xnu-1228.7.58.tar.gz

[apple/xnu.git] / osfmk / vm / vm_map.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2007 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 * 
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 * 
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 * 
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 * 
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */
/*
 * @OSF_COPYRIGHT@
 */
/* 
 * Mach Operating System
 * Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989,1988,1987 Carnegie Mellon University
 * All Rights Reserved.
 * 
 * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its
 * documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
 * notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
 * software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
 * thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
 * 
 * CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
 * CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR
 * ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 * 
 * Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
 * 
 *  Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
 *  School of Computer Science
 *  Carnegie Mellon University
 *  Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
 * 
 * any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon
 * the rights to redistribute these changes.
 */
/*
 */
/*
 *      File:   vm/vm_map.c
 *      Author: Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young
 *      Date:   1985
 *
 *      Virtual memory mapping module.
 */

#include <task_swapper.h>
#include <mach_assert.h>
#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>

#include <mach/kern_return.h>
#include <mach/port.h>
#include <mach/vm_attributes.h>
#include <mach/vm_param.h>
#include <mach/vm_behavior.h>
#include <mach/vm_statistics.h>
#include <mach/memory_object.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#include <machine/cpu_capabilities.h>
#include <mach/sdt.h>

#include <kern/assert.h>
#include <kern/counters.h>
#include <kern/kalloc.h>
#include <kern/zalloc.h>

#include <vm/cpm.h>
#include <vm/vm_init.h>
#include <vm/vm_fault.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <ipc/ipc_port.h>
#include <kern/sched_prim.h>
#include <kern/misc_protos.h>
#include <ddb/tr.h>
#include <machine/db_machdep.h>
#include <kern/xpr.h>

#include <mach/vm_map_server.h>
#include <mach/mach_host_server.h>
#include <vm/vm_protos.h>

#ifdef ppc
#include <ppc/mappings.h>
#endif /* ppc */

#include <vm/vm_protos.h>
#include <vm/vm_shared_region.h>

/* Internal prototypes
 */

static void vm_map_simplify_range(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end);   /* forward */

static boolean_t        vm_map_range_check(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end,
        vm_map_entry_t  *entry);

static vm_map_entry_t   _vm_map_entry_create(
        struct vm_map_header    *map_header);

static void             _vm_map_entry_dispose(
        struct vm_map_header    *map_header,
        vm_map_entry_t          entry);

static void             vm_map_pmap_enter(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t         addr,
        vm_map_offset_t         end_addr,
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        vm_prot_t               protection);

static void             _vm_map_clip_end(
        struct vm_map_header    *map_header,
        vm_map_entry_t          entry,
        vm_map_offset_t         end);

static void             _vm_map_clip_start(
        struct vm_map_header    *map_header,
        vm_map_entry_t          entry,
        vm_map_offset_t         start);

static void             vm_map_entry_delete(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_delete(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end,
        int             flags,
        vm_map_t        zap_map);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_copy_overwrite_unaligned(
        vm_map_t        dst_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry,
        vm_map_copy_t   copy,
        vm_map_address_t start);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_copy_overwrite_aligned(
        vm_map_t        dst_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry,
        vm_map_copy_t   copy,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        pmap_t          pmap);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_copyin_kernel_buffer(
        vm_map_t        src_map,
        vm_map_address_t src_addr,
        vm_map_size_t   len,
        boolean_t       src_destroy,
        vm_map_copy_t   *copy_result);  /* OUT */

static kern_return_t    vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_address_t *addr, /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_copy_t   copy,
        boolean_t       overwrite);

static void             vm_map_fork_share(
        vm_map_t        old_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  old_entry,
        vm_map_t        new_map);

static boolean_t        vm_map_fork_copy(
        vm_map_t        old_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  *old_entry_p,
        vm_map_t        new_map);

void            vm_map_region_top_walk(
        vm_map_entry_t             entry,
        vm_region_top_info_t       top);

void            vm_map_region_walk(
        vm_map_t                   map,
        vm_map_offset_t            va,
        vm_map_entry_t             entry,
        vm_object_offset_t         offset,
        vm_object_size_t           range,
        vm_region_extended_info_t  extended,
        boolean_t                  look_for_pages);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_wire_nested(
        vm_map_t                   map,
        vm_map_offset_t            start,
        vm_map_offset_t            end,
        vm_prot_t                  access_type,
        boolean_t                  user_wire,
        pmap_t                     map_pmap, 
        vm_map_offset_t            pmap_addr);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_unwire_nested(
        vm_map_t                   map,
        vm_map_offset_t            start,
        vm_map_offset_t            end,
        boolean_t                  user_wire,
        pmap_t                     map_pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t            pmap_addr);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_overwrite_submap_recurse(
        vm_map_t                   dst_map,
        vm_map_offset_t            dst_addr,
        vm_map_size_t              dst_size);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_copy_overwrite_nested(
        vm_map_t                   dst_map,
        vm_map_offset_t            dst_addr,
        vm_map_copy_t              copy,
        boolean_t                  interruptible,
        pmap_t                     pmap);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_remap_extract(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t         addr,
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        boolean_t               copy,
        struct vm_map_header    *map_header,
        vm_prot_t               *cur_protection,
        vm_prot_t               *max_protection,
        vm_inherit_t            inheritance,
        boolean_t               pageable);

static kern_return_t    vm_map_remap_range_allocate(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_address_t        *address,
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        vm_map_offset_t         mask,
        boolean_t               anywhere,
        vm_map_entry_t          *map_entry);

static void             vm_map_region_look_for_page(
        vm_map_t                   map,
        vm_map_offset_t            va,
        vm_object_t                object,
        vm_object_offset_t         offset,
        int                        max_refcnt,
        int                        depth,
        vm_region_extended_info_t  extended);

static int              vm_map_region_count_obj_refs(
        vm_map_entry_t             entry,
        vm_object_t                object);

/*
 * Macros to copy a vm_map_entry. We must be careful to correctly
 * manage the wired page count. vm_map_entry_copy() creates a new
 * map entry to the same memory - the wired count in the new entry
 * must be set to zero. vm_map_entry_copy_full() creates a new
 * entry that is identical to the old entry.  This preserves the
 * wire count; it's used for map splitting and zone changing in
 * vm_map_copyout.
 */
#define vm_map_entry_copy(NEW,OLD) \
MACRO_BEGIN                                     \
        *(NEW) = *(OLD);                \
        (NEW)->is_shared = FALSE;       \
        (NEW)->needs_wakeup = FALSE;    \
        (NEW)->in_transition = FALSE;   \
        (NEW)->wired_count = 0;         \
        (NEW)->user_wired_count = 0;    \
MACRO_END

#define vm_map_entry_copy_full(NEW,OLD)        (*(NEW) = *(OLD))

/*
 *      Decide if we want to allow processes to execute from their data or stack areas.
 *      override_nx() returns true if we do.  Data/stack execution can be enabled independently 
 *      for 32 and 64 bit processes.  Set the VM_ABI_32 or VM_ABI_64 flags in allow_data_exec
 *      or allow_stack_exec to enable data execution for that type of data area for that particular
 *      ABI (or both by or'ing the flags together).  These are initialized in the architecture
 *      specific pmap files since the default behavior varies according to architecture.  The 
 *      main reason it varies is because of the need to provide binary compatibility with old 
 *      applications that were written before these restrictions came into being.  In the old 
 *      days, an app could execute anything it could read, but this has slowly been tightened 
 *      up over time.  The default behavior is:
 *
 *      32-bit PPC apps         may execute from both stack and data areas
 *      32-bit Intel apps       may exeucte from data areas but not stack
 *      64-bit PPC/Intel apps   may not execute from either data or stack
 *
 *      An application on any architecture may override these defaults by explicitly
 *      adding PROT_EXEC permission to the page in question with the mprotect(2) 
 *      system call.  This code here just determines what happens when an app tries to
 *      execute from a page that lacks execute permission.
 *
 *      Note that allow_data_exec or allow_stack_exec may also be modified by sysctl to change the
 *      default behavior for both 32 and 64 bit apps on a system-wide basis.
 */

extern int allow_data_exec, allow_stack_exec;

int
override_nx(vm_map_t map, uint32_t user_tag) /* map unused on arm */
{
        int current_abi;

        /*
         * Determine if the app is running in 32 or 64 bit mode.
         */

        if (vm_map_is_64bit(map))
                current_abi = VM_ABI_64;
        else
                current_abi = VM_ABI_32;

        /*
         * Determine if we should allow the execution based on whether it's a 
         * stack or data area and the current architecture.
         */

        if (user_tag == VM_MEMORY_STACK)
                return allow_stack_exec & current_abi;

        return allow_data_exec & current_abi;
}


/*
 *      Virtual memory maps provide for the mapping, protection,
 *      and sharing of virtual memory objects.  In addition,
 *      this module provides for an efficient virtual copy of
 *      memory from one map to another.
 *
 *      Synchronization is required prior to most operations.
 *
 *      Maps consist of an ordered doubly-linked list of simple
 *      entries; a single hint is used to speed up lookups.
 *
 *      Sharing maps have been deleted from this version of Mach.
 *      All shared objects are now mapped directly into the respective
 *      maps.  This requires a change in the copy on write strategy;
 *      the asymmetric (delayed) strategy is used for shared temporary
 *      objects instead of the symmetric (shadow) strategy.  All maps
 *      are now "top level" maps (either task map, kernel map or submap
 *      of the kernel map).  
 *
 *      Since portions of maps are specified by start/end addreses,
 *      which may not align with existing map entries, all
 *      routines merely "clip" entries to these start/end values.
 *      [That is, an entry is split into two, bordering at a
 *      start or end value.]  Note that these clippings may not
 *      always be necessary (as the two resulting entries are then
 *      not changed); however, the clipping is done for convenience.
 *      No attempt is currently made to "glue back together" two
 *      abutting entries.
 *
 *      The symmetric (shadow) copy strategy implements virtual copy
 *      by copying VM object references from one map to
 *      another, and then marking both regions as copy-on-write.
 *      It is important to note that only one writeable reference
 *      to a VM object region exists in any map when this strategy
 *      is used -- this means that shadow object creation can be
 *      delayed until a write operation occurs.  The symmetric (delayed)
 *      strategy allows multiple maps to have writeable references to
 *      the same region of a vm object, and hence cannot delay creating
 *      its copy objects.  See vm_object_copy_quickly() in vm_object.c.
 *      Copying of permanent objects is completely different; see
 *      vm_object_copy_strategically() in vm_object.c.
 */

static zone_t   vm_map_zone;            /* zone for vm_map structures */
static zone_t   vm_map_entry_zone;      /* zone for vm_map_entry structures */
static zone_t   vm_map_kentry_zone;     /* zone for kernel entry structures */
static zone_t   vm_map_copy_zone;       /* zone for vm_map_copy structures */


/*
 *      Placeholder object for submap operations.  This object is dropped
 *      into the range by a call to vm_map_find, and removed when
 *      vm_map_submap creates the submap.
 */

vm_object_t     vm_submap_object;

/*
 *      vm_map_init:
 *
 *      Initialize the vm_map module.  Must be called before
 *      any other vm_map routines.
 *
 *      Map and entry structures are allocated from zones -- we must
 *      initialize those zones.
 *
 *      There are three zones of interest:
 *
 *      vm_map_zone:            used to allocate maps.
 *      vm_map_entry_zone:      used to allocate map entries.
 *      vm_map_kentry_zone:     used to allocate map entries for the kernel.
 *
 *      The kernel allocates map entries from a special zone that is initially
 *      "crammed" with memory.  It would be difficult (perhaps impossible) for
 *      the kernel to allocate more memory to a entry zone when it became
 *      empty since the very act of allocating memory implies the creation
 *      of a new entry.
 */

static void             *map_data;
static vm_map_size_t    map_data_size;
static void             *kentry_data;
static vm_map_size_t    kentry_data_size;
static int              kentry_count = 2048;            /* to init kentry_data_size */

#define         NO_COALESCE_LIMIT  (1024 * 128)


