xnu-4570.61.1.tar.gz

[apple/xnu.git] / osfmk / i386 / pmap_x86_common.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2012 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 * 
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 * 
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 * 
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 * 
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */

#include <mach_assert.h>

#include <vm/pmap.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <kern/ledger.h>
#include <i386/pmap_internal.h>

void            pmap_remove_range(
                        pmap_t          pmap,
                        vm_map_offset_t va,
                        pt_entry_t      *spte,
                        pt_entry_t      *epte);

void            pmap_remove_range_options(
                        pmap_t          pmap,
                        vm_map_offset_t va,
                        pt_entry_t      *spte,
                        pt_entry_t      *epte,
                        int             options);

void            pmap_reusable_range(
                        pmap_t          pmap,
                        vm_map_offset_t va,
                        pt_entry_t      *spte,
                        pt_entry_t      *epte,
                        boolean_t       reusable);

uint32_t pmap_update_clear_pte_count;

/*
 * The Intel platform can nest at the PDE level, so NBPDE (i.e. 2MB) at a time,
 * on a NBPDE boundary.
 */

/* These symbols may be referenced directly by VM */
uint64_t pmap_nesting_size_min = NBPDE;
uint64_t pmap_nesting_size_max = 0 - (uint64_t)NBPDE;

/*
 *      kern_return_t pmap_nest(grand, subord, va_start, size)
 *
 *      grand  = the pmap that we will nest subord into
 *      subord = the pmap that goes into the grand
 *      va_start  = start of range in pmap to be inserted
 *      nstart  = start of range in pmap nested pmap
 *      size   = Size of nest area (up to 16TB)
 *
 *      Inserts a pmap into another.  This is used to implement shared segments.
 *
 *      Note that we depend upon higher level VM locks to insure that things don't change while
 *      we are doing this.  For example, VM should not be doing any pmap enters while it is nesting
 *      or do 2 nests at once.
 */

/*
 * This routine can nest subtrees either at the PDPT level (1GiB) or at the
 * PDE level (2MiB). We currently disallow disparate offsets for the "subord"
 * container and the "grand" parent. A minor optimization to consider for the
 * future: make the "subord" truly a container rather than a full-fledged
 * pagetable hierarchy which can be unnecessarily sparse (DRK).
 */

kern_return_t pmap_nest(pmap_t grand, pmap_t subord, addr64_t va_start, addr64_t nstart, uint64_t size) {
        vm_map_offset_t vaddr, nvaddr;
        pd_entry_t      *pde,*npde;
        unsigned int    i;
        uint64_t        num_pde;

        assert(!is_ept_pmap(grand));
        assert(!is_ept_pmap(subord));

        if ((size & (pmap_nesting_size_min-1)) ||
            (va_start & (pmap_nesting_size_min-1)) ||
            (nstart & (pmap_nesting_size_min-1)) ||
            ((size >> 28) > 65536))     /* Max size we can nest is 16TB */
                return KERN_INVALID_VALUE;

        if(size == 0) {
                panic("pmap_nest: size is invalid - %016llX\n", size);
        }

        if (va_start != nstart)
                panic("pmap_nest: va_start(0x%llx) != nstart(0x%llx)\n", va_start, nstart);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__NEST) | DBG_FUNC_START,
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(grand), VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(subord),
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(va_start));

        nvaddr = (vm_map_offset_t)nstart;
        num_pde = size >> PDESHIFT;

        PMAP_LOCK(subord);

        subord->pm_shared = TRUE;

        for (i = 0; i < num_pde;) {
                if (((nvaddr & PDPTMASK) == 0) && (num_pde - i) >= NPDEPG && cpu_64bit) {

                        npde = pmap64_pdpt(subord, nvaddr);

                        while (0 == npde || ((*npde & INTEL_PTE_VALID) == 0)) {
                                PMAP_UNLOCK(subord);
                                pmap_expand_pdpt(subord, nvaddr, PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_NONE);
                                PMAP_LOCK(subord);
                                npde = pmap64_pdpt(subord, nvaddr);
                        }
                        *npde |= INTEL_PDPTE_NESTED;
                        nvaddr += NBPDPT;
                        i += (uint32_t)NPDEPG;
                }
                else {
                        npde = pmap_pde(subord, nvaddr);

                        while (0 == npde || ((*npde & INTEL_PTE_VALID) == 0)) {
                                PMAP_UNLOCK(subord);
                                pmap_expand(subord, nvaddr, PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_NONE);
                                PMAP_LOCK(subord);
                                npde = pmap_pde(subord, nvaddr);
                        }
                        nvaddr += NBPDE;
                        i++;
                }
        }

        PMAP_UNLOCK(subord);

        vaddr = (vm_map_offset_t)va_start;

        PMAP_LOCK(grand);

        for (i = 0;i < num_pde;) {
                pd_entry_t tpde;

                if (((vaddr & PDPTMASK) == 0) && ((num_pde - i) >= NPDEPG) && cpu_64bit) {
                        npde = pmap64_pdpt(subord, vaddr);
                        if (npde == 0)
                                panic("pmap_nest: no PDPT, subord %p nstart 0x%llx", subord, vaddr);
                        tpde = *npde;
                        pde = pmap64_pdpt(grand, vaddr);
                        if (0 == pde) {
                                PMAP_UNLOCK(grand);
                                pmap_expand_pml4(grand, vaddr, PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_NONE);
                                PMAP_LOCK(grand);
                                pde = pmap64_pdpt(grand, vaddr);
                        }
                        if (pde == 0)
                                panic("pmap_nest: no PDPT, grand  %p vaddr 0x%llx", grand, vaddr);
                        pmap_store_pte(pde, tpde);
                        vaddr += NBPDPT;
                        i += (uint32_t) NPDEPG;
                }
                else {
                        npde = pmap_pde(subord, vaddr);
                        if (npde == 0)
                                panic("pmap_nest: no npde, subord %p vaddr 0x%llx", subord, vaddr);
                        tpde = *npde;
                        pde = pmap_pde(grand, vaddr);
                        if ((0 == pde) && cpu_64bit) {
                                PMAP_UNLOCK(grand);
                                pmap_expand_pdpt(grand, vaddr, PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_NONE);
                                PMAP_LOCK(grand);
                                pde = pmap_pde(grand, vaddr);
                        }

                        if (pde == 0)
                                panic("pmap_nest: no pde, grand  %p vaddr 0x%llx", grand, vaddr);
                        vaddr += NBPDE;
                        pmap_store_pte(pde, tpde);
                        i++;
                }
        }

        PMAP_UNLOCK(grand);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__NEST) | DBG_FUNC_END, KERN_SUCCESS);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 *      kern_return_t pmap_unnest(grand, vaddr)
 *
 *      grand  = the pmap that we will un-nest subord from
 *      vaddr  = start of range in pmap to be unnested
 *
 *      Removes a pmap from another.  This is used to implement shared segments.
 */

kern_return_t pmap_unnest(pmap_t grand, addr64_t vaddr, uint64_t size) {
        pd_entry_t *pde;
        unsigned int i;
        uint64_t num_pde;
        addr64_t va_start, va_end;
        uint64_t npdpt = PMAP_INVALID_PDPTNUM;

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__UNNEST) | DBG_FUNC_START,
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(grand), VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(vaddr));

        if ((size & (pmap_nesting_size_min-1)) ||
            (vaddr & (pmap_nesting_size_min-1))) {
                panic("pmap_unnest(%p,0x%llx,0x%llx): unaligned...\n",
                    grand, vaddr, size);
        }

        assert(!is_ept_pmap(grand));

        /* align everything to PDE boundaries */
        va_start = vaddr & ~(NBPDE-1);
        va_end = (vaddr + size + NBPDE - 1) & ~(NBPDE-1);
        size = va_end - va_start;

        PMAP_LOCK(grand);

        num_pde = size >> PDESHIFT;
        vaddr = va_start;

        for (i = 0; i < num_pde; ) {
                if ((pdptnum(grand, vaddr) != npdpt) && cpu_64bit) {
                        npdpt = pdptnum(grand, vaddr);
                        pde = pmap64_pdpt(grand, vaddr);
                        if (pde && (*pde & INTEL_PDPTE_NESTED)) {
                                pmap_store_pte(pde, (pd_entry_t)0);
                                i += (uint32_t) NPDEPG;
                                vaddr += NBPDPT;
                                continue;
                        }
                }
                pde = pmap_pde(grand, (vm_map_offset_t)vaddr);
                if (pde == 0)
                        panic("pmap_unnest: no pde, grand %p vaddr 0x%llx\n", grand, vaddr);
                pmap_store_pte(pde, (pd_entry_t)0);
                i++;
                vaddr += NBPDE;
        }

        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(grand, va_start, va_end);

        PMAP_UNLOCK(grand);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__UNNEST) | DBG_FUNC_END, KERN_SUCCESS);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

kern_return_t
pmap_unnest_options(
        pmap_t grand,
        addr64_t vaddr,
        __unused uint64_t size,
        __unused unsigned int options) {
        return pmap_unnest(grand, vaddr, size);
}

/* Invoked by the Mach VM to determine the platform specific unnest region */

boolean_t pmap_adjust_unnest_parameters(pmap_t p, vm_map_offset_t *s, vm_map_offset_t *e) {
        pd_entry_t *pdpte;
        boolean_t rval = FALSE;

        if (!cpu_64bit)
                return rval;

