they can not be seen through the new
                                 * mapping.  The new mapping will see our
                                 * upcoming changes for those previous pages,
                                 * but that's OK since they couldn't see what
                                 * was there before.  It's just a race anyway
                                 * and there's no guarantee of consistency or
                                 * atomicity.  We just don't want new mappings
                                 * to see both the *before* and *after* pages.
                                 */
                                if (object->copy != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                                        vm_object_update(
                                                object,
                                                dst_offset,/* current offset */
                                                xfer_size, /* remaining size */
                                                NULL,
                                                NULL,
                                                FALSE,     /* should_return */
                                                MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYNC,
                                                VM_PROT_NO_CHANGE);

                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(upl_cow_again, 1);
                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(upl_cow_again_pages, (xfer_size >> PAGE_SHIFT));
                                }
                                /*
                                 * remember the copy object we synced with
                                 */
                                last_copy_object = object->copy;
                        }
                        dst_page = vm_page_lookup(object, dst_offset);

                        if (dst_page != VM_PAGE_NULL) {

                                if ((cntrl_flags & UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT)) {
                                        /*
                                         * skip over pages already present in the cache
                                         */
                                        if (user_page_list)
                                                user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                                        goto try_next_page;
                                }
                                if (dst_page->vmp_fictitious) {
                                        panic("need corner case for fictitious page");
                                }

                                if (dst_page->vmp_busy || dst_page->vmp_cleaning) {
                                        /*
                                         * someone else is playing with the
                                         * page.  We will have to wait.
                                         */
                                        PAGE_SLEEP(object, dst_page, THREAD_UNINT);

                                        continue;
                                }
                                if (dst_page->vmp_laundry)
                                        vm_pageout_steal_laundry(dst_page, FALSE);
                        } else {
                                if (object->private) {
                                        /*
                                         * This is a nasty wrinkle for users
                                         * of upl who encounter device or
                                         * private memory however, it is
                                         * unavoidable, only a fault can
                                         * resolve the actual backing
                                         * physical page by asking the
                                         * backing device.
                                         */
                                        if (user_page_list)
                                                user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                                        goto try_next_page;
                                }
                                if (object->scan_collisions) {
                                        /*
                                         * the pageout_scan thread is trying to steal
                                         * pages from this object, but has run into our
                                         * lock... grab 2 pages from the head of the object...
                                         * the first is freed on behalf of pageout_scan, the
                                         * 2nd is for our own use... we use vm_object_page_grab
                                         * in both cases to avoid taking pages from the free
                                         * list since we are under memory pressure and our
                                         * lock on this object is getting in the way of
                                         * relieving it
                                         */
                                        dst_page = vm_object_page_grab(object);

                                        if (dst_page != VM_PAGE_NULL)
                                                vm_page_release(dst_page,
                                                                FALSE);

                                        dst_page = vm_object_page_grab(object);
                                }
                                if (dst_page == VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                        /*
                                         * need to allocate a page
                                         */
                                        dst_page = vm_page_grab_options(grab_options);
                                        if (dst_page != VM_PAGE_NULL)
                                                page_grab_count++;
                                }
                                if (dst_page == VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                        if ( (cntrl_flags & (UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT | UPL_NOBLOCK)) == (UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT | UPL_NOBLOCK)) {
                                               /*
                                                * we don't want to stall waiting for pages to come onto the free list
                                                * while we're already holding absent pages in this UPL
                                                * the caller will deal with the empty slots
                                                */
                                                if (user_page_list)
                                                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                                                goto try_next_page;
                                        }
                                        /*
                                         * no pages available... wait
                                         * then try again for the same
                                         * offset...
                                         */
                                        vm_object_unlock(object);

                                        OSAddAtomic(size_in_pages, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_upl_page_wait, VM_UPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_START, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, 0);

                                        VM_PAGE_WAIT();
                                        OSAddAtomic(-size_in_pages, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_upl_page_wait, VM_UPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_END, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, 0);

                                        vm_object_lock(object);

                                        continue;
                                }
                                vm_page_insert(dst_page, object, dst_offset);

                                dst_page->vmp_absent = TRUE;
                                dst_page->vmp_busy = FALSE;

                                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT) {
                                        /*
                                         * if UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT was specified,
                                         * than we're definitely setting up a
                                         * upl for a clustered read/pagein
                                         * operation... mark the pages as clustered
                                         * so upl_commit_range can put them on the
                                         * speculative list
                                         */
                                        dst_page->vmp_clustered = TRUE;

                                        if ( !(cntrl_flags & UPL_FILE_IO))
                                                VM_STAT_INCR(pageins);
                                }
                        }
                        phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(dst_page);

                        dst_page->vmp_overwriting = TRUE;

                        if (dst_page->vmp_pmapped) {
                                if ( !(cntrl_flags & UPL_FILE_IO))
                                        /*
                                         * eliminate all mappings from the
                                         * original object and its prodigy
                                         */
                                        refmod_state = pmap_disconnect(phys_page);
                                else
                                        refmod_state = pmap_get_refmod(phys_page);
                        } else
                                refmod_state = 0;

                        hw_dirty = refmod_state & VM_MEM_MODIFIED;
                        dirty = hw_dirty ? TRUE : dst_page->vmp_dirty;

                        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_LITE) {
                                unsigned int    pg_num;

                                pg_num = (unsigned int) ((dst_offset-offset)/PAGE_SIZE);
                                assert(pg_num == (dst_offset-offset)/PAGE_SIZE);
                                lite_list[pg_num>>5] |= 1 << (pg_num & 31);

                                if (hw_dirty)
                                        pmap_clear_modify(phys_page);

                                /*
                                 * Mark original page as cleaning
                                 * in place.
                                 */
                                dst_page->vmp_cleaning = TRUE;
                                dst_page->vmp_precious = FALSE;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * use pageclean setup, it is more
                                 * convenient even for the pageout
                                 * cases here
                                 */
                                vm_object_lock(upl->map_object);
                                vm_pageclean_setup(dst_page, alias_page, upl->map_object, size - xfer_size);
                                vm_object_unlock(upl->map_object);

                                alias_page->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                                alias_page = NULL;
                        }

                        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_REQUEST_SET_DIRTY) {
                                upl->flags &= ~UPL_CLEAR_DIRTY;
                                upl->flags |= UPL_SET_DIRTY;
                                dirty = TRUE;
                                upl->flags |= UPL_SET_DIRTY;
                        } else if (cntrl_flags & UPL_CLEAN_IN_PLACE) {
                                /*
                                 * clean in place for read implies
                                 * that a write will be done on all
                                 * the pages that are dirty before
                                 * a upl commit is done.  The caller
                                 * is obligated to preserve the
                                 * contents of all pages marked dirty
                                 */
                                upl->flags |= UPL_CLEAR_DIRTY;
                        }
                        dst_page->vmp_dirty = dirty;

                        if (!dirty)
                                dst_page->vmp_precious = TRUE;

                        if ( !VM_PAGE_WIRED(dst_page)) {
                                /*
                                 * deny access to the target page while
                                 * it is being worked on
                                 */
                                dst_page->vmp_busy = TRUE;
                        } else
                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_wire;

                        /*
                         * We might be about to satisfy a fault which has been
                         * requested. So no need for the "restart" bit.
                         */
                        dst_page->vmp_restart = FALSE;
                        if (!dst_page->vmp_absent && !(cntrl_flags & UPL_WILL_MODIFY)) {
                                /*
                                 * expect the page to be used
                                 */
                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_set_reference;
                        }
                        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_PRECIOUS) {
                                if (object->internal) {
                                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(dst_page, FALSE);
                                        dst_page->vmp_precious = FALSE;
                                } else {
                                        dst_page->vmp_precious = TRUE;
                                }
                        } else {
                                dst_page->vmp_precious = FALSE;
                        }
                }
                if (dst_page->vmp_busy)
                        upl->flags |= UPL_HAS_BUSY;

                if (phys_page > upl->highest_page)
                        upl->highest_page = phys_page;
                assert (!pmap_is_noencrypt(phys_page));
                if (user_page_list) {
                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = phys_page;
                        user_page_list[entry].free_when_done    = dst_page->vmp_free_when_done;
                        user_page_list[entry].absent    = dst_page->vmp_absent;
                        user_page_list[entry].dirty     = dst_page->vmp_dirty;
                        user_page_list[entry].precious  = dst_page->vmp_precious;
                        user_page_list[entry].device    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].needed    = FALSE;
                        if (dst_page->vmp_clustered == TRUE)
                                user_page_list[entry].speculative = (dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q) ? TRUE : FALSE;
                        else
                                user_page_list[entry].speculative = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_validated = dst_page->vmp_cs_validated;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_tainted = dst_page->vmp_cs_tainted;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_nx = dst_page->vmp_cs_nx;
                        user_page_list[entry].mark      = FALSE;
                }
                /*
                 * if UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT is set, then
                 * we are working with a fresh page and we've
                 * just set the clustered flag on it to
                 * indicate that it was drug in as part of a
                 * speculative cluster... so leave it alone
                 */
                if ( !(cntrl_flags & UPL_RET_ONLY_ABSENT)) {
                        /*
                         * someone is explicitly grabbing this page...
                         * update clustered and speculative state
                         *
                         */
                        if (dst_page->vmp_clustered)
                                VM_PAGE_CONSUME_CLUSTERED(dst_page);
                }
try_next_page:
                if (dwp->dw_mask) {
                        if (dwp->dw_mask & DW_vm_page_activate)
                                VM_STAT_INCR(reactivations);

                        VM_PAGE_ADD_DELAYED_WORK(dwp, dst_page, dw_count);

                        if (dw_count >= dw_limit) {
                                vm_page_do_delayed_work(object, tag, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

                                dwp = &dw_array[0];
                                dw_count = 0;
                        }
                }
                entry++;
                dst_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                xfer_size -= PAGE_SIZE;
        }
        if (dw_count)
                vm_page_do_delayed_work(object, tag, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

        if (alias_page != NULL) {
                VM_PAGE_FREE(alias_page);
        }
        if (pmap_flushes_delayed == TRUE)
                pmap_flush(&pmap_flush_context_storage);

        if (page_list_count != NULL) {
                if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL)
                        *page_list_count = 0;
                else if (*page_list_count > entry)
                        *page_list_count = entry;
        }
#if UPL_DEBUG
        upl->upl_state = 1;
#endif
        vm_object_unlock(object);

        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_object_upl_request, VM_UPL_REQUEST, DBG_FUNC_END, page_grab_count, 0, 0, 0);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_object_super_upl_request
 *      Purpose:
 *              Cause the population of a portion of a vm_object
 *              in much the same way as memory_object_upl_request.
 *              Depending on the nature of the request, the pages
 *              returned may be contain valid data or be uninitialized.
 *              However, the region may be expanded up to the super
 *              cluster size provided.
 */

__private_extern__ kern_return_t
vm_object_super_upl_request(
        vm_object_t object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        upl_size_t              size,
        upl_size_t              super_cluster,
        upl_t                   *upl,
        upl_page_info_t         *user_page_list,
        unsigned int            *page_list_count,
        upl_control_flags_t     cntrl_flags,
        vm_tag_t                tag)
{
        if (object->paging_offset > offset  || ((cntrl_flags & UPL_VECTOR)==UPL_VECTOR))
                return KERN_FAILURE;

        assert(object->paging_in_progress);
        offset = offset - object->paging_offset;

        if (super_cluster > size) {

                vm_object_offset_t      base_offset;
                upl_size_t              super_size;
                vm_object_size_t        super_size_64;

                base_offset = (offset & ~((vm_object_offset_t) super_cluster - 1));
                super_size = (offset + size) > (base_offset + super_cluster) ? super_cluster<<1 : super_cluster;
                super_size_64 = ((base_offset + super_size) > object->vo_size) ? (object->vo_size - base_offset) : super_size;
                super_size = (upl_size_t) super_size_64;
                assert(super_size == super_size_64);

                if (offset > (base_offset + super_size)) {
                        panic("vm_object_super_upl_request: Missed target pageout"
                              " %#llx,%#llx, %#x, %#x, %#x, %#llx\n",
                              offset, base_offset, super_size, super_cluster,
                              size, object->paging_offset);
                }
                /*
                 * apparently there is a case where the vm requests a
                 * page to be written out who's offset is beyond the
                 * object size
                 */
                if ((offset + size) > (base_offset + super_size)) {
                        super_size_64 = (offset + size) - base_offset;
                        super_size = (upl_size_t) super_size_64;
                        assert(super_size == super_size_64);
                }

                offset = base_offset;
                size = super_size;
        }
        return vm_object_upl_request(object, offset, size, upl, user_page_list, page_list_count, cntrl_flags, tag);
}

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED
int cs_executable_create_upl = 0;
extern int proc_selfpid(void);
extern char *proc_name_address(void *p);
#endif /* CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

kern_return_t
vm_map_create_upl(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_address_t        offset,
        upl_size_t              *upl_size,
        upl_t                   *upl,
        upl_page_info_array_t   page_list,
        unsigned int            *count,
        upl_control_flags_t     *flags,
        vm_tag_t                tag)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        upl_control_flags_t     caller_flags;
        int                     force_data_sync;
        int                     sync_cow_data;
        vm_object_t             local_object;
        vm_map_offset_t         local_offset;
        vm_map_offset_t         local_start;
        kern_return_t           ret;

        assert(page_aligned(offset));

        caller_flags = *flags;

        if (caller_flags & ~UPL_VALID_FLAGS) {
                /*
                 * For forward compatibility's sake,
                 * reject any unknown flag.
                 */
                return KERN_INVALID_VALUE;
        }
        force_data_sync = (caller_flags & UPL_FORCE_DATA_SYNC);
        sync_cow_data = !(caller_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM);

        if (upl == NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

REDISCOVER_ENTRY:
        vm_map_lock_read(map);

        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, offset, &entry)) {
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return KERN_FAILURE;
        }

        if ((entry->vme_end - offset) < *upl_size) {
                *upl_size = (upl_size_t) (entry->vme_end - offset);
                assert(*upl_size == entry->vme_end - offset);
        }

        if (caller_flags & UPL_QUERY_OBJECT_TYPE) {
                *flags = 0;

                if (!entry->is_sub_map &&
                    VME_OBJECT(entry) != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        if (VME_OBJECT(entry)->private)
                                *flags = UPL_DEV_MEMORY;

                        if (VME_OBJECT(entry)->phys_contiguous)
                                *flags |= UPL_PHYS_CONTIG;
                }
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (VME_OBJECT(entry) == VM_OBJECT_NULL ||
            !VME_OBJECT(entry)->phys_contiguous) {
                if (*upl_size > MAX_UPL_SIZE_BYTES)
                        *upl_size = MAX_UPL_SIZE_BYTES;
        }

        /*
         *      Create an object if necessary.
         */
        if (VME_OBJECT(entry) == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {

                if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(map))
                        goto REDISCOVER_ENTRY;

                VME_OBJECT_SET(entry,
                               vm_object_allocate((vm_size_t)
                                                  (entry->vme_end -
                                                   entry->vme_start)));
                VME_OFFSET_SET(entry, 0);
                assert(entry->use_pmap);

                vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
        }

        if (!(caller_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM) &&
            !entry->is_sub_map &&
            !(entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE;
        }

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED
        if (map->pmap != kernel_pmap &&
            (caller_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM) &&
            (entry->protection & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) &&
            !(entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                vm_offset_t     kaddr;
                vm_size_t       ksize;

                /*
                 * We're about to create a read-only UPL backed by
                 * memory from an executable mapping.
                 * Wiring the pages would result in the pages being copied
                 * (due to the "MAP_PRIVATE" mapping) and no longer
                 * code-signed, so no longer eligible for execution.
                 * Instead, let's copy the data into a kernel buffer and
                 * create the UPL from this kernel buffer.
                 * The kernel buffer is then freed, leaving the UPL holding
                 * the last reference on the VM object, so the memory will
                 * be released when the UPL is committed.
                 */

                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                /* allocate kernel buffer */
                ksize = round_page(*upl_size);
                kaddr = 0;
                ret = kmem_alloc_pageable(kernel_map,
                                          &kaddr,
                                          ksize,
                                          tag);
                if (ret == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        /* copyin the user data */
                        assert(page_aligned(offset));
                        ret = copyinmap(map, offset, (void *)kaddr, *upl_size);
                }
                if (ret == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        if (ksize > *upl_size) {
                                /* zero out the extra space in kernel buffer */
                                memset((void *)(kaddr + *upl_size),
                                       0,
                                       ksize - *upl_size);
                        }
                        /* create the UPL from the kernel buffer */
                        ret = vm_map_create_upl(kernel_map, kaddr, upl_size,
                                                upl, page_list, count, flags, tag);
                }
                if (kaddr != 0) {
                        /* free the kernel buffer */
                        kmem_free(kernel_map, kaddr, ksize);
                        kaddr = 0;
                        ksize = 0;
                }
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
                DTRACE_VM4(create_upl_from_executable,
                           vm_map_t, map,
                           vm_map_address_t, offset,
                           upl_size_t, *upl_size,
                           kern_return_t, ret);
#endif /* DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG */
                return ret;
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

        local_object = VME_OBJECT(entry);
        assert(local_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);

        if (!entry->is_sub_map &&
            !entry->needs_copy &&
            *upl_size != 0 &&
            local_object->vo_size > *upl_size && /* partial UPL */
            entry->wired_count == 0 && /* No COW for entries that are wired */
            (map->pmap != kernel_pmap) && /* alias checks */
            (vm_map_entry_should_cow_for_true_share(entry) /* case 1 */
             ||
             (/* case 2 */
              local_object->internal &&
              (local_object->copy_strategy == MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC) &&
              local_object->ref_count > 1))) {
                vm_prot_t       prot;

                /*
                 * Case 1:
                 * Set up the targeted range for copy-on-write to avoid
                 * applying true_share/copy_delay to the entire object.
                 *
                 * Case 2:
                 * This map entry covers only part of an internal
                 * object.  There could be other map entries covering
                 * other areas of this object and some of these map
                 * entries could be marked as "needs_copy", which
                 * assumes that the object is COPY_SYMMETRIC.
                 * To avoid marking this object as COPY_DELAY and
                 * "true_share", let's shadow it and mark the new
                 * (smaller) object as "true_share" and COPY_DELAY.
                 */

                if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(map)) {
                        goto REDISCOVER_ENTRY;
                }
                vm_map_lock_assert_exclusive(map);
                assert(VME_OBJECT(entry) == local_object);

                vm_map_clip_start(map,
                                  entry,
                                  vm_map_trunc_page(offset,
                                                    VM_MAP_PAGE_MASK(map)));
                vm_map_clip_end(map,
                                entry,
                                vm_map_round_page(offset + *upl_size,
                                                  VM_MAP_PAGE_MASK(map)));
                if ((entry->vme_end - offset) < *upl_size) {
                        *upl_size = (upl_size_t) (entry->vme_end - offset);
                        assert(*upl_size == entry->vme_end - offset);
                }

                prot = entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;
                if (override_nx(map, VME_ALIAS(entry)) && prot)
                        prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;
                vm_object_pmap_protect(local_object,
                                       VME_OFFSET(entry),
                                       entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start,
                                       ((entry->is_shared ||
                                         map->mapped_in_other_pmaps)
                                        ? PMAP_NULL
                                        : map->pmap),
                                       entry->vme_start,
                                       prot);

                assert(entry->wired_count == 0);