/* Skip acquiring locks if we're in the midst of a kernel core dump */
extern unsigned int not_in_kdp;

#ifdef  __i386__
kern_return_t
vm_map_apple_protected(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end)
{
        boolean_t       map_locked;
        kern_return_t   kr;
        vm_map_entry_t  map_entry;
        memory_object_t protected_mem_obj;
        vm_object_t     protected_object;
        vm_map_offset_t map_addr;

        vm_map_lock_read(map);
        map_locked = TRUE;

        /* lookup the protected VM object */
        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map,
                                 start,
                                 &map_entry) ||
            map_entry->vme_end != end ||
            map_entry->is_sub_map) {
                /* that memory is not properly mapped */
                kr = KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                goto done;
        }
        protected_object = map_entry->object.vm_object;
        if (protected_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                /* there should be a VM object here at this point */
                kr = KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                goto done;
        }

        /*
         * Lookup (and create if necessary) the protected memory object
         * matching that VM object.
         * If successful, this also grabs a reference on the memory object,
         * to guarantee that it doesn't go away before we get a chance to map
         * it.
         */
         
        protected_mem_obj = apple_protect_pager_setup(protected_object);
        if (protected_mem_obj == NULL) {
                kr = KERN_FAILURE;
                goto done;
        }

        vm_map_unlock_read(map);
        map_locked = FALSE;

        /* map this memory object in place of the current one */
        map_addr = start;
        kr = vm_map_enter_mem_object(map,
                                     &map_addr,
                                     end - start,
                                     (mach_vm_offset_t) 0,
                                     VM_FLAGS_FIXED | VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE,
                                     (ipc_port_t) protected_mem_obj,
                                     (map_entry->offset +
                                      (start - map_entry->vme_start)),
                                     TRUE,
                                     map_entry->protection,
                                     map_entry->max_protection,
                                     map_entry->inheritance);
        assert(map_addr == start);
        if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /* let the pager know that this mem_obj is mapped */
                apple_protect_pager_map(protected_mem_obj);
        }
        /*
         * Release the reference obtained by apple_protect_pager_setup().
         * The mapping (if it succeeded) is now holding a reference on the
         * memory object.
         */
        memory_object_deallocate(protected_mem_obj);

done:
        if (map_locked) {
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
        }
        return kr;
}
#endif  /* __i386__ */


void
vm_map_init(
        void)
{
        vm_map_zone = zinit((vm_map_size_t) sizeof(struct _vm_map), 40*1024,
                            PAGE_SIZE, "maps");

        vm_map_entry_zone = zinit((vm_map_size_t) sizeof(struct vm_map_entry),
                                  1024*1024, PAGE_SIZE*5,
                                  "non-kernel map entries");

        vm_map_kentry_zone = zinit((vm_map_size_t) sizeof(struct vm_map_entry),
                                   kentry_data_size, kentry_data_size,
                                   "kernel map entries");

        vm_map_copy_zone = zinit((vm_map_size_t) sizeof(struct vm_map_copy),
                                 16*1024, PAGE_SIZE, "map copies");

        /*
         *      Cram the map and kentry zones with initial data.
         *      Set kentry_zone non-collectible to aid zone_gc().
         */
        zone_change(vm_map_zone, Z_COLLECT, FALSE);
        zone_change(vm_map_kentry_zone, Z_COLLECT, FALSE);
        zone_change(vm_map_kentry_zone, Z_EXPAND, FALSE);
        zcram(vm_map_zone, map_data, map_data_size);
        zcram(vm_map_kentry_zone, kentry_data, kentry_data_size);
}

void
vm_map_steal_memory(
        void)
{
        map_data_size = vm_map_round_page(10 * sizeof(struct _vm_map));
        map_data = pmap_steal_memory(map_data_size);

#if 0
        /*
         * Limiting worst case: vm_map_kentry_zone needs to map each "available"
         * physical page (i.e. that beyond the kernel image and page tables)
         * individually; we guess at most one entry per eight pages in the
         * real world. This works out to roughly .1 of 1% of physical memory,
         * or roughly 1900 entries (64K) for a 64M machine with 4K pages.
         */
#endif
        kentry_count = pmap_free_pages() / 8;


        kentry_data_size =
                vm_map_round_page(kentry_count * sizeof(struct vm_map_entry));
        kentry_data = pmap_steal_memory(kentry_data_size);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_create:
 *
 *      Creates and returns a new empty VM map with
 *      the given physical map structure, and having
 *      the given lower and upper address bounds.
 */
vm_map_t
vm_map_create(
        pmap_t                  pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t min,
        vm_map_offset_t max,
        boolean_t               pageable)
{
        static int              color_seed = 0;
        register vm_map_t       result;

        result = (vm_map_t) zalloc(vm_map_zone);
        if (result == VM_MAP_NULL)
                panic("vm_map_create");

        vm_map_first_entry(result) = vm_map_to_entry(result);
        vm_map_last_entry(result)  = vm_map_to_entry(result);
        result->hdr.nentries = 0;
        result->hdr.entries_pageable = pageable;

        result->size = 0;
        result->user_wire_limit = MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS;  /* default limit is unlimited */
        result->user_wire_size  = 0;
        result->ref_count = 1;
#if     TASK_SWAPPER
        result->res_count = 1;
        result->sw_state = MAP_SW_IN;
#endif  /* TASK_SWAPPER */
        result->pmap = pmap;
        result->min_offset = min;
        result->max_offset = max;
        result->wiring_required = FALSE;
        result->no_zero_fill = FALSE;
        result->mapped = FALSE;
        result->wait_for_space = FALSE;
        result->first_free = vm_map_to_entry(result);
        result->hint = vm_map_to_entry(result);
        result->color_rr = (color_seed++) & vm_color_mask;
        vm_map_lock_init(result);
        mutex_init(&result->s_lock, 0);

        return(result);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_entry_create:    [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Allocates a VM map entry for insertion in the
 *      given map (or map copy).  No fields are filled.
 */
#define vm_map_entry_create(map) \
        _vm_map_entry_create(&(map)->hdr)

#define vm_map_copy_entry_create(copy) \
        _vm_map_entry_create(&(copy)->cpy_hdr)

static vm_map_entry_t
_vm_map_entry_create(
        register struct vm_map_header   *map_header)
{
        register zone_t zone;
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;

        if (map_header->entries_pageable)
                zone = vm_map_entry_zone;
        else
                zone = vm_map_kentry_zone;

        entry = (vm_map_entry_t) zalloc(zone);
        if (entry == VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL)
                panic("vm_map_entry_create");

        return(entry);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_entry_dispose:   [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Inverse of vm_map_entry_create.
 *
 *      write map lock held so no need to
 *      do anything special to insure correctness
 *      of the stores
 */
#define vm_map_entry_dispose(map, entry)                        \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                             \
        if((entry) == (map)->first_free)                        \
                (map)->first_free = vm_map_to_entry(map);       \
        if((entry) == (map)->hint)                              \
                (map)->hint = vm_map_to_entry(map);             \
        _vm_map_entry_dispose(&(map)->hdr, (entry));            \
        MACRO_END

#define vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(map, entry) \
        _vm_map_entry_dispose(&(copy)->cpy_hdr, (entry))

static void
_vm_map_entry_dispose(
        register struct vm_map_header   *map_header,
        register vm_map_entry_t         entry)
{
        register zone_t         zone;

        if (map_header->entries_pageable)
                zone = vm_map_entry_zone;
        else
                zone = vm_map_kentry_zone;

        zfree(zone, entry);
}

#if MACH_ASSERT
static boolean_t first_free_is_valid(vm_map_t map);     /* forward */
static boolean_t first_free_check = FALSE;
static boolean_t
first_free_is_valid(
        vm_map_t        map)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  entry, next;

        if (!first_free_check)
                return TRUE;
        
        entry = vm_map_to_entry(map);
        next = entry->vme_next;
        while (vm_map_trunc_page(next->vme_start) == vm_map_trunc_page(entry->vme_end) ||
               (vm_map_trunc_page(next->vme_start) == vm_map_trunc_page(entry->vme_start) &&
                next != vm_map_to_entry(map))) {
                entry = next;
                next = entry->vme_next;
                if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(map))
                        break;
        }
        if (map->first_free != entry) {
                printf("Bad first_free for map %p: %p should be %p\n",
                       map, map->first_free, entry);
                return FALSE;
        }
        return TRUE;
}
#endif /* MACH_ASSERT */

/*
 *      UPDATE_FIRST_FREE:
 *
 *      Updates the map->first_free pointer to the
 *      entry immediately before the first hole in the map.
 *      The map should be locked.
 */
#define UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(map, new_first_free)                          \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        vm_map_t        UFF_map;                                        \
        vm_map_entry_t  UFF_first_free;                                 \
        vm_map_entry_t  UFF_next_entry;                                 \
        UFF_map = (map);                                                \
        UFF_first_free = (new_first_free);                              \
        UFF_next_entry = UFF_first_free->vme_next;                      \
        while (vm_map_trunc_page(UFF_next_entry->vme_start) ==          \
               vm_map_trunc_page(UFF_first_free->vme_end) ||                    \
               (vm_map_trunc_page(UFF_next_entry->vme_start) ==                 \
                vm_map_trunc_page(UFF_first_free->vme_start) &&         \
                UFF_next_entry != vm_map_to_entry(UFF_map))) {          \
                UFF_first_free = UFF_next_entry;                        \
                UFF_next_entry = UFF_first_free->vme_next;              \
                if (UFF_first_free == vm_map_to_entry(UFF_map))         \
                        break;                                          \
        }                                                               \
        UFF_map->first_free = UFF_first_free;                           \
        assert(first_free_is_valid(UFF_map));                           \
        MACRO_END

/*
 *      vm_map_entry_{un,}link:
 *
 *      Insert/remove entries from maps (or map copies).
 */
#define vm_map_entry_link(map, after_where, entry)                      \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        vm_map_t VMEL_map;                                              \
        vm_map_entry_t VMEL_entry;                                      \
        VMEL_map = (map);                                               \
        VMEL_entry = (entry);                                           \
        _vm_map_entry_link(&VMEL_map->hdr, after_where, VMEL_entry);    \
        UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(VMEL_map, VMEL_map->first_free);              \
        MACRO_END


#define vm_map_copy_entry_link(copy, after_where, entry)                \
        _vm_map_entry_link(&(copy)->cpy_hdr, after_where, (entry))

#define _vm_map_entry_link(hdr, after_where, entry)                     \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        (hdr)->nentries++;                                              \
        (entry)->vme_prev = (after_where);                              \
        (entry)->vme_next = (after_where)->vme_next;                    \
        (entry)->vme_prev->vme_next = (entry)->vme_next->vme_prev = (entry); \
        MACRO_END

#define vm_map_entry_unlink(map, entry)                                 \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        vm_map_t VMEU_map;                                              \
        vm_map_entry_t VMEU_entry;                                      \
        vm_map_entry_t VMEU_first_free;                                 \
        VMEU_map = (map);                                               \
        VMEU_entry = (entry);                                           \
        if (VMEU_entry->vme_start <= VMEU_map->first_free->vme_start)   \
                VMEU_first_free = VMEU_entry->vme_prev;                 \
        else                                                            \
                VMEU_first_free = VMEU_map->first_free;                 \
        _vm_map_entry_unlink(&VMEU_map->hdr, VMEU_entry);               \
        UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(VMEU_map, VMEU_first_free);                   \
        MACRO_END

#define vm_map_copy_entry_unlink(copy, entry)                           \
        _vm_map_entry_unlink(&(copy)->cpy_hdr, (entry))

#define _vm_map_entry_unlink(hdr, entry)                                \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        (hdr)->nentries--;                                              \
        (entry)->vme_next->vme_prev = (entry)->vme_prev;                \
        (entry)->vme_prev->vme_next = (entry)->vme_next;                \
        MACRO_END