        PMAP_LOCK(p);

        pdpte = pmap64_pdpt(p, *s);
        if (pdpte && (*pdpte & INTEL_PDPTE_NESTED)) {
                *s &= ~(NBPDPT -1);
                rval = TRUE;
        }

        pdpte = pmap64_pdpt(p, *e);
        if (pdpte && (*pdpte & INTEL_PDPTE_NESTED)) {
                *e = ((*e + NBPDPT) & ~(NBPDPT -1));
                rval = TRUE;
        }

        PMAP_UNLOCK(p);

        return rval;
}

/*
 * pmap_find_phys returns the (4K) physical page number containing a
 * given virtual address in a given pmap.
 * Note that pmap_pte may return a pde if this virtual address is
 * mapped by a large page and this is taken into account in order
 * to return the correct page number in this case.
 */
ppnum_t
pmap_find_phys(pmap_t pmap, addr64_t va)
{
        pt_entry_t      *ptp;
        pd_entry_t      *pdep;
        ppnum_t         ppn = 0;
        pd_entry_t      pde;
        pt_entry_t      pte;
        boolean_t       is_ept;

        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);

        mp_disable_preemption();

        /* This refcount test is a band-aid--several infrastructural changes
         * are necessary to eliminate invocation of this routine from arbitrary
         * contexts.
         */
        
        if (!pmap->ref_count)
                goto pfp_exit;

        pdep = pmap_pde(pmap, va);

        if ((pdep != PD_ENTRY_NULL) && ((pde = *pdep) & PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept))) {
                if (pde & PTE_PS) {
                        ppn = (ppnum_t) i386_btop(pte_to_pa(pde));
                        ppn += (ppnum_t) ptenum(va);
                }
                else {
                        ptp = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                        if ((PT_ENTRY_NULL != ptp) && (((pte = *ptp) & PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept)) != 0)) {
                                ppn = (ppnum_t) i386_btop(pte_to_pa(pte));
                        }
                }
        }
pfp_exit:       
        mp_enable_preemption();

        return ppn;
}

/*
 * Update cache attributes for all extant managed mappings.
 * Assumes PV for this page is locked, and that the page
 * is managed. We assume that this physical page may be mapped in
 * both EPT and normal Intel PTEs, so we convert the attributes
 * to the corresponding format for each pmap.
 *
 * We assert that the passed set of attributes is a subset of the
 * PHYS_CACHEABILITY_MASK.
 */
void
pmap_update_cache_attributes_locked(ppnum_t pn, unsigned attributes) {
        pv_rooted_entry_t       pv_h, pv_e;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_e, nexth;
        vm_map_offset_t vaddr;
        pmap_t  pmap;
        pt_entry_t      *ptep;
        boolean_t       is_ept;
        unsigned        ept_attributes;
        
        assert(IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pn));
        assert(((~PHYS_CACHEABILITY_MASK) & attributes) == 0);

        /* We don't support the PTA bit for EPT PTEs */
        if (attributes & INTEL_PTE_NCACHE)
                ept_attributes = INTEL_EPT_NCACHE;
        else
                ept_attributes = INTEL_EPT_WB;

        pv_h = pai_to_pvh(pn);
        /* TODO: translate the PHYS_* bits to PTE bits, while they're
         * currently identical, they may not remain so
         * Potential optimization (here and in page_protect),
         * parallel shootdowns, check for redundant
         * attribute modifications.
         */
        
        /*
         * Alter attributes on all mappings
         */
        if (pv_h->pmap != PMAP_NULL) {
                pv_e = pv_h;
                pvh_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t)pv_e;

                do {
                        pmap = pv_e->pmap;
                        vaddr = PVE_VA(pv_e);
                        ptep = pmap_pte(pmap, vaddr);
                        
                        if (0 == ptep)
                                panic("pmap_update_cache_attributes_locked: Missing PTE, pmap: %p, pn: 0x%x vaddr: 0x%llx kernel_pmap: %p", pmap, pn, vaddr, kernel_pmap);

                        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);

                        nexth = (pv_hashed_entry_t)queue_next(&pvh_e->qlink);
                        if (!is_ept) {
                                pmap_update_pte(ptep, PHYS_CACHEABILITY_MASK, attributes);
                        } else {
                                pmap_update_pte(ptep, INTEL_EPT_CACHE_MASK, ept_attributes);
                        }
                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE);
                        pvh_e = nexth;
                } while ((pv_e = (pv_rooted_entry_t)nexth) != pv_h);
        }
}

void x86_filter_TLB_coherency_interrupts(boolean_t dofilter) {
        assert(ml_get_interrupts_enabled() == 0 || get_preemption_level() != 0);

        if (dofilter) {
                CPU_CR3_MARK_INACTIVE();
        } else {
                CPU_CR3_MARK_ACTIVE();
                mfence();
                if (current_cpu_datap()->cpu_tlb_invalid)
                        process_pmap_updates();
        }
}


/*
 *      Insert the given physical page (p) at
 *      the specified virtual address (v) in the
 *      target physical map with the protection requested.
 *
 *      If specified, the page will be wired down, meaning
 *      that the related pte cannot be reclaimed.
 *
 *      NB:  This is the only routine which MAY NOT lazy-evaluate
 *      or lose information.  That is, this routine must actually
 *      insert this page into the given map NOW.
 */

kern_return_t
pmap_enter(
        pmap_t          pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t         vaddr,
        ppnum_t                 pn,
        vm_prot_t               prot,
        vm_prot_t               fault_type,
        unsigned int            flags,
        boolean_t               wired)
{
        return pmap_enter_options(pmap, vaddr, pn, prot, fault_type, flags, wired, PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_NONE, NULL);
}


kern_return_t
pmap_enter_options(
        pmap_t          pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t         vaddr,
        ppnum_t                 pn,
        vm_prot_t               prot,
        __unused vm_prot_t      fault_type,
        unsigned int            flags,
        boolean_t               wired,
        unsigned int            options,
        void                    *arg)
{
        pt_entry_t              *pte;
        pv_rooted_entry_t       pv_h;
        ppnum_t                 pai;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_e;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_new;
        pt_entry_t              template;
        pmap_paddr_t            old_pa;
        pmap_paddr_t            pa = (pmap_paddr_t) i386_ptob(pn);
        boolean_t               need_tlbflush = FALSE;
        boolean_t               set_NX;
        char                    oattr;
        boolean_t               old_pa_locked;
        /* 2MiB mappings are confined to x86_64 by VM */
        boolean_t               superpage = flags & VM_MEM_SUPERPAGE;
        vm_object_t             delpage_pm_obj = NULL;
        uint64_t                delpage_pde_index = 0;
        pt_entry_t              old_pte;
        kern_return_t           kr;
        boolean_t               is_ept;
        boolean_t               is_altacct;

        kr = KERN_FAILURE;

        pmap_intr_assert();

        if (pmap == PMAP_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);

        /* N.B. We can be supplied a zero page frame in the NOENTER case, it's an
         * unused value for that scenario.
         */
        assert(pn != vm_page_fictitious_addr);

        if (pn == vm_page_guard_addr)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__ENTER) | DBG_FUNC_START,
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(pmap), VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(vaddr), pn,
                   prot);

        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) || !nx_enabled || !pmap->nx_enabled)
                set_NX = FALSE;
        else
                set_NX = TRUE;

        if (__improbable(set_NX && (pmap == kernel_pmap) && ((pmap_disable_kstack_nx && (flags & VM_MEM_STACK)) || (pmap_disable_kheap_nx && !(flags & VM_MEM_STACK))))) {
                set_NX = FALSE;
        }

        /*
         *      Must allocate a new pvlist entry while we're unlocked;
         *      zalloc may cause pageout (which will lock the pmap system).
         *      If we determine we need a pvlist entry, we will unlock
         *      and allocate one.  Then we will retry, throughing away
         *      the allocated entry later (if we no longer need it).
         */

        pvh_new = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
Retry:
        pvh_e = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;

        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);

        /*
         *      Expand pmap to include this pte.  Assume that
         *      pmap is always expanded to include enough hardware
         *      pages to map one VM page.
         */
         if (superpage) {
                while ((pte = pmap64_pde(pmap, vaddr)) == PD_ENTRY_NULL) {
                        /* need room for another pde entry */
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                        kr = pmap_expand_pdpt(pmap, vaddr, options);
                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                goto done;
                        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                }
        } else {
                while ((pte = pmap_pte(pmap, vaddr)) == PT_ENTRY_NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Must unlock to expand the pmap
                         * going to grow pde level page(s)
                         */
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                        kr = pmap_expand(pmap, vaddr, options);
                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                goto done;
                        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                }
        }
        if (options & PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_NOENTER) {
                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                kr = KERN_SUCCESS;
                goto done;
        }

        if (superpage && *pte && !(*pte & PTE_PS)) {
                /*
                 * There is still an empty page table mapped that
                 * was used for a previous base page mapping.
                 * Remember the PDE and the PDE index, so that we
                 * can free the page at the end of this function.
                 */
                delpage_pde_index = pdeidx(pmap, vaddr);
                delpage_pm_obj = pmap->pm_obj;
                *pte = 0;
        }

        old_pa = pte_to_pa(*pte);
        pai = pa_index(old_pa);
        old_pa_locked = FALSE;

        if (old_pa == 0 &&
            PTE_IS_COMPRESSED(*pte)) {
                /*
                 * "pmap" should be locked at this point, so this should
                 * not race with another pmap_enter() or pmap_remove_range().
                 */
                assert(pmap != kernel_pmap);