                /*
                 * Lock the VM object and re-check its status: if it's mapped
                 * in another address space, we could still be racing with
                 * another thread holding that other VM map exclusively.
                 */
                vm_object_lock(local_object);
                if (local_object->true_share) {
                        /* object is already in proper state: no COW needed */
                        assert(local_object->copy_strategy !=
                               MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC);
                } else {
                        /* not true_share: ask for copy-on-write below */
                        assert(local_object->copy_strategy ==
                               MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC);
                        entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                }
                vm_object_unlock(local_object);

                vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
        }

        if (entry->needs_copy)  {
                /*
                 * Honor copy-on-write for COPY_SYMMETRIC
                 * strategy.
                 */
                vm_map_t                local_map;
                vm_object_t             object;
                vm_object_offset_t      new_offset;
                vm_prot_t               prot;
                boolean_t               wired;
                vm_map_version_t        version;
                vm_map_t                real_map;
                vm_prot_t               fault_type;

                local_map = map;

                if (caller_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM) {
                        fault_type = VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_COPY;
                        vm_counters.create_upl_extra_cow++;
                        vm_counters.create_upl_extra_cow_pages +=
                                (entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start) / PAGE_SIZE;
                } else {
                        fault_type = VM_PROT_WRITE;
                }
                if (vm_map_lookup_locked(&local_map,
                                         offset, fault_type,
                                         OBJECT_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE,
                                         &version, &object,
                                         &new_offset, &prot, &wired,
                                         NULL,
                                         &real_map) != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        if (fault_type == VM_PROT_WRITE) {
                                vm_counters.create_upl_lookup_failure_write++;
                        } else {
                                vm_counters.create_upl_lookup_failure_copy++;
                        }
                        vm_map_unlock_read(local_map);
                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                }
                if (real_map != map)
                        vm_map_unlock(real_map);
                vm_map_unlock_read(local_map);

                vm_object_unlock(object);

                goto REDISCOVER_ENTRY;
        }

        if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                vm_map_t        submap;

                submap = VME_SUBMAP(entry);
                local_start = entry->vme_start;
                local_offset = VME_OFFSET(entry);

                vm_map_reference(submap);
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);

                ret = vm_map_create_upl(submap,
                                        local_offset + (offset - local_start),
                                        upl_size, upl, page_list, count, flags, tag);
                vm_map_deallocate(submap);

                return ret;
        }

        if (sync_cow_data &&
            (VME_OBJECT(entry)->shadow ||
             VME_OBJECT(entry)->copy)) {
                local_object = VME_OBJECT(entry);
                local_start = entry->vme_start;
                local_offset = VME_OFFSET(entry);

                vm_object_reference(local_object);
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);

                if (local_object->shadow && local_object->copy) {
                        vm_object_lock_request(local_object->shadow,
                                               ((vm_object_offset_t)
                                                ((offset - local_start) +
                                                 local_offset) +
                                                local_object->vo_shadow_offset),
                                               *upl_size, FALSE,
                                               MEMORY_OBJECT_DATA_SYNC,
                                               VM_PROT_NO_CHANGE);
                }
                sync_cow_data = FALSE;
                vm_object_deallocate(local_object);

                goto REDISCOVER_ENTRY;
        }
        if (force_data_sync) {
                local_object = VME_OBJECT(entry);
                local_start = entry->vme_start;
                local_offset = VME_OFFSET(entry);

                vm_object_reference(local_object);
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);

                vm_object_lock_request(local_object,
                                       ((vm_object_offset_t)
                                        ((offset - local_start) +
                                         local_offset)),
                                       (vm_object_size_t)*upl_size,
                                       FALSE,
                                       MEMORY_OBJECT_DATA_SYNC,
                                       VM_PROT_NO_CHANGE);

                force_data_sync = FALSE;
                vm_object_deallocate(local_object);

                goto REDISCOVER_ENTRY;
        }
        if (VME_OBJECT(entry)->private)
                *flags = UPL_DEV_MEMORY;
        else
                *flags = 0;

        if (VME_OBJECT(entry)->phys_contiguous)
                *flags |= UPL_PHYS_CONTIG;

        local_object = VME_OBJECT(entry);
        local_offset = VME_OFFSET(entry);
        local_start = entry->vme_start;

#if CONFIG_EMBEDDED
        /*
         * Wiring will copy the pages to the shadow object.
         * The shadow object will not be code-signed so
         * attempting to execute code from these copied pages
         * would trigger a code-signing violation.
         */
        if (entry->protection & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) {
#if MACH_ASSERT
                printf("pid %d[%s] create_upl out of executable range from "
                       "0x%llx to 0x%llx: side effects may include "
                       "code-signing violations later on\n",
                       proc_selfpid(),
                       (current_task()->bsd_info
                        ? proc_name_address(current_task()->bsd_info)
                        : "?"),
                       (uint64_t) entry->vme_start,
                       (uint64_t) entry->vme_end);
#endif /* MACH_ASSERT */
                DTRACE_VM2(cs_executable_create_upl,
                           uint64_t, (uint64_t)entry->vme_start,
                           uint64_t, (uint64_t)entry->vme_end);
                cs_executable_create_upl++;
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_EMBEDDED */

        vm_object_lock(local_object);

        /*
         * Ensure that this object is "true_share" and "copy_delay" now,
         * while we're still holding the VM map lock.  After we unlock the map,
         * anything could happen to that mapping, including some copy-on-write
         * activity.  We need to make sure that the IOPL will point at the
         * same memory as the mapping.
         */
        if (local_object->true_share) {
                assert(local_object->copy_strategy !=
                       MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC);
        } else if (local_object != kernel_object &&
                   local_object != compressor_object &&
                   !local_object->phys_contiguous) {
#if VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_OP_TRUESHARE
                if (!local_object->true_share &&
                    vm_object_tracking_inited) {
                        void *bt[VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_BTDEPTH];
                        int num = 0;
                        num = OSBacktrace(bt,
                                          VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_BTDEPTH);
                        btlog_add_entry(vm_object_tracking_btlog,
                                        local_object,
                                        VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_OP_TRUESHARE,
                                        bt,
                                        num);
                }
#endif /* VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_OP_TRUESHARE */
                local_object->true_share = TRUE;
                if (local_object->copy_strategy ==
                    MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC) {
                        local_object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_DELAY;
                }
        }

        vm_object_reference_locked(local_object);
        vm_object_unlock(local_object);

        vm_map_unlock_read(map);

        ret = vm_object_iopl_request(local_object,
                                     ((vm_object_offset_t)
                                      ((offset - local_start) + local_offset)),
                                     *upl_size,
                                     upl,
                                     page_list,
                                     count,
                                     caller_flags,
                                     tag);
        vm_object_deallocate(local_object);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * Internal routine to enter a UPL into a VM map.
 *
 * JMM - This should just be doable through the standard
 * vm_map_enter() API.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_enter_upl(
        vm_map_t                map,
        upl_t                   upl,
        vm_map_offset_t         *dst_addr)
{
        vm_map_size_t           size;
        vm_object_offset_t      offset;
        vm_map_offset_t         addr;
        vm_page_t               m;
        kern_return_t           kr;
        int                     isVectorUPL = 0, curr_upl=0;
        upl_t                   vector_upl = NULL;
        vm_offset_t             vector_upl_dst_addr = 0;
        vm_map_t                vector_upl_submap = NULL;
        upl_offset_t            subupl_offset = 0;
        upl_size_t              subupl_size = 0;

        if (upl == UPL_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        if((isVectorUPL = vector_upl_is_valid(upl))) {
                int mapped=0,valid_upls=0;
                vector_upl = upl;

                upl_lock(vector_upl);
                for(curr_upl=0; curr_upl < MAX_VECTOR_UPL_ELEMENTS; curr_upl++) {
                        upl =  vector_upl_subupl_byindex(vector_upl, curr_upl );
                        if(upl == NULL)
                                continue;
                        valid_upls++;
                        if (UPL_PAGE_LIST_MAPPED & upl->flags)
                                mapped++;
                }

                if(mapped) {
                        if(mapped != valid_upls)
                                panic("Only %d of the %d sub-upls within the Vector UPL are alread mapped\n", mapped, valid_upls);
                        else {
                                upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                                return KERN_FAILURE;
                        }
                }

                kr = kmem_suballoc(map, &vector_upl_dst_addr, vector_upl->size, FALSE,
                                    VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE, VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE,
                                    &vector_upl_submap);
                if( kr != KERN_SUCCESS )
                        panic("Vector UPL submap allocation failed\n");
                map = vector_upl_submap;
                vector_upl_set_submap(vector_upl, vector_upl_submap, vector_upl_dst_addr);
                curr_upl=0;
        }
        else
                upl_lock(upl);

process_upl_to_enter:
        if(isVectorUPL){
                if(curr_upl == MAX_VECTOR_UPL_ELEMENTS) {
                        *dst_addr = vector_upl_dst_addr;
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }
                upl =  vector_upl_subupl_byindex(vector_upl, curr_upl++ );
                if(upl == NULL)
                        goto process_upl_to_enter;

                vector_upl_get_iostate(vector_upl, upl, &subupl_offset, &subupl_size);
                *dst_addr = (vm_map_offset_t)(vector_upl_dst_addr + (vm_map_offset_t)subupl_offset);
        } else {
                /*
                 * check to see if already mapped
                 */
                if (UPL_PAGE_LIST_MAPPED & upl->flags) {
                        upl_unlock(upl);
                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                }
        }
        if ((!(upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED)) &&
            ((upl->flags & UPL_HAS_BUSY) ||
             !((upl->flags & (UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY | UPL_IO_WIRE)) || (upl->map_object->phys_contiguous)))) {

                vm_object_t             object;
                vm_page_t               alias_page;
                vm_object_offset_t      new_offset;
                unsigned int            pg_num;
                wpl_array_t             lite_list;

                if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL) {
                        lite_list = (wpl_array_t)
                                ((((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl))
                                 + ((upl->size/PAGE_SIZE) * sizeof(upl_page_info_t)));
                } else {
                        lite_list = (wpl_array_t)(((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
                }
                object = upl->map_object;
                upl->map_object = vm_object_allocate(upl->size);

                vm_object_lock(upl->map_object);

                upl->map_object->shadow = object;
                upl->map_object->pageout = TRUE;
                upl->map_object->can_persist = FALSE;
                upl->map_object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_NONE;
                upl->map_object->vo_shadow_offset = upl->offset - object->paging_offset;
                upl->map_object->wimg_bits = object->wimg_bits;
                offset = upl->map_object->vo_shadow_offset;
                new_offset = 0;
                size = upl->size;

                upl->flags |= UPL_SHADOWED;

                while (size) {
                        pg_num = (unsigned int) (new_offset / PAGE_SIZE);
                        assert(pg_num == new_offset / PAGE_SIZE);

                        if (lite_list[pg_num>>5] & (1 << (pg_num & 31))) {

                                VM_PAGE_GRAB_FICTITIOUS(alias_page);

                                vm_object_lock(object);

                                m = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);
                                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                        panic("vm_upl_map: page missing\n");
                                }

                                /*
                                 * Convert the fictitious page to a private
                                 * shadow of the real page.
                                 */
                                assert(alias_page->vmp_fictitious);
                                alias_page->vmp_fictitious = FALSE;
                                alias_page->vmp_private = TRUE;
                                alias_page->vmp_free_when_done = TRUE;
                                /*
                                 * since m is a page in the upl it must
                                 * already be wired or BUSY, so it's
                                 * safe to assign the underlying physical
                                 * page to the alias
                                 */
                                VM_PAGE_SET_PHYS_PAGE(alias_page, VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                                vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                                vm_page_wire(alias_page, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE, TRUE);
                                vm_page_unlock_queues();

                                vm_page_insert_wired(alias_page, upl->map_object, new_offset, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE);

                                assert(!alias_page->vmp_wanted);
                                alias_page->vmp_busy = FALSE;
                                alias_page->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                        }
                        size -= PAGE_SIZE;
                        offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                        new_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                }
                vm_object_unlock(upl->map_object);
        }
        if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED)
                offset = 0;
        else
                offset = upl->offset - upl->map_object->paging_offset;

        size = upl->size;

        vm_object_reference(upl->map_object);

        if(!isVectorUPL) {
                *dst_addr = 0;
                /*
                * NEED A UPL_MAP ALIAS
                */
                kr = vm_map_enter(map, dst_addr, (vm_map_size_t)size, (vm_map_offset_t) 0,
                                  VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE, VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE, VM_KERN_MEMORY_OSFMK,
                                  upl->map_object, offset, FALSE,
                                  VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_ALL, VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);

                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        vm_object_deallocate(upl->map_object);
                        upl_unlock(upl);
                        return(kr);
                }
        }
        else {
                kr = vm_map_enter(map, dst_addr, (vm_map_size_t)size, (vm_map_offset_t) 0,
                                  VM_FLAGS_FIXED, VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE, VM_KERN_MEMORY_OSFMK,
                                  upl->map_object, offset, FALSE,
                                  VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_ALL, VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
                if(kr)
                        panic("vm_map_enter failed for a Vector UPL\n");
        }
        vm_object_lock(upl->map_object);

        for (addr = *dst_addr; size > 0; size -= PAGE_SIZE, addr += PAGE_SIZE) {
                m = vm_page_lookup(upl->map_object, offset);

                if (m) {
                        m->vmp_pmapped = TRUE;

                        /* CODE SIGNING ENFORCEMENT: page has been wpmapped,
                         * but only in kernel space. If this was on a user map,
                         * we'd have to set the wpmapped bit. */
                        /* m->vmp_wpmapped = TRUE; */
                        assert(map->pmap == kernel_pmap);

                        PMAP_ENTER(map->pmap, addr, m, VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_NONE, 0, TRUE, kr);

                        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
#if KASAN
                        kasan_notify_address(addr, PAGE_SIZE_64);
#endif
                }
                offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
        }
        vm_object_unlock(upl->map_object);

        /*
         * hold a reference for the mapping
         */
        upl->ref_count++;
        upl->flags |= UPL_PAGE_LIST_MAPPED;
        upl->kaddr = (vm_offset_t) *dst_addr;
        assert(upl->kaddr == *dst_addr);

        if(isVectorUPL)
                goto process_upl_to_enter;

        upl_unlock(upl);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * Internal routine to remove a UPL mapping from a VM map.
 *
 * XXX - This should just be doable through a standard
 * vm_map_remove() operation.  Otherwise, implicit clean-up
 * of the target map won't be able to correctly remove
 * these (and release the reference on the UPL).  Having
 * to do this means we can't map these into user-space
 * maps yet.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_remove_upl(
        vm_map_t        map,
        upl_t           upl)
{
        vm_address_t    addr;
        upl_size_t      size;
        int             isVectorUPL = 0, curr_upl = 0;
        upl_t           vector_upl = NULL;

        if (upl == UPL_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        if((isVectorUPL = vector_upl_is_valid(upl))) {
                int     unmapped=0, valid_upls=0;
                vector_upl = upl;
                upl_lock(vector_upl);
                for(curr_upl=0; curr_upl < MAX_VECTOR_UPL_ELEMENTS; curr_upl++) {
                        upl =  vector_upl_subupl_byindex(vector_upl, curr_upl );
                        if(upl == NULL)
                                continue;
                        valid_upls++;
                        if (!(UPL_PAGE_LIST_MAPPED & upl->flags))
                                unmapped++;
                }

                if(unmapped) {
                        if(unmapped != valid_upls)
                                panic("%d of the %d sub-upls within the Vector UPL is/are not mapped\n", unmapped, valid_upls);
                        else {
                                upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                                return KERN_FAILURE;
                        }
                }
                curr_upl=0;
        }
        else
                upl_lock(upl);

process_upl_to_remove:
        if(isVectorUPL) {
                if(curr_upl == MAX_VECTOR_UPL_ELEMENTS) {
                        vm_map_t v_upl_submap;
                        vm_offset_t v_upl_submap_dst_addr;
                        vector_upl_get_submap(vector_upl, &v_upl_submap, &v_upl_submap_dst_addr);

                        vm_map_remove(map, v_upl_submap_dst_addr, v_upl_submap_dst_addr + vector_upl->size, VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_FLAGS);
                        vm_map_deallocate(v_upl_submap);
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }

                upl =  vector_upl_subupl_byindex(vector_upl, curr_upl++ );
                if(upl == NULL)
                        goto process_upl_to_remove;
        }

        if (upl->flags & UPL_PAGE_LIST_MAPPED) {
                addr = upl->kaddr;
                size = upl->size;

                assert(upl->ref_count > 1);
                upl->ref_count--;               /* removing mapping ref */

                upl->flags &= ~UPL_PAGE_LIST_MAPPED;
                upl->kaddr = (vm_offset_t) 0;

                if(!isVectorUPL) {
                        upl_unlock(upl);

                        vm_map_remove(
                                map,
                                vm_map_trunc_page(addr,
                                                  VM_MAP_PAGE_MASK(map)),
                                vm_map_round_page(addr + size,
                                                  VM_MAP_PAGE_MASK(map)),
                                VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_FLAGS);
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }
                else {
                        /*
                        * If it's a Vectored UPL, we'll be removing the entire
                        * submap anyways, so no need to remove individual UPL
                        * element mappings from within the submap
                        */
                        goto process_upl_to_remove;
                }
        }
        upl_unlock(upl);

        return KERN_FAILURE;
}


kern_return_t
upl_commit_range(
        upl_t                   upl,
        upl_offset_t            offset,
        upl_size_t              size,
        int                     flags,
        upl_page_info_t         *page_list,
        mach_msg_type_number_t  count,
        boolean_t               *empty)
{
        upl_size_t              xfer_size, subupl_size = size;
        vm_object_t             shadow_object;
        vm_object_t             object;
        vm_object_t             m_object;
        vm_object_offset_t      target_offset;
        upl_offset_t            subupl_offset = offset;
        int                     entry;
        wpl_array_t             lite_list;
        int                     occupied;
        int                     clear_refmod = 0;
        int                     pgpgout_count = 0;
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    dw_array[DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT];
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    *dwp;
        int                     dw_count;
        int                     dw_limit;
        int                     isVectorUPL = 0;
        upl_t                   vector_upl = NULL;
        boolean_t               should_be_throttled = FALSE;

        vm_page_t               nxt_page = VM_PAGE_NULL;
        int                     fast_path_possible = 0;
        int                     fast_path_full_commit = 0;
        int                     throttle_page = 0;
        int                     unwired_count = 0;
        int                     local_queue_count = 0;
        vm_page_t               first_local, last_local;