#if     MACH_ASSERT && TASK_SWAPPER
/*
 *      vm_map_res_reference:
 *
 *      Adds another valid residence count to the given map.
 *
 *      Map is locked so this function can be called from
 *      vm_map_swapin.
 *
 */
void vm_map_res_reference(register vm_map_t map)
{
        /* assert map is locked */
        assert(map->res_count >= 0);
        assert(map->ref_count >= map->res_count);
        if (map->res_count == 0) {
                mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);
                vm_map_lock(map);
                vm_map_swapin(map);
                mutex_lock(&map->s_lock);
                ++map->res_count;
                vm_map_unlock(map);
        } else
                ++map->res_count;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_reference_swap:
 *
 *      Adds valid reference and residence counts to the given map.
 *
 *      The map may not be in memory (i.e. zero residence count).
 *
 */
void vm_map_reference_swap(register vm_map_t map)
{
        assert(map != VM_MAP_NULL);
        mutex_lock(&map->s_lock);
        assert(map->res_count >= 0);
        assert(map->ref_count >= map->res_count);
        map->ref_count++;
        vm_map_res_reference(map);
        mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_res_deallocate:
 *
 *      Decrement residence count on a map; possibly causing swapout.
 *
 *      The map must be in memory (i.e. non-zero residence count).
 *
 *      The map is locked, so this function is callable from vm_map_deallocate.
 *
 */
void vm_map_res_deallocate(register vm_map_t map)
{
        assert(map->res_count > 0);
        if (--map->res_count == 0) {
                mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);
                vm_map_lock(map);
                vm_map_swapout(map);
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                mutex_lock(&map->s_lock);
        }
        assert(map->ref_count >= map->res_count);
}
#endif  /* MACH_ASSERT && TASK_SWAPPER */

/*
 *      vm_map_destroy:
 *
 *      Actually destroy a map.
 */
void
vm_map_destroy(
        vm_map_t        map,
        int             flags)
{       
        vm_map_lock(map);

        /* clean up regular map entries */
        (void) vm_map_delete(map, map->min_offset, map->max_offset,
                             flags, VM_MAP_NULL);
        /* clean up leftover special mappings (commpage, etc...) */
#ifdef __ppc__
        /*
         * PPC51: ppc64 is limited to 51-bit addresses.
         * Memory beyond this 51-bit limit is mapped specially at the
         * pmap level, so do not interfere.
         * On PPC64, the commpage is mapped beyond the addressable range
         * via a special pmap hack, so ask pmap to clean it explicitly...
         */
        if (map->pmap) {
                pmap_unmap_sharedpage(map->pmap);
        }
        /* ... and do not let regular pmap cleanup apply here */
        flags |= VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_PMAP_CLEANUP;
#endif /* __ppc__ */
        (void) vm_map_delete(map, 0x0, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF000ULL,
                             flags, VM_MAP_NULL);
        vm_map_unlock(map);

        assert(map->hdr.nentries == 0);
        
        if(map->pmap)
                pmap_destroy(map->pmap);

        zfree(vm_map_zone, map);
}

#if     TASK_SWAPPER
/*
 * vm_map_swapin/vm_map_swapout
 *
 * Swap a map in and out, either referencing or releasing its resources.  
 * These functions are internal use only; however, they must be exported
 * because they may be called from macros, which are exported.
 *
 * In the case of swapout, there could be races on the residence count, 
 * so if the residence count is up, we return, assuming that a 
 * vm_map_deallocate() call in the near future will bring us back.
 *
 * Locking:
 *      -- We use the map write lock for synchronization among races.
 *      -- The map write lock, and not the simple s_lock, protects the
 *         swap state of the map.
 *      -- If a map entry is a share map, then we hold both locks, in
 *         hierarchical order.
 *
 * Synchronization Notes:
 *      1) If a vm_map_swapin() call happens while swapout in progress, it
 *      will block on the map lock and proceed when swapout is through.
 *      2) A vm_map_reference() call at this time is illegal, and will
 *      cause a panic.  vm_map_reference() is only allowed on resident
 *      maps, since it refuses to block.
 *      3) A vm_map_swapin() call during a swapin will block, and 
 *      proceeed when the first swapin is done, turning into a nop.
 *      This is the reason the res_count is not incremented until
 *      after the swapin is complete.
 *      4) There is a timing hole after the checks of the res_count, before
 *      the map lock is taken, during which a swapin may get the lock
 *      before a swapout about to happen.  If this happens, the swapin
 *      will detect the state and increment the reference count, causing
 *      the swapout to be a nop, thereby delaying it until a later 
 *      vm_map_deallocate.  If the swapout gets the lock first, then 
 *      the swapin will simply block until the swapout is done, and 
 *      then proceed.
 *
 * Because vm_map_swapin() is potentially an expensive operation, it
 * should be used with caution.
 *
 * Invariants:
 *      1) A map with a residence count of zero is either swapped, or
 *         being swapped.
 *      2) A map with a non-zero residence count is either resident,
 *         or being swapped in.
 */

int vm_map_swap_enable = 1;

void vm_map_swapin (vm_map_t map)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;

        if (!vm_map_swap_enable)        /* debug */
                return;

        /*
         * Map is locked
         * First deal with various races.
         */
        if (map->sw_state == MAP_SW_IN)
                /* 
                 * we raced with swapout and won.  Returning will incr.
                 * the res_count, turning the swapout into a nop.
                 */
                return;

        /*
         * The residence count must be zero.  If we raced with another
         * swapin, the state would have been IN; if we raced with a
         * swapout (after another competing swapin), we must have lost
         * the race to get here (see above comment), in which case
         * res_count is still 0.
         */
        assert(map->res_count == 0);

        /*
         * There are no intermediate states of a map going out or
         * coming in, since the map is locked during the transition.
         */
        assert(map->sw_state == MAP_SW_OUT);

        /*
         * We now operate upon each map entry.  If the entry is a sub- 
         * or share-map, we call vm_map_res_reference upon it.
         * If the entry is an object, we call vm_object_res_reference
         * (this may iterate through the shadow chain).
         * Note that we hold the map locked the entire time,
         * even if we get back here via a recursive call in
         * vm_map_res_reference.
         */
        entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);

        while (entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                if (entry->object.vm_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                                vm_map_t lmap = entry->object.sub_map;
                                mutex_lock(&lmap->s_lock);
                                vm_map_res_reference(lmap);
                                mutex_unlock(&lmap->s_lock);
                        } else {
                                vm_object_t object = entry->object.vm_object;
                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                /*
                                 * This call may iterate through the
                                 * shadow chain.
                                 */
                                vm_object_res_reference(object);
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                        }
                }
                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }
        assert(map->sw_state == MAP_SW_OUT);
        map->sw_state = MAP_SW_IN;
}

void vm_map_swapout(vm_map_t map)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        
        /*
         * Map is locked
         * First deal with various races.
         * If we raced with a swapin and lost, the residence count
         * will have been incremented to 1, and we simply return.
         */
        mutex_lock(&map->s_lock);
        if (map->res_count != 0) {
                mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);
                return;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);

        /*
         * There are no intermediate states of a map going out or
         * coming in, since the map is locked during the transition.
         */
        assert(map->sw_state == MAP_SW_IN);

        if (!vm_map_swap_enable)
                return;

        /*
         * We now operate upon each map entry.  If the entry is a sub- 
         * or share-map, we call vm_map_res_deallocate upon it.
         * If the entry is an object, we call vm_object_res_deallocate
         * (this may iterate through the shadow chain).
         * Note that we hold the map locked the entire time,
         * even if we get back here via a recursive call in
         * vm_map_res_deallocate.
         */
        entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);

        while (entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                if (entry->object.vm_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                                vm_map_t lmap = entry->object.sub_map;
                                mutex_lock(&lmap->s_lock);
                                vm_map_res_deallocate(lmap);
                                mutex_unlock(&lmap->s_lock);
                        } else {
                                vm_object_t object = entry->object.vm_object;
                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                /*
                                 * This call may take a long time, 
                                 * since it could actively push 
                                 * out pages (if we implement it 
                                 * that way).
                                 */
                                vm_object_res_deallocate(object);
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                        }
                }
                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }
        assert(map->sw_state == MAP_SW_IN);
        map->sw_state = MAP_SW_OUT;
}

#endif  /* TASK_SWAPPER */


/*
 *      SAVE_HINT_MAP_READ:
 *
 *      Saves the specified entry as the hint for
 *      future lookups.  only a read lock is held on map,
 *      so make sure the store is atomic... OSCompareAndSwap
 *      guarantees this... also, we don't care if we collide
 *      and someone else wins and stores their 'hint'
 */
#define SAVE_HINT_MAP_READ(map,value) \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                                     \
        OSCompareAndSwap((UInt32)((map)->hint), (UInt32)value, (UInt32 *)(&(map)->hint)); \
        MACRO_END


/*
 *      SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE:
 *
 *      Saves the specified entry as the hint for
 *      future lookups.  write lock held on map,
 *      so no one else can be writing or looking
 *      until the lock is dropped, so it's safe
 *      to just do an assignment
 */
#define SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map,value) \
        MACRO_BEGIN                    \
        (map)->hint = (value);         \
        MACRO_END

/*
 *      vm_map_lookup_entry:    [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Finds the map entry containing (or
 *      immediately preceding) the specified address
 *      in the given map; the entry is returned
 *      in the "entry" parameter.  The boolean
 *      result indicates whether the address is
 *      actually contained in the map.
 */
boolean_t
vm_map_lookup_entry(
        register vm_map_t               map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        address,
        vm_map_entry_t          *entry)         /* OUT */
{
        register vm_map_entry_t         cur;
        register vm_map_entry_t         last;

        /*
         *      Start looking either from the head of the
         *      list, or from the hint.
         */
        cur = map->hint;

        if (cur == vm_map_to_entry(map))
                cur = cur->vme_next;

        if (address >= cur->vme_start) {
                /*
                 *      Go from hint to end of list.
                 *
                 *      But first, make a quick check to see if
                 *      we are already looking at the entry we
                 *      want (which is usually the case).
                 *      Note also that we don't need to save the hint
                 *      here... it is the same hint (unless we are
                 *      at the header, in which case the hint didn't
                 *      buy us anything anyway).
                 */
                last = vm_map_to_entry(map);
                if ((cur != last) && (cur->vme_end > address)) {
                        *entry = cur;
                        return(TRUE);
                }
        }
        else {
                /*
                 *      Go from start to hint, *inclusively*
                 */
                last = cur->vme_next;
                cur = vm_map_first_entry(map);
        }

        /*
         *      Search linearly
         */

        while (cur != last) {
                if (cur->vme_end > address) {
                        if (address >= cur->vme_start) {
                                /*
                                 *      Save this lookup for future
                                 *      hints, and return
                                 */

                                *entry = cur;
                                SAVE_HINT_MAP_READ(map, cur);

                                return(TRUE);
                        }
                        break;
                }
                cur = cur->vme_next;
        }
        *entry = cur->vme_prev;
        SAVE_HINT_MAP_READ(map, *entry);

        return(FALSE);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_find_space
 *      Purpose:
 *              Allocate a range in the specified virtual address map,
 *              returning the entry allocated for that range.
 *              Used by kmem_alloc, etc.
 *
 *              The map must be NOT be locked. It will be returned locked
 *              on KERN_SUCCESS, unlocked on failure.
 *
 *              If an entry is allocated, the object/offset fields
 *              are initialized to zero.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_find_space(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        vm_map_offset_t         *address,       /* OUT */
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        vm_map_offset_t         mask,
        int                     flags,
        vm_map_entry_t          *o_entry)       /* OUT */
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry, new_entry;
        register vm_map_offset_t        start;
        register vm_map_offset_t        end;

        if (size == 0) {
                *address = 0;
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        if (flags & VM_FLAGS_GUARD_AFTER) {
                /* account for the back guard page in the size */
                size += PAGE_SIZE_64;
        }

        new_entry = vm_map_entry_create(map);

        /*
         *      Look for the first possible address; if there's already
         *      something at this address, we have to start after it.
         */

        vm_map_lock(map);

        assert(first_free_is_valid(map));
        if ((entry = map->first_free) == vm_map_to_entry(map))
                start = map->min_offset;
        else
                start = entry->vme_end;