                /* one less "compressed" */
                OSAddAtomic64(-1, &pmap->stats.compressed);
                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal_compressed,
                                  PAGE_SIZE);
                if (*pte & PTE_COMPRESSED_ALT) {
                        pmap_ledger_debit(
                                pmap,
                                task_ledgers.alternate_accounting_compressed,
                                PAGE_SIZE);
                } else {
                        /* was part of the footprint */
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_footprint,
                                          PAGE_SIZE);
                }
                /* marker will be cleared below */
        }

        /*
         * if we have a previous managed page, lock the pv entry now. after
         * we lock it, check to see if someone beat us to the lock and if so
         * drop the lock
         */
        if ((0 != old_pa) && IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                LOCK_PVH(pai);
                old_pa_locked = TRUE;
                old_pa = pte_to_pa(*pte);
                if (0 == old_pa) {
                        UNLOCK_PVH(pai);        /* another path beat us to it */
                        old_pa_locked = FALSE;
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Special case if the incoming physical page is already mapped
         *      at this address.
         */
        if (old_pa == pa) {
                pt_entry_t old_attributes =
                    *pte & ~(PTE_REF(is_ept) | PTE_MOD(is_ept));

                /*
                 *      May be changing its wired attribute or protection
                 */

                template =  pa_to_pte(pa);

                /* ?: WORTH ASSERTING THAT AT LEAST ONE RWX (implicit valid) PASSED FOR EPT? */
                if (!is_ept) {
                        template |= INTEL_PTE_VALID;
                } else {
                        template |= INTEL_EPT_IPTA;
                }

                template |= pmap_get_cache_attributes(pa_index(pa), is_ept);

                /*
                 * We don't support passing VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE flags for EPT PTEs
                 */
                if (!is_ept && (VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE ==
                    (flags & (VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE | VM_WIMG_USE_DEFAULT)))) {
                        if (!(flags & VM_MEM_GUARDED))
                                template |= INTEL_PTE_PTA;
                        template |= INTEL_PTE_NCACHE;
                }
                if (pmap != kernel_pmap && !is_ept)
                        template |= INTEL_PTE_USER;

                if (prot & VM_PROT_READ)
                        template |= PTE_READ(is_ept);

                if (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) {
                        template |= PTE_WRITE(is_ept);
                        if (is_ept && !pmap_ept_support_ad) {
                                template |= PTE_MOD(is_ept);
                                if (old_pa_locked) {
                                        assert(IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai));
                                        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_MODIFIED;
                                }
                        }
                }
                if (prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) {
                        assert(set_NX == 0);
                        template = pte_set_ex(template, is_ept);
                }

                if (set_NX)
                        template = pte_remove_ex(template, is_ept);

                if (wired) {
                        template |= PTE_WIRED;
                        if (!iswired(old_attributes))  {
                                OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.wired_count);
                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                        }
                } else {
                        if (iswired(old_attributes)) {
                                assert(pmap->stats.wired_count >= 1);
                                OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.wired_count);
                                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                        }
                }

                if (superpage)          /* this path can not be used */
                        template |= PTE_PS;     /* to change the page size! */

                if (old_attributes == template)
                        goto dont_update_pte;

                /* Determine delta, PV locked */
                need_tlbflush =
                    ((old_attributes ^ template) != PTE_WIRED);

                if (need_tlbflush == TRUE && !(old_attributes & PTE_WRITE(is_ept))) {
                        if ((old_attributes ^ template) == PTE_WRITE(is_ept))
                                need_tlbflush = FALSE;
                }

                /* For hardware that doesn't have EPT AD support, we always set REFMOD for EPT PTEs */
                if (is_ept && !pmap_ept_support_ad) {
                        template |= PTE_REF(is_ept);
                        if (old_pa_locked) {
                                assert(IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai));
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_REFERENCED;
                        }
                }

                /* store modified PTE and preserve RC bits */
                pt_entry_t npte, opte;;
                do {
                        opte = *pte;
                        npte = template | (opte & (PTE_REF(is_ept) | PTE_MOD(is_ept)));
                } while (!pmap_cmpx_pte(pte, opte, npte));
dont_update_pte:
                if (old_pa_locked) {
                        UNLOCK_PVH(pai);
                        old_pa_locked = FALSE;
                }
                goto Done;
        }

        /*
         *      Outline of code from here:
         *         1) If va was mapped, update TLBs, remove the mapping
         *            and remove old pvlist entry.
         *         2) Add pvlist entry for new mapping
         *         3) Enter new mapping.
         *
         *      If the old physical page is not managed step 1) is skipped
         *      (except for updating the TLBs), and the mapping is
         *      overwritten at step 3).  If the new physical page is not
         *      managed, step 2) is skipped.
         */

        if (old_pa != (pmap_paddr_t) 0) {
                boolean_t       was_altacct = FALSE;

                /*
                 *      Don't do anything to pages outside valid memory here.
                 *      Instead convince the code that enters a new mapping
                 *      to overwrite the old one.
                 */

                /* invalidate the PTE */
                pmap_update_pte(pte, PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept), 0);
                /* propagate invalidate everywhere */
                PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE);
                /* remember reference and change */
                old_pte = *pte;
                oattr = (char) (old_pte & (PTE_MOD(is_ept) | PTE_REF(is_ept)));
                /* completely invalidate the PTE */
                pmap_store_pte(pte, 0);

                if (IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                        /*
                         *      Remove the mapping from the pvlist for
                         *      this physical page.
                         *      We'll end up with either a rooted pv or a
                         *      hashed pv
                         */
                        pvh_e = pmap_pv_remove(pmap, vaddr, (ppnum_t *) &pai, &old_pte, &was_altacct);
                }

                if (IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                        pmap_assert(old_pa_locked == TRUE);
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                        assert(pmap->stats.resident_count >= 1);
                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.resident_count);
                        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                                /* update pmap stats */
                                if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF(
                                                (pmap->stats.reusable > 0,
                                                 "reusable %d",
                                                 pmap->stats.reusable));
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.reusable);
                                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF(
                                                (pmap->stats.internal > 0,
                                                 "internal %d",
                                                 pmap->stats.internal));
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.internal);
                                } else {
                                        PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF(
                                                (pmap->stats.external > 0,
                                                 "external %d",
                                                 pmap->stats.external));
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.external);
                                }

                                /* update ledgers */
                                if (was_altacct) {
                                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.alternate_accounting, PAGE_SIZE);
                                } else if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        assert(!was_altacct);
                                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                                        /* was already not in phys_footprint */
                                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        assert(!was_altacct);
                                        assert(!IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai));
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_footprint, PAGE_SIZE);
                                } else {
                                        /* not an internal page */
                                }
                        }
                        if (iswired(*pte)) {
                                assert(pmap->stats.wired_count >= 1);
                                OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.wired_count);
                                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem,
                                    PAGE_SIZE);
                        }

                        if (!is_ept) {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= oattr;
                        } else {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= ept_refmod_to_physmap(oattr);
                        }

                } else {

                        /*
                         *      old_pa is not managed.
                         *      Do removal part of accounting.
                         */

                        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
#if 00
                                assert(pmap->stats.device > 0);
                                OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.device);
#endif
                        }
                        if (iswired(*pte)) {
                                assert(pmap->stats.wired_count >= 1);
                                OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.wired_count);
                                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * if we had a previously managed paged locked, unlock it now
         */
        if (old_pa_locked) {
                UNLOCK_PVH(pai);
                old_pa_locked = FALSE;
        }

        pai = pa_index(pa);     /* now working with new incoming phys page */
        if (IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {

                /*
                 *      Step 2) Enter the mapping in the PV list for this
                 *      physical page.
                 */
                pv_h = pai_to_pvh(pai);

                LOCK_PVH(pai);

                if (pv_h->pmap == PMAP_NULL) {
                        /*
                         *      No mappings yet, use rooted pv
                         */
                        pv_h->va_and_flags = vaddr;
                        pv_h->pmap = pmap;
                        queue_init(&pv_h->qlink);

                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_INTERNAL) {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_INTERNAL;
                        } else {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] &= ~PHYS_INTERNAL;
                        }
                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_REUSABLE) {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_REUSABLE;
                        } else {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] &= ~PHYS_REUSABLE;
                        }
                        if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_ALT_ACCT) &&
                            IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                pv_h->va_and_flags |= PVE_IS_ALTACCT;
                                is_altacct = TRUE;
                        } else {
                                pv_h->va_and_flags &= ~PVE_IS_ALTACCT;
                                is_altacct = FALSE;
                        }
                } else {
                        /*
                         *      Add new pv_hashed_entry after header.
                         */
                        if ((PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL == pvh_e) && pvh_new) {
                                pvh_e = pvh_new;
                                pvh_new = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
                        } else if (PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL == pvh_e) {
                                PV_HASHED_ALLOC(&pvh_e);
                                if (PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL == pvh_e) {
                                        /*
                                         * the pv list is empty. if we are on
                                         * the kernel pmap we'll use one of
                                         * the special private kernel pv_e's,
                                         * else, we need to unlock
                                         * everything, zalloc a pv_e, and
                                         * restart bringing in the pv_e with
                                         * us.
                                         */
                                        if (kernel_pmap == pmap) {
                                                PV_HASHED_KERN_ALLOC(&pvh_e);
                                        } else {
                                                UNLOCK_PVH(pai);
                                                PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                                                pmap_pv_throttle(pmap);
                                                pvh_new = (pv_hashed_entry_t) zalloc(pv_hashed_list_zone);
                                                goto Retry;
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                        if (PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL == pvh_e)
                                panic("Mapping alias chain exhaustion, possibly induced by numerous kernel virtual double mappings");