        *empty = FALSE;

        if (upl == UPL_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        if (count == 0)
                page_list = NULL;

        if((isVectorUPL = vector_upl_is_valid(upl))) {
                vector_upl = upl;
                upl_lock(vector_upl);
        }
        else
                upl_lock(upl);

process_upl_to_commit:

        if(isVectorUPL) {
                size = subupl_size;
                offset = subupl_offset;
                if(size == 0) {
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }
                upl =  vector_upl_subupl_byoffset(vector_upl, &offset, &size);
                if(upl == NULL) {
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                }
                page_list = UPL_GET_INTERNAL_PAGE_LIST_SIMPLE(upl);
                subupl_size -= size;
                subupl_offset += size;
        }

#if UPL_DEBUG
        if (upl->upl_commit_index < UPL_DEBUG_COMMIT_RECORDS) {
                (void) OSBacktrace(&upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_retaddr[0], UPL_DEBUG_STACK_FRAMES);

                upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_beg = offset;
                upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_end = (offset + size);

                upl->upl_commit_index++;
        }
#endif
        if (upl->flags & UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY)
                xfer_size = 0;
        else if ((offset + size) <= upl->size)
                xfer_size = size;
        else {
                if(!isVectorUPL)
                        upl_unlock(upl);
                else {
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                }
                return KERN_FAILURE;
        }
        if (upl->flags & UPL_SET_DIRTY)
                flags |= UPL_COMMIT_SET_DIRTY;
        if (upl->flags & UPL_CLEAR_DIRTY)
                flags |= UPL_COMMIT_CLEAR_DIRTY;

        if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL)
                lite_list = (wpl_array_t) ((((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl))
                                           + ((upl->size/PAGE_SIZE) * sizeof(upl_page_info_t)));
        else
                lite_list = (wpl_array_t) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));

        object = upl->map_object;

        if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED) {
                vm_object_lock(object);
                shadow_object = object->shadow;
        } else {
                shadow_object = object;
        }
        entry = offset/PAGE_SIZE;
        target_offset = (vm_object_offset_t)offset;

        assert(!(target_offset & PAGE_MASK));
        assert(!(xfer_size & PAGE_MASK));

        if (upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT)
                vm_object_lock_shared(shadow_object);
        else
                vm_object_lock(shadow_object);

        VM_OBJECT_WIRED_PAGE_UPDATE_START(shadow_object);

        if (upl->flags & UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED) {
                assert(shadow_object->blocked_access);
                shadow_object->blocked_access = FALSE;
                vm_object_wakeup(object, VM_OBJECT_EVENT_UNBLOCKED);
        }

        if (shadow_object->code_signed) {
                /*
                 * CODE SIGNING:
                 * If the object is code-signed, do not let this UPL tell
                 * us if the pages are valid or not.  Let the pages be
                 * validated by VM the normal way (when they get mapped or
                 * copied).
                 */
                flags &= ~UPL_COMMIT_CS_VALIDATED;
        }
        if (! page_list) {
                /*
                 * No page list to get the code-signing info from !?
                 */
                flags &= ~UPL_COMMIT_CS_VALIDATED;
        }
        if (!VM_DYNAMIC_PAGING_ENABLED() && shadow_object->internal)
                should_be_throttled = TRUE;

        dwp = &dw_array[0];
        dw_count = 0;
        dw_limit = DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT(DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT);

        if ((upl->flags & UPL_IO_WIRE) &&
            !(flags & UPL_COMMIT_FREE_ABSENT) &&
            !isVectorUPL &&
            shadow_object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE &&
            shadow_object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY) {

                if (!vm_page_queue_empty(&shadow_object->memq)) {

                        if (size == shadow_object->vo_size) {
                                nxt_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_first(&shadow_object->memq);
                                fast_path_full_commit = 1;
                        }
                        fast_path_possible = 1;

                        if (!VM_DYNAMIC_PAGING_ENABLED() && shadow_object->internal &&
                            (shadow_object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_DENY ||
                             shadow_object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_NONVOLATILE ||
                             shadow_object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE)) {
                                throttle_page = 1;
                        }
                }
        }
        first_local = VM_PAGE_NULL;
        last_local = VM_PAGE_NULL;

        while (xfer_size) {
                vm_page_t       t, m;

                dwp->dw_mask = 0;
                clear_refmod = 0;

                m = VM_PAGE_NULL;

                if (upl->flags & UPL_LITE) {
                        unsigned int    pg_num;

                        if (nxt_page != VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                m = nxt_page;
                                nxt_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_next(&nxt_page->vmp_listq);
                                target_offset = m->vmp_offset;
                        }
                        pg_num = (unsigned int) (target_offset/PAGE_SIZE);
                        assert(pg_num == target_offset/PAGE_SIZE);

                        if (lite_list[pg_num>>5] & (1 << (pg_num & 31))) {
                                lite_list[pg_num>>5] &= ~(1 << (pg_num & 31));

                                if (!(upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT) && m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                                        m = vm_page_lookup(shadow_object, target_offset + (upl->offset - shadow_object->paging_offset));
                        } else
                                m = NULL;
                }
                if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED) {
                        if ((t = vm_page_lookup(object, target_offset)) != VM_PAGE_NULL) {

                                t->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;

                                VM_PAGE_FREE(t);

                                if (!(upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT) && m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                                        m = vm_page_lookup(shadow_object, target_offset + object->vo_shadow_offset);
                        }
                }
                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                        goto commit_next_page;

                m_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m);

                if (m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_USED_BY_COMPRESSOR) {
                        assert(m->vmp_busy);

                        dwp->dw_mask |= (DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP);
                        goto commit_next_page;
                }

                if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_CS_VALIDATED) {
                        /*
                         * CODE SIGNING:
                         * Set the code signing bits according to
                         * what the UPL says they should be.
                         */
                        m->vmp_cs_validated = page_list[entry].cs_validated;
                        m->vmp_cs_tainted = page_list[entry].cs_tainted;
                        m->vmp_cs_nx = page_list[entry].cs_nx;
                }
                if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_WRITTEN_BY_KERNEL)
                        m->vmp_written_by_kernel = TRUE;

                if (upl->flags & UPL_IO_WIRE) {

                        if (page_list)
                                page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                        if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_SET_DIRTY) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        } else if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_CLEAR_DIRTY) {
                                m->vmp_dirty = FALSE;

                                if (! (flags & UPL_COMMIT_CS_VALIDATED) &&
                                    m->vmp_cs_validated && !m->vmp_cs_tainted) {
                                        /*
                                         * CODE SIGNING:
                                         * This page is no longer dirty
                                         * but could have been modified,
                                         * so it will need to be
                                         * re-validated.
                                         */
                                        m->vmp_cs_validated = FALSE;

                                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_cs_validated_resets, 1);

                                        pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));
                                }
                                clear_refmod |= VM_MEM_MODIFIED;
                        }
                        if (upl->flags & UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED) {
                                /*
                                 * We blocked access to the pages in this UPL.
                                 * Clear the "busy" bit and wake up any waiter
                                 * for this page.
                                 */
                                dwp->dw_mask |= (DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP);
                        }
                        if (fast_path_possible) {
                                assert(m_object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY);
                                assert(m_object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE);
                                if (m->vmp_absent) {
                                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q);
                                        assert(m->vmp_wire_count == 0);
                                        assert(m->vmp_busy);

                                        m->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= (DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP);
                                } else {
                                        if (m->vmp_wire_count == 0)
                                                panic("wire_count == 0, m = %p, obj = %p\n", m, shadow_object);
                                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_IS_WIRED);

                                        /*
                                         * XXX FBDP need to update some other
                                         * counters here (purgeable_wired_count)
                                         * (ledgers), ...
                                         */
                                        assert(m->vmp_wire_count > 0);
                                        m->vmp_wire_count--;

                                        if (m->vmp_wire_count == 0) {
                                                m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q;
                                                unwired_count++;
                                        }
                                }
                                if (m->vmp_wire_count == 0) {
                                        assert(m->vmp_pageq.next == 0 && m->vmp_pageq.prev == 0);

                                        if (last_local == VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                                assert(first_local == VM_PAGE_NULL);

                                                last_local = m;
                                                first_local = m;
                                        } else {
                                                assert(first_local != VM_PAGE_NULL);

                                                m->vmp_pageq.next = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(first_local);
                                                first_local->vmp_pageq.prev = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(m);
                                                first_local = m;
                                        }
                                        local_queue_count++;

                                        if (throttle_page) {
                                                m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_THROTTLED_Q;
                                        } else {
                                                if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_INACTIVATE) {
                                                        if (shadow_object->internal)
                                                                m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_INTERNAL_Q;
                                                        else
                                                                m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_INACTIVE_EXTERNAL_Q;
                                                } else
                                                        m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_ON_ACTIVE_Q;
                                        }
                                }
                        } else {
                                if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_INACTIVATE) {
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_deactivate_internal;
                                        clear_refmod |= VM_MEM_REFERENCED;
                                }
                                if (m->vmp_absent) {
                                        if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_FREE_ABSENT)
                                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_free;
                                        else {
                                                m->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                                                dwp->dw_mask |= (DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP);

                                                if ( !(dwp->dw_mask & DW_vm_page_deactivate_internal))
                                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_activate;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_unwire;
                        }
                        goto commit_next_page;
                }
                assert(m->vmp_q_state != VM_PAGE_USED_BY_COMPRESSOR);

                if (page_list)
                        page_list[entry].phys_addr = 0;

                /*
                 * make sure to clear the hardware
                 * modify or reference bits before
                 * releasing the BUSY bit on this page
                 * otherwise we risk losing a legitimate
                 * change of state
                 */
                if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_CLEAR_DIRTY) {
                        m->vmp_dirty = FALSE;

                        clear_refmod |= VM_MEM_MODIFIED;
                }
                if (m->vmp_laundry)
                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_pageout_throttle_up;

                if (VM_PAGE_WIRED(m))
                        m->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;

                if (! (flags & UPL_COMMIT_CS_VALIDATED) &&
                    m->vmp_cs_validated && !m->vmp_cs_tainted) {
                        /*
                         * CODE SIGNING:
                         * This page is no longer dirty
                         * but could have been modified,
                         * so it will need to be
                         * re-validated.
                         */
                        m->vmp_cs_validated = FALSE;

                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_cs_validated_resets, 1);

                        pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));
                }
                if (m->vmp_overwriting) {
                        /*
                         * the (COPY_OUT_FROM == FALSE) request_page_list case
                         */
                        if (m->vmp_busy) {
#if CONFIG_PHANTOM_CACHE
                                if (m->vmp_absent && !m_object->internal)
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_phantom_cache_update;
#endif
                                m->vmp_absent = FALSE;

                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_clear_busy;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * alternate (COPY_OUT_FROM == FALSE) page_list case
                                 * Occurs when the original page was wired
                                 * at the time of the list request
                                 */
                                assert(VM_PAGE_WIRED(m));

                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_unwire; /* reactivates */
                        }
                        m->vmp_overwriting = FALSE;
                }
                m->vmp_cleaning = FALSE;

                if (m->vmp_free_when_done) {
                        /*
                         * With the clean queue enabled, UPL_PAGEOUT should
                         * no longer set the pageout bit. It's pages now go
                         * to the clean queue.
                         */
                        assert(!(flags & UPL_PAGEOUT));
                        assert(!m_object->internal);

                        m->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;

                        if ((flags & UPL_COMMIT_SET_DIRTY) ||
                            (m->vmp_pmapped && (pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m)) & VM_MEM_MODIFIED))) {
                                /*
                                 * page was re-dirtied after we started
                                 * the pageout... reactivate it since
                                 * we don't know whether the on-disk
                                 * copy matches what is now in memory
                                 */
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);

                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_activate | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP;

                                if (upl->flags & UPL_PAGEOUT) {
                                        VM_STAT_INCR(reactivations);
                                        DTRACE_VM2(pgrec, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
                                }
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * page has been successfully cleaned
                                 * go ahead and free it for other use
                                 */
                                if (m_object->internal) {
                                        DTRACE_VM2(anonpgout, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
                                } else {
                                        DTRACE_VM2(fspgout, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
                                }
                                m->vmp_dirty = FALSE;
                                m->vmp_busy = TRUE;

                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_free;
                        }
                        goto commit_next_page;
                }
                /*
                 * It is a part of the semantic of COPYOUT_FROM
                 * UPLs that a commit implies cache sync
                 * between the vm page and the backing store
                 * this can be used to strip the precious bit
                 * as well as clean
                 */
                if ((upl->flags & UPL_PAGE_SYNC_DONE) || (flags & UPL_COMMIT_CLEAR_PRECIOUS))
                        m->vmp_precious = FALSE;

                if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_SET_DIRTY) {
                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                } else {
                        m->vmp_dirty = FALSE;
                }

                /* with the clean queue on, move *all* cleaned pages to the clean queue */
                if (hibernate_cleaning_in_progress == FALSE && !m->vmp_dirty && (upl->flags & UPL_PAGEOUT)) {
                        pgpgout_count++;

                        VM_STAT_INCR(pageouts);
                        DTRACE_VM2(pgout, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);

                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_enqueue_cleaned;
                } else if (should_be_throttled == TRUE && (m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q)) {
                        /*
                         * page coming back in from being 'frozen'...
                         * it was dirty before it was frozen, so keep it so
                         * the vm_page_activate will notice that it really belongs
                         * on the throttle queue and put it there
                         */
                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(m, FALSE);
                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_activate;

                } else {
                        if ((flags & UPL_COMMIT_INACTIVATE) && !m->vmp_clustered && (m->vmp_q_state != VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q)) {
                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_deactivate_internal;
                                clear_refmod |= VM_MEM_REFERENCED;
                        } else if ( !VM_PAGE_PAGEABLE(m)) {

                                if (m->vmp_clustered || (flags & UPL_COMMIT_SPECULATE))
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_speculate;
                                else if (m->vmp_reference)
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_activate;
                                else {
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_deactivate_internal;
                                        clear_refmod |= VM_MEM_REFERENCED;
                                }
                        }
                }
                if (upl->flags & UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED) {
                        /*
                         * We blocked access to the pages in this URL.
                         * Clear the "busy" bit on this page before we
                         * wake up any waiter.
                         */
                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_clear_busy;
                }
                /*
                 * Wakeup any thread waiting for the page to be un-cleaning.
                 */
                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_PAGE_WAKEUP;

commit_next_page:
                if (clear_refmod)
                        pmap_clear_refmod(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m), clear_refmod);

                target_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                xfer_size -= PAGE_SIZE;
                entry++;

                if (dwp->dw_mask) {
                        if (dwp->dw_mask & ~(DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP)) {
                                VM_PAGE_ADD_DELAYED_WORK(dwp, m, dw_count);

                                if (dw_count >= dw_limit) {
                                        vm_page_do_delayed_work(shadow_object, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

                                        dwp = &dw_array[0];
                                        dw_count = 0;
                                }
                        } else {
                                if (dwp->dw_mask & DW_clear_busy)
                                        m->vmp_busy = FALSE;

                                if (dwp->dw_mask & DW_PAGE_WAKEUP)
                                        PAGE_WAKEUP(m);
                        }
                }
        }
        if (dw_count)
                vm_page_do_delayed_work(shadow_object, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

        if (fast_path_possible) {

                assert(shadow_object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE);
                assert(shadow_object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY);

                if (local_queue_count || unwired_count) {

                        if (local_queue_count) {
                                vm_page_t       first_target;
                                vm_page_queue_head_t    *target_queue;

                                if (throttle_page)
                                        target_queue = &vm_page_queue_throttled;
                                else {
                                        if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_INACTIVATE) {
                                                if (shadow_object->internal)
                                                        target_queue = &vm_page_queue_anonymous;
                                                else
                                                        target_queue = &vm_page_queue_inactive;
                                        } else
                                                target_queue = &vm_page_queue_active;
                                }
                                /*
                                 * Transfer the entire local queue to a regular LRU page queues.
                                 */
                                vm_page_lockspin_queues();

                                first_target = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(target_queue);

                                if (vm_page_queue_empty(target_queue))
                                        target_queue->prev = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(last_local);
                                else
                                        first_target->vmp_pageq.prev = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(last_local);

                                target_queue->next = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(first_local);
                                first_local->vmp_pageq.prev = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(target_queue);
                                last_local->vmp_pageq.next = VM_PAGE_CONVERT_TO_QUEUE_ENTRY(first_target);

                                /*
                                 * Adjust the global page counts.
                                 */
                                if (throttle_page) {
                                        vm_page_throttled_count += local_queue_count;
                                } else {
                                        if (flags & UPL_COMMIT_INACTIVATE) {
                                                if (shadow_object->internal)
                                                        vm_page_anonymous_count += local_queue_count;
                                                vm_page_inactive_count += local_queue_count;

                                                token_new_pagecount += local_queue_count;
                                        } else
                                                vm_page_active_count += local_queue_count;

                                        if (shadow_object->internal)
                                                vm_page_pageable_internal_count += local_queue_count;
                                        else
                                                vm_page_pageable_external_count += local_queue_count;
                                }
                        } else {
                                vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                        }
                        if (unwired_count) {
                                vm_page_wire_count -= unwired_count;
                                VM_CHECK_MEMORYSTATUS;
                        }
                        vm_page_unlock_queues();

                        VM_OBJECT_WIRED_PAGE_COUNT(shadow_object, -unwired_count);
                }
        }
        occupied = 1;

        if (upl->flags & UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY)  {
                occupied = 0;
        } else if (upl->flags & UPL_LITE) {
                int     pg_num;
                int     i;

                occupied = 0;

                if (!fast_path_full_commit) {
                        pg_num = upl->size/PAGE_SIZE;
                        pg_num = (pg_num + 31) >> 5;

                        for (i = 0; i < pg_num; i++) {
                                if (lite_list[i] != 0) {
                                        occupied = 1;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                }
        } else {
                if (vm_page_queue_empty(&upl->map_object->memq))
                        occupied = 0;
        }
        if (occupied == 0) {
                /*
                 * If this UPL element belongs to a Vector UPL and is
                 * empty, then this is the right function to deallocate
                 * it. So go ahead set the *empty variable. The flag
                 * UPL_COMMIT_NOTIFY_EMPTY, from the caller's point of view
                 * should be considered relevant for the Vector UPL and not
                 * the internal UPLs.
                 */
                if ((upl->flags & UPL_COMMIT_NOTIFY_EMPTY) || isVectorUPL)
                        *empty = TRUE;

                if (object == shadow_object && !(upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT)) {
                        /*
                         * this is not a paging object
                         * so we need to drop the paging reference
                         * that was taken when we created the UPL
                         * against this object
                         */
                        vm_object_activity_end(shadow_object);
                        vm_object_collapse(shadow_object, 0, TRUE);
                } else {
                         /*
                          * we dontated the paging reference to
                          * the map object... vm_pageout_object_terminate
                          * will drop this reference
                          */
                }
        }
        VM_OBJECT_WIRED_PAGE_UPDATE_END(shadow_object, shadow_object->wire_tag);
        vm_object_unlock(shadow_object);
        if (object != shadow_object)
                vm_object_unlock(object);

        if(!isVectorUPL)
                upl_unlock(upl);
        else {
                /*
                 * If we completed our operations on an UPL that is
                 * part of a Vectored UPL and if empty is TRUE, then
                 * we should go ahead and deallocate this UPL element.
                 * Then we check if this was the last of the UPL elements
                 * within that Vectored UPL. If so, set empty to TRUE
                 * so that in ubc_upl_commit_range or ubc_upl_commit, we
                 * can go ahead and deallocate the Vector UPL too.
                 */
                if(*empty==TRUE) {
                        *empty = vector_upl_set_subupl(vector_upl, upl, 0);
                        upl_deallocate(upl);
                }
                goto process_upl_to_commit;
        }
        if (pgpgout_count) {
                DTRACE_VM2(pgpgout, int, pgpgout_count, (uint64_t *), NULL);
        }