        /*
         *      In any case, the "entry" always precedes
         *      the proposed new region throughout the loop:
         */

        while (TRUE) {
                register vm_map_entry_t next;

                /*
                 *      Find the end of the proposed new region.
                 *      Be sure we didn't go beyond the end, or
                 *      wrap around the address.
                 */

                if (flags & VM_FLAGS_GUARD_BEFORE) {
                        /* reserve space for the front guard page */
                        start += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                }
                end = ((start + mask) & ~mask);
                        
                if (end < start) {
                        vm_map_entry_dispose(map, new_entry);
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                }
                start = end;
                end += size;

                if ((end > map->max_offset) || (end < start)) {
                        vm_map_entry_dispose(map, new_entry);
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                }

                /*
                 *      If there are no more entries, we must win.
                 */

                next = entry->vme_next;
                if (next == vm_map_to_entry(map))
                        break;

                /*
                 *      If there is another entry, it must be
                 *      after the end of the potential new region.
                 */

                if (next->vme_start >= end)
                        break;

                /*
                 *      Didn't fit -- move to the next entry.
                 */

                entry = next;
                start = entry->vme_end;
        }

        /*
         *      At this point,
         *              "start" and "end" should define the endpoints of the
         *                      available new range, and
         *              "entry" should refer to the region before the new
         *                      range, and
         *
         *              the map should be locked.
         */

        if (flags & VM_FLAGS_GUARD_BEFORE) {
                /* go back for the front guard page */
                start -= PAGE_SIZE_64;
        }
        *address = start;

        new_entry->vme_start = start;
        new_entry->vme_end = end;
        assert(page_aligned(new_entry->vme_start));
        assert(page_aligned(new_entry->vme_end));

        new_entry->is_shared = FALSE;
        new_entry->is_sub_map = FALSE;
        new_entry->use_pmap = FALSE;
        new_entry->object.vm_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
        new_entry->offset = (vm_object_offset_t) 0;

        new_entry->needs_copy = FALSE;

        new_entry->inheritance = VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT;
        new_entry->protection = VM_PROT_DEFAULT;
        new_entry->max_protection = VM_PROT_ALL;
        new_entry->behavior = VM_BEHAVIOR_DEFAULT;
        new_entry->wired_count = 0;
        new_entry->user_wired_count = 0;

        new_entry->in_transition = FALSE;
        new_entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
        new_entry->no_cache = FALSE;

        new_entry->alias = 0;

        VM_GET_FLAGS_ALIAS(flags, new_entry->alias);

        /*
         *      Insert the new entry into the list
         */

        vm_map_entry_link(map, entry, new_entry);

        map->size += size;

        /*
         *      Update the lookup hint
         */
        SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, new_entry);

        *o_entry = new_entry;
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

int vm_map_pmap_enter_print = FALSE;
int vm_map_pmap_enter_enable = FALSE;

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_pmap_enter [internal only]
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Force pages from the specified object to be entered into
 *              the pmap at the specified address if they are present.
 *              As soon as a page not found in the object the scan ends.
 *
 *      Returns:
 *              Nothing.  
 *
 *      In/out conditions:
 *              The source map should not be locked on entry.
 */
static void
vm_map_pmap_enter(
        vm_map_t                map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        addr,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end_addr,
        register vm_object_t    object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        vm_prot_t               protection)
{
        int                     type_of_fault;
        kern_return_t           kr;

        if(map->pmap == 0)
                return;

        while (addr < end_addr) {
                register vm_page_t      m;

                vm_object_lock(object);

                m = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);
                /*
                 * ENCRYPTED SWAP:
                 * The user should never see encrypted data, so do not
                 * enter an encrypted page in the page table.
                 */
                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL || m->busy || m->encrypted ||
                    m->fictitious ||
                    (m->unusual && ( m->error || m->restart || m->absent))) {
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                        return;
                }

                if (vm_map_pmap_enter_print) {
                        printf("vm_map_pmap_enter:");
                        printf("map: %p, addr: %llx, object: %p, offset: %llx\n",
                               map, (unsigned long long)addr, object, (unsigned long long)offset);
                }
                type_of_fault = DBG_CACHE_HIT_FAULT;
                kr = vm_fault_enter(m, map->pmap, addr, protection,
                                    m->wire_count != 0, FALSE, FALSE,
                                    &type_of_fault);

                vm_object_unlock(object);

                offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                addr += PAGE_SIZE;
        }
}

boolean_t vm_map_pmap_is_empty(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end);
boolean_t vm_map_pmap_is_empty(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end)
{
#ifdef MACHINE_PMAP_IS_EMPTY
        return pmap_is_empty(map->pmap, start, end);
#else   /* MACHINE_PMAP_IS_EMPTY */
        vm_map_offset_t offset;
        ppnum_t         phys_page;

        if (map->pmap == NULL) {
                return TRUE;
        }

        for (offset = start;
             offset < end;
             offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
                phys_page = pmap_find_phys(map->pmap, offset);
                if (phys_page) {
                        kprintf("vm_map_pmap_is_empty(%p,0x%llx,0x%llx): "
                                "page %d at 0x%llx\n",
                                map, (long long)start, (long long)end,
                                phys_page, (long long)offset);
                        return FALSE;
                }
        }
        return TRUE;
#endif  /* MACHINE_PMAP_IS_EMPTY */
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_enter
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Allocate a range in the specified virtual address map.
 *              The resulting range will refer to memory defined by
 *              the given memory object and offset into that object.
 *
 *              Arguments are as defined in the vm_map call.
 */
int _map_enter_debug = 0;
static unsigned int vm_map_enter_restore_successes = 0;
static unsigned int vm_map_enter_restore_failures = 0;
kern_return_t
vm_map_enter(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t *address,       /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        vm_map_offset_t mask,
        int                     flags,
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        boolean_t               needs_copy,
        vm_prot_t               cur_protection,
        vm_prot_t               max_protection,
        vm_inherit_t            inheritance)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          entry, new_entry;
        vm_map_offset_t         start, tmp_start, tmp_offset;
        vm_map_offset_t         end, tmp_end;
        kern_return_t           result = KERN_SUCCESS;
        vm_map_t                zap_old_map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        vm_map_t                zap_new_map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        boolean_t               map_locked = FALSE;
        boolean_t               pmap_empty = TRUE;
        boolean_t               new_mapping_established = FALSE;
        boolean_t               anywhere = ((flags & VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE) != 0);
        boolean_t               purgable = ((flags & VM_FLAGS_PURGABLE) != 0);
        boolean_t               overwrite = ((flags & VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE) != 0);
        boolean_t               no_cache = ((flags & VM_FLAGS_NO_CACHE) != 0);
        boolean_t               is_submap = ((flags & VM_FLAGS_SUBMAP) != 0);
        char                    alias;
        vm_map_offset_t         effective_min_offset, effective_max_offset;

        if (is_submap) {
                if (purgable) {
                        /* submaps can not be purgeable */
                        return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                }
                if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        /* submaps can not be created lazily */
                        return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                }
        }
        if (flags & VM_FLAGS_ALREADY) {
                /*
                 * VM_FLAGS_ALREADY says that it's OK if the same mapping
                 * is already present.  For it to be meaningul, the requested
                 * mapping has to be at a fixed address (!VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE) and
                 * we shouldn't try and remove what was mapped there first
                 * (!VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE).
                 */
                if ((flags & VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE) ||
                    (flags & VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE)) {
                        return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                }
        }

        effective_min_offset = map->min_offset;
        if (flags & VM_FLAGS_BEYOND_MAX) {
                /*
                 * Allow an insertion beyond the map's official top boundary.
                 */
                if (vm_map_is_64bit(map))
                        effective_max_offset = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF000ULL;
                else
                        effective_max_offset = 0x00000000FFFFF000ULL;
        } else {
                effective_max_offset = map->max_offset;
        }

        if (size == 0 ||
            (offset & PAGE_MASK_64) != 0) {
                *address = 0;
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        VM_GET_FLAGS_ALIAS(flags, alias);

#define RETURN(value)   { result = value; goto BailOut; }

        assert(page_aligned(*address));
        assert(page_aligned(size));

        /*
         * Only zero-fill objects are allowed to be purgable.
         * LP64todo - limit purgable objects to 32-bits for now
         */
        if (purgable &&
            (offset != 0 ||
             (object != VM_OBJECT_NULL &&
              (object->size != size ||
               object->purgable == VM_PURGABLE_DENY))
             || size > VM_MAX_ADDRESS)) /* LP64todo: remove when dp capable */
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        if (!anywhere && overwrite) {
                /*
                 * Create a temporary VM map to hold the old mappings in the
                 * affected area while we create the new one.
                 * This avoids releasing the VM map lock in
                 * vm_map_entry_delete() and allows atomicity
                 * when we want to replace some mappings with a new one.
                 * It also allows us to restore the old VM mappings if the
                 * new mapping fails.
                 */
                zap_old_map = vm_map_create(PMAP_NULL,
                                            *address,
                                            *address + size,
                                            TRUE);
        }

StartAgain: ;

        start = *address;

        if (anywhere) {
                vm_map_lock(map);
                map_locked = TRUE;

                /*
                 *      Calculate the first possible address.
                 */

                if (start < effective_min_offset)
                        start = effective_min_offset;
                if (start > effective_max_offset)
                        RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);

                /*
                 *      Look for the first possible address;
                 *      if there's already something at this
                 *      address, we have to start after it.
                 */

                assert(first_free_is_valid(map));
                if (start == effective_min_offset) {
                        if ((entry = map->first_free) != vm_map_to_entry(map))
                                start = entry->vme_end;
                } else {
                        vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry;
                        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry))
                                start = tmp_entry->vme_end;
                        entry = tmp_entry;
                }

                /*
                 *      In any case, the "entry" always precedes
                 *      the proposed new region throughout the
                 *      loop:
                 */

                while (TRUE) {
                        register vm_map_entry_t next;

                        /*
                         *      Find the end of the proposed new region.
                         *      Be sure we didn't go beyond the end, or
                         *      wrap around the address.
                         */

                        end = ((start + mask) & ~mask);
                        if (end < start)
                                RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                        start = end;
                        end += size;

                        if ((end > effective_max_offset) || (end < start)) {
                                if (map->wait_for_space) {
                                        if (size <= (effective_max_offset -
                                                     effective_min_offset)) {
                                                assert_wait((event_t)map,
                                                            THREAD_ABORTSAFE);
                                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                                map_locked = FALSE;
                                                thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                                goto StartAgain;
                                        }
                                }
                                RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                        }

                        /*
                         *      If there are no more entries, we must win.
                         */

                        next = entry->vme_next;
                        if (next == vm_map_to_entry(map))
                                break;

                        /*
                         *      If there is another entry, it must be
                         *      after the end of the potential new region.
                         */

                        if (next->vme_start >= end)
                                break;

                        /*
                         *      Didn't fit -- move to the next entry.
                         */

                        entry = next;
                        start = entry->vme_end;
                }
                *address = start;
        } else {
                /*
                 *      Verify that:
                 *              the address doesn't itself violate
                 *              the mask requirement.
                 */

                vm_map_lock(map);
                map_locked = TRUE;
                if ((start & mask) != 0)
                        RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);

                /*
                 *      ...     the address is within bounds
                 */

                end = start + size;

                if ((start < effective_min_offset) ||
                    (end > effective_max_offset) ||
                    (start >= end)) {
                        RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }

                if (overwrite && zap_old_map != VM_MAP_NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Fixed mapping and "overwrite" flag: attempt to
                         * remove all existing mappings in the specified
                         * address range, saving them in our "zap_old_map".
                         */
                        (void) vm_map_delete(map, start, end,
                                             VM_MAP_REMOVE_SAVE_ENTRIES,
                                             zap_old_map);
                }