                        pvh_e->va_and_flags = vaddr;
                        pvh_e->pmap = pmap;
                        pvh_e->ppn = pn;
                        if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_ALT_ACCT) &&
                            IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                pvh_e->va_and_flags |= PVE_IS_ALTACCT;
                                is_altacct = TRUE;
                        } else {
                                pvh_e->va_and_flags &= ~PVE_IS_ALTACCT;
                                is_altacct = FALSE;
                        }
                        pv_hash_add(pvh_e, pv_h);

                        /*
                         *      Remember that we used the pvlist entry.
                         */
                        pvh_e = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
                }

                /*
                 * only count the mapping
                 * for 'managed memory'
                 */
                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                OSAddAtomic(+1,  &pmap->stats.resident_count);
                if (pmap->stats.resident_count > pmap->stats.resident_max) {
                        pmap->stats.resident_max = pmap->stats.resident_count;
                }
                if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                        /* update pmap stats */
                        if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                                OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.reusable);
                                PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.reusable);
                        } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.internal);
                                PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.internal);
                        } else {
                                OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.external);
                                PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.external);
                        }

                        /* update ledgers */
                        if (is_altacct) {
                                /* internal but also alternate accounting */
                                assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal, PAGE_SIZE);
                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.alternate_accounting, PAGE_SIZE);
                                /* alternate accounting, so not in footprint */
                        } else if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                                assert(!is_altacct);
                                assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                                /* internal but reusable: not in footprint */
                        } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                assert(!is_altacct);
                                assert(!IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai));
                                /* internal: add to footprint */
                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal, PAGE_SIZE);
                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_footprint, PAGE_SIZE);
                        } else {
                                /* not internal: not in footprint */
                        }
                }
        } else if (last_managed_page == 0) {
                /* Account for early mappings created before "managed pages"
                 * are determined. Consider consulting the available DRAM map.
                 */
                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                OSAddAtomic(+1,  &pmap->stats.resident_count);
                if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
#if 00
                        OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.device);
                        PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.device);
#endif
                }
        }
        /*
         * Step 3) Enter the mapping.
         *
         *      Build a template to speed up entering -
         *      only the pfn changes.
         */
        template = pa_to_pte(pa);

        if (!is_ept) {
                template |= INTEL_PTE_VALID;
        } else {
                template |= INTEL_EPT_IPTA;
        }


        /*
         * DRK: It may be worth asserting on cache attribute flags that diverge
         * from the existing physical page attributes.
         */

        template |= pmap_get_cache_attributes(pa_index(pa), is_ept);

        /*
         * We don't support passing VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE flags for EPT PTEs
         */
        if (!is_ept && (flags & VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE)) {
                if (!(flags & VM_MEM_GUARDED))
                        template |= INTEL_PTE_PTA;
                template |= INTEL_PTE_NCACHE;
        }
        if (pmap != kernel_pmap && !is_ept)
                template |= INTEL_PTE_USER;
        if (prot & VM_PROT_READ)
                template |= PTE_READ(is_ept);
        if (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) {
                template |= PTE_WRITE(is_ept);
                if (is_ept && !pmap_ept_support_ad) {
                        template |= PTE_MOD(is_ept);
                        if (IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai))
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_MODIFIED;
                }
        }
        if (prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) {
                assert(set_NX == 0);
                template = pte_set_ex(template, is_ept);
        }

        if (set_NX)
                template = pte_remove_ex(template, is_ept);
        if (wired) {
                template |= INTEL_PTE_WIRED;
                OSAddAtomic(+1,  & pmap->stats.wired_count);
                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
        }
        if (superpage)
                template |= INTEL_PTE_PS;

        /* For hardware that doesn't have EPT AD support, we always set REFMOD for EPT PTEs */
        if (is_ept && !pmap_ept_support_ad) {
                template |= PTE_REF(is_ept);
                if (IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai))
                        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_REFERENCED;
        }

        pmap_store_pte(pte, template);

        /*
         * if this was a managed page we delayed unlocking the pv until here
         * to prevent pmap_page_protect et al from finding it until the pte
         * has been stored
         */
        if (IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                UNLOCK_PVH(pai);
        }
Done:
        if (need_tlbflush == TRUE) {
                if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH)
                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS_DELAYED(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE, (pmap_flush_context *)arg);
                else
                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE);
        }
        if (pvh_e != PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL) {
                PV_HASHED_FREE_LIST(pvh_e, pvh_e, 1);
        }
        if (pvh_new != PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL) {
                PV_HASHED_KERN_FREE_LIST(pvh_new, pvh_new, 1);
        }
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);

        if (delpage_pm_obj) {
                vm_page_t m;

                vm_object_lock(delpage_pm_obj);
                m = vm_page_lookup(delpage_pm_obj, (delpage_pde_index * PAGE_SIZE));
                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                    panic("pmap_enter: pte page not in object");
                VM_PAGE_FREE(m);
                vm_object_unlock(delpage_pm_obj);
                OSAddAtomic(-1,  &inuse_ptepages_count);
                PMAP_ZINFO_PFREE(pmap, PAGE_SIZE);
        }

        kr = KERN_SUCCESS;
done:
        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__ENTER) | DBG_FUNC_END, kr);
        return kr;
}

/*
 *      Remove a range of hardware page-table entries.
 *      The entries given are the first (inclusive)
 *      and last (exclusive) entries for the VM pages.
 *      The virtual address is the va for the first pte.
 *
 *      The pmap must be locked.
 *      If the pmap is not the kernel pmap, the range must lie
 *      entirely within one pte-page.  This is NOT checked.
 *      Assumes that the pte-page exists.
 */

void
pmap_remove_range(
        pmap_t                  pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t         start_vaddr,
        pt_entry_t              *spte,
        pt_entry_t              *epte)
{
        pmap_remove_range_options(pmap, start_vaddr, spte, epte,
                                  PMAP_OPTIONS_REMOVE);
}

void
pmap_remove_range_options(
        pmap_t                  pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t         start_vaddr,
        pt_entry_t              *spte,
        pt_entry_t              *epte,
        int                     options)
{
        pt_entry_t              *cpte;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_et = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_eh = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_e;
        int                     pvh_cnt = 0;
        int                     num_removed, num_unwired, num_found, num_invalid;
        int                     stats_external, stats_internal, stats_reusable;
        uint64_t                stats_compressed;
        int                     ledgers_internal, ledgers_alt_internal;
        uint64_t                ledgers_compressed, ledgers_alt_compressed;
        ppnum_t                 pai;
        pmap_paddr_t            pa;
        vm_map_offset_t         vaddr;
        boolean_t               is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);
        boolean_t               was_altacct;

        num_removed = 0;
        num_unwired = 0;
        num_found   = 0;
        num_invalid = 0;
        stats_external = 0;
        stats_internal = 0;
        stats_reusable = 0;
        stats_compressed = 0;
        ledgers_internal = 0;
        ledgers_compressed = 0;
        ledgers_alt_internal = 0;
        ledgers_alt_compressed = 0;
        /* invalidate the PTEs first to "freeze" them */
        for (cpte = spte, vaddr = start_vaddr;
             cpte < epte;
             cpte++, vaddr += PAGE_SIZE_64) {
                pt_entry_t p = *cpte;

                pa = pte_to_pa(p);
                if (pa == 0) {
                        if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_REMOVE) &&
                            (PTE_IS_COMPRESSED(p))) {
                                assert(pmap != kernel_pmap);
                                /* one less "compressed"... */
                                stats_compressed++;
                                ledgers_compressed++;
                                if (p & PTE_COMPRESSED_ALT) {
                                        /* ... but it used to be "ALTACCT" */
                                        ledgers_alt_compressed++;
                                }
                                /* clear marker(s) */
                                /* XXX probably does not need to be atomic! */
                                pmap_update_pte(cpte, INTEL_PTE_COMPRESSED_MASK, 0);
                        }
                        continue;
                }
                num_found++;

                if (iswired(p))
                        num_unwired++;
                
                pai = pa_index(pa);

                if (!IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                        /*
                         *      Outside range of managed physical memory.
                         *      Just remove the mappings.
                         */
                        pmap_store_pte(cpte, 0);
                        continue;
                }

                if ((p & PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept)) == 0)
                        num_invalid++;

                /* invalidate the PTE */
                pmap_update_pte(cpte, PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept), 0);
        }

        if (num_found == 0) {
                /* nothing was changed: we're done */
                goto update_counts;
        }