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

kern_return_t
upl_abort_range(
        upl_t                   upl,
        upl_offset_t            offset,
        upl_size_t              size,
        int                     error,
        boolean_t               *empty)
{
        upl_page_info_t         *user_page_list = NULL;
        upl_size_t              xfer_size, subupl_size = size;
        vm_object_t             shadow_object;
        vm_object_t             object;
        vm_object_offset_t      target_offset;
        upl_offset_t            subupl_offset = offset;
        int                     entry;
        wpl_array_t             lite_list;
        int                     occupied;
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    dw_array[DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT];
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    *dwp;
        int                     dw_count;
        int                     dw_limit;
        int                     isVectorUPL = 0;
        upl_t                   vector_upl = NULL;

        *empty = FALSE;

        if (upl == UPL_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        if ( (upl->flags & UPL_IO_WIRE) && !(error & UPL_ABORT_DUMP_PAGES) )
                return upl_commit_range(upl, offset, size, UPL_COMMIT_FREE_ABSENT, NULL, 0, empty);

        if((isVectorUPL = vector_upl_is_valid(upl))) {
                vector_upl = upl;
                upl_lock(vector_upl);
        }
        else
                upl_lock(upl);

process_upl_to_abort:
        if(isVectorUPL) {
                size = subupl_size;
                offset = subupl_offset;
                if(size == 0) {
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }
                upl =  vector_upl_subupl_byoffset(vector_upl, &offset, &size);
                if(upl == NULL) {
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                }
                subupl_size -= size;
                subupl_offset += size;
        }

        *empty = FALSE;

#if UPL_DEBUG
        if (upl->upl_commit_index < UPL_DEBUG_COMMIT_RECORDS) {
                (void) OSBacktrace(&upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_retaddr[0], UPL_DEBUG_STACK_FRAMES);

                upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_beg = offset;
                upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_end = (offset + size);
                upl->upl_commit_records[upl->upl_commit_index].c_aborted = 1;

                upl->upl_commit_index++;
        }
#endif
        if (upl->flags & UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY)
                xfer_size = 0;
        else if ((offset + size) <= upl->size)
                xfer_size = size;
        else {
                if(!isVectorUPL)
                        upl_unlock(upl);
                else {
                        upl_unlock(vector_upl);
                }

                return KERN_FAILURE;
        }
        if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL) {
                lite_list = (wpl_array_t)
                        ((((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl))
                        + ((upl->size/PAGE_SIZE) * sizeof(upl_page_info_t)));

                user_page_list = (upl_page_info_t *) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
        } else {
                lite_list = (wpl_array_t)
                        (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
        }
        object = upl->map_object;

        if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED) {
                vm_object_lock(object);
                shadow_object = object->shadow;
        } else
                shadow_object = object;

        entry = offset/PAGE_SIZE;
        target_offset = (vm_object_offset_t)offset;

        assert(!(target_offset & PAGE_MASK));
        assert(!(xfer_size & PAGE_MASK));

        if (upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT)
                vm_object_lock_shared(shadow_object);
        else
                vm_object_lock(shadow_object);

        if (upl->flags & UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED) {
                assert(shadow_object->blocked_access);
                shadow_object->blocked_access = FALSE;
                vm_object_wakeup(object, VM_OBJECT_EVENT_UNBLOCKED);
        }

        dwp = &dw_array[0];
        dw_count = 0;
        dw_limit = DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT(DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT);

        if ((error & UPL_ABORT_DUMP_PAGES) && (upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT))
                panic("upl_abort_range: kernel_object being DUMPED");

        while (xfer_size) {
                vm_page_t       t, m;
                unsigned int    pg_num;
                boolean_t       needed;

                pg_num = (unsigned int) (target_offset/PAGE_SIZE);
                assert(pg_num == target_offset/PAGE_SIZE);

                needed = FALSE;

                if (user_page_list)
                        needed = user_page_list[pg_num].needed;

                dwp->dw_mask = 0;
                m = VM_PAGE_NULL;

                if (upl->flags & UPL_LITE) {

                        if (lite_list[pg_num>>5] & (1 << (pg_num & 31))) {
                                lite_list[pg_num>>5] &= ~(1 << (pg_num & 31));

                                if ( !(upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT))
                                        m = vm_page_lookup(shadow_object, target_offset +
                                                           (upl->offset - shadow_object->paging_offset));
                        }
                }
                if (upl->flags & UPL_SHADOWED) {
                        if ((t = vm_page_lookup(object, target_offset)) != VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                t->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;

                                VM_PAGE_FREE(t);

                                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                                        m = vm_page_lookup(shadow_object, target_offset + object->vo_shadow_offset);
                        }
                }
                if ((upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT))
                        goto abort_next_page;

                if (m != VM_PAGE_NULL) {

                        assert(m->vmp_q_state != VM_PAGE_USED_BY_COMPRESSOR);

                        if (m->vmp_absent) {
                                boolean_t must_free = TRUE;

                                /*
                                 * COPYOUT = FALSE case
                                 * check for error conditions which must
                                 * be passed back to the pages customer
                                 */
                                if (error & UPL_ABORT_RESTART) {
                                        m->vmp_restart = TRUE;
                                        m->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                                        m->vmp_unusual = TRUE;
                                        must_free = FALSE;
                                } else if (error & UPL_ABORT_UNAVAILABLE) {
                                        m->vmp_restart = FALSE;
                                        m->vmp_unusual = TRUE;
                                        must_free = FALSE;
                                } else if (error & UPL_ABORT_ERROR) {
                                        m->vmp_restart = FALSE;
                                        m->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                                        m->vmp_error = TRUE;
                                        m->vmp_unusual = TRUE;
                                        must_free = FALSE;
                                }
                                if (m->vmp_clustered && needed == FALSE) {
                                        /*
                                         * This page was a part of a speculative
                                         * read-ahead initiated by the kernel
                                         * itself.  No one is expecting this
                                         * page and no one will clean up its
                                         * error state if it ever becomes valid
                                         * in the future.
                                         * We have to free it here.
                                         */
                                        must_free = TRUE;
                                }
                                m->vmp_cleaning = FALSE;

                                if (m->vmp_overwriting && !m->vmp_busy) {
                                        /*
                                         * this shouldn't happen since
                                         * this is an 'absent' page, but
                                         * it doesn't hurt to check for
                                         * the 'alternate' method of
                                         * stabilizing the page...
                                         * we will mark 'busy' to be cleared
                                         * in the following code which will
                                         * take care of the primary stabilzation
                                         * method (i.e. setting 'busy' to TRUE)
                                         */
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_unwire;
                                }
                                m->vmp_overwriting = FALSE;

                                dwp->dw_mask |= (DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP);

                                if (must_free == TRUE)
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_free;
                                else
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_activate;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * Handle the trusted pager throttle.
                                 */
                                if (m->vmp_laundry)
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_pageout_throttle_up;

                                if (upl->flags & UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED) {
                                        /*
                                         * We blocked access to the pages in this UPL.
                                         * Clear the "busy" bit and wake up any waiter
                                         * for this page.
                                         */
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_clear_busy;
                                }
                                if (m->vmp_overwriting) {
                                        if (m->vmp_busy)
                                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_clear_busy;
                                        else {
                                                /*
                                                 * deal with the 'alternate' method
                                                 * of stabilizing the page...
                                                 * we will either free the page
                                                 * or mark 'busy' to be cleared
                                                 * in the following code which will
                                                 * take care of the primary stabilzation
                                                 * method (i.e. setting 'busy' to TRUE)
                                                 */
                                                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_unwire;
                                        }
                                        m->vmp_overwriting = FALSE;
                                }
                                m->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;
                                m->vmp_cleaning = FALSE;

                                if (error & UPL_ABORT_DUMP_PAGES) {
                                        pmap_disconnect(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(m));

                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_free;
                                } else {
                                        if (!(dwp->dw_mask & DW_vm_page_unwire)) {
                                                if (error & UPL_ABORT_REFERENCE) {
                                                        /*
                                                         * we've been told to explictly
                                                         * reference this page... for
                                                         * file I/O, this is done by
                                                         * implementing an LRU on the inactive q
                                                         */
                                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_lru;

                                                } else if ( !VM_PAGE_PAGEABLE(m))
                                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_deactivate_internal;
                                        }
                                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_PAGE_WAKEUP;
                                }
                        }
                }
abort_next_page:
                target_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                xfer_size -= PAGE_SIZE;
                entry++;

                if (dwp->dw_mask) {
                        if (dwp->dw_mask & ~(DW_clear_busy | DW_PAGE_WAKEUP)) {
                                VM_PAGE_ADD_DELAYED_WORK(dwp, m, dw_count);

                                if (dw_count >= dw_limit) {
                                        vm_page_do_delayed_work(shadow_object, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

                                        dwp = &dw_array[0];
                                        dw_count = 0;
                                }
                        } else {
                                if (dwp->dw_mask & DW_clear_busy)
                                        m->vmp_busy = FALSE;

                                if (dwp->dw_mask & DW_PAGE_WAKEUP)
                                        PAGE_WAKEUP(m);
                        }
                }
        }
        if (dw_count)
                vm_page_do_delayed_work(shadow_object, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

        occupied = 1;

        if (upl->flags & UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY)  {
                occupied = 0;
        } else if (upl->flags & UPL_LITE) {
                int     pg_num;
                int     i;

                pg_num = upl->size/PAGE_SIZE;
                pg_num = (pg_num + 31) >> 5;
                occupied = 0;

                for (i = 0; i < pg_num; i++) {
                        if (lite_list[i] != 0) {
                                occupied = 1;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                if (vm_page_queue_empty(&upl->map_object->memq))
                        occupied = 0;
        }
        if (occupied == 0) {
                /*
                 * If this UPL element belongs to a Vector UPL and is
                 * empty, then this is the right function to deallocate
                 * it. So go ahead set the *empty variable. The flag
                 * UPL_COMMIT_NOTIFY_EMPTY, from the caller's point of view
                 * should be considered relevant for the Vector UPL and
                 * not the internal UPLs.
                 */
                if ((upl->flags & UPL_COMMIT_NOTIFY_EMPTY) || isVectorUPL)
                        *empty = TRUE;

                if (object == shadow_object && !(upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT)) {
                        /*
                         * this is not a paging object
                         * so we need to drop the paging reference
                         * that was taken when we created the UPL
                         * against this object
                         */
                        vm_object_activity_end(shadow_object);
                        vm_object_collapse(shadow_object, 0, TRUE);
                } else {
                         /*
                          * we dontated the paging reference to
                          * the map object... vm_pageout_object_terminate
                          * will drop this reference
                          */
                }
        }
        vm_object_unlock(shadow_object);
        if (object != shadow_object)
                vm_object_unlock(object);

        if(!isVectorUPL)
                upl_unlock(upl);
        else {
                /*
                * If we completed our operations on an UPL that is
                * part of a Vectored UPL and if empty is TRUE, then
                * we should go ahead and deallocate this UPL element.
                * Then we check if this was the last of the UPL elements
                * within that Vectored UPL. If so, set empty to TRUE
                * so that in ubc_upl_abort_range or ubc_upl_abort, we
                * can go ahead and deallocate the Vector UPL too.
                */
                if(*empty == TRUE) {
                        *empty = vector_upl_set_subupl(vector_upl, upl,0);
                        upl_deallocate(upl);
                }
                goto process_upl_to_abort;
        }

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}


kern_return_t
upl_abort(
        upl_t   upl,
        int     error)
{
        boolean_t       empty;

        if (upl == UPL_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        return upl_abort_range(upl, 0, upl->size, error, &empty);
}


/* an option on commit should be wire */
kern_return_t
upl_commit(
        upl_t                   upl,
        upl_page_info_t         *page_list,
        mach_msg_type_number_t  count)
{
        boolean_t       empty;

        if (upl == UPL_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        return upl_commit_range(upl, 0, upl->size, 0, page_list, count, &empty);
}


void
iopl_valid_data(
        upl_t    upl,
        vm_tag_t tag)
{
        vm_object_t     object;
        vm_offset_t     offset;
        vm_page_t       m, nxt_page = VM_PAGE_NULL;
        upl_size_t      size;
        int             wired_count = 0;

        if (upl == NULL)
                panic("iopl_valid_data: NULL upl");
        if (vector_upl_is_valid(upl))
                panic("iopl_valid_data: vector upl");
        if ((upl->flags & (UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY|UPL_SHADOWED|UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED|UPL_IO_WIRE|UPL_INTERNAL)) != UPL_IO_WIRE)
                panic("iopl_valid_data: unsupported upl, flags = %x", upl->flags);

        object = upl->map_object;

        if (object == kernel_object || object == compressor_object)
                panic("iopl_valid_data: object == kernel or compressor");

        if (object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE ||
            object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY)
                panic("iopl_valid_data: object %p purgable %d",
                      object, object->purgable);

        size = upl->size;

        vm_object_lock(object);
        VM_OBJECT_WIRED_PAGE_UPDATE_START(object);

        if (object->vo_size == size && object->resident_page_count == (size / PAGE_SIZE))
                nxt_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_first(&object->memq);
        else
                offset = 0 + upl->offset - object->paging_offset;

        while (size) {

                if (nxt_page != VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                        m = nxt_page;
                        nxt_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_next(&nxt_page->vmp_listq);
                } else {
                        m = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);
                        offset += PAGE_SIZE;

                        if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                                panic("iopl_valid_data: missing expected page at offset %lx", (long)offset);
                }
                if (m->vmp_busy) {
                        if (!m->vmp_absent)
                                panic("iopl_valid_data: busy page w/o absent");

                        if (m->vmp_pageq.next || m->vmp_pageq.prev)
                                panic("iopl_valid_data: busy+absent page on page queue");
                        if (m->vmp_reusable) {
                                panic("iopl_valid_data: %p is reusable", m);
                        }

                        m->vmp_absent = FALSE;
                        m->vmp_dirty = TRUE;
                        assert(m->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q);
                        assert(m->vmp_wire_count == 0);
                        m->vmp_wire_count++;
                        assert(m->vmp_wire_count);
                        if (m->vmp_wire_count == 1) {
                                m->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_IS_WIRED;
                                wired_count++;
                        } else {
                                panic("iopl_valid_data: %p already wired\n", m);
                        }

                        PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(m);
                }
                size -= PAGE_SIZE;
        }
        if (wired_count) {

                VM_OBJECT_WIRED_PAGE_COUNT(object, wired_count);
                assert(object->resident_page_count >= object->wired_page_count);

                /* no need to adjust purgeable accounting for this object: */
                assert(object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE);
                assert(object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY);

                vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                vm_page_wire_count += wired_count;
                vm_page_unlock_queues();
        }
        VM_OBJECT_WIRED_PAGE_UPDATE_END(object, tag);
        vm_object_unlock(object);
}


void
vm_object_set_pmap_cache_attr(
                vm_object_t             object,
                upl_page_info_array_t   user_page_list,
                unsigned int            num_pages,
                boolean_t               batch_pmap_op)
{
        unsigned int    cache_attr = 0;

        cache_attr = object->wimg_bits & VM_WIMG_MASK;
        assert(user_page_list);
        if (cache_attr != VM_WIMG_USE_DEFAULT) {
                PMAP_BATCH_SET_CACHE_ATTR(object, user_page_list, cache_attr, num_pages, batch_pmap_op);
        }
}


boolean_t       vm_object_iopl_wire_full(vm_object_t, upl_t, upl_page_info_array_t, wpl_array_t, upl_control_flags_t, vm_tag_t);
kern_return_t   vm_object_iopl_wire_empty(vm_object_t, upl_t, upl_page_info_array_t, wpl_array_t, upl_control_flags_t, vm_tag_t, vm_object_offset_t *, int, int*);



boolean_t
vm_object_iopl_wire_full(vm_object_t object, upl_t upl, upl_page_info_array_t user_page_list,
                            wpl_array_t lite_list, upl_control_flags_t cntrl_flags, vm_tag_t tag)
{
        vm_page_t       dst_page;
        unsigned int    entry;
        int             page_count;
        int             delayed_unlock = 0;
        boolean_t       retval = TRUE;
        ppnum_t         phys_page;

        vm_object_lock_assert_exclusive(object);
        assert(object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE);
        assert(object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY);
        assert(object->pager == NULL);
        assert(object->copy == NULL);
        assert(object->shadow == NULL);

        page_count = object->resident_page_count;
        dst_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_first(&object->memq);

        vm_page_lock_queues();

        while (page_count--) {

                if (dst_page->vmp_busy ||
                    dst_page->vmp_fictitious ||
                    dst_page->vmp_absent ||
                    dst_page->vmp_error ||
                    dst_page->vmp_cleaning ||
                    dst_page->vmp_restart ||
                    dst_page->vmp_laundry) {
                        retval = FALSE;
                        goto done;
                }
                if ((cntrl_flags & UPL_REQUEST_FORCE_COHERENCY) && dst_page->vmp_written_by_kernel == TRUE) {
                        retval = FALSE;
                        goto done;
                }
                dst_page->vmp_reference = TRUE;

                vm_page_wire(dst_page, tag, FALSE);

                if (!(cntrl_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM)) {
                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(dst_page, FALSE);
                }
                entry = (unsigned int)(dst_page->vmp_offset / PAGE_SIZE);
                assert(entry >= 0 && entry < object->resident_page_count);
                lite_list[entry>>5] |= 1 << (entry & 31);

                phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(dst_page);

                if (phys_page > upl->highest_page)
                        upl->highest_page = phys_page;

                if (user_page_list) {
                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = phys_page;
                        user_page_list[entry].absent    = dst_page->vmp_absent;
                        user_page_list[entry].dirty     = dst_page->vmp_dirty;
                        user_page_list[entry].free_when_done   = dst_page->vmp_free_when_done;
                        user_page_list[entry].precious  = dst_page->vmp_precious;
                        user_page_list[entry].device    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].speculative = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_validated = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_tainted = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_nx     = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].needed    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].mark      = FALSE;
                }
                if (delayed_unlock++ > 256) {
                        delayed_unlock = 0;
                        lck_mtx_yield(&vm_page_queue_lock);