                /*
                 *      ...     the starting address isn't allocated
                 */

                if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &entry)) {
                        if (! (flags & VM_FLAGS_ALREADY)) {
                                RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                        }
                        /*
                         * Check if what's already there is what we want.
                         */
                        tmp_start = start;
                        tmp_offset = offset;
                        if (entry->vme_start < start) {
                                tmp_start -= start - entry->vme_start;
                                tmp_offset -= start - entry->vme_start;
                                
                        }
                        for (; entry->vme_start < end;
                             entry = entry->vme_next) {
                                /*
                                 * Check if the mapping's attributes
                                 * match the existing map entry.
                                 */
                                if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(map) ||
                                    entry->vme_start != tmp_start ||
                                    entry->is_sub_map != is_submap ||
                                    entry->offset != tmp_offset ||
                                    entry->needs_copy != needs_copy ||
                                    entry->protection != cur_protection ||
                                    entry->max_protection != max_protection ||
                                    entry->inheritance != inheritance ||
                                    entry->alias != alias) {
                                        /* not the same mapping ! */
                                        RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                                }
                                /*
                                 * Check if the same object is being mapped.
                                 */
                                if (is_submap) {
                                        if (entry->object.sub_map !=
                                            (vm_map_t) object) {
                                                /* not the same submap */
                                                RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        if (entry->object.vm_object != object) {
                                                /* not the same VM object... */
                                                vm_object_t obj2;

                                                obj2 = entry->object.vm_object;
                                                if ((obj2 == VM_OBJECT_NULL ||
                                                     obj2->internal) &&
                                                    (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL ||
                                                     object->internal)) {
                                                        /*
                                                         * ... but both are
                                                         * anonymous memory,
                                                         * so equivalent.
                                                         */
                                                } else {
                                                        RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                                                }
                                        }
                                }

                                tmp_offset += entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
                                tmp_start += entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
                                if (entry->vme_end >= end) {
                                        /* reached the end of our mapping */
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        /* it all matches:  let's use what's already there ! */
                        RETURN(KERN_MEMORY_PRESENT);
                }

                /*
                 *      ...     the next region doesn't overlap the
                 *              end point.
                 */

                if ((entry->vme_next != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                    (entry->vme_next->vme_start < end))
                        RETURN(KERN_NO_SPACE);
        }

        /*
         *      At this point,
         *              "start" and "end" should define the endpoints of the
         *                      available new range, and
         *              "entry" should refer to the region before the new
         *                      range, and
         *
         *              the map should be locked.
         */

        /*
         *      See whether we can avoid creating a new entry (and object) by
         *      extending one of our neighbors.  [So far, we only attempt to
         *      extend from below.]  Note that we can never extend/join
         *      purgable objects because they need to remain distinct
         *      entities in order to implement their "volatile object"
         *      semantics.
         */

        if (purgable) {
                if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        object = vm_object_allocate(size);
                        object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_NONE;
                        object->purgable = VM_PURGABLE_NONVOLATILE;
                        offset = (vm_object_offset_t)0;
                }
        } else if ((is_submap == FALSE) &&
                   (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) &&
                   (entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                   (entry->vme_end == start) &&
                   (!entry->is_shared) &&
                   (!entry->is_sub_map) &&
                   (entry->alias == alias) &&
                   (entry->inheritance == inheritance) &&
                   (entry->protection == cur_protection) &&
                   (entry->max_protection == max_protection) &&
                   (entry->behavior == VM_BEHAVIOR_DEFAULT) &&
                   (entry->in_transition == 0) &&
                   (entry->no_cache == no_cache) &&
                   ((alias == VM_MEMORY_REALLOC) ||
                    ((entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start) + size < NO_COALESCE_LIMIT)) &&
                   (entry->wired_count == 0)) { /* implies user_wired_count == 0 */
                if (vm_object_coalesce(entry->object.vm_object,
                                       VM_OBJECT_NULL,
                                       entry->offset,
                                       (vm_object_offset_t) 0,
                                       (vm_map_size_t)(entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start),
                                       (vm_map_size_t)(end - entry->vme_end))) {

                        /*
                         *      Coalesced the two objects - can extend
                         *      the previous map entry to include the
                         *      new range.
                         */
                        map->size += (end - entry->vme_end);
                        entry->vme_end = end;
                        UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(map, map->first_free);
                        RETURN(KERN_SUCCESS);
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Create a new entry
         *      LP64todo - for now, we can only allocate 4GB internal objects
         *      because the default pager can't page bigger ones.  Remove this
         *      when it can.
         *
         * XXX FBDP
         * The reserved "page zero" in each process's address space can
         * be arbitrarily large.  Splitting it into separate 4GB objects and
         * therefore different VM map entries serves no purpose and just
         * slows down operations on the VM map, so let's not split the
         * allocation into 4GB chunks if the max protection is NONE.  That
         * memory should never be accessible, so it will never get to the
         * default pager.
         */
        tmp_start = start;
        if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL &&
            size > (vm_map_size_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS &&
            max_protection != VM_PROT_NONE) 
                tmp_end = tmp_start + (vm_map_size_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS;
        else
                tmp_end = end;
        do {
                new_entry = vm_map_entry_insert(map, entry, tmp_start, tmp_end,
                                                object, offset, needs_copy,
                                                FALSE, FALSE,
                                                cur_protection, max_protection,
                                                VM_BEHAVIOR_DEFAULT,
                                                inheritance, 0, no_cache);
                new_entry->alias = alias;
                if (is_submap) {
                        vm_map_t        submap;
                        boolean_t       submap_is_64bit;
                        boolean_t       use_pmap;

                        new_entry->is_sub_map = TRUE;
                        submap = (vm_map_t) object;
                        submap_is_64bit = vm_map_is_64bit(submap);
                        use_pmap = (alias == VM_MEMORY_SHARED_PMAP);
#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP 
                        if (use_pmap && submap->pmap == NULL) {
                                /* we need a sub pmap to nest... */
                                submap->pmap = pmap_create(0, submap_is_64bit);
                                if (submap->pmap == NULL) {
                                        /* let's proceed without nesting... */
                                }
                        }
                        if (use_pmap && submap->pmap != NULL) {
                                kern_return_t kr;

                                kr = pmap_nest(map->pmap,
                                               submap->pmap,
                                               tmp_start,
                                               tmp_start,
                                               tmp_end - tmp_start);
                                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                        printf("vm_map_enter: "
                                               "pmap_nest(0x%llx,0x%llx) "
                                               "error 0x%x\n",
                                               (long long)tmp_start,
                                               (long long)tmp_end,
                                               kr);
                                } else {
                                        /* we're now nested ! */
                                        new_entry->use_pmap = TRUE;
                                        pmap_empty = FALSE;
                                }
                        }
#endif /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
                }
                entry = new_entry;
        } while (tmp_end != end && 
                 (tmp_start = tmp_end) &&
                 (tmp_end = (end - tmp_end > (vm_map_size_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS) ? 
                  tmp_end + (vm_map_size_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS : end));

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        map_locked = FALSE;

        new_mapping_established = TRUE;

        /*      Wire down the new entry if the user
         *      requested all new map entries be wired.
         */
        if (map->wiring_required) {
                pmap_empty = FALSE; /* pmap won't be empty */
                result = vm_map_wire(map, start, end,
                                     new_entry->protection, TRUE);
                RETURN(result);
        }

        if ((object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) &&
            (vm_map_pmap_enter_enable) &&
            (!anywhere)  &&
            (!needs_copy) && 
            (size < (128*1024))) {
                pmap_empty = FALSE; /* pmap won't be empty */

                if (override_nx(map, alias) && cur_protection)
                        cur_protection |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                vm_map_pmap_enter(map, start, end, 
                                  object, offset, cur_protection);
        }

BailOut: ;
        if (result == KERN_SUCCESS &&
            pmap_empty &&
            !(flags & VM_FLAGS_NO_PMAP_CHECK)) {
                assert(vm_map_pmap_is_empty(map, *address, *address+size));
        }

        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                if (new_mapping_established) {
                        /*
                         * We have to get rid of the new mappings since we
                         * won't make them available to the user.
                         * Try and do that atomically, to minimize the risk
                         * that someone else create new mappings that range.
                         */
                        zap_new_map = vm_map_create(PMAP_NULL,
                                                    *address,
                                                    *address + size,
                                                    TRUE);
                        if (!map_locked) {
                                vm_map_lock(map);
                                map_locked = TRUE;
                        }
                        (void) vm_map_delete(map, *address, *address+size,
                                             VM_MAP_REMOVE_SAVE_ENTRIES,
                                             zap_new_map);
                }
                if (zap_old_map != VM_MAP_NULL &&
                    zap_old_map->hdr.nentries != 0) {
                        vm_map_entry_t  entry1, entry2;

                        /*
                         * The new mapping failed.  Attempt to restore
                         * the old mappings, saved in the "zap_old_map".
                         */
                        if (!map_locked) {
                                vm_map_lock(map);
                                map_locked = TRUE;
                        }

                        /* first check if the coast is still clear */
                        start = vm_map_first_entry(zap_old_map)->vme_start;
                        end = vm_map_last_entry(zap_old_map)->vme_end;
                        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &entry1) ||
                            vm_map_lookup_entry(map, end, &entry2) ||
                            entry1 != entry2) {
                                /*
                                 * Part of that range has already been
                                 * re-mapped:  we can't restore the old
                                 * mappings...
                                 */
                                vm_map_enter_restore_failures++;
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * Transfer the saved map entries from
                                 * "zap_old_map" to the original "map",
                                 * inserting them all after "entry1".
                                 */
                                for (entry2 = vm_map_first_entry(zap_old_map);
                                     entry2 != vm_map_to_entry(zap_old_map);
                                     entry2 = vm_map_first_entry(zap_old_map)) {
                                        vm_map_size_t entry_size;

                                        entry_size = (entry2->vme_end -
                                                      entry2->vme_start);
                                        vm_map_entry_unlink(zap_old_map,
                                                            entry2);
                                        zap_old_map->size -= entry_size;
                                        vm_map_entry_link(map, entry1, entry2);
                                        map->size += entry_size;
                                        entry1 = entry2;
                                }
                                if (map->wiring_required) {
                                        /*
                                         * XXX TODO: we should rewire the
                                         * old pages here...
                                         */
                                }
                                vm_map_enter_restore_successes++;
                        }
                }
        }

        if (map_locked) {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
        }

        /*
         * Get rid of the "zap_maps" and all the map entries that
         * they may still contain.
         */
        if (zap_old_map != VM_MAP_NULL) {
                vm_map_destroy(zap_old_map, VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_PMAP_CLEANUP);
                zap_old_map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        }
        if (zap_new_map != VM_MAP_NULL) {
                vm_map_destroy(zap_new_map, VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_PMAP_CLEANUP);
                zap_new_map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        }

        return result;

#undef  RETURN
}

kern_return_t
vm_map_enter_mem_object(
        vm_map_t                target_map,
        vm_map_offset_t         *address,
        vm_map_size_t           initial_size,
        vm_map_offset_t         mask,
        int                     flags,
        ipc_port_t              port,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        boolean_t               copy,
        vm_prot_t               cur_protection,
        vm_prot_t               max_protection,
        vm_inherit_t            inheritance)
{
        vm_map_address_t        map_addr;
        vm_map_size_t           map_size;
        vm_object_t             object;
        vm_object_size_t        size;
        kern_return_t           result;

        /*
         * Check arguments for validity
         */
        if ((target_map == VM_MAP_NULL) ||
            (cur_protection & ~VM_PROT_ALL) ||
            (max_protection & ~VM_PROT_ALL) ||
            (inheritance > VM_INHERIT_LAST_VALID) ||
            initial_size == 0)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        map_addr = vm_map_trunc_page(*address);
        map_size = vm_map_round_page(initial_size);
        size = vm_object_round_page(initial_size);      
        