        /* propagate the invalidates to other CPUs */

        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, start_vaddr, vaddr);

        for (cpte = spte, vaddr = start_vaddr;
             cpte < epte;
             cpte++, vaddr += PAGE_SIZE_64) {

                pa = pte_to_pa(*cpte);
                if (pa == 0) {
                check_pte_for_compressed_marker:
                        /*
                         * This PTE could have been replaced with a
                         * "compressed" marker after our first "freeze"
                         * loop above, so check again.
                         */
                        if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_REMOVE) &&
                            (PTE_IS_COMPRESSED(*cpte))) {
                                assert(pmap != kernel_pmap);
                                /* one less "compressed"... */
                                stats_compressed++;
                                ledgers_compressed++;
                                if (*cpte & PTE_COMPRESSED_ALT) {
                                        /* ... but it used to be "ALTACCT" */
                                        ledgers_alt_compressed++;
                                }
                                pmap_store_pte(cpte, 0);
                        }
                        continue;
                }

                pai = pa_index(pa);

                LOCK_PVH(pai);

                pa = pte_to_pa(*cpte);
                if (pa == 0) {
                        UNLOCK_PVH(pai);
                        goto check_pte_for_compressed_marker;
                }

                /*
                 * Remove the mapping from the pvlist for this physical page.
                 */
                pvh_e = pmap_pv_remove(pmap, vaddr, (ppnum_t *) &pai, cpte, &was_altacct);

                num_removed++;
                /* update pmap stats */
                if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                        stats_reusable++;
                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                        stats_internal++;
                } else {
                        stats_external++;
                }
                /* update ledgers */
                if (was_altacct) {
                        /* internal and alternate accounting */
                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                        ledgers_internal++;
                        ledgers_alt_internal++;
                } else if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                        /* internal but reusable */
                        assert(!was_altacct);
                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                        /* internal */
                        assert(!was_altacct);
                        assert(!IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai));
                        ledgers_internal++;
                } else {
                        /* not internal */
                }

                /*
                 * Get the modify and reference bits, then
                 * nuke the entry in the page table
                 */
                /* remember reference and change */
                if (!is_ept) {
                        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |=
                                *cpte & (PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED);
                } else {
                        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |=
                                ept_refmod_to_physmap((*cpte & (INTEL_EPT_REF | INTEL_EPT_MOD))) & (PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED);
                }

                /* completely invalidate the PTE */
                pmap_store_pte(cpte, 0);

                UNLOCK_PVH(pai);

                if (pvh_e != PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL) {
                        pvh_e->qlink.next = (queue_entry_t) pvh_eh;
                        pvh_eh = pvh_e;

                        if (pvh_et == PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL) {
                                pvh_et = pvh_e;
                        }
                        pvh_cnt++;
                }
        } /* for loop */

        if (pvh_eh != PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL) {
                PV_HASHED_FREE_LIST(pvh_eh, pvh_et, pvh_cnt);
        }
update_counts:
        /*
         *      Update the counts
         */
#if TESTING
        if (pmap->stats.resident_count < num_removed)
                panic("pmap_remove_range: resident_count");
#endif
        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_mem, machine_ptob(num_removed));
        PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF((pmap->stats.resident_count >= num_removed,
                            "pmap=%p num_removed=%d stats.resident_count=%d",
                            pmap, num_removed, pmap->stats.resident_count));
        OSAddAtomic(-num_removed,  &pmap->stats.resident_count);

        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF((pmap->stats.external >= stats_external,
                                    "pmap=%p stats_external=%d stats.external=%d",
                                    pmap, stats_external, pmap->stats.external));
                PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF((pmap->stats.internal >= stats_internal,
                                    "pmap=%p stats_internal=%d stats.internal=%d",
                                    pmap, stats_internal, pmap->stats.internal));
                PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF((pmap->stats.reusable >= stats_reusable,
                                    "pmap=%p stats_reusable=%d stats.reusable=%d",
                                    pmap, stats_reusable, pmap->stats.reusable));
                PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF((pmap->stats.compressed >= stats_compressed,
                                    "pmap=%p stats_compressed=%lld, stats.compressed=%lld",
                                    pmap, stats_compressed, pmap->stats.compressed));

                /* update pmap stats */
                if (stats_external) {
                        OSAddAtomic(-stats_external, &pmap->stats.external);
                }
                if (stats_internal) {
                        OSAddAtomic(-stats_internal, &pmap->stats.internal);
                }
                if (stats_reusable)
                        OSAddAtomic(-stats_reusable, &pmap->stats.reusable);
                if (stats_compressed)
                        OSAddAtomic64(-stats_compressed, &pmap->stats.compressed);
                /* update ledgers */
                if (ledgers_internal) {
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap,
                                          task_ledgers.internal,
                                          machine_ptob(ledgers_internal));
                }
                if (ledgers_compressed) {
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap,
                                          task_ledgers.internal_compressed,
                                          machine_ptob(ledgers_compressed));
                }
                if (ledgers_alt_internal) {
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap,
                                          task_ledgers.alternate_accounting,
                                          machine_ptob(ledgers_alt_internal));
                }
                if (ledgers_alt_compressed) {
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap,
                                          task_ledgers.alternate_accounting_compressed,
                                          machine_ptob(ledgers_alt_compressed));
                }
                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap,
                                  task_ledgers.phys_footprint,
                                  machine_ptob((ledgers_internal -
                                                ledgers_alt_internal) +
                                               (ledgers_compressed -
                                                ledgers_alt_compressed)));
        }

#if TESTING
        if (pmap->stats.wired_count < num_unwired)
                panic("pmap_remove_range: wired_count");
#endif
        PMAP_STATS_ASSERTF((pmap->stats.wired_count >= num_unwired,
                            "pmap=%p num_unwired=%d stats.wired_count=%d",
                            pmap, num_unwired, pmap->stats.wired_count));
        OSAddAtomic(-num_unwired,  &pmap->stats.wired_count);
        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem, machine_ptob(num_unwired));

        return;
}


/*
 *      Remove the given range of addresses
 *      from the specified map.
 *
 *      It is assumed that the start and end are properly
 *      rounded to the hardware page size.
 */
void
pmap_remove(
        pmap_t          map,
        addr64_t        s64,
        addr64_t        e64)
{
        pmap_remove_options(map, s64, e64, PMAP_OPTIONS_REMOVE);
}

void
pmap_remove_options(
        pmap_t          map,
        addr64_t        s64,
        addr64_t        e64,
        int             options)
{
        pt_entry_t     *pde;
        pt_entry_t     *spte, *epte;
        addr64_t        l64;
        uint64_t        deadline;
        boolean_t       is_ept;

        pmap_intr_assert();

        if (map == PMAP_NULL || s64 == e64)
                return;

        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(map);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__REMOVE) | DBG_FUNC_START,
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(map), VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(s64),
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(e64));

        PMAP_LOCK(map);

#if 0
        /*
         * Check that address range in the kernel does not overlap the stacks.
         * We initialize local static min/max variables once to avoid making
         * 2 function calls for every remove. Note also that these functions
         * both return 0 before kernel stacks have been initialized, and hence
         * the panic is not triggered in this case.
         */
        if (map == kernel_pmap) {
                static vm_offset_t kernel_stack_min = 0;
                static vm_offset_t kernel_stack_max = 0;

                if (kernel_stack_min == 0) {
                        kernel_stack_min = min_valid_stack_address();
                        kernel_stack_max = max_valid_stack_address();
                }
                if ((kernel_stack_min <= s64 && s64 < kernel_stack_max) ||
                    (kernel_stack_min < e64 && e64 <= kernel_stack_max))
                        panic("pmap_remove() attempted in kernel stack");
        }
#else

        /*
         * The values of kernel_stack_min and kernel_stack_max are no longer
         * relevant now that we allocate kernel stacks in the kernel map,
         * so the old code above no longer applies.  If we wanted to check that
         * we weren't removing a mapping of a page in a kernel stack we'd 
         * mark the PTE with an unused bit and check that here.
         */

#endif

        deadline = rdtsc64() + max_preemption_latency_tsc;

        while (s64 < e64) {
                l64 = (s64 + pde_mapped_size) & ~(pde_mapped_size - 1);
                if (l64 > e64)
                        l64 = e64;
                pde = pmap_pde(map, s64);

                if (pde && (*pde & PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept))) {
                        if (*pde & PTE_PS) {
                                /*
                                 * If we're removing a superpage, pmap_remove_range()
                                 * must work on level 2 instead of level 1; and we're
                                 * only passing a single level 2 entry instead of a
                                 * level 1 range.
                                 */
                                spte = pde;
                                epte = spte+1; /* excluded */
                        } else {
                                spte = pmap_pte(map, (s64 & ~(pde_mapped_size - 1)));
                                spte = &spte[ptenum(s64)];
                                epte = &spte[intel_btop(l64 - s64)];
                        }
                        pmap_remove_range_options(map, s64, spte, epte,
                                                  options);
                }
                s64 = l64;

                if (s64 < e64 && rdtsc64() >= deadline) {
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(map)
                            /* TODO: Rapid release/reacquisition can defeat
                             * the "backoff" intent here; either consider a
                             * fair spinlock, or a scheme whereby each lock
                             * attempt marks the processor as within a spinlock
                             * acquisition, and scan CPUs here to determine
                             * if a backoff is necessary, to avoid sacrificing
                             * performance in the common case.
                             */
                        PMAP_LOCK(map)
                        deadline = rdtsc64() + max_preemption_latency_tsc;
                }
        }