                        VM_CHECK_MEMORYSTATUS;
                }
                dst_page = (vm_page_t)vm_page_queue_next(&dst_page->vmp_listq);
        }
done:
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        VM_CHECK_MEMORYSTATUS;

        return (retval);
}


kern_return_t
vm_object_iopl_wire_empty(vm_object_t object, upl_t upl, upl_page_info_array_t user_page_list,
                             wpl_array_t lite_list, upl_control_flags_t cntrl_flags, vm_tag_t tag, vm_object_offset_t *dst_offset,
                             int page_count, int* page_grab_count)
{
        vm_page_t       dst_page;
        boolean_t       no_zero_fill = FALSE;
        int             interruptible;
        int             pages_wired = 0;
        int             pages_inserted = 0;
        int             entry = 0;
        uint64_t        delayed_ledger_update = 0;
        kern_return_t   ret = KERN_SUCCESS;
        int             grab_options;
        ppnum_t         phys_page;

        vm_object_lock_assert_exclusive(object);
        assert(object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE);
        assert(object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY);
        assert(object->pager == NULL);
        assert(object->copy == NULL);
        assert(object->shadow == NULL);

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_INTERRUPTIBLE)
                interruptible = THREAD_ABORTSAFE;
        else
                interruptible = THREAD_UNINT;

        if (cntrl_flags & (UPL_NOZEROFILL | UPL_NOZEROFILLIO))
                no_zero_fill = TRUE;

        grab_options = 0;
#if CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY
        if (object->can_grab_secluded) {
                grab_options |= VM_PAGE_GRAB_SECLUDED;
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY */

        while (page_count--) {

                while ((dst_page = vm_page_grab_options(grab_options))
                       == VM_PAGE_NULL) {

                        OSAddAtomic(page_count, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_iopl_page_wait, VM_IOPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_START, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, 0);

                        if (vm_page_wait(interruptible) == FALSE) {
                                /*
                                 * interrupted case
                                 */
                                OSAddAtomic(-page_count, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                                VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_iopl_page_wait, VM_IOPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_END, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, -1);

                                ret = MACH_SEND_INTERRUPTED;
                                goto done;
                        }
                        OSAddAtomic(-page_count, &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_iopl_page_wait, VM_IOPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_END, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, 0);
                }
                if (no_zero_fill == FALSE)
                        vm_page_zero_fill(dst_page);
                else
                        dst_page->vmp_absent = TRUE;

                dst_page->vmp_reference = TRUE;

                if (!(cntrl_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM)) {
                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(dst_page, FALSE);
                }
                if (dst_page->vmp_absent == FALSE) {
                        assert(dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_NOT_ON_Q);
                        assert(dst_page->vmp_wire_count == 0);
                        dst_page->vmp_wire_count++;
                        dst_page->vmp_q_state = VM_PAGE_IS_WIRED;
                        assert(dst_page->vmp_wire_count);
                        pages_wired++;
                        PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(dst_page);
                }
                pages_inserted++;

                vm_page_insert_internal(dst_page, object, *dst_offset, tag, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, &delayed_ledger_update);

                lite_list[entry>>5] |= 1 << (entry & 31);

                phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(dst_page);

                if (phys_page > upl->highest_page)
                        upl->highest_page = phys_page;

                if (user_page_list) {
                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = phys_page;
                        user_page_list[entry].absent    = dst_page->vmp_absent;
                        user_page_list[entry].dirty     = dst_page->vmp_dirty;
                        user_page_list[entry].free_when_done    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].precious  = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].device    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].speculative = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_validated = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_tainted = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_nx     = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].needed    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].mark      = FALSE;
                }
                entry++;
                *dst_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
        }
done:
        if (pages_wired) {
                vm_page_lockspin_queues();
                vm_page_wire_count += pages_wired;
                vm_page_unlock_queues();
        }
        if (pages_inserted) {
                if (object->internal) {
                        OSAddAtomic(pages_inserted, &vm_page_internal_count);
                } else {
                        OSAddAtomic(pages_inserted, &vm_page_external_count);
                }
        }
        if (delayed_ledger_update) {
                task_t          owner;
                int             ledger_idx_volatile;
                int             ledger_idx_nonvolatile;
                int             ledger_idx_volatile_compressed;
                int             ledger_idx_nonvolatile_compressed;
                boolean_t       do_footprint;

                owner = VM_OBJECT_OWNER(object);
                assert(owner);

                vm_object_ledger_tag_ledgers(object,
                                             &ledger_idx_volatile,
                                             &ledger_idx_nonvolatile,
                                             &ledger_idx_volatile_compressed,
                                             &ledger_idx_nonvolatile_compressed,
                                             &do_footprint);

                /* more non-volatile bytes */
                ledger_credit(owner->ledger,
                              ledger_idx_nonvolatile,
                              delayed_ledger_update);
                if (do_footprint) {
                        /* more footprint */
                        ledger_credit(owner->ledger,
                                      task_ledgers.phys_footprint,
                                      delayed_ledger_update);
                }
        }

        assert(page_grab_count);
        *page_grab_count = pages_inserted;

        return (ret);
}



kern_return_t
vm_object_iopl_request(
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        upl_size_t              size,
        upl_t                   *upl_ptr,
        upl_page_info_array_t   user_page_list,
        unsigned int            *page_list_count,
        upl_control_flags_t     cntrl_flags,
        vm_tag_t                tag)
{
        vm_page_t               dst_page;
        vm_object_offset_t      dst_offset;
        upl_size_t              xfer_size;
        upl_t                   upl = NULL;
        unsigned int            entry;
        wpl_array_t             lite_list = NULL;
        int                     no_zero_fill = FALSE;
        unsigned int            size_in_pages;
        int                     page_grab_count = 0;
        u_int32_t               psize;
        kern_return_t           ret;
        vm_prot_t               prot;
        struct vm_object_fault_info fault_info = {};
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    dw_array[DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT];
        struct  vm_page_delayed_work    *dwp;
        int                     dw_count;
        int                     dw_limit;
        int                     dw_index;
        boolean_t               caller_lookup;
        int                     io_tracking_flag = 0;
        int                     interruptible;
        ppnum_t                 phys_page;

        boolean_t               set_cache_attr_needed = FALSE;
        boolean_t               free_wired_pages = FALSE;
        boolean_t               fast_path_empty_req = FALSE;
        boolean_t               fast_path_full_req = FALSE;

        if (cntrl_flags & ~UPL_VALID_FLAGS) {
                /*
                 * For forward compatibility's sake,
                 * reject any unknown flag.
                 */
                return KERN_INVALID_VALUE;
        }
        if (vm_lopage_needed == FALSE)
                cntrl_flags &= ~UPL_NEED_32BIT_ADDR;

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_NEED_32BIT_ADDR) {
                if ( (cntrl_flags & (UPL_SET_IO_WIRE | UPL_SET_LITE)) != (UPL_SET_IO_WIRE | UPL_SET_LITE))
                        return KERN_INVALID_VALUE;

                if (object->phys_contiguous) {
                        if ((offset + object->vo_shadow_offset) >= (vm_object_offset_t)max_valid_dma_address)
                                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;

                        if (((offset + object->vo_shadow_offset) + size) >= (vm_object_offset_t)max_valid_dma_address)
                                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
        }
        if (cntrl_flags & (UPL_NOZEROFILL | UPL_NOZEROFILLIO))
                no_zero_fill = TRUE;

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM)
                prot = VM_PROT_READ;
        else
                prot = VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE;

        if ((!object->internal) && (object->paging_offset != 0))
                panic("vm_object_iopl_request: external object with non-zero paging offset\n");

        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_object_iopl_request, VM_IOPL_REQUEST, DBG_FUNC_START, size, cntrl_flags, prot, 0);

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
        if ((object->io_tracking && object != kernel_object) || upl_debug_enabled)
                io_tracking_flag |= UPL_CREATE_IO_TRACKING;
#endif

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
        if (object->io_tracking) {
                /* Check if we're dealing with the kernel object. We do not support expedite on kernel object UPLs */
                if (object != kernel_object)
                        io_tracking_flag |= UPL_CREATE_EXPEDITE_SUP;
        }
#endif

        if (object->phys_contiguous)
                psize = PAGE_SIZE;
        else
                psize = size;

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_INTERNAL) {
                upl = upl_create(UPL_CREATE_INTERNAL | UPL_CREATE_LITE | io_tracking_flag, UPL_IO_WIRE, psize);

                user_page_list = (upl_page_info_t *) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
                lite_list = (wpl_array_t) (((uintptr_t)user_page_list) +
                                           ((psize / PAGE_SIZE) * sizeof(upl_page_info_t)));
                if (size == 0) {
                        user_page_list = NULL;
                        lite_list = NULL;
                }
        } else {
                upl = upl_create(UPL_CREATE_LITE | io_tracking_flag, UPL_IO_WIRE, psize);

                lite_list = (wpl_array_t) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));
                if (size == 0) {
                        lite_list = NULL;
                }
        }
        if (user_page_list)
                user_page_list[0].device = FALSE;
        *upl_ptr = upl;

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_NOZEROFILLIO) {
                DTRACE_VM4(upl_nozerofillio,
                           vm_object_t, object,
                           vm_object_offset_t, offset,
                           upl_size_t, size,
                           upl_t, upl);
        }

        upl->map_object = object;
        upl->size = size;

        size_in_pages = size / PAGE_SIZE;

        if (object == kernel_object &&
            !(cntrl_flags & (UPL_NEED_32BIT_ADDR | UPL_BLOCK_ACCESS))) {
                upl->flags |= UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT;
#if UPL_DEBUG
                vm_object_lock(object);
#else
                vm_object_lock_shared(object);
#endif
        } else {
                vm_object_lock(object);
                vm_object_activity_begin(object);
        }
        /*
         * paging in progress also protects the paging_offset
         */
        upl->offset = offset + object->paging_offset;

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_BLOCK_ACCESS) {
                /*
                 * The user requested that access to the pages in this UPL
                 * be blocked until the UPL is commited or aborted.
                 */
                upl->flags |= UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED;
        }

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
        if (upl->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT) {
                vm_object_activity_begin(object);
                queue_enter(&object->uplq, upl, upl_t, uplq);
        }
#endif

        if (object->phys_contiguous) {

                if (upl->flags & UPL_ACCESS_BLOCKED) {
                        assert(!object->blocked_access);
                        object->blocked_access = TRUE;
                }

                vm_object_unlock(object);

                /*
                 * don't need any shadow mappings for this one
                 * since it is already I/O memory
                 */
                upl->flags |= UPL_DEVICE_MEMORY;

                upl->highest_page = (ppnum_t) ((offset + object->vo_shadow_offset + size - 1)>>PAGE_SHIFT);

                if (user_page_list) {
                        user_page_list[0].phys_addr = (ppnum_t) ((offset + object->vo_shadow_offset)>>PAGE_SHIFT);
                        user_page_list[0].device = TRUE;
                }
                if (page_list_count != NULL) {
                        if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL)
                                *page_list_count = 0;
                        else
                                *page_list_count = 1;
                }

                VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_object_iopl_request, VM_IOPL_REQUEST, DBG_FUNC_END, page_grab_count, KERN_SUCCESS, 0, 0);
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }
        if (object != kernel_object && object != compressor_object) {
                /*
                 * Protect user space from future COW operations
                 */
#if VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_OP_TRUESHARE
                if (!object->true_share &&
                    vm_object_tracking_inited) {
                        void *bt[VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_BTDEPTH];
                        int num = 0;

                        num = OSBacktrace(bt,
                                          VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_BTDEPTH);
                        btlog_add_entry(vm_object_tracking_btlog,
                                        object,
                                        VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_OP_TRUESHARE,
                                        bt,
                                        num);
                }
#endif /* VM_OBJECT_TRACKING_OP_TRUESHARE */

                vm_object_lock_assert_exclusive(object);
                object->true_share = TRUE;

                if (object->copy_strategy == MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC)
                        object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_DELAY;
        }

        if (!(cntrl_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM) &&
            object->copy != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                /*
                 * Honor copy-on-write obligations
                 *
                 * The caller is gathering these pages and
                 * might modify their contents.  We need to
                 * make sure that the copy object has its own
                 * private copies of these pages before we let
                 * the caller modify them.
                 *
                 * NOTE: someone else could map the original object
                 * after we've done this copy-on-write here, and they
                 * could then see an inconsistent picture of the memory
                 * while it's being modified via the UPL.  To prevent this,
                 * we would have to block access to these pages until the
                 * UPL is released.  We could use the UPL_BLOCK_ACCESS
                 * code path for that...
                 */
                vm_object_update(object,
                                 offset,
                                 size,
                                 NULL,
                                 NULL,
                                 FALSE, /* should_return */
                                 MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYNC,
                                 VM_PROT_NO_CHANGE);
                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(iopl_cow, 1);
                VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(iopl_cow_pages, (size >> PAGE_SHIFT));
        }
        if (!(cntrl_flags & (UPL_NEED_32BIT_ADDR | UPL_BLOCK_ACCESS)) &&
            object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE &&
            object->purgable != VM_PURGABLE_EMPTY &&
            object->copy == NULL &&
            size == object->vo_size &&
            offset == 0 &&
            object->shadow == NULL &&
            object->pager == NULL)
        {
                if (object->resident_page_count == size_in_pages)
                {
                        assert(object != compressor_object);
                        assert(object != kernel_object);
                        fast_path_full_req = TRUE;
                }
                else if (object->resident_page_count == 0)
                {
                        assert(object != compressor_object);
                        assert(object != kernel_object);
                        fast_path_empty_req = TRUE;
                        set_cache_attr_needed = TRUE;
                }
        }

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_SET_INTERRUPTIBLE)
                interruptible = THREAD_ABORTSAFE;
        else
                interruptible = THREAD_UNINT;

        entry = 0;

        xfer_size = size;
        dst_offset = offset;
        dw_count = 0;

        if (fast_path_full_req) {

                if (vm_object_iopl_wire_full(object, upl, user_page_list, lite_list, cntrl_flags, tag) == TRUE)
                        goto finish;
                /*
                 * we couldn't complete the processing of this request on the fast path
                 * so fall through to the slow path and finish up
                 */

        } else if (fast_path_empty_req) {

                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_REQUEST_NO_FAULT) {
                        ret = KERN_MEMORY_ERROR;
                        goto return_err;
                }
                ret = vm_object_iopl_wire_empty(object, upl, user_page_list, lite_list, cntrl_flags, tag, &dst_offset, size_in_pages, &page_grab_count);

                if (ret) {
                        free_wired_pages = TRUE;
                        goto return_err;
                }
                goto finish;
        }

        fault_info.behavior = VM_BEHAVIOR_SEQUENTIAL;
        fault_info.lo_offset = offset;
        fault_info.hi_offset = offset + xfer_size;
        fault_info.mark_zf_absent = TRUE;
        fault_info.interruptible = interruptible;
        fault_info.batch_pmap_op = TRUE;

        dwp = &dw_array[0];
        dw_limit = DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT(DEFAULT_DELAYED_WORK_LIMIT);

        while (xfer_size) {
                vm_fault_return_t       result;

                dwp->dw_mask = 0;

                if (fast_path_full_req) {
                        /*
                         * if we get here, it means that we ran into a page
                         * state we couldn't handle in the fast path and
                         * bailed out to the slow path... since the order
                         * we look at pages is different between the 2 paths,
                         * the following check is needed to determine whether
                         * this page was already processed in the fast path
                         */
                        if (lite_list[entry>>5] & (1 << (entry & 31)))
                                goto skip_page;
                }
                dst_page = vm_page_lookup(object, dst_offset);

                if (dst_page == VM_PAGE_NULL ||
                    dst_page->vmp_busy ||
                    dst_page->vmp_error ||
                    dst_page->vmp_restart ||
                    dst_page->vmp_absent ||
                    dst_page->vmp_fictitious) {

                   if (object == kernel_object)
                           panic("vm_object_iopl_request: missing/bad page in kernel object\n");
                   if (object == compressor_object)
                           panic("vm_object_iopl_request: missing/bad page in compressor object\n");

                   if (cntrl_flags & UPL_REQUEST_NO_FAULT) {
                           ret = KERN_MEMORY_ERROR;
                           goto return_err;
                   }
                   set_cache_attr_needed = TRUE;

                   /*
                    * We just looked up the page and the result remains valid
                    * until the object lock is release, so send it to
                    * vm_fault_page() (as "dst_page"), to avoid having to
                    * look it up again there.
                    */
                   caller_lookup = TRUE;

                   do {
                        vm_page_t       top_page;
                        kern_return_t   error_code;

                        fault_info.cluster_size = xfer_size;

                        vm_object_paging_begin(object);

                        result = vm_fault_page(object, dst_offset,
                                               prot | VM_PROT_WRITE, FALSE,
                                               caller_lookup,
                                               &prot, &dst_page, &top_page,
                                               (int *)0,
                                               &error_code, no_zero_fill,
                                               FALSE, &fault_info);

                        /* our lookup is no longer valid at this point */
                        caller_lookup = FALSE;

                        switch (result) {

                        case VM_FAULT_SUCCESS:
                                page_grab_count++;

                                if ( !dst_page->vmp_absent) {
                                        PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(dst_page);
                                } else {
                                        /*
                                         * we only get back an absent page if we
                                         * requested that it not be zero-filled
                                         * because we are about to fill it via I/O
                                         *
                                         * absent pages should be left BUSY
                                         * to prevent them from being faulted
                                         * into an address space before we've
                                         * had a chance to complete the I/O on
                                         * them since they may contain info that
                                         * shouldn't be seen by the faulting task
                                         */
                                }
                                /*
                                 *      Release paging references and
                                 *      top-level placeholder page, if any.
                                 */
                                if (top_page != VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                        vm_object_t local_object;

                                        local_object = VM_PAGE_OBJECT(top_page);

                                        /*
                                         * comparing 2 packed pointers
                                         */
                                        if (top_page->vmp_object != dst_page->vmp_object) {
                                                vm_object_lock(local_object);
                                                VM_PAGE_FREE(top_page);
                                                vm_object_paging_end(local_object);
                                                vm_object_unlock(local_object);
                                        } else {
                                                VM_PAGE_FREE(top_page);
                                                vm_object_paging_end(local_object);
                                        }
                                }
                                vm_object_paging_end(object);
                                break;

                        case VM_FAULT_RETRY:
                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                break;

                        case VM_FAULT_MEMORY_SHORTAGE:
                                OSAddAtomic((size_in_pages - entry), &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                                VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_iopl_page_wait, VM_IOPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_START, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, 0);

                                if (vm_page_wait(interruptible)) {
                                        OSAddAtomic(-(size_in_pages - entry), &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                                        VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_iopl_page_wait, VM_IOPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_END, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, 0);
                                        vm_object_lock(object);

                                        break;
                                }
                                OSAddAtomic(-(size_in_pages - entry), &vm_upl_wait_for_pages);

                                VM_DEBUG_EVENT(vm_iopl_page_wait, VM_IOPL_PAGE_WAIT, DBG_FUNC_END, vm_upl_wait_for_pages, 0, 0, -1);