        /*
         * Find the vm object (if any) corresponding to this port.
         */
        if (!IP_VALID(port)) {
                object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                offset = 0;
                copy = FALSE;
        } else if (ip_kotype(port) == IKOT_NAMED_ENTRY) {
                vm_named_entry_t        named_entry;

                named_entry = (vm_named_entry_t) port->ip_kobject;
                /* a few checks to make sure user is obeying rules */
                if (size == 0) {
                        if (offset >= named_entry->size)
                                return KERN_INVALID_RIGHT;
                        size = named_entry->size - offset;
                }
                if ((named_entry->protection & max_protection) !=
                    max_protection)
                        return KERN_INVALID_RIGHT;
                if ((named_entry->protection & cur_protection) !=
                    cur_protection)
                        return KERN_INVALID_RIGHT;
                if (named_entry->size < (offset + size))
                        return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

                /* the callers parameter offset is defined to be the */
                /* offset from beginning of named entry offset in object */
                offset = offset + named_entry->offset;
                
                named_entry_lock(named_entry);
                if (named_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_t                submap;

                        submap = named_entry->backing.map;
                        vm_map_lock(submap);
                        vm_map_reference(submap);
                        vm_map_unlock(submap);
                        named_entry_unlock(named_entry);

                        result = vm_map_enter(target_map,
                                              &map_addr,
                                              map_size,
                                              mask,
                                              flags | VM_FLAGS_SUBMAP,
                                              (vm_object_t) submap,
                                              offset,
                                              copy,
                                              cur_protection,
                                              max_protection,
                                              inheritance);
                        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                vm_map_deallocate(submap);
                        } else {
                                /*
                                 * No need to lock "submap" just to check its
                                 * "mapped" flag: that flag is never reset
                                 * once it's been set and if we race, we'll
                                 * just end up setting it twice, which is OK.
                                 */
                                if (submap->mapped == FALSE) {
                                        /*
                                         * This submap has never been mapped.
                                         * Set its "mapped" flag now that it
                                         * has been mapped.
                                         * This happens only for the first ever
                                         * mapping of a "submap".
                                         */
                                        vm_map_lock(submap);
                                        submap->mapped = TRUE;
                                        vm_map_unlock(submap);
                                }
                                *address = map_addr;
                        }
                        return result;

                } else if (named_entry->is_pager) {
                        unsigned int    access;
                        vm_prot_t       protections;
                        unsigned int    wimg_mode;
                        boolean_t       cache_attr;

                        protections = named_entry->protection & VM_PROT_ALL;
                        access = GET_MAP_MEM(named_entry->protection);

                        object = vm_object_enter(named_entry->backing.pager, 
                                                 named_entry->size, 
                                                 named_entry->internal, 
                                                 FALSE,
                                                 FALSE);
                        if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                                named_entry_unlock(named_entry);
                                return KERN_INVALID_OBJECT;
                        }

                        /* JMM - drop reference on pager here */

                        /* create an extra ref for the named entry */
                        vm_object_lock(object);
                        vm_object_reference_locked(object);
                        named_entry->backing.object = object;
                        named_entry->is_pager = FALSE;
                        named_entry_unlock(named_entry);

                        wimg_mode = object->wimg_bits;
                        if (access == MAP_MEM_IO) {
                                wimg_mode = VM_WIMG_IO;
                        } else if (access == MAP_MEM_COPYBACK) {
                                wimg_mode = VM_WIMG_USE_DEFAULT;
                        } else if (access == MAP_MEM_WTHRU) {
                                wimg_mode = VM_WIMG_WTHRU;
                        } else if (access == MAP_MEM_WCOMB) {
                                wimg_mode = VM_WIMG_WCOMB;
                        }
                        if (wimg_mode == VM_WIMG_IO ||
                            wimg_mode == VM_WIMG_WCOMB)
                                cache_attr = TRUE;
                        else 
                                cache_attr = FALSE;

                        /* wait for object (if any) to be ready */
                        if (!named_entry->internal) {
                                while (!object->pager_ready) {
                                        vm_object_wait(
                                                object,
                                                VM_OBJECT_EVENT_PAGER_READY,
                                                THREAD_UNINT);
                                        vm_object_lock(object);
                                }
                        }

                        if (object->wimg_bits != wimg_mode) {
                                vm_page_t p;

                                vm_object_paging_wait(object, THREAD_UNINT);

                                object->wimg_bits = wimg_mode;
                                queue_iterate(&object->memq, p, vm_page_t, listq) {
                                        if (!p->fictitious) {
                                                if (p->pmapped)
                                                        pmap_disconnect(p->phys_page);
                                                if (cache_attr)
                                                        pmap_sync_page_attributes_phys(p->phys_page);
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                        object->true_share = TRUE;
                        if (object->copy_strategy == MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC)
                                object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_DELAY;
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                } else {
                        /* This is the case where we are going to map */
                        /* an already mapped object.  If the object is */
                        /* not ready it is internal.  An external     */
                        /* object cannot be mapped until it is ready  */
                        /* we can therefore avoid the ready check     */
                        /* in this case.  */
                        object = named_entry->backing.object;
                        assert(object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
                        named_entry_unlock(named_entry);
                        vm_object_reference(object);
                }
        } else if (ip_kotype(port) == IKOT_MEMORY_OBJECT) {
                /*
                 * JMM - This is temporary until we unify named entries
                 * and raw memory objects.
                 *
                 * Detected fake ip_kotype for a memory object.  In
                 * this case, the port isn't really a port at all, but
                 * instead is just a raw memory object.
                 */
                 
                object = vm_object_enter((memory_object_t)port,
                                         size, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE);
                if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL)
                        return KERN_INVALID_OBJECT;

                /* wait for object (if any) to be ready */
                if (object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        if (object == kernel_object) {
                                printf("Warning: Attempt to map kernel object"
                                        " by a non-private kernel entity\n");
                                return KERN_INVALID_OBJECT;
                        }
                        vm_object_lock(object);
                        while (!object->pager_ready) {
                                vm_object_wait(object,
                                               VM_OBJECT_EVENT_PAGER_READY,
                                               THREAD_UNINT);
                                vm_object_lock(object);
                        }
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                }
        } else {
                return KERN_INVALID_OBJECT;
        }

        /*
         *      Perform the copy if requested
         */

        if (copy) {
                vm_object_t             new_object;
                vm_object_offset_t      new_offset;

                result = vm_object_copy_strategically(object, offset, size,
                                                      &new_object, &new_offset,
                                                      &copy);


                if (result == KERN_MEMORY_RESTART_COPY) {
                        boolean_t success;
                        boolean_t src_needs_copy;

                        /*
                         * XXX
                         * We currently ignore src_needs_copy.
                         * This really is the issue of how to make
                         * MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC safe for
                         * non-kernel users to use. Solution forthcoming.
                         * In the meantime, since we don't allow non-kernel
                         * memory managers to specify symmetric copy,
                         * we won't run into problems here.
                         */
                        new_object = object;
                        new_offset = offset;
                        success = vm_object_copy_quickly(&new_object,
                                                         new_offset, size,
                                                         &src_needs_copy,
                                                         &copy);
                        assert(success);
                        result = KERN_SUCCESS;
                }
                /*
                 *      Throw away the reference to the
                 *      original object, as it won't be mapped.
                 */

                vm_object_deallocate(object);

                if (result != KERN_SUCCESS)
                        return result;

                object = new_object;
                offset = new_offset;
        }

        result = vm_map_enter(target_map,
                              &map_addr, map_size,
                              (vm_map_offset_t)mask,
                              flags,
                              object, offset,
                              copy,
                              cur_protection, max_protection, inheritance);
        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS)
                vm_object_deallocate(object);
        *address = map_addr;
        return result;
}

#if     VM_CPM

#ifdef MACH_ASSERT
extern pmap_paddr_t     avail_start, avail_end;
#endif

/*
 *      Allocate memory in the specified map, with the caveat that
 *      the memory is physically contiguous.  This call may fail
 *      if the system can't find sufficient contiguous memory.
 *      This call may cause or lead to heart-stopping amounts of
 *      paging activity.
 *
 *      Memory obtained from this call should be freed in the
 *      normal way, viz., via vm_deallocate.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_enter_cpm(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t *addr,
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        int                     flags)
{
        vm_object_t             cpm_obj;
        pmap_t                  pmap;
        vm_page_t               m, pages;
        kern_return_t           kr;
        vm_map_offset_t         va, start, end, offset;
#if     MACH_ASSERT
        vm_map_offset_t         prev_addr;
#endif  /* MACH_ASSERT */

        boolean_t               anywhere = ((VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE & flags) != 0);

        if (!vm_allocate_cpm_enabled)
                return KERN_FAILURE;

        if (size == 0) {
                *addr = 0;
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }
        if (anywhere)
                *addr = vm_map_min(map);
        else
                *addr = vm_map_trunc_page(*addr);
        size = vm_map_round_page(size);

        /*
         * LP64todo - cpm_allocate should probably allow
         * allocations of >4GB, but not with the current
         * algorithm, so just cast down the size for now.
         */
        if (size > VM_MAX_ADDRESS)
                return KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
        if ((kr = cpm_allocate(CAST_DOWN(vm_size_t, size),
                               &pages, 0, TRUE)) != KERN_SUCCESS)
                return kr;

        cpm_obj = vm_object_allocate((vm_object_size_t)size);
        assert(cpm_obj != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
        assert(cpm_obj->internal);
        assert(cpm_obj->size == (vm_object_size_t)size);
        assert(cpm_obj->can_persist == FALSE);
        assert(cpm_obj->pager_created == FALSE);
        assert(cpm_obj->pageout == FALSE);
        assert(cpm_obj->shadow == VM_OBJECT_NULL);

        /*
         *      Insert pages into object.
         */

        vm_object_lock(cpm_obj);
        for (offset = 0; offset < size; offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
                m = pages;
                pages = NEXT_PAGE(m);
                *(NEXT_PAGE_PTR(m)) = VM_PAGE_NULL;

                assert(!m->gobbled);
                assert(!m->wanted);
                assert(!m->pageout);
                assert(!m->tabled);
                assert(m->wire_count);
                /*
                 * ENCRYPTED SWAP:
                 * "m" is not supposed to be pageable, so it
                 * should not be encrypted.  It wouldn't be safe
                 * to enter it in a new VM object while encrypted.
                 */
                ASSERT_PAGE_DECRYPTED(m);
                assert(m->busy);
                assert(m->phys_page>=(avail_start>>PAGE_SHIFT) && m->phys_page<=(avail_end>>PAGE_SHIFT));

                m->busy = FALSE;
                vm_page_insert(m, cpm_obj, offset);
        }
        assert(cpm_obj->resident_page_count == size / PAGE_SIZE);
        vm_object_unlock(cpm_obj);

        /*
         *      Hang onto a reference on the object in case a
         *      multi-threaded application for some reason decides
         *      to deallocate the portion of the address space into
         *      which we will insert this object.
         *
         *      Unfortunately, we must insert the object now before
         *      we can talk to the pmap module about which addresses
         *      must be wired down.  Hence, the race with a multi-
         *      threaded app.
         */
        vm_object_reference(cpm_obj);

        /*
         *      Insert object into map.
         */

        kr = vm_map_enter(
                map,
                addr,
                size,
                (vm_map_offset_t)0,
                flags,
                cpm_obj,
                (vm_object_offset_t)0,
                FALSE,
                VM_PROT_ALL,
                VM_PROT_ALL,
                VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);

        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /*
                 *      A CPM object doesn't have can_persist set,
                 *      so all we have to do is deallocate it to
                 *      free up these pages.
                 */
                assert(cpm_obj->pager_created == FALSE);
                assert(cpm_obj->can_persist == FALSE);
                assert(cpm_obj->pageout == FALSE);
                assert(cpm_obj->shadow == VM_OBJECT_NULL);
                vm_object_deallocate(cpm_obj); /* kill acquired ref */
                vm_object_deallocate(cpm_obj); /* kill creation ref */
        }

        /*
         *      Inform the physical mapping system that the
         *      range of addresses may not fault, so that
         *      page tables and such can be locked down as well.
         */
        start = *addr;
        end = start + size;
        pmap = vm_map_pmap(map);
        pmap_pageable(pmap, start, end, FALSE);