        PMAP_UNLOCK(map);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__REMOVE) | DBG_FUNC_END);

}

void
pmap_page_protect(
        ppnum_t         pn,
        vm_prot_t       prot)
{
        pmap_page_protect_options(pn, prot, 0, NULL);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        pmap_page_protect_options
 *
 *      Function:
 *              Lower the permission for all mappings to a given
 *              page.
 */
void
pmap_page_protect_options(
        ppnum_t         pn,
        vm_prot_t       prot,
        unsigned int    options,
        void            *arg)
{
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_eh = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_et = PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       nexth;
        int                     pvh_cnt = 0;
        pv_rooted_entry_t       pv_h;
        pv_rooted_entry_t       pv_e;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pvh_e;
        pt_entry_t              *pte;
        int                     pai;
        pmap_t                  pmap;
        boolean_t               remove;
        pt_entry_t              new_pte_value;
        boolean_t               is_ept;

        pmap_intr_assert();
        assert(pn != vm_page_fictitious_addr);
        if (pn == vm_page_guard_addr)
                return;

        pai = ppn_to_pai(pn);

        if (!IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                /*
                 *      Not a managed page.
                 */
                return;
        }

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__PAGE_PROTECT) | DBG_FUNC_START, pn, prot);

        /*
         * Determine the new protection.
         */
        switch (prot) {
        case VM_PROT_READ:
        case VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE:
                remove = FALSE;
                break;
        case VM_PROT_ALL:
                return;         /* nothing to do */
        default:
                remove = TRUE;
                break;
        }

        pv_h = pai_to_pvh(pai);

        LOCK_PVH(pai);


        /*
         * Walk down PV list, if any, changing or removing all mappings.
         */
        if (pv_h->pmap == PMAP_NULL)
                goto done;

        pv_e = pv_h;
        pvh_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t) pv_e;       /* cheat */

        do {
                vm_map_offset_t vaddr;

                if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR_IFF_MODIFIED) &&
                    (pmap_phys_attributes[pai] & PHYS_MODIFIED)) {
                        /* page was modified, so it will be compressed */
                        options &= ~PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR_IFF_MODIFIED;
                        options |= PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR;
                }

                pmap = pv_e->pmap;
                is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);
                vaddr = PVE_VA(pv_e);
                pte = pmap_pte(pmap, vaddr);

                pmap_assert2((pa_index(pte_to_pa(*pte)) == pn),
                    "pmap_page_protect: PTE mismatch, pn: 0x%x, pmap: %p, vaddr: 0x%llx, pte: 0x%llx", pn, pmap, vaddr, *pte);

                if (0 == pte) {
                        panic("pmap_page_protect() "
                                "pmap=%p pn=0x%x vaddr=0x%llx\n",
                                pmap, pn, vaddr);
                }
                nexth = (pv_hashed_entry_t) queue_next(&pvh_e->qlink);

                /*
                 * Remove the mapping if new protection is NONE
                 */
                if (remove) {

                        /* Remove per-pmap wired count */
                        if (iswired(*pte)) {
                                OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.wired_count);
                                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                        }

                        if (pmap != kernel_pmap &&
                            (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR) &&
                            IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                assert(!PTE_IS_COMPRESSED(*pte));
                                /* mark this PTE as having been "compressed" */
                                new_pte_value = PTE_COMPRESSED;
                                if (IS_ALTACCT_PAGE(pai, pv_e)) {
                                        new_pte_value |= PTE_COMPRESSED_ALT;
                                }
                        } else {
                                new_pte_value = 0;
                        }

                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_NOREFMOD) {
                                pmap_store_pte(pte, new_pte_value);

                                if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH)
                                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS_DELAYED(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE, (pmap_flush_context *)arg);
                                else
                                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE);
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * Remove the mapping, collecting dirty bits.
                                 */
                                pmap_update_pte(pte, PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept), 0);

                                PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, vaddr, vaddr+PAGE_SIZE);
                                if (!is_ept) {
                                        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |=
                                                *pte & (PHYS_MODIFIED|PHYS_REFERENCED);
                                } else {
                                        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |=
                                                ept_refmod_to_physmap((*pte & (INTEL_EPT_REF | INTEL_EPT_MOD))) & (PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED);
                                }
                                if ((options &
                                     PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR_IFF_MODIFIED) &&
                                    IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai) &&
                                    (pmap_phys_attributes[pai] &
                                     PHYS_MODIFIED)) {
                                        /*
                                         * Page is actually "modified" and
                                         * will be compressed.  Start
                                         * accounting for it as "compressed".
                                         */
                                        assert(!(options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR));
                                        options &= ~PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR_IFF_MODIFIED;
                                        options |= PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR;
                                        assert(new_pte_value == 0);
                                        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                                                new_pte_value = PTE_COMPRESSED;
                                                if (IS_ALTACCT_PAGE(pai, pv_e)) {
                                                        new_pte_value |= PTE_COMPRESSED_ALT;
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                                pmap_store_pte(pte, new_pte_value);
                        }

#if TESTING
                        if (pmap->stats.resident_count < 1)
                                panic("pmap_page_protect: resident_count");
#endif
                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                        assert(pmap->stats.resident_count >= 1);
                        OSAddAtomic(-1,  &pmap->stats.resident_count);

                        /*
                         * We only ever compress internal pages.
                         */
                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR) {
                                assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                        }
                        if (pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                                /* update pmap stats */
                                if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        assert(pmap->stats.reusable > 0);
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.reusable);
                                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        assert(pmap->stats.internal > 0);
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.internal);
                                } else {
                                        assert(pmap->stats.external > 0);
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.external);
                                }
                                if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR) &&
                                    IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        /* adjust "compressed" stats */
                                        OSAddAtomic64(+1, &pmap->stats.compressed);
                                        PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.compressed);
                                        pmap->stats.compressed_lifetime++;
                                }

                                /* update ledgers */
                                if (IS_ALTACCT_PAGE(pai, pv_e)) {
                                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.alternate_accounting, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR) {
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal_compressed, PAGE_SIZE);
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.alternate_accounting_compressed, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        }
                                } else if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        assert(!IS_ALTACCT_PAGE(pai, pv_e));
                                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR) {
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal_compressed, PAGE_SIZE);
                                                /* was not in footprint, but is now */
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_footprint, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        }
                                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                                        assert(!IS_ALTACCT_PAGE(pai, pv_e));
                                        assert(!IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai));
                                        pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        /*
                                         * Update all stats related to physical
                                         * footprint, which only deals with
                                         * internal pages.
                                         */
                                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_COMPRESSOR) {
                                                /*
                                                 * This removal is only being
                                                 * done so we can send this page
                                                 * to the compressor;  therefore
                                                 * it mustn't affect total task
                                                 * footprint.
                                                 */
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap, task_ledgers.internal_compressed, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        } else {
                                                /*
                                                 * This internal page isn't
                                                 * going to the compressor,
                                                 * so adjust stats to keep 
                                                 * phys_footprint up to date.
                                                 */
                                                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap, task_ledgers.phys_footprint, PAGE_SIZE);
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                        /*
                         * Deal with the pv_rooted_entry.
                         */

                        if (pv_e == pv_h) {
                                /*
                                 * Fix up head later.
                                 */
                                pv_h->pmap = PMAP_NULL;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * Delete this entry.
                                 */
                                pv_hash_remove(pvh_e);
                                pvh_e->qlink.next = (queue_entry_t) pvh_eh;
                                pvh_eh = pvh_e;

                                if (pvh_et == PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL)
                                        pvh_et = pvh_e;
                                pvh_cnt++;
                        }
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Write-protect, after opportunistic refmod collect
                         */
                        if (!is_ept) {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |=
                                        *pte & (PHYS_MODIFIED|PHYS_REFERENCED);
                        } else {
                                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |=
                                        ept_refmod_to_physmap((*pte & (INTEL_EPT_REF | INTEL_EPT_MOD))) & (PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED);
                        }
                        pmap_update_pte(pte, PTE_WRITE(is_ept), 0);

                        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH)
                                PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS_DELAYED(pmap, vaddr, vaddr + PAGE_SIZE, (pmap_flush_context *)arg);
                        else
                                PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap, vaddr, vaddr+PAGE_SIZE);
                }
                pvh_e = nexth;
        } while ((pv_e = (pv_rooted_entry_t) nexth) != pv_h);


        /*
         * If pv_head mapping was removed, fix it up.
         */
        if (pv_h->pmap == PMAP_NULL) {
                pvh_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t) queue_next(&pv_h->qlink);

                if (pvh_e != (pv_hashed_entry_t) pv_h) {
                        pv_hash_remove(pvh_e);
                        pv_h->pmap = pvh_e->pmap;
                        pv_h->va_and_flags = pvh_e->va_and_flags;
                        pvh_e->qlink.next = (queue_entry_t) pvh_eh;
                        pvh_eh = pvh_e;