                                /* fall thru */

                        case VM_FAULT_INTERRUPTED:
                                error_code = MACH_SEND_INTERRUPTED;
                        case VM_FAULT_MEMORY_ERROR:
                        memory_error:
                                ret = (error_code ? error_code: KERN_MEMORY_ERROR);

                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                goto return_err;

                        case VM_FAULT_SUCCESS_NO_VM_PAGE:
                                /* success but no page: fail */
                                vm_object_paging_end(object);
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                                goto memory_error;

                        default:
                                panic("vm_object_iopl_request: unexpected error"
                                      " 0x%x from vm_fault_page()\n", result);
                        }
                   } while (result != VM_FAULT_SUCCESS);

                }
                phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(dst_page);

                if (upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT)
                        goto record_phys_addr;

                if (dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_USED_BY_COMPRESSOR) {
                        dst_page->vmp_busy = TRUE;
                        goto record_phys_addr;
                }

                if (dst_page->vmp_cleaning) {
                        /*
                         * Someone else is cleaning this page in place.
                         * In theory, we should be able to  proceed and use this
                         * page but they'll probably end up clearing the "busy"
                         * bit on it in upl_commit_range() but they didn't set
                         * it, so they would clear our "busy" bit and open
                         * us to race conditions.
                         * We'd better wait for the cleaning to complete and
                         * then try again.
                         */
                        VM_PAGEOUT_DEBUG(vm_object_iopl_request_sleep_for_cleaning, 1);
                        PAGE_SLEEP(object, dst_page, THREAD_UNINT);
                        continue;
                }
                if (dst_page->vmp_laundry)
                        vm_pageout_steal_laundry(dst_page, FALSE);

                if ( (cntrl_flags & UPL_NEED_32BIT_ADDR) &&
                     phys_page >= (max_valid_dma_address >> PAGE_SHIFT) ) {
                        vm_page_t       low_page;
                        int             refmod;

                        /*
                         * support devices that can't DMA above 32 bits
                         * by substituting pages from a pool of low address
                         * memory for any pages we find above the 4G mark
                         * can't substitute if the page is already wired because
                         * we don't know whether that physical address has been
                         * handed out to some other 64 bit capable DMA device to use
                         */
                        if (VM_PAGE_WIRED(dst_page)) {
                                ret = KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE;
                                goto return_err;
                        }
                        low_page = vm_page_grablo();

                        if (low_page == VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                                ret = KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
                                goto return_err;
                        }
                        /*
                         * from here until the vm_page_replace completes
                         * we musn't drop the object lock... we don't
                         * want anyone refaulting this page in and using
                         * it after we disconnect it... we want the fault
                         * to find the new page being substituted.
                         */
                        if (dst_page->vmp_pmapped)
                                refmod = pmap_disconnect(phys_page);
                        else
                                refmod = 0;

                        if (!dst_page->vmp_absent)
                                vm_page_copy(dst_page, low_page);

                        low_page->vmp_reference = dst_page->vmp_reference;
                        low_page->vmp_dirty     = dst_page->vmp_dirty;
                        low_page->vmp_absent    = dst_page->vmp_absent;

                        if (refmod & VM_MEM_REFERENCED)
                                low_page->vmp_reference = TRUE;
                        if (refmod & VM_MEM_MODIFIED) {
                                SET_PAGE_DIRTY(low_page, FALSE);
                        }

                        vm_page_replace(low_page, object, dst_offset);

                        dst_page = low_page;
                        /*
                         * vm_page_grablo returned the page marked
                         * BUSY... we don't need a PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE
                         * here, because we've never dropped the object lock
                         */
                        if ( !dst_page->vmp_absent)
                                dst_page->vmp_busy = FALSE;

                        phys_page = VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(dst_page);
                }
                if ( !dst_page->vmp_busy)
                        dwp->dw_mask |= DW_vm_page_wire;

                if (cntrl_flags & UPL_BLOCK_ACCESS) {
                        /*
                         * Mark the page "busy" to block any future page fault
                         * on this page in addition to wiring it.
                         * We'll also remove the mapping
                         * of all these pages before leaving this routine.
                         */
                        assert(!dst_page->vmp_fictitious);
                        dst_page->vmp_busy = TRUE;
                }
                /*
                 * expect the page to be used
                 * page queues lock must be held to set 'reference'
                 */
                dwp->dw_mask |= DW_set_reference;

                if (!(cntrl_flags & UPL_COPYOUT_FROM)) {
                        SET_PAGE_DIRTY(dst_page, TRUE);
                }
                if ((cntrl_flags & UPL_REQUEST_FORCE_COHERENCY) && dst_page->vmp_written_by_kernel == TRUE) {
                        pmap_sync_page_attributes_phys(phys_page);
                        dst_page->vmp_written_by_kernel = FALSE;
                }

record_phys_addr:
                if (dst_page->vmp_busy)
                        upl->flags |= UPL_HAS_BUSY;

                lite_list[entry>>5] |= 1 << (entry & 31);

                if (phys_page > upl->highest_page)
                        upl->highest_page = phys_page;

                if (user_page_list) {
                        user_page_list[entry].phys_addr = phys_page;
                        user_page_list[entry].free_when_done    = dst_page->vmp_free_when_done;
                        user_page_list[entry].absent    = dst_page->vmp_absent;
                        user_page_list[entry].dirty     = dst_page->vmp_dirty;
                        user_page_list[entry].precious  = dst_page->vmp_precious;
                        user_page_list[entry].device    = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].needed    = FALSE;
                        if (dst_page->vmp_clustered == TRUE)
                                user_page_list[entry].speculative = (dst_page->vmp_q_state == VM_PAGE_ON_SPECULATIVE_Q) ? TRUE : FALSE;
                        else
                                user_page_list[entry].speculative = FALSE;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_validated = dst_page->vmp_cs_validated;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_tainted = dst_page->vmp_cs_tainted;
                        user_page_list[entry].cs_nx = dst_page->vmp_cs_nx;
                        user_page_list[entry].mark      = FALSE;
                }
                if (object != kernel_object && object != compressor_object) {
                        /*
                         * someone is explicitly grabbing this page...
                         * update clustered and speculative state
                         *
                         */
                        if (dst_page->vmp_clustered)
                                VM_PAGE_CONSUME_CLUSTERED(dst_page);
                }
skip_page:
                entry++;
                dst_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                xfer_size -= PAGE_SIZE;

                if (dwp->dw_mask) {
                        VM_PAGE_ADD_DELAYED_WORK(dwp, dst_page, dw_count);

                        if (dw_count >= dw_limit) {
                                vm_page_do_delayed_work(object, tag, &dw_array[0], dw_count);

                                dwp = &dw_array[0];
                                dw_count = 0;
                        }
                }
        }
        assert(entry == size_in_pages);

        if (dw_count)
                vm_page_do_delayed_work(object, tag, &dw_array[0], dw_count);
finish:
        if (user_page_list && set_cache_attr_needed == TRUE)
                vm_object_set_pmap_cache_attr(object, user_page_list, size_in_pages, TRUE);

        if (page_list_count != NULL) {
                if (upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL)
                        *page_list_count = 0;
                else if (*page_list_count > size_in_pages)
                        *page_list_count = size_in_pages;
        }
        vm_object_unlock(object);

        if (cntrl_flags & UPL_BLOCK_ACCESS) {
                /*
                 * We've marked all the pages "busy" so that future
                 * page faults will block.
                 * Now remove the mapping for these pages, so that they
                 * can't be accessed without causing a page fault.
                 */
                vm_object_pmap_protect(object, offset, (vm_object_size_t)size,
                                       PMAP_NULL, 0, VM_PROT_NONE);
                assert(!object->blocked_access);
                object->blocked_access = TRUE;
        }

        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_object_iopl_request, VM_IOPL_REQUEST, DBG_FUNC_END, page_grab_count, KERN_SUCCESS, 0, 0);
        return KERN_SUCCESS;

return_err:
        dw_index = 0;

        for (; offset < dst_offset; offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
                boolean_t need_unwire;

                dst_page = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);

                if (dst_page == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                        panic("vm_object_iopl_request: Wired page missing. \n");

                /*
                 * if we've already processed this page in an earlier
                 * dw_do_work, we need to undo the wiring... we will
                 * leave the dirty and reference bits on if they
                 * were set, since we don't have a good way of knowing
                 * what the previous state was and we won't get here
                 * under any normal circumstances...  we will always
                 * clear BUSY and wakeup any waiters via vm_page_free
                 * or PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE
                 */
                need_unwire = TRUE;

                if (dw_count) {
                        if (dw_array[dw_index].dw_m == dst_page) {
                                /*
                                 * still in the deferred work list
                                 * which means we haven't yet called
                                 * vm_page_wire on this page
                                 */
                                need_unwire = FALSE;

                                dw_index++;
                                dw_count--;
                        }
                }
                vm_page_lock_queues();

                if (dst_page->vmp_absent || free_wired_pages == TRUE) {
                        vm_page_free(dst_page);

                        need_unwire = FALSE;
                } else {
                        if (need_unwire == TRUE)
                                vm_page_unwire(dst_page, TRUE);

                        PAGE_WAKEUP_DONE(dst_page);
                }
                vm_page_unlock_queues();

                if (need_unwire == TRUE)
                        VM_STAT_INCR(reactivations);
        }
#if UPL_DEBUG
        upl->upl_state = 2;
#endif
        if (! (upl->flags & UPL_KERNEL_OBJECT)) {
                vm_object_activity_end(object);
                vm_object_collapse(object, 0, TRUE);
        }
        vm_object_unlock(object);
        upl_destroy(upl);

        VM_DEBUG_CONSTANT_EVENT(vm_object_iopl_request, VM_IOPL_REQUEST, DBG_FUNC_END, page_grab_count, ret, 0, 0);
        return ret;
}

kern_return_t
upl_transpose(
        upl_t           upl1,
        upl_t           upl2)
{
        kern_return_t           retval;
        boolean_t               upls_locked;
        vm_object_t             object1, object2;

        if (upl1 == UPL_NULL || upl2 == UPL_NULL || upl1 == upl2  || ((upl1->flags & UPL_VECTOR)==UPL_VECTOR)  || ((upl2->flags & UPL_VECTOR)==UPL_VECTOR)) {
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        upls_locked = FALSE;

        /*
         * Since we need to lock both UPLs at the same time,
         * avoid deadlocks by always taking locks in the same order.
         */
        if (upl1 < upl2) {
                upl_lock(upl1);
                upl_lock(upl2);
        } else {
                upl_lock(upl2);
                upl_lock(upl1);
        }
        upls_locked = TRUE;     /* the UPLs will need to be unlocked */

        object1 = upl1->map_object;
        object2 = upl2->map_object;

        if (upl1->offset != 0 || upl2->offset != 0 ||
            upl1->size != upl2->size) {
                /*
                 * We deal only with full objects, not subsets.
                 * That's because we exchange the entire backing store info
                 * for the objects: pager, resident pages, etc...  We can't do
                 * only part of it.
                 */
                retval = KERN_INVALID_VALUE;
                goto done;
        }

        /*
         * Tranpose the VM objects' backing store.
         */
        retval = vm_object_transpose(object1, object2,
                                     (vm_object_size_t) upl1->size);

        if (retval == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /*
                 * Make each UPL point to the correct VM object, i.e. the
                 * object holding the pages that the UPL refers to...
                 */
#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
                if ((upl1->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT) || (upl2->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)) {
                        vm_object_lock(object1);
                        vm_object_lock(object2);
                }
                if (upl1->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)
                        queue_remove(&object1->uplq, upl1, upl_t, uplq);
                if (upl2->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)
                        queue_remove(&object2->uplq, upl2, upl_t, uplq);
#endif
                upl1->map_object = object2;
                upl2->map_object = object1;

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED || UPL_DEBUG
                if (upl1->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)
                        queue_enter(&object2->uplq, upl1, upl_t, uplq);
                if (upl2->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)
                        queue_enter(&object1->uplq, upl2, upl_t, uplq);
                if ((upl1->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT) || (upl2->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)) {
                        vm_object_unlock(object2);
                        vm_object_unlock(object1);
                }
#endif
        }

done:
        /*
         * Cleanup.
         */
        if (upls_locked) {
                upl_unlock(upl1);
                upl_unlock(upl2);
                upls_locked = FALSE;
        }

        return retval;
}

void
upl_range_needed(
        upl_t           upl,
        int             index,
        int             count)
{
        upl_page_info_t *user_page_list;
        int             size_in_pages;

        if ( !(upl->flags & UPL_INTERNAL) || count <= 0)
                return;

        size_in_pages = upl->size / PAGE_SIZE;

        user_page_list = (upl_page_info_t *) (((uintptr_t)upl) + sizeof(struct upl));

        while (count-- && index < size_in_pages)
                user_page_list[index++].needed = TRUE;
}


/*
 * Reserve of virtual addresses in the kernel address space.
 * We need to map the physical pages in the kernel, so that we
 * can call the code-signing or slide routines with a kernel
 * virtual address.  We keep this pool of pre-allocated kernel
 * virtual addresses so that we don't have to scan the kernel's
 * virtaul address space each time we need to work with
 * a physical page.
 */
decl_simple_lock_data(,vm_paging_lock)
#define VM_PAGING_NUM_PAGES     64
vm_map_offset_t vm_paging_base_address = 0;
boolean_t       vm_paging_page_inuse[VM_PAGING_NUM_PAGES] = { FALSE, };
int             vm_paging_max_index = 0;
int             vm_paging_page_waiter = 0;
int             vm_paging_page_waiter_total = 0;

unsigned long   vm_paging_no_kernel_page = 0;
unsigned long   vm_paging_objects_mapped = 0;
unsigned long   vm_paging_pages_mapped = 0;
unsigned long   vm_paging_objects_mapped_slow = 0;
unsigned long   vm_paging_pages_mapped_slow = 0;

void
vm_paging_map_init(void)
{
        kern_return_t   kr;
        vm_map_offset_t page_map_offset;
        vm_map_entry_t  map_entry;

        assert(vm_paging_base_address == 0);

        /*
         * Initialize our pool of pre-allocated kernel
         * virtual addresses.
         */
        page_map_offset = 0;
        kr = vm_map_find_space(kernel_map,
                               &page_map_offset,
                               VM_PAGING_NUM_PAGES * PAGE_SIZE,
                               0,
                               0,
                               VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE,
                               VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE,
                               &map_entry);
        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                panic("vm_paging_map_init: kernel_map full\n");
        }
        VME_OBJECT_SET(map_entry, kernel_object);
        VME_OFFSET_SET(map_entry, page_map_offset);
        map_entry->protection = VM_PROT_NONE;
        map_entry->max_protection = VM_PROT_NONE;
        map_entry->permanent = TRUE;
        vm_object_reference(kernel_object);
        vm_map_unlock(kernel_map);

        assert(vm_paging_base_address == 0);
        vm_paging_base_address = page_map_offset;
}

/*
 * vm_paging_map_object:
 *      Maps part of a VM object's pages in the kernel
 *      virtual address space, using the pre-allocated
 *      kernel virtual addresses, if possible.
 * Context:
 *      The VM object is locked.  This lock will get
 *      dropped and re-acquired though, so the caller
 *      must make sure the VM object is kept alive
 *      (by holding a VM map that has a reference
 *      on it, for example, or taking an extra reference).
 *      The page should also be kept busy to prevent
 *      it from being reclaimed.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_paging_map_object(
        vm_page_t               page,
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        vm_prot_t               protection,
        boolean_t               can_unlock_object,
        vm_map_size_t           *size,          /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_offset_t         *address,       /* OUT */
        boolean_t               *need_unmap)    /* OUT */
{
        kern_return_t           kr;
        vm_map_offset_t         page_map_offset;
        vm_map_size_t           map_size;
        vm_object_offset_t      object_offset;
        int                     i;

        if (page != VM_PAGE_NULL && *size == PAGE_SIZE) {
                /* use permanent 1-to-1 kernel mapping of physical memory ? */
#if __x86_64__
                *address = (vm_map_offset_t)
                        PHYSMAP_PTOV((pmap_paddr_t)VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(page) <<
                                     PAGE_SHIFT);
                *need_unmap = FALSE;
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
#elif __arm__ || __arm64__
                *address = (vm_map_offset_t)
                        phystokv((pmap_paddr_t)VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(page) << PAGE_SHIFT);
                *need_unmap = FALSE;
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
#else
#warn "vm_paging_map_object: no 1-to-1 kernel mapping of physical memory..."
#endif

                assert(page->vmp_busy);
                /*
                 * Use one of the pre-allocated kernel virtual addresses
                 * and just enter the VM page in the kernel address space
                 * at that virtual address.
                 */
                simple_lock(&vm_paging_lock);

                /*
                 * Try and find an available kernel virtual address
                 * from our pre-allocated pool.
                 */
                page_map_offset = 0;
                for (;;) {
                        for (i = 0; i < VM_PAGING_NUM_PAGES; i++) {
                                if (vm_paging_page_inuse[i] == FALSE) {
                                        page_map_offset =
                                                vm_paging_base_address +
                                                (i * PAGE_SIZE);
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if (page_map_offset != 0) {
                                /* found a space to map our page ! */
                                break;
                        }

                        if (can_unlock_object) {
                                /*
                                 * If we can afford to unlock the VM object,
                                 * let's take the slow path now...
                                 */
                                break;
                        }
                        /*
                         * We can't afford to unlock the VM object, so
                         * let's wait for a space to become available...
                         */
                        vm_paging_page_waiter_total++;
                        vm_paging_page_waiter++;
                        kr = assert_wait((event_t)&vm_paging_page_waiter, THREAD_UNINT);
                        if (kr == THREAD_WAITING) {
                                simple_unlock(&vm_paging_lock);
                                kr = thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                simple_lock(&vm_paging_lock);
                        }
                        vm_paging_page_waiter--;
                        /* ... and try again */
                }

                if (page_map_offset != 0) {
                        /*
                         * We found a kernel virtual address;
                         * map the physical page to that virtual address.
                         */
                        if (i > vm_paging_max_index) {
                                vm_paging_max_index = i;
                        }
                        vm_paging_page_inuse[i] = TRUE;
                        simple_unlock(&vm_paging_lock);

                        page->vmp_pmapped = TRUE;

                        /*
                         * Keep the VM object locked over the PMAP_ENTER
                         * and the actual use of the page by the kernel,
                         * or this pmap mapping might get undone by a
                         * vm_object_pmap_protect() call...
                         */
                        PMAP_ENTER(kernel_pmap,
                                   page_map_offset,
                                   page,
                                   protection,
                                   VM_PROT_NONE,
                                   0,
                                   TRUE,
                                   kr);
                        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
                        vm_paging_objects_mapped++;
                        vm_paging_pages_mapped++;
                        *address = page_map_offset;
                        *need_unmap = TRUE;

#if KASAN
                        kasan_notify_address(page_map_offset, PAGE_SIZE);
#endif

                        /* all done and mapped, ready to use ! */
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }

                /*
                 * We ran out of pre-allocated kernel virtual
                 * addresses.  Just map the page in the kernel
                 * the slow and regular way.
                 */
                vm_paging_no_kernel_page++;
                simple_unlock(&vm_paging_lock);
        }

        if (! can_unlock_object) {
                *address = 0;
                *size = 0;
                *need_unmap = FALSE;
                return KERN_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        object_offset = vm_object_trunc_page(offset);
        map_size = vm_map_round_page(*size,
                                     VM_MAP_PAGE_MASK(kernel_map));

        /*
         * Try and map the required range of the object
         * in the kernel_map
         */

        vm_object_reference_locked(object);     /* for the map entry */
        vm_object_unlock(object);

        kr = vm_map_enter(kernel_map,
                          address,
                          map_size,
                          0,
                          VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                          VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE,
                          VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE,
                          object,
                          object_offset,
                          FALSE,
                          protection,
                          VM_PROT_ALL,
                          VM_INHERIT_NONE);
        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                *address = 0;
                *size = 0;
                *need_unmap = FALSE;
                vm_object_deallocate(object);   /* for the map entry */
                vm_object_lock(object);
                return kr;
        }

        *size = map_size;

        /*
         * Enter the mapped pages in the page table now.
         */
        vm_object_lock(object);
        /*
         * VM object must be kept locked from before PMAP_ENTER()
         * until after the kernel is done accessing the page(s).
         * Otherwise, the pmap mappings in the kernel could be
         * undone by a call to vm_object_pmap_protect().
         */

        for (page_map_offset = 0;
             map_size != 0;
             map_size -= PAGE_SIZE_64, page_map_offset += PAGE_SIZE_64) {

                page = vm_page_lookup(object, offset + page_map_offset);
                if (page == VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                        printf("vm_paging_map_object: no page !?");
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                        kr = vm_map_remove(kernel_map, *address, *size,
                                           VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_FLAGS);
                        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
                        *address = 0;
                        *size = 0;
                        *need_unmap = FALSE;
                        vm_object_lock(object);
                        return KERN_MEMORY_ERROR;
                }
                page->vmp_pmapped = TRUE;

                //assert(pmap_verify_free(VM_PAGE_GET_PHYS_PAGE(page)));
                PMAP_ENTER(kernel_pmap,
                           *address + page_map_offset,
                           page,
                           protection,
                           VM_PROT_NONE,
                           0,
                           TRUE,
                           kr);
                assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
#if KASAN
                kasan_notify_address(*address + page_map_offset, PAGE_SIZE);
#endif
        }

        vm_paging_objects_mapped_slow++;
        vm_paging_pages_mapped_slow += (unsigned long) (map_size / PAGE_SIZE_64);

        *need_unmap = TRUE;

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * vm_paging_unmap_object:
 *      Unmaps part of a VM object's pages from the kernel
 *      virtual address space.
 * Context:
 *      The VM object is locked.  This lock will get
 *      dropped and re-acquired though.
 */
void
vm_paging_unmap_object(
        vm_object_t     object,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end)
{
        kern_return_t   kr;
        int             i;

        if ((vm_paging_base_address == 0) ||
            (start < vm_paging_base_address) ||
            (end > (vm_paging_base_address
                     + (VM_PAGING_NUM_PAGES * PAGE_SIZE)))) {
                /*
                 * We didn't use our pre-allocated pool of
                 * kernel virtual address.  Deallocate the
                 * virtual memory.
                 */
                if (object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                }
                kr = vm_map_remove(kernel_map, start, end,
                                   VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_FLAGS);
                if (object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        vm_object_lock(object);
                }
                assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        } else {
                /*
                 * We used a kernel virtual address from our
                 * pre-allocated pool.  Put it back in the pool
                 * for next time.
                 */
                assert(end - start == PAGE_SIZE);
                i = (int) ((start - vm_paging_base_address) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
                assert(i >= 0 && i < VM_PAGING_NUM_PAGES);

                /* undo the pmap mapping */
                pmap_remove(kernel_pmap, start, end);

                simple_lock(&vm_paging_lock);
                vm_paging_page_inuse[i] = FALSE;
                if (vm_paging_page_waiter) {
                        thread_wakeup(&vm_paging_page_waiter);
                }
                simple_unlock(&vm_paging_lock);
        }
}


/*
 * page->vmp_object must be locked
 */
void
vm_pageout_steal_laundry(vm_page_t page, boolean_t queues_locked)
{
        if (!queues_locked) {
                vm_page_lockspin_queues();
        }

        page->vmp_free_when_done = FALSE;
        /*
         * need to drop the laundry count...
         * we may also need to remove it
         * from the I/O paging queue...
         * vm_pageout_throttle_up handles both cases
         *
         * the laundry and pageout_queue flags are cleared...
         */
        vm_pageout_throttle_up(page);

        if (!queues_locked) {
                vm_page_unlock_queues();
        }
}

upl_t
vector_upl_create(vm_offset_t upl_offset)
{
        int     vector_upl_size  = sizeof(struct _vector_upl);
        int i=0;
        upl_t   upl;
        vector_upl_t vector_upl = (vector_upl_t)kalloc(vector_upl_size);

        upl = upl_create(0,UPL_VECTOR,0);
        upl->vector_upl = vector_upl;
        upl->offset = upl_offset;
        vector_upl->size = 0;
        vector_upl->offset = upl_offset;
        vector_upl->invalid_upls=0;
        vector_upl->num_upls=0;
        vector_upl->pagelist = NULL;

        for(i=0; i < MAX_VECTOR_UPL_ELEMENTS ; i++) {
                vector_upl->upl_iostates[i].size = 0;
                vector_upl->upl_iostates[i].offset = 0;

        }
        return upl;
}

void
vector_upl_deallocate(upl_t upl)
{
        if(upl) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;
                if(vector_upl) {
                        if(vector_upl->invalid_upls != vector_upl->num_upls)
                                panic("Deallocating non-empty Vectored UPL\n");
                        kfree(vector_upl->pagelist,(sizeof(struct upl_page_info)*(vector_upl->size/PAGE_SIZE)));
                        vector_upl->invalid_upls=0;
                        vector_upl->num_upls = 0;
                        vector_upl->pagelist = NULL;
                        vector_upl->size = 0;
                        vector_upl->offset = 0;
                        kfree(vector_upl, sizeof(struct _vector_upl));
                        vector_upl = (vector_upl_t)0xfeedfeed;
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_deallocate was passed a non-vectored upl\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_deallocate was passed a NULL upl\n");
}

boolean_t
vector_upl_is_valid(upl_t upl)
{
        if(upl &&  ((upl->flags & UPL_VECTOR)==UPL_VECTOR)) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;
                if(vector_upl == NULL || vector_upl == (vector_upl_t)0xfeedfeed || vector_upl == (vector_upl_t)0xfeedbeef)
                        return FALSE;
                else
                        return TRUE;
        }
        return FALSE;
}

boolean_t
vector_upl_set_subupl(upl_t upl,upl_t subupl, uint32_t io_size)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;

                if(vector_upl) {
                        if(subupl) {
                                if(io_size) {
                                        if(io_size < PAGE_SIZE)
                                                io_size = PAGE_SIZE;
                                        subupl->vector_upl = (void*)vector_upl;
                                        vector_upl->upl_elems[vector_upl->num_upls++] = subupl;
                                        vector_upl->size += io_size;
                                        upl->size += io_size;
                                }
                                else {
                                        uint32_t i=0,invalid_upls=0;
                                        for(i = 0; i < vector_upl->num_upls; i++) {
                                                if(vector_upl->upl_elems[i] == subupl)
                                                        break;
                                        }
                                        if(i == vector_upl->num_upls)
                                                panic("Trying to remove sub-upl when none exists");

                                        vector_upl->upl_elems[i] = NULL;
                                        invalid_upls = hw_atomic_add(&(vector_upl)->invalid_upls, 1);
                                        if(invalid_upls == vector_upl->num_upls)
                                                return TRUE;
                                        else
                                                return FALSE;
                                }
                        }
                        else
                                panic("vector_upl_set_subupl was passed a NULL upl element\n");
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_set_subupl was passed a non-vectored upl\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_set_subupl was passed a NULL upl\n");

        return FALSE;
}

void
vector_upl_set_pagelist(upl_t upl)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                uint32_t i=0;
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;

                if(vector_upl) {
                        vm_offset_t pagelist_size=0, cur_upl_pagelist_size=0;

                        vector_upl->pagelist = (upl_page_info_array_t)kalloc(sizeof(struct upl_page_info)*(vector_upl->size/PAGE_SIZE));

                        for(i=0; i < vector_upl->num_upls; i++) {
                                cur_upl_pagelist_size = sizeof(struct upl_page_info) * vector_upl->upl_elems[i]->size/PAGE_SIZE;
                                bcopy(UPL_GET_INTERNAL_PAGE_LIST_SIMPLE(vector_upl->upl_elems[i]), (char*)vector_upl->pagelist + pagelist_size, cur_upl_pagelist_size);
                                pagelist_size += cur_upl_pagelist_size;
                                if(vector_upl->upl_elems[i]->highest_page > upl->highest_page)
                                        upl->highest_page = vector_upl->upl_elems[i]->highest_page;
                        }
                        assert( pagelist_size == (sizeof(struct upl_page_info)*(vector_upl->size/PAGE_SIZE)) );
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_set_pagelist was passed a non-vectored upl\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_set_pagelist was passed a NULL upl\n");

}

upl_t
vector_upl_subupl_byindex(upl_t upl, uint32_t index)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;
                if(vector_upl) {
                        if(index < vector_upl->num_upls)
                                return vector_upl->upl_elems[index];
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_subupl_byindex was passed a non-vectored upl\n");
        }
        return NULL;
}

upl_t
vector_upl_subupl_byoffset(upl_t upl, upl_offset_t *upl_offset, upl_size_t *upl_size)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                uint32_t i=0;
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;

                if(vector_upl) {
                        upl_t subupl = NULL;
                        vector_upl_iostates_t subupl_state;

                        for(i=0; i < vector_upl->num_upls; i++) {
                                subupl = vector_upl->upl_elems[i];
                                subupl_state = vector_upl->upl_iostates[i];
                                if( *upl_offset <= (subupl_state.offset + subupl_state.size - 1)) {
                                        /* We could have been passed an offset/size pair that belongs
                                         * to an UPL element that has already been committed/aborted.
                                         * If so, return NULL.
                                         */
                                        if(subupl == NULL)
                                                return NULL;
                                        if((subupl_state.offset + subupl_state.size) < (*upl_offset + *upl_size)) {
                                                *upl_size = (subupl_state.offset + subupl_state.size) - *upl_offset;
                                                if(*upl_size > subupl_state.size)
                                                        *upl_size = subupl_state.size;
                                        }
                                        if(*upl_offset >= subupl_state.offset)
                                                *upl_offset -= subupl_state.offset;
                                        else if(i)
                                                panic("Vector UPL offset miscalculation\n");
                                        return subupl;
                                }
                        }
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_subupl_byoffset was passed a non-vectored UPL\n");
        }
        return NULL;
}

void
vector_upl_get_submap(upl_t upl, vm_map_t *v_upl_submap, vm_offset_t *submap_dst_addr)
{
        *v_upl_submap = NULL;

        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;
                if(vector_upl) {
                        *v_upl_submap = vector_upl->submap;
                        *submap_dst_addr = vector_upl->submap_dst_addr;
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_get_submap was passed a non-vectored UPL\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_get_submap was passed a null UPL\n");
}

void
vector_upl_set_submap(upl_t upl, vm_map_t submap, vm_offset_t submap_dst_addr)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;
                if(vector_upl) {
                        vector_upl->submap = submap;
                        vector_upl->submap_dst_addr = submap_dst_addr;
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_get_submap was passed a non-vectored UPL\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_get_submap was passed a NULL UPL\n");
}

void
vector_upl_set_iostate(upl_t upl, upl_t subupl, upl_offset_t offset, upl_size_t size)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                uint32_t i = 0;
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;

                if(vector_upl) {
                        for(i = 0; i < vector_upl->num_upls; i++) {
                                if(vector_upl->upl_elems[i] == subupl)
                                        break;
                        }

                        if(i == vector_upl->num_upls)
                                panic("setting sub-upl iostate when none exists");

                        vector_upl->upl_iostates[i].offset = offset;
                        if(size < PAGE_SIZE)
                                size = PAGE_SIZE;
                        vector_upl->upl_iostates[i].size = size;
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_set_iostate was passed a non-vectored UPL\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_set_iostate was passed a NULL UPL\n");
}

void
vector_upl_get_iostate(upl_t upl, upl_t subupl, upl_offset_t *offset, upl_size_t *size)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                uint32_t i = 0;
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;

                if(vector_upl) {
                        for(i = 0; i < vector_upl->num_upls; i++) {
                                if(vector_upl->upl_elems[i] == subupl)
                                        break;
                        }

                        if(i == vector_upl->num_upls)
                                panic("getting sub-upl iostate when none exists");

                        *offset = vector_upl->upl_iostates[i].offset;
                        *size = vector_upl->upl_iostates[i].size;
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_get_iostate was passed a non-vectored UPL\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_get_iostate was passed a NULL UPL\n");
}

void
vector_upl_get_iostate_byindex(upl_t upl, uint32_t index, upl_offset_t *offset, upl_size_t *size)
{
        if(vector_upl_is_valid(upl)) {
                vector_upl_t vector_upl = upl->vector_upl;
                if(vector_upl) {
                        if(index < vector_upl->num_upls) {
                                *offset = vector_upl->upl_iostates[index].offset;
                                *size = vector_upl->upl_iostates[index].size;
                        }
                        else
                                *offset = *size = 0;
                }
                else
                        panic("vector_upl_get_iostate_byindex was passed a non-vectored UPL\n");
        }
        else
                panic("vector_upl_get_iostate_byindex was passed a NULL UPL\n");
}

upl_page_info_t *
upl_get_internal_vectorupl_pagelist(upl_t upl)
{
        return ((vector_upl_t)(upl->vector_upl))->pagelist;
}

void *
upl_get_internal_vectorupl(upl_t upl)
{
        return upl->vector_upl;
}

vm_size_t
upl_get_internal_pagelist_offset(void)
{
        return sizeof(struct upl);
}

void
upl_clear_dirty(
        upl_t           upl,
        boolean_t       value)
{
        if (value) {
                upl->flags |= UPL_CLEAR_DIRTY;
        } else {
                upl->flags &= ~UPL_CLEAR_DIRTY;
        }
}

void
upl_set_referenced(
        upl_t           upl,
        boolean_t       value)
{
        upl_lock(upl);
        if (value) {
                upl->ext_ref_count++;
        } else {
                if (!upl->ext_ref_count) {
                        panic("upl_set_referenced not %p\n", upl);
                }
                upl->ext_ref_count--;
        }
        upl_unlock(upl);
}

#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
void
upl_set_blkno(
        upl_t           upl,
        vm_offset_t     upl_offset,
        int             io_size,
        int64_t         blkno)
{
                int i,j;
                if ((upl->flags & UPL_EXPEDITE_SUPPORTED) == 0)
                        return;

                assert(upl->upl_reprio_info != 0);
                for(i = (int)(upl_offset / PAGE_SIZE), j = 0; j < io_size; i++, j += PAGE_SIZE) {
                        UPL_SET_REPRIO_INFO(upl, i, blkno, io_size);
                }
}
#endif

void inline memoryshot(unsigned int event, unsigned int control)
{
        if (vm_debug_events) {
                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1((MACHDBG_CODE(DBG_MACH_VM_PRESSURE, event)) | control,
                                        vm_page_active_count, vm_page_inactive_count,
                                        vm_page_free_count, vm_page_speculative_count,
                                        vm_page_throttled_count);
        } else {
                (void) event;
                (void) control;
        }

}

#ifdef MACH_BSD

boolean_t  upl_device_page(upl_page_info_t *upl)
{
        return(UPL_DEVICE_PAGE(upl));
}
boolean_t  upl_page_present(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index)
{
        return(UPL_PAGE_PRESENT(upl, index));
}
boolean_t  upl_speculative_page(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index)
{
        return(UPL_SPECULATIVE_PAGE(upl, index));
}
boolean_t  upl_dirty_page(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index)
{
        return(UPL_DIRTY_PAGE(upl, index));
}
boolean_t  upl_valid_page(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index)
{
        return(UPL_VALID_PAGE(upl, index));
}
ppnum_t  upl_phys_page(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index)
{
        return(UPL_PHYS_PAGE(upl, index));
}

void upl_page_set_mark(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index, boolean_t v)
{
        upl[index].mark = v;
}

boolean_t upl_page_get_mark(upl_page_info_t *upl, int index)
{
        return upl[index].mark;
}

void
vm_countdirtypages(void)
{
        vm_page_t m;
        int dpages;
        int pgopages;
        int precpages;


        dpages=0;
        pgopages=0;
        precpages=0;

        vm_page_lock_queues();
        m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_inactive);
        do {
                if (m ==(vm_page_t )0) break;

                if(m->vmp_dirty) dpages++;
                if(m->vmp_free_when_done) pgopages++;
                if(m->vmp_precious) precpages++;

                assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) != kernel_object);
                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_next(&m->vmp_pageq);
                if (m ==(vm_page_t )0) break;

        } while (!vm_page_queue_end(&vm_page_queue_inactive, (vm_page_queue_entry_t) m));
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        vm_page_lock_queues();
        m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_throttled);
        do {
                if (m ==(vm_page_t )0) break;

                dpages++;
                assert(m->vmp_dirty);
                assert(!m->vmp_free_when_done);
                assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) != kernel_object);
                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_next(&m->vmp_pageq);
                if (m ==(vm_page_t )0) break;

        } while (!vm_page_queue_end(&vm_page_queue_throttled, (vm_page_queue_entry_t) m));
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        vm_page_lock_queues();
        m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_anonymous);
        do {
                if (m ==(vm_page_t )0) break;

                if(m->vmp_dirty) dpages++;
                if(m->vmp_free_when_done) pgopages++;
                if(m->vmp_precious) precpages++;

                assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) != kernel_object);
                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_next(&m->vmp_pageq);
                if (m ==(vm_page_t )0) break;

        } while (!vm_page_queue_end(&vm_page_queue_anonymous, (vm_page_queue_entry_t) m));
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        printf("IN Q: %d : %d : %d\n", dpages, pgopages, precpages);

        dpages=0;
        pgopages=0;
        precpages=0;

        vm_page_lock_queues();
        m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_first(&vm_page_queue_active);

        do {
                if(m == (vm_page_t )0) break;
                if(m->vmp_dirty) dpages++;
                if(m->vmp_free_when_done) pgopages++;
                if(m->vmp_precious) precpages++;

                assert(VM_PAGE_OBJECT(m) != kernel_object);
                m = (vm_page_t) vm_page_queue_next(&m->vmp_pageq);
                if(m == (vm_page_t )0) break;

        } while (!vm_page_queue_end(&vm_page_queue_active, (vm_page_queue_entry_t) m));
        vm_page_unlock_queues();

        printf("AC Q: %d : %d : %d\n", dpages, pgopages, precpages);