        /*
         *      Enter each page into the pmap, to avoid faults.
         *      Note that this loop could be coded more efficiently,
         *      if the need arose, rather than looking up each page
         *      again.
         */
        for (offset = 0, va = start; offset < size;
             va += PAGE_SIZE, offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
                int type_of_fault;

                vm_object_lock(cpm_obj);
                m = vm_page_lookup(cpm_obj, (vm_object_offset_t)offset);
                assert(m != VM_PAGE_NULL);

                vm_page_zero_fill(m);

                type_of_fault = DBG_ZERO_FILL_FAULT;

                vm_fault_enter(m, pmap, va, VM_PROT_ALL,
                               m->wire_count != 0, FALSE, FALSE,
                               &type_of_fault);

                vm_object_unlock(cpm_obj);
        }

#if     MACH_ASSERT
        /*
         *      Verify ordering in address space.
         */
        for (offset = 0; offset < size; offset += PAGE_SIZE) {
                vm_object_lock(cpm_obj);
                m = vm_page_lookup(cpm_obj, (vm_object_offset_t)offset);
                vm_object_unlock(cpm_obj);
                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                        panic("vm_allocate_cpm:  obj 0x%x off 0x%x no page",
                              cpm_obj, offset);
                assert(m->tabled);
                assert(!m->busy);
                assert(!m->wanted);
                assert(!m->fictitious);
                assert(!m->private);
                assert(!m->absent);
                assert(!m->error);
                assert(!m->cleaning);
                assert(!m->precious);
                assert(!m->clustered);
                if (offset != 0) {
                        if (m->phys_page != prev_addr + 1) {
                                printf("start 0x%x end 0x%x va 0x%x\n",
                                       start, end, va);
                                printf("obj 0x%x off 0x%x\n", cpm_obj, offset);
                                printf("m 0x%x prev_address 0x%x\n", m,
                                       prev_addr);
                                panic("vm_allocate_cpm:  pages not contig!");
                        }
                }
                prev_addr = m->phys_page;
        }
#endif  /* MACH_ASSERT */

        vm_object_deallocate(cpm_obj); /* kill extra ref */

        return kr;
}


#else   /* VM_CPM */

/*
 *      Interface is defined in all cases, but unless the kernel
 *      is built explicitly for this option, the interface does
 *      nothing.
 */

kern_return_t
vm_map_enter_cpm(
        __unused vm_map_t       map,
        __unused vm_map_offset_t        *addr,
        __unused vm_map_size_t  size,
        __unused int            flags)
{
        return KERN_FAILURE;
}
#endif /* VM_CPM */

/*
 * Clip and unnest a portion of a nested submap mapping.
 */
static void
vm_map_clip_unnest(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry,
        vm_map_offset_t start_unnest,
        vm_map_offset_t end_unnest)
{
        assert(entry->is_sub_map);
        assert(entry->object.sub_map != NULL);

        if (entry->vme_start > start_unnest ||
            entry->vme_end < end_unnest) {
                panic("vm_map_clip_unnest(0x%llx,0x%llx): "
                      "bad nested entry: start=0x%llx end=0x%llx\n",
                      (long long)start_unnest, (long long)end_unnest,
                      (long long)entry->vme_start, (long long)entry->vme_end);
        }
        if (start_unnest > entry->vme_start) {
                _vm_map_clip_start(&map->hdr,
                                   entry,
                                   start_unnest);
                UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(map, map->first_free);
        }
        if (entry->vme_end > end_unnest) {
                _vm_map_clip_end(&map->hdr,
                                 entry,
                                 end_unnest);
                UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(map, map->first_free);
        }

        pmap_unnest(map->pmap,
                    entry->vme_start,
                    entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start);
        if ((map->mapped) && (map->ref_count)) {
                /* clean up parent map/maps */
                vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                        map, entry->vme_start,
                        entry->vme_end,
                        entry->object.sub_map,
                        entry->offset);
        }
        entry->use_pmap = FALSE;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_clip_start:      [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Asserts that the given entry begins at or after
 *      the specified address; if necessary,
 *      it splits the entry into two.
 */
static void
vm_map_clip_start(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry,
        vm_map_offset_t startaddr)
{
#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP
        if (entry->use_pmap &&
            startaddr >= entry->vme_start) {
                vm_map_offset_t start_unnest, end_unnest;

                /*
                 * Make sure "startaddr" is no longer in a nested range
                 * before we clip.  Unnest only the minimum range the platform
                 * can handle.
                 */
                start_unnest = startaddr & ~(pmap_nesting_size_min - 1);
                end_unnest = start_unnest + pmap_nesting_size_min;
                vm_map_clip_unnest(map, entry, start_unnest, end_unnest);
        }
#endif /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
        if (startaddr > entry->vme_start) {
                if (entry->object.vm_object &&
                    !entry->is_sub_map &&
                    entry->object.vm_object->phys_contiguous) {
                        pmap_remove(map->pmap,
                                    (addr64_t)(entry->vme_start),
                                    (addr64_t)(entry->vme_end));
                }
                _vm_map_clip_start(&map->hdr, entry, startaddr);
                UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(map, map->first_free);
        }
}


#define vm_map_copy_clip_start(copy, entry, startaddr) \
        MACRO_BEGIN \
        if ((startaddr) > (entry)->vme_start) \
                _vm_map_clip_start(&(copy)->cpy_hdr,(entry),(startaddr)); \
        MACRO_END

/*
 *      This routine is called only when it is known that
 *      the entry must be split.
 */
static void
_vm_map_clip_start(
        register struct vm_map_header   *map_header,
        register vm_map_entry_t         entry,
        register vm_map_offset_t                start)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t new_entry;

        /*
         *      Split off the front portion --
         *      note that we must insert the new
         *      entry BEFORE this one, so that
         *      this entry has the specified starting
         *      address.
         */

        new_entry = _vm_map_entry_create(map_header);
        vm_map_entry_copy_full(new_entry, entry);

        new_entry->vme_end = start;
        entry->offset += (start - entry->vme_start);
        entry->vme_start = start;

        _vm_map_entry_link(map_header, entry->vme_prev, new_entry);

        if (entry->is_sub_map)
                vm_map_reference(new_entry->object.sub_map);
        else
                vm_object_reference(new_entry->object.vm_object);
}


/*
 *      vm_map_clip_end:        [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Asserts that the given entry ends at or before
 *      the specified address; if necessary,
 *      it splits the entry into two.
 */
static void
vm_map_clip_end(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry,
        vm_map_offset_t endaddr)
{
        if (endaddr > entry->vme_end) {
                /*
                 * Within the scope of this clipping, limit "endaddr" to
                 * the end of this map entry...
                 */
                endaddr = entry->vme_end;
        }
#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP
        if (entry->use_pmap) {
                vm_map_offset_t start_unnest, end_unnest;

                /*
                 * Make sure the range between the start of this entry and
                 * the new "endaddr" is no longer nested before we clip.
                 * Unnest only the minimum range the platform can handle.
                 */
                start_unnest = entry->vme_start;
                end_unnest =
                        (endaddr + pmap_nesting_size_min - 1) &
                        ~(pmap_nesting_size_min - 1);
                vm_map_clip_unnest(map, entry, start_unnest, end_unnest);
        }
#endif /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
        if (endaddr < entry->vme_end) {
                if (entry->object.vm_object &&
                    !entry->is_sub_map &&
                    entry->object.vm_object->phys_contiguous) {
                        pmap_remove(map->pmap,
                                    (addr64_t)(entry->vme_start),
                                    (addr64_t)(entry->vme_end));
                }
                _vm_map_clip_end(&map->hdr, entry, endaddr);
                UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(map, map->first_free);
        }
}


#define vm_map_copy_clip_end(copy, entry, endaddr) \
        MACRO_BEGIN \
        if ((endaddr) < (entry)->vme_end) \
                _vm_map_clip_end(&(copy)->cpy_hdr,(entry),(endaddr)); \
        MACRO_END

/*
 *      This routine is called only when it is known that
 *      the entry must be split.
 */
static void
_vm_map_clip_end(
        register struct vm_map_header   *map_header,
        register vm_map_entry_t         entry,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t new_entry;

        /*
         *      Create a new entry and insert it
         *      AFTER the specified entry
         */

        new_entry = _vm_map_entry_create(map_header);
        vm_map_entry_copy_full(new_entry, entry);

        new_entry->vme_start = entry->vme_end = end;
        new_entry->offset += (end - entry->vme_start);

        _vm_map_entry_link(map_header, entry, new_entry);

        if (entry->is_sub_map)
                vm_map_reference(new_entry->object.sub_map);
        else
                vm_object_reference(new_entry->object.vm_object);
}


/*
 *      VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK:     [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Asserts that the starting and ending region
 *      addresses fall within the valid range of the map.
 */
#define VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK(map, start, end)     \
        MACRO_BEGIN                             \
        if (start < vm_map_min(map))            \
                start = vm_map_min(map);        \
        if (end > vm_map_max(map))              \
                end = vm_map_max(map);          \
        if (start > end)                        \
                start = end;                    \
        MACRO_END

/*
 *      vm_map_range_check:     [ internal use only ]
 *      
 *      Check that the region defined by the specified start and
 *      end addresses are wholly contained within a single map
 *      entry or set of adjacent map entries of the spacified map,
 *      i.e. the specified region contains no unmapped space.
 *      If any or all of the region is unmapped, FALSE is returned.
 *      Otherwise, TRUE is returned and if the output argument 'entry'
 *      is not NULL it points to the map entry containing the start
 *      of the region.
 *
 *      The map is locked for reading on entry and is left locked.
 */
static boolean_t
vm_map_range_check(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        vm_map_entry_t          *entry)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          cur;
        register vm_map_offset_t        prev;

        /*
         *      Basic sanity checks first
         */
        if (start < vm_map_min(map) || end > vm_map_max(map) || start > end)
                return (FALSE);

        /*
         *      Check first if the region starts within a valid
         *      mapping for the map.
         */
        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &cur))
                return (FALSE);

        /*
         *      Optimize for the case that the region is contained 
         *      in a single map entry.
         */
        if (entry != (vm_map_entry_t *) NULL)
                *entry = cur;
        if (end <= cur->vme_end)
                return (TRUE);

        /*
         *      If the region is not wholly contained within a
         *      single entry, walk the entries looking for holes.
         */
        prev = cur->vme_end;
        cur = cur->vme_next;
        while ((cur != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (prev == cur->vme_start)) {
                if (end <= cur->vme_end)
                        return (TRUE);
                prev = cur->vme_end;
                cur = cur->vme_next;
        }
        return (FALSE);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_submap:          [ kernel use only ]
 *
 *      Mark the given range as handled by a subordinate map.
 *
 *      This range must have been created with vm_map_find using
 *      the vm_submap_object, and no other operations may have been
 *      performed on this range prior to calling vm_map_submap.
 *
 *      Only a limited number of operations can be performed
 *      within this rage after calling vm_map_submap:
 *              vm_fault
 *      [Don't try vm_map_copyin!]
 *
 *      To remove a submapping, one must first remove the
 *      range from the superior map, and then destroy the
 *      submap (if desired).  [Better yet, don't try it.]
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_submap(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end,
        vm_map_t                submap,
        vm_map_offset_t offset,
#ifdef NO_NESTED_PMAP
        __unused
#endif  /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
        boolean_t               use_pmap)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        register kern_return_t  result = KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        register vm_object_t    object;

        vm_map_lock(map);

        if (! vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &entry)) {
                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }

        if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(map) ||
            entry->is_sub_map) {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        assert(!entry->use_pmap); /* we don't want to unnest anything here */
        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, start);
        vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);

        if ((entry->vme_start == start) && (entry->vme_end == end) &&
            (!entry->is_sub_map) &&
            ((object = entry->object.vm_object) == vm_submap_object) &&
            (object->resident_page_count == 0) &&
            (object->copy == VM_OBJECT_NULL) &&
            (object->shadow == VM_OBJECT_NULL) &&
            (!object->pager_created)) {
                entry->offset = (vm_object_offset_t)offset;
                entry->object.vm_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                vm_object_deallocate(object);
                entry->is_sub_map = TRUE;
                entry->object.sub_map = submap;
                vm_map_reference(submap);
                submap->mapped = TRUE;