                        if (pvh_et == PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL)
                                pvh_et = pvh_e;
                        pvh_cnt++;
                }
        }
        if (pvh_eh != PV_HASHED_ENTRY_NULL) {
                PV_HASHED_FREE_LIST(pvh_eh, pvh_et, pvh_cnt);
        }
done:
        UNLOCK_PVH(pai);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__PAGE_PROTECT) | DBG_FUNC_END);
}


/*
 *      Clear specified attribute bits.
 */
void
phys_attribute_clear(
        ppnum_t         pn,
        int             bits,
        unsigned int    options,
        void            *arg)
{
        pv_rooted_entry_t       pv_h;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pv_e;
        pt_entry_t              *pte = NULL;
        int                     pai;
        pmap_t                  pmap;
        char                    attributes = 0;
        boolean_t               is_internal, is_reusable, is_altacct, is_ept;
        int                     ept_bits_to_clear;
        boolean_t               ept_keep_global_mod = FALSE;

        if ((bits & PHYS_MODIFIED) &&
            (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH) &&
            arg == NULL) {
                panic("phys_attribute_clear(0x%x,0x%x,0x%x,%p): "
                      "should not clear 'modified' without flushing TLBs\n",
                      pn, bits, options, arg);
        }

        /* We only support converting MOD and REF bits for EPT PTEs in this function */
        assert((bits & ~(PHYS_REFERENCED | PHYS_MODIFIED)) == 0);

        ept_bits_to_clear = (unsigned)physmap_refmod_to_ept(bits & (PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED));

        pmap_intr_assert();
        assert(pn != vm_page_fictitious_addr);
        if (pn == vm_page_guard_addr)
                return;

        pai = ppn_to_pai(pn);

        if (!IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                /*
                 *      Not a managed page.
                 */
                return;
        }

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__ATTRIBUTE_CLEAR) | DBG_FUNC_START, pn, bits);

        pv_h = pai_to_pvh(pai);

        LOCK_PVH(pai);


        /*
         * Walk down PV list, clearing all modify or reference bits.
         * We do not have to lock the pv_list because we have
         * the per-pmap lock
         */
        if (pv_h->pmap != PMAP_NULL) {
                /*
                 * There are some mappings.
                 */

                is_internal = IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai);
                is_reusable = IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai);

                pv_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t)pv_h;

                do {
                        vm_map_offset_t va;
                        char pte_bits;

                        pmap = pv_e->pmap;
                        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);
                        is_altacct = IS_ALTACCT_PAGE(pai, pv_e);
                        va = PVE_VA(pv_e);
                        pte_bits = 0;

                        if (bits) {
                                pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                                /* grab ref/mod bits from this PTE */
                                pte_bits = (*pte & (PTE_REF(is_ept) | PTE_MOD(is_ept)));
                                /* propagate to page's global attributes */
                                if (!is_ept) {
                                        attributes |= pte_bits;
                                } else {
                                        attributes |= ept_refmod_to_physmap(pte_bits);
                                        if (!pmap_ept_support_ad && (pte_bits & INTEL_EPT_MOD)) {
                                                ept_keep_global_mod = TRUE;
                                        }
                                }
                                /* which bits to clear for this PTE? */
                                if (!is_ept) {
                                        pte_bits &= bits;
                                } else {
                                        pte_bits &= ept_bits_to_clear;
                                }
                        }

                         /*
                          * Clear modify and/or reference bits.
                          */
                        if (pte_bits) {
                                pmap_update_pte(pte, bits, 0);

                                /* Ensure all processors using this translation
                                 * invalidate this TLB entry. The invalidation
                                 * *must* follow the PTE update, to ensure that
                                 * the TLB shadow of the 'D' bit (in particular)
                                 * is synchronized with the updated PTE.
                                 */
                                if (! (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_NOFLUSH)) {
                                        /* flush TLBS now */
                                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(pmap,
                                                         va,
                                                         va + PAGE_SIZE);
                                } else if (arg) {
                                        /* delayed TLB flush: add "pmap" info */
                                        PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS_DELAYED(
                                                pmap,
                                                va,
                                                va + PAGE_SIZE,
                                                (pmap_flush_context *)arg);
                                } else {
                                        /* no TLB flushing at all */
                                }
                        }

                        /* update pmap "reusable" stats */
                        if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_CLEAR_REUSABLE) &&
                            is_reusable &&
                            pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                                /* one less "reusable" */
                                assert(pmap->stats.reusable > 0);
                                OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.reusable);
                                if (is_internal) {
                                        /* one more "internal" */
                                        OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.internal);
                                        PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.internal);
                                        assert(pmap->stats.internal > 0);
                                        if (is_altacct) {
                                                /* no impact on ledgers */
                                        } else {
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(pmap,
                                                                   task_ledgers.internal,
                                                                   PAGE_SIZE);
                                                pmap_ledger_credit(
                                                        pmap,
                                                        task_ledgers.phys_footprint,
                                                        PAGE_SIZE);
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        /* one more "external" */
                                        OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.external);
                                        PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.external);
                                        assert(pmap->stats.external > 0);
                                }
                        } else if ((options & PMAP_OPTIONS_SET_REUSABLE) &&
                                   !is_reusable &&
                                   pmap != kernel_pmap) {
                                /* one more "reusable" */
                                OSAddAtomic(+1, &pmap->stats.reusable);
                                PMAP_STATS_PEAK(pmap->stats.reusable);
                                assert(pmap->stats.reusable > 0);
                                if (is_internal) {
                                        /* one less "internal" */
                                        assert(pmap->stats.internal > 0);
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.internal);
                                        if (is_altacct) {
                                                /* no impact on footprint */
                                        } else {
                                                pmap_ledger_debit(pmap,
                                                                  task_ledgers.internal,
                                                                  PAGE_SIZE);
                                                pmap_ledger_debit(
                                                        pmap,
                                                        task_ledgers.phys_footprint,
                                                        PAGE_SIZE);
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        /* one less "external" */
                                        assert(pmap->stats.external > 0);
                                        OSAddAtomic(-1, &pmap->stats.external);
                                }
                        }

                        pv_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t)queue_next(&pv_e->qlink);

                } while (pv_e != (pv_hashed_entry_t)pv_h);
        }
        /* Opportunistic refmod collection, annulled
         * if both REF and MOD are being cleared.
         */

        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= attributes;

        if (ept_keep_global_mod) {
                /*
                 * If the hardware doesn't support AD bits for EPT PTEs and someone is
                 * requesting that we clear the modified bit for a phys page, we need
                 * to ensure that there are no EPT mappings for the page with the
                 * modified bit set. If there are, we cannot clear the global modified bit.
                 */
                bits &= ~PHYS_MODIFIED;
        }
        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] &= ~(bits);

        /* update this page's "reusable" status */
        if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_CLEAR_REUSABLE) {
                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] &= ~PHYS_REUSABLE;
        } else if (options & PMAP_OPTIONS_SET_REUSABLE) {
                pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= PHYS_REUSABLE;
        }

        UNLOCK_PVH(pai);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__ATTRIBUTE_CLEAR) | DBG_FUNC_END);
}

/*
 *      Check specified attribute bits.
 */
int
phys_attribute_test(
        ppnum_t         pn,
        int             bits)
{
        pv_rooted_entry_t       pv_h;
        pv_hashed_entry_t       pv_e;
        pt_entry_t              *pte;
        int                     pai;
        pmap_t                  pmap;
        int                     attributes = 0;
        boolean_t               is_ept;

        pmap_intr_assert();
        assert(pn != vm_page_fictitious_addr);
        assert((bits & ~(PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED)) == 0);
        if (pn == vm_page_guard_addr)
                return 0;

        pai = ppn_to_pai(pn);

        if (!IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                /*
                 *      Not a managed page.
                 */
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * Fast check...  if bits already collected
         * no need to take any locks...
         * if not set, we need to recheck after taking
         * the lock in case they got pulled in while
         * we were waiting for the lock
         */
        if ((pmap_phys_attributes[pai] & bits) == bits)
                return bits;

        pv_h = pai_to_pvh(pai);

        LOCK_PVH(pai);

        attributes = pmap_phys_attributes[pai] & bits;


        /*
         * Walk down PV list, checking the mappings until we
         * reach the end or we've found the desired attributes.
         */
        if (attributes != bits &&
            pv_h->pmap != PMAP_NULL) {
                /*
                 * There are some mappings.
                 */
                pv_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t)pv_h;
                do {
                        vm_map_offset_t va;

                        pmap = pv_e->pmap;
                        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);
                        va = PVE_VA(pv_e);
                        /*
                         * pick up modify and/or reference bits from mapping
                         */

                        pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                        if (!is_ept) {
                                attributes |= (int)(*pte & bits);
                        } else {
                                attributes |= (int)(ept_refmod_to_physmap((*pte & (INTEL_EPT_REF | INTEL_EPT_MOD))) & (PHYS_MODIFIED | PHYS_REFERENCED));

                        }

                        pv_e = (pv_hashed_entry_t)queue_next(&pv_e->qlink);

                } while ((attributes != bits) &&
                         (pv_e != (pv_hashed_entry_t)pv_h));
        }
        pmap_phys_attributes[pai] |= attributes;