}
#endif /* MACH_BSD */


#if CONFIG_IOSCHED
int upl_get_cached_tier(upl_t  upl)
{
       assert(upl);
       if (upl->flags & UPL_TRACKED_BY_OBJECT)
               return (upl->upl_priority);
       return (-1);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_IOSCHED */


void upl_callout_iodone(upl_t upl)
{
        struct upl_io_completion *upl_ctx = upl->upl_iodone;

        if (upl_ctx) {
                void    (*iodone_func)(void *, int) = upl_ctx->io_done;

                assert(upl_ctx->io_done);

                (*iodone_func)(upl_ctx->io_context, upl_ctx->io_error);
        }
}

void upl_set_iodone(upl_t upl, void *upl_iodone)
{
        upl->upl_iodone = (struct upl_io_completion *)upl_iodone;
}

void upl_set_iodone_error(upl_t upl, int error)
{
        struct upl_io_completion *upl_ctx = upl->upl_iodone;

        if (upl_ctx)
                upl_ctx->io_error = error;
}


ppnum_t upl_get_highest_page(
                             upl_t                      upl)
{
        return upl->highest_page;
}

upl_size_t upl_get_size(
                             upl_t                      upl)
{
        return upl->size;
}

upl_t upl_associated_upl(upl_t upl)
{
        return upl->associated_upl;
}

void upl_set_associated_upl(upl_t upl, upl_t associated_upl)
{
        upl->associated_upl = associated_upl;
}

struct vnode * upl_lookup_vnode(upl_t upl)
{
        if (!upl->map_object->internal)
                return vnode_pager_lookup_vnode(upl->map_object->pager);
        else
                return NULL;
}

#if UPL_DEBUG
kern_return_t  upl_ubc_alias_set(upl_t upl, uintptr_t alias1, uintptr_t alias2)
{
        upl->ubc_alias1 = alias1;
        upl->ubc_alias2 = alias2;
        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}
int  upl_ubc_alias_get(upl_t upl, uintptr_t * al, uintptr_t * al2)
{
        if(al)
                *al = upl->ubc_alias1;
        if(al2)
                *al2 = upl->ubc_alias2;
        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}
#endif /* UPL_DEBUG */

#if VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS
/*
 * Upward trajectory.
 */
extern boolean_t vm_compressor_low_on_space(void);

boolean_t
VM_PRESSURE_NORMAL_TO_WARNING(void)     {

        if ( !VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_ACTIVE) {

                /* Available pages below our threshold */
                if (memorystatus_available_pages < memorystatus_available_pages_pressure) {
                        /* No frozen processes to kill */
                        if (memorystatus_frozen_count == 0) {
                                /* Not enough suspended processes available. */
                                if (memorystatus_suspended_count < MEMORYSTATUS_SUSPENDED_THRESHOLD) {
                                        return TRUE;
                                }
                        }
                }
                return FALSE;

        } else {
                return ((AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY < VM_PAGE_COMPRESSOR_COMPACT_THRESHOLD) ? 1 : 0);
        }
}

boolean_t
VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_CRITICAL(void) {

        if ( !VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_ACTIVE) {

                /* Available pages below our threshold */
                if (memorystatus_available_pages < memorystatus_available_pages_critical) {
                        return TRUE;
                }
                return FALSE;
        } else {
                return (vm_compressor_low_on_space() || (AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY < ((12 * VM_PAGE_COMPRESSOR_SWAP_UNTHROTTLE_THRESHOLD) / 10)) ? 1 : 0);
        }
}

/*
 * Downward trajectory.
 */
boolean_t
VM_PRESSURE_WARNING_TO_NORMAL(void) {

        if ( !VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_ACTIVE) {

                /* Available pages above our threshold */
                unsigned int target_threshold = (unsigned int) (memorystatus_available_pages_pressure + ((15 * memorystatus_available_pages_pressure) / 100));
                if (memorystatus_available_pages > target_threshold) {
                        return TRUE;
                }
                return FALSE;
        } else {
                return ((AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY > ((12 * VM_PAGE_COMPRESSOR_COMPACT_THRESHOLD) / 10)) ? 1 : 0);
        }
}

boolean_t
VM_PRESSURE_CRITICAL_TO_WARNING(void) {

        if ( !VM_CONFIG_COMPRESSOR_IS_ACTIVE) {

                /* Available pages above our threshold */
                unsigned int target_threshold = (unsigned int)(memorystatus_available_pages_critical + ((15 * memorystatus_available_pages_critical) / 100));
                if (memorystatus_available_pages > target_threshold) {
                        return TRUE;
                }
                return FALSE;
        } else {
                return ((AVAILABLE_NON_COMPRESSED_MEMORY > ((14 * VM_PAGE_COMPRESSOR_SWAP_UNTHROTTLE_THRESHOLD) / 10)) ? 1 : 0);
        }
}
#endif /* VM_PRESSURE_EVENTS */



#define VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR             0
#define VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT                0
#define VM_TEST_PAGE_WIRE_OVERFLOW_PANIC        0
#if __arm64__
#define VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT             0
#endif /* __arm64__ */
#define VM_TEST_DEVICE_PAGER_TRANSPOSE          (DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG)

#if VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR
extern boolean_t vm_object_collapse_compressor_allowed;
#include <IOKit/IOLib.h>
static void
vm_test_collapse_compressor(void)
{
        vm_object_size_t        backing_size, top_size;
        vm_object_t             backing_object, top_object;
        vm_map_offset_t         backing_offset, top_offset;
        unsigned char           *backing_address, *top_address;
        kern_return_t           kr;

        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR:\n");

        /* create backing object */
        backing_size = 15 * PAGE_SIZE;
        backing_object = vm_object_allocate(backing_size);
        assert(backing_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: created backing object %p\n",
                backing_object);
        /* map backing object */
        backing_offset = 0;
        kr = vm_map_enter(kernel_map, &backing_offset, backing_size, 0,
                          VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE, VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE,
                          backing_object, 0, FALSE,
                          VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        backing_address = (unsigned char *) backing_offset;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "mapped backing object %p at 0x%llx\n",
               backing_object, (uint64_t) backing_offset);
        /* populate with pages to be compressed in backing object */
        backing_address[0x1*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB1;
        backing_address[0x4*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB4;
        backing_address[0x7*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB7;
        backing_address[0xa*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xBA;
        backing_address[0xd*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xBD;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "populated pages to be compressed in "
               "backing_object %p\n", backing_object);
        /* compress backing object */
        vm_object_pageout(backing_object);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: compressing backing_object %p\n",
               backing_object);
        /* wait for all the pages to be gone */
        while (*(volatile int *)&backing_object->resident_page_count != 0)
                IODelay(10);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: backing_object %p compressed\n",
               backing_object);
        /* populate with pages to be resident in backing object */
        backing_address[0x0*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB0;
        backing_address[0x3*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB3;
        backing_address[0x6*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB6;
        backing_address[0x9*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xB9;
        backing_address[0xc*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xBC;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "populated pages to be resident in "
               "backing_object %p\n", backing_object);
        /* leave the other pages absent */
        /* mess with the paging_offset of the backing_object */
        assert(backing_object->paging_offset == 0);
        backing_object->paging_offset = 0x3000;

        /* create top object */
        top_size = 9 * PAGE_SIZE;
        top_object = vm_object_allocate(top_size);
        assert(top_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: created top object %p\n",
                top_object);
        /* map top object */
        top_offset = 0;
        kr = vm_map_enter(kernel_map, &top_offset, top_size, 0,
                          VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE, VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE,
                          top_object, 0, FALSE,
                          VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        top_address = (unsigned char *) top_offset;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "mapped top object %p at 0x%llx\n",
               top_object, (uint64_t) top_offset);
        /* populate with pages to be compressed in top object */
        top_address[0x3*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xA3;
        top_address[0x4*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xA4;
        top_address[0x5*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xA5;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "populated pages to be compressed in "
               "top_object %p\n", top_object);
        /* compress top object */
        vm_object_pageout(top_object);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: compressing top_object %p\n",
               top_object);
        /* wait for all the pages to be gone */
        while (top_object->resident_page_count != 0)
                IODelay(10);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: top_object %p compressed\n",
               top_object);
        /* populate with pages to be resident in top object */
        top_address[0x0*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xA0;
        top_address[0x1*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xA1;
        top_address[0x2*PAGE_SIZE] = 0xA2;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "populated pages to be resident in "
               "top_object %p\n", top_object);
        /* leave the other pages absent */

        /* link the 2 objects */
        vm_object_reference(backing_object);
        top_object->shadow = backing_object;
        top_object->vo_shadow_offset = 0x3000;
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: linked %p and %p\n",
               top_object, backing_object);

        /* unmap backing object */
        vm_map_remove(kernel_map,
                      backing_offset,
                      backing_offset + backing_size,
                      VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_FLAGS);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
               "unmapped backing_object %p [0x%llx:0x%llx]\n",
               backing_object,
               (uint64_t) backing_offset,
               (uint64_t) (backing_offset + backing_size));

        /* collapse */
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: collapsing %p\n", top_object);
        vm_object_lock(top_object);
        vm_object_collapse(top_object, 0, FALSE);
        vm_object_unlock(top_object);
        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: collapsed %p\n", top_object);

        /* did it work? */
        if (top_object->shadow != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: not collapsed\n");
                printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: FAIL\n");
                if (vm_object_collapse_compressor_allowed) {
                        panic("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: FAIL\n");
                }
        } else {
                /* check the contents of the mapping */
                unsigned char expect[9] =
                        { 0xA0, 0xA1, 0xA2,     /* resident in top */
                          0xA3, 0xA4, 0xA5,     /* compressed in top */
                          0xB9, /* resident in backing + shadow_offset */
                          0xBD, /* compressed in backing + shadow_offset + paging_offset */
                          0x00 };               /* absent in both */
                unsigned char actual[9];
                unsigned int i, errors;

                errors = 0;
                for (i = 0; i < sizeof (actual); i++) {
                        actual[i] = (unsigned char) top_address[i*PAGE_SIZE];
                        if (actual[i] != expect[i]) {
                                errors++;
                        }
                }
                printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: "
                       "actual [%x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x] "
                       "expect [%x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x] "
                       "%d errors\n",
                       actual[0], actual[1], actual[2], actual[3],
                       actual[4], actual[5], actual[6], actual[7],
                       actual[8],
                       expect[0], expect[1], expect[2], expect[3],
                       expect[4], expect[5], expect[6], expect[7],
                       expect[8],
                       errors);
                if (errors) {
                        panic("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: FAIL\n");
                } else {
                        printf("VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR: PASS\n");
                }
        }
}
#else /* VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR */
#define vm_test_collapse_compressor()
#endif /* VM_TEST_COLLAPSE_COMPRESSOR */

#if VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT
extern ledger_template_t        task_ledger_template;
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
extern ppnum_t vm_map_get_phys_page(vm_map_t map,
                                    vm_offset_t offset);
static void
vm_test_wire_and_extract(void)
{
        ledger_t                ledger;
        vm_map_t                user_map, wire_map;
        mach_vm_address_t       user_addr, wire_addr;
        mach_vm_size_t          user_size, wire_size;
        mach_vm_offset_t        cur_offset;
        vm_prot_t               cur_prot, max_prot;
        ppnum_t                 user_ppnum, wire_ppnum;
        kern_return_t           kr;

        ledger = ledger_instantiate(task_ledger_template,
                                    LEDGER_CREATE_ACTIVE_ENTRIES);
        user_map = vm_map_create(pmap_create(ledger, 0, PMAP_CREATE_64BIT),
                                 0x100000000ULL,
                                 0x200000000ULL,
                                 TRUE);
        wire_map = vm_map_create(NULL,
                                 0x100000000ULL,
                                 0x200000000ULL,
                                 TRUE);
        user_addr = 0;
        user_size = 0x10000;
        kr = mach_vm_allocate(user_map,
                              &user_addr,
                              user_size,
                              VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        wire_addr = 0;
        wire_size = user_size;
        kr = mach_vm_remap(wire_map,
                           &wire_addr,
                           wire_size,
                           0,
                           VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                           user_map,
                           user_addr,
                           FALSE,
                           &cur_prot,
                           &max_prot,
                           VM_INHERIT_NONE);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        for (cur_offset = 0;
             cur_offset < wire_size;
             cur_offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
                kr = vm_map_wire_and_extract(wire_map,
                                             wire_addr + cur_offset,
                                             VM_PROT_DEFAULT | VM_PROT_MEMORY_TAG_MAKE(VM_KERN_MEMORY_OSFMK),
                                             TRUE,
                                             &wire_ppnum);
                assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
                user_ppnum = vm_map_get_phys_page(user_map,
                                                  user_addr + cur_offset);
                printf("VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT: kr=0x%x "
                       "user[%p:0x%llx:0x%x] wire[%p:0x%llx:0x%x]\n",
                       kr,
                       user_map, user_addr + cur_offset, user_ppnum,
                       wire_map, wire_addr + cur_offset, wire_ppnum);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS ||
                    wire_ppnum == 0 ||
                    wire_ppnum != user_ppnum) {
                        panic("VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT: FAIL\n");
                }
        }
        cur_offset -= PAGE_SIZE;
        kr = vm_map_wire_and_extract(wire_map,
                                     wire_addr + cur_offset,
                                     VM_PROT_DEFAULT,
                                     TRUE,
                                     &wire_ppnum);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        printf("VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT: re-wire kr=0x%x "
               "user[%p:0x%llx:0x%x] wire[%p:0x%llx:0x%x]\n",
               kr,
               user_map, user_addr + cur_offset, user_ppnum,
               wire_map, wire_addr + cur_offset, wire_ppnum);
        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS ||
            wire_ppnum == 0 ||
            wire_ppnum != user_ppnum) {
                panic("VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT: FAIL\n");
        }

        printf("VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT: PASS\n");
}
#else /* VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT */
#define vm_test_wire_and_extract()
#endif /* VM_TEST_WIRE_AND_EXTRACT */

#if VM_TEST_PAGE_WIRE_OVERFLOW_PANIC
static void
vm_test_page_wire_overflow_panic(void)
{
        vm_object_t object;
        vm_page_t page;

        printf("VM_TEST_PAGE_WIRE_OVERFLOW_PANIC: starting...\n");

        object = vm_object_allocate(PAGE_SIZE);
        vm_object_lock(object);
        page = vm_page_alloc(object, 0x0);
        vm_page_lock_queues();
        do {
                vm_page_wire(page, 1, FALSE);
        } while (page->wire_count != 0);
        vm_page_unlock_queues();
        vm_object_unlock(object);
        panic("FBDP(%p,%p): wire_count overflow not detected\n",
              object, page);
}
#else /* VM_TEST_PAGE_WIRE_OVERFLOW_PANIC */
#define vm_test_page_wire_overflow_panic()
#endif /* VM_TEST_PAGE_WIRE_OVERFLOW_PANIC */

#if __arm64__ && VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT
extern int copyinframe(vm_address_t fp, char *frame, boolean_t is64bit);
static void
vm_test_kernel_object_fault(void)
{
        kern_return_t kr;
        vm_offset_t stack;
        uintptr_t frameb[2];
        int ret;

        kr = kernel_memory_allocate(kernel_map, &stack,
                                    kernel_stack_size + (2*PAGE_SIZE),
                                    0,
                                    (KMA_KSTACK | KMA_KOBJECT |
                                     KMA_GUARD_FIRST | KMA_GUARD_LAST),
                                    VM_KERN_MEMORY_STACK);
        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                panic("VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT: kernel_memory_allocate kr 0x%x\n", kr);
        }
        ret = copyinframe((uintptr_t)stack, (char *)frameb, TRUE);
        if (ret != 0) {
                printf("VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT: PASS\n");
        } else {
                printf("VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT: FAIL\n");
        }
        vm_map_remove(kernel_map,
                      stack,
                      stack + kernel_stack_size + (2*PAGE_SIZE),
                      VM_MAP_REMOVE_KUNWIRE);
        stack = 0;
}
#else /* __arm64__ && VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT */
#define vm_test_kernel_object_fault()
#endif /* __arm64__ && VM_TEST_KERNEL_OBJECT_FAULT */

#if VM_TEST_DEVICE_PAGER_TRANSPOSE
static void
vm_test_device_pager_transpose(void)
{
        memory_object_t device_pager;
        vm_object_t     anon_object, device_object;
        vm_size_t       size;
        vm_map_offset_t anon_mapping, device_mapping;
        kern_return_t   kr;

        size = 3 * PAGE_SIZE;
        anon_object = vm_object_allocate(size);
        assert(anon_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
        device_pager = device_pager_setup(NULL, 0, size, 0);
        assert(device_pager != NULL);
        device_object = memory_object_to_vm_object(device_pager);
        assert(device_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
        anon_mapping = 0;
        kr = vm_map_enter(kernel_map, &anon_mapping, size, 0,
                          VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE, VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE, VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE,
                          anon_object, 0, FALSE, VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_ALL,
                          VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        device_mapping = 0;
        kr = vm_map_enter_mem_object(kernel_map, &device_mapping, size, 0,
                                     VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                                     VM_MAP_KERNEL_FLAGS_NONE,
                                     VM_KERN_MEMORY_NONE,
                                     (void *)device_pager, 0, FALSE,
                                     VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_ALL,
                                     VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        memory_object_deallocate(device_pager);

        vm_object_lock(anon_object);
        vm_object_activity_begin(anon_object);
        anon_object->blocked_access = TRUE;
        vm_object_unlock(anon_object);
        vm_object_lock(device_object);
        vm_object_activity_begin(device_object);
        device_object->blocked_access = TRUE;
        vm_object_unlock(device_object);

        assert(anon_object->ref_count == 1);
        assert(!anon_object->named);
        assert(device_object->ref_count == 2);
        assert(device_object->named);

        kr = vm_object_transpose(device_object, anon_object, size);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);

        vm_object_lock(anon_object);
        vm_object_activity_end(anon_object);
        anon_object->blocked_access = FALSE;
        vm_object_unlock(anon_object);
        vm_object_lock(device_object);
        vm_object_activity_end(device_object);
        device_object->blocked_access = FALSE;
        vm_object_unlock(device_object);

        assert(anon_object->ref_count == 2);
        assert(anon_object->named);
        kr = vm_deallocate(kernel_map, anon_mapping, size);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        assert(device_object->ref_count == 1);
        assert(!device_object->named);
        kr = vm_deallocate(kernel_map, device_mapping, size);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);

        printf("VM_TEST_DEVICE_PAGER_TRANSPOSE: PASS\n");
}
#else /* VM_TEST_DEVICE_PAGER_TRANSPOSE */
#define vm_test_device_pager_transpose()
#endif /* VM_TEST_DEVICE_PAGER_TRANSPOSE */

void
vm_tests(void)
{
        vm_test_collapse_compressor();
        vm_test_wire_and_extract();
        vm_test_page_wire_overflow_panic();
        vm_test_kernel_object_fault();
        vm_test_device_pager_transpose();
}