        UNLOCK_PVH(pai);
        return (attributes);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        pmap_change_wiring
 *      Function:       Change the wiring attribute for a map/virtual-address
 *                      pair.
 *      In/out conditions:
 *                      The mapping must already exist in the pmap.
 */
void
pmap_change_wiring(
        pmap_t          map,
        vm_map_offset_t vaddr,
        boolean_t       wired)
{
        pt_entry_t      *pte;

        PMAP_LOCK(map);

        if ((pte = pmap_pte(map, vaddr)) == PT_ENTRY_NULL)
                panic("pmap_change_wiring(%p,0x%llx,%d): pte missing",
                      map, vaddr, wired);

        if (wired && !iswired(*pte)) {
                /*
                 * wiring down mapping
                 */
                pmap_ledger_credit(map, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                OSAddAtomic(+1,  &map->stats.wired_count);
                pmap_update_pte(pte, 0, PTE_WIRED);
        }
        else if (!wired && iswired(*pte)) {
                /*
                 * unwiring mapping
                 */
                assert(map->stats.wired_count >= 1);
                OSAddAtomic(-1,  &map->stats.wired_count);
                pmap_ledger_debit(map, task_ledgers.wired_mem, PAGE_SIZE);
                pmap_update_pte(pte, PTE_WIRED, 0);
        }

        PMAP_UNLOCK(map);
}

/*
 *      "Backdoor" direct map routine for early mappings.
 *      Useful for mapping memory outside the range
 *      Sets A, D and NC if requested
 */

vm_offset_t
pmap_map_bd(
        vm_offset_t     virt,
        vm_map_offset_t start_addr,
        vm_map_offset_t end_addr,
        vm_prot_t       prot,
        unsigned int    flags)
{
        pt_entry_t      template;
        pt_entry_t      *ptep;

        vm_offset_t     base = virt;
        boolean_t       doflush = FALSE;

        template = pa_to_pte(start_addr)
                | INTEL_PTE_REF
                | INTEL_PTE_MOD
                | INTEL_PTE_WIRED
                | INTEL_PTE_VALID;

        if ((flags & (VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE | VM_WIMG_USE_DEFAULT)) == VM_MEM_NOT_CACHEABLE) {
                template |= INTEL_PTE_NCACHE;
                if (!(flags & (VM_MEM_GUARDED)))
                        template |= INTEL_PTE_PTA;
        }

        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                template |= INTEL_PTE_NX;

        if (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE)
                template |= INTEL_PTE_WRITE;

        while (start_addr < end_addr) {
                ptep = pmap_pte(kernel_pmap, (vm_map_offset_t)virt);
                if (ptep == PT_ENTRY_NULL) {
                        panic("pmap_map_bd: Invalid kernel address");
                }
                if (pte_to_pa(*ptep)) {
                        doflush = TRUE;
                }
                pmap_store_pte(ptep, template);
                pte_increment_pa(template);
                virt += PAGE_SIZE;
                start_addr += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
        if (doflush) {
                flush_tlb_raw();
                PMAP_UPDATE_TLBS(kernel_pmap, base, base + end_addr - start_addr);
        }
        return(virt);
}

/* Create a virtual alias beginning at 'ava' of the specified kernel virtual
 * range. The aliased pagetable range is expanded if
 * PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_ALIASMAP is specified. Performs no synchronization,
 * assumes caller has stabilized the source and destination ranges. Currently
 * used to populate sections of the trampoline "doublemap" at CPU startup.
 */

void
pmap_alias(
        vm_offset_t     ava,
        vm_map_offset_t start_addr,
        vm_map_offset_t end_addr,
        vm_prot_t       prot,
        unsigned int    eoptions)
{
        pt_entry_t      prot_template, template;
        pt_entry_t      *aptep, *sptep;

        prot_template =  INTEL_PTE_REF | INTEL_PTE_MOD | INTEL_PTE_WIRED | INTEL_PTE_VALID;
        if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                prot_template |= INTEL_PTE_NX;

        if (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE)
                prot_template |= INTEL_PTE_WRITE;
        assert(((start_addr | end_addr) & PAGE_MASK) == 0);
        while (start_addr < end_addr) {
                aptep = pmap_pte(kernel_pmap, (vm_map_offset_t)ava);
                if (aptep == PT_ENTRY_NULL) {
                        if (eoptions & PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_ALIASMAP) {
                                pmap_expand(kernel_pmap, ava, PMAP_EXPAND_OPTIONS_ALIASMAP);
                                aptep = pmap_pte(kernel_pmap, (vm_map_offset_t)ava);
                        } else {
                                panic("pmap_alias: Invalid alias address");
                        }
                }
                /* The aliased range should not have any active mappings */
                assert(pte_to_pa(*aptep) == 0);

                sptep = pmap_pte(kernel_pmap, start_addr);
                assert(sptep != PT_ENTRY_NULL && (pte_to_pa(*sptep) != 0));
                template = pa_to_pte(pte_to_pa(*sptep)) | prot_template;
                pmap_store_pte(aptep, template);

                ava += PAGE_SIZE;
                start_addr += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
}

mach_vm_size_t
pmap_query_resident(
        pmap_t          pmap,
        addr64_t        s64,
        addr64_t        e64,
        mach_vm_size_t  *compressed_bytes_p)
{
        pt_entry_t     *pde;
        pt_entry_t     *spte, *epte;
        addr64_t        l64;
        uint64_t        deadline;
        mach_vm_size_t  resident_bytes;
        mach_vm_size_t  compressed_bytes;
        boolean_t       is_ept;

        pmap_intr_assert();

        if (pmap == PMAP_NULL || pmap == kernel_pmap || s64 == e64) {
                if (compressed_bytes_p) {
                        *compressed_bytes_p = 0;
                }
                return 0;
        }

        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__QUERY_RESIDENT) | DBG_FUNC_START,
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(pmap), VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(s64),
                   VM_KERNEL_ADDRHIDE(e64));

        resident_bytes = 0;
        compressed_bytes = 0;

        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);

        deadline = rdtsc64() + max_preemption_latency_tsc;

        while (s64 < e64) {
                l64 = (s64 + pde_mapped_size) & ~(pde_mapped_size - 1);
                if (l64 > e64)
                        l64 = e64;
                pde = pmap_pde(pmap, s64);

                if (pde && (*pde & PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept))) {
                        if (*pde & PTE_PS) {
                                /* superpage: not supported */
                        } else {
                                spte = pmap_pte(pmap,
                                                (s64 & ~(pde_mapped_size - 1)));
                                spte = &spte[ptenum(s64)];
                                epte = &spte[intel_btop(l64 - s64)];

                                for (; spte < epte; spte++) {
                                        if (pte_to_pa(*spte) != 0) {
                                                resident_bytes += PAGE_SIZE;
                                        } else if (*spte & PTE_COMPRESSED) {
                                                compressed_bytes += PAGE_SIZE;
                                        }
                                }

                        }
                }
                s64 = l64;

                if (s64 < e64 && rdtsc64() >= deadline) {
                        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                        deadline = rdtsc64() + max_preemption_latency_tsc;
                }
        }

        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);

        PMAP_TRACE(PMAP_CODE(PMAP__QUERY_RESIDENT) | DBG_FUNC_END,
                   resident_bytes);

        if (compressed_bytes_p) {
                *compressed_bytes_p = compressed_bytes;
        }
        return resident_bytes;
}

kern_return_t
pmap_query_page_info(
        pmap_t          pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t va,
        int             *disp_p)
{
        int             disp;
        boolean_t       is_ept;
        pmap_paddr_t    pa;
        ppnum_t         pai;
        pd_entry_t      *pde;
        pt_entry_t      *pte;

        pmap_intr_assert();
        if (pmap == PMAP_NULL || pmap == kernel_pmap) {
                *disp_p = 0;
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        disp = 0;
        is_ept = is_ept_pmap(pmap);

        PMAP_LOCK(pmap);

        pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
        if (!pde ||
            !(*pde & PTE_VALID_MASK(is_ept)) ||
            (*pde & PTE_PS)) {
                goto done;
        }

        pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
        if (pte == PT_ENTRY_NULL) {
                goto done;
        }

        pa = pte_to_pa(*pte);
        if (pa == 0) {
                if (PTE_IS_COMPRESSED(*pte)) {
                        disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_COMPRESSED;
                        if (*pte & PTE_COMPRESSED_ALT) {
                                disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_COMPRESSED_ALTACCT;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_PRESENT;
                pai = pa_index(pa);
                if (!IS_MANAGED_PAGE(pai)) {
                } else if (pmap_pv_is_altacct(pmap, va, pai)) {
                        assert(IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai));
                        disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_INTERNAL;
                        disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_ALTACCT;
                } else if (IS_REUSABLE_PAGE(pai)) {
                        disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_REUSABLE;
                } else if (IS_INTERNAL_PAGE(pai)) {
                        disp |= PMAP_QUERY_PAGE_INTERNAL;
                }
        }

done:
        PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
        *disp_p = disp;
        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

void pmap_set_jit_entitled(__unused pmap_t pmap)
{
        /* The x86 pmap layer does not care if a map has a JIT entry. */
        return;
}

bool pmap_has_prot_policy(__unused vm_prot_t prot)
{
        /*
         * The x86 pmap layer does not apply any policy to any protection
         * types.
         */
        return FALSE;
}

void pmap_release_pages_fast(void)
{
        return;
}