#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP
                if (use_pmap) {
                        /* nest if platform code will allow */
                        if(submap->pmap == NULL) {
                                submap->pmap = pmap_create((vm_map_size_t) 0, FALSE);
                                if(submap->pmap == PMAP_NULL) {
                                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                                }
                        }
                        result = pmap_nest(map->pmap,
                                           (entry->object.sub_map)->pmap, 
                                           (addr64_t)start,
                                           (addr64_t)start,
                                           (uint64_t)(end - start));
                        if(result)
                                panic("vm_map_submap: pmap_nest failed, rc = %08X\n", result);
                        entry->use_pmap = TRUE;
                }
#else   /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
                pmap_remove(map->pmap, (addr64_t)start, (addr64_t)end);
#endif  /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
                result = KERN_SUCCESS;
        }
        vm_map_unlock(map);

        return(result);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_protect:
 *
 *      Sets the protection of the specified address
 *      region in the target map.  If "set_max" is
 *      specified, the maximum protection is to be set;
 *      otherwise, only the current protection is affected.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_protect(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        register vm_prot_t      new_prot,
        register boolean_t      set_max)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t         current;
        register vm_map_offset_t        prev;
        vm_map_entry_t                  entry;
        vm_prot_t                       new_max;

        XPR(XPR_VM_MAP,
            "vm_map_protect, 0x%X start 0x%X end 0x%X, new 0x%X %d",
            (integer_t)map, start, end, new_prot, set_max);

        vm_map_lock(map);

        /* LP64todo - remove this check when vm_map_commpage64()
         * no longer has to stuff in a map_entry for the commpage
         * above the map's max_offset.
         */
        if (start >= map->max_offset) {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Lookup the entry.  If it doesn't start in a valid
         *      entry, return an error.
         */
        if (! vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &entry)) {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Make a first pass to check for protection and address
         *      violations.
         */

        current = entry;
        prev = current->vme_start;
        while ((current != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
               (current->vme_start < end)) {

                /*
                 * If there is a hole, return an error.
                 */
                if (current->vme_start != prev) {
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }

                new_max = current->max_protection;
                if(new_prot & VM_PROT_COPY) {
                        new_max |= VM_PROT_WRITE;
                        if ((new_prot & (new_max | VM_PROT_COPY)) != new_prot) {
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                return(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                        }
                } else {
                        if ((new_prot & new_max) != new_prot) {
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                return(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                        }
                }

                prev = current->vme_end;
                current = current->vme_next;
        }
        if (end > prev) {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Go back and fix up protections.
         *      Clip to start here if the range starts within
         *      the entry.
         */

        current = entry;
        if (current != vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                /* clip and unnest if necessary */
                vm_map_clip_start(map, current, start);
        }

        while ((current != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
               (current->vme_start < end)) {

                vm_prot_t       old_prot;

                vm_map_clip_end(map, current, end);

                assert(!current->use_pmap); /* clipping did unnest if needed */

                old_prot = current->protection;

                if(new_prot & VM_PROT_COPY) {
                        /* caller is asking specifically to copy the      */
                        /* mapped data, this implies that max protection  */
                        /* will include write.  Caller must be prepared   */
                        /* for loss of shared memory communication in the */
                        /* target area after taking this step */
                        current->needs_copy = TRUE;
                        current->max_protection |= VM_PROT_WRITE;
                }

                if (set_max)
                        current->protection =
                                (current->max_protection = 
                                 new_prot & ~VM_PROT_COPY) &
                                old_prot;
                else
                        current->protection = new_prot & ~VM_PROT_COPY;

                /*
                 *      Update physical map if necessary.
                 *      If the request is to turn off write protection, 
                 *      we won't do it for real (in pmap). This is because 
                 *      it would cause copy-on-write to fail.  We've already 
                 *      set, the new protection in the map, so if a 
                 *      write-protect fault occurred, it will be fixed up 
                 *      properly, COW or not.
                 */
                if (current->protection != old_prot) {
                        /* Look one level in we support nested pmaps */
                        /* from mapped submaps which are direct entries */
                        /* in our map */

                        vm_prot_t prot;

                        prot = current->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                        if (override_nx(map, current->alias) && prot)
                                prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                        if (current->is_sub_map && current->use_pmap) {
                                pmap_protect(current->object.sub_map->pmap, 
                                             current->vme_start,
                                             current->vme_end,
                                             prot);
                        } else {
                                pmap_protect(map->pmap,
                                             current->vme_start,
                                             current->vme_end,
                                             prot);
                        }
                }
                current = current->vme_next;
        }

        current = entry;
        while ((current != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
               (current->vme_start <= end)) {
                vm_map_simplify_entry(map, current);
                current = current->vme_next;
        }

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_inherit:
 *
 *      Sets the inheritance of the specified address
 *      range in the target map.  Inheritance
 *      affects how the map will be shared with
 *      child maps at the time of vm_map_fork.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_inherit(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        register vm_inherit_t   new_inheritance)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        vm_map_entry_t  temp_entry;

        vm_map_lock(map);

        VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK(map, start, end);

        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &temp_entry)) {
                entry = temp_entry;
        }
        else {
                temp_entry = temp_entry->vme_next;
                entry = temp_entry;
        }

        /* first check entire range for submaps which can't support the */
        /* given inheritance. */
        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (entry->vme_start < end)) {
                if(entry->is_sub_map) {
                        if(new_inheritance == VM_INHERIT_COPY) {
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
                        }
                }

                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }

        entry = temp_entry;
        if (entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                /* clip and unnest if necessary */
                vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, start);
        }

        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (entry->vme_start < end)) {
                vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);
                assert(!entry->use_pmap); /* clip did unnest if needed */

                entry->inheritance = new_inheritance;

                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 * Update the accounting for the amount of wired memory in this map.  If the user has
 * exceeded the defined limits, then we fail.  Wiring on behalf of the kernel never fails.
 */

static kern_return_t
add_wire_counts(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry, 
        boolean_t       user_wire)
{ 
        vm_map_size_t   size;

        if (user_wire) {

                /*
                 * We're wiring memory at the request of the user.  Check if this is the first time the user is wiring
                 * this map entry.
                 */

                if (entry->user_wired_count == 0) {
                        size = entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
 
                        /*
                         * Since this is the first time the user is wiring this map entry, check to see if we're
                         * exceeding the user wire limits.  There is a per map limit which is the smaller of either
                         * the process's rlimit or the global vm_user_wire_limit which caps this value.  There is also
                         * a system-wide limit on the amount of memory all users can wire.  If the user is over either
                         * limit, then we fail.
                         */

                        if(size + map->user_wire_size > MIN(map->user_wire_limit, vm_user_wire_limit) ||
                           size + ptoa_64(vm_page_wire_count) > vm_global_user_wire_limit)
                                return KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;

                        /*
                         * The first time the user wires an entry, we also increment the wired_count and add this to
                         * the total that has been wired in the map.
                         */

                        if (entry->wired_count >= MAX_WIRE_COUNT)
                                return KERN_FAILURE;

                        entry->wired_count++;
                        map->user_wire_size += size;
                }

                if (entry->user_wired_count >= MAX_WIRE_COUNT)
                        return KERN_FAILURE;

                entry->user_wired_count++;

        } else {

                /*
                 * The kernel's wiring the memory.  Just bump the count and continue.
                 */

                if (entry->wired_count >= MAX_WIRE_COUNT)
                        panic("vm_map_wire: too many wirings");

                entry->wired_count++;
        }

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * Update the memory wiring accounting now that the given map entry is being unwired.
 */

static void
subtract_wire_counts(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry, 
        boolean_t       user_wire)
{ 

        if (user_wire) {

                /*
                 * We're unwiring memory at the request of the user.  See if we're removing the last user wire reference.
                 */

                if (entry->user_wired_count == 1) {

                        /*
                         * We're removing the last user wire reference.  Decrement the wired_count and the total
                         * user wired memory for this map.
                         */

                        assert(entry->wired_count >= 1);
                        entry->wired_count--;
                        map->user_wire_size -= entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
                }

                assert(entry->user_wired_count >= 1);
                entry->user_wired_count--;

        } else {

                /*
                 * The kernel is unwiring the memory.   Just update the count.
                 */

                assert(entry->wired_count >= 1);
                entry->wired_count--;
        }
}

/*
 *      vm_map_wire:
 *
 *      Sets the pageability of the specified address range in the
 *      target map as wired.  Regions specified as not pageable require
 *      locked-down physical memory and physical page maps.  The
 *      access_type variable indicates types of accesses that must not
 *      generate page faults.  This is checked against protection of
 *      memory being locked-down.
 *
 *      The map must not be locked, but a reference must remain to the
 *      map throughout the call.
 */
static kern_return_t
vm_map_wire_nested(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        register vm_prot_t      access_type,
        boolean_t               user_wire,
        pmap_t                  map_pmap, 
        vm_map_offset_t         pmap_addr)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        struct vm_map_entry     *first_entry, tmp_entry;
        vm_map_t                real_map;
        register vm_map_offset_t        s,e;
        kern_return_t           rc;
        boolean_t               need_wakeup;
        boolean_t               main_map = FALSE;
        wait_interrupt_t        interruptible_state;
        thread_t                cur_thread;
        unsigned int            last_timestamp;
        vm_map_size_t           size;

        vm_map_lock(map);
        if(map_pmap == NULL)
                main_map = TRUE;
        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

        VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK(map, start, end);
        assert(page_aligned(start));
        assert(page_aligned(end));
        if (start == end) {
                /* We wired what the caller asked for, zero pages */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }

        need_wakeup = FALSE;
        cur_thread = current_thread();

        s = start;
        rc = KERN_SUCCESS;

        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, s, &first_entry)) {
                entry = first_entry;
                /*
                 * vm_map_clip_start will be done later.
                 * We don't want to unnest any nested submaps here !
                 */
        } else {
                /* Start address is not in map */
                rc = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                goto done;
        }

        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (s < end)) {
                /*
                 * At this point, we have wired from "start" to "s".
                 * We still need to wire from "s" to "end".
                 *
                 * "entry" hasn't been clipped, so it could start before "s"
                 * and/or end after "end".
                 */

                /* "e" is how far we want to wire in this entry */
                e = entry->vme_end;
                if (e > end)
                        e = end;

                /*
                 * If another thread is wiring/unwiring this entry then
                 * block after informing other thread to wake us up.
                 */
                if (entry->in_transition) {
                        wait_result_t wait_result;

                        /*
                         * We have not clipped the entry.  Make sure that
                         * the start address is in range so that the lookup
                         * below will succeed.
                         * "s" is the current starting point: we've already
                         * wired from "start" to "s" and we still have
                         * to wire from "s" to "end".
                         */

                        entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;

                        /*
                         * wake up anybody waiting on entries that we have
                         * already wired.
                         */
                        if (need_wakeup) {
                                vm_map_entry_wakeup(map);
                                need_wakeup = FALSE;
                        }
                        /*
                         * User wiring is interruptible
                         */
                        wait_result = vm_map_entry_wait(map, 
                                                        (user_wire) ? THREAD_ABORTSAFE :
                                                        THREAD_UNINT);
                        if (user_wire && wait_result == THREAD_INTERRUPTED) {
                                /*
                                 * undo the wirings we have done so far
                                 * We do not clear the needs_wakeup flag,
                                 * because we cannot tell if we were the
                                 * only one waiting.
                                 */
                                rc = KERN_FAILURE;
                                goto done;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Cannot avoid a lookup here. reset timestamp.
                         */
                        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

                        /*
                         * The entry could have been clipped, look it up again.
                         * Worse that can happen is, it may not exist anymore.
                         */
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, s, &first_entry)) {
                                if (!user_wire)
                                        panic("vm_map_wire: re-lookup failed");

                                /*
                                 * User: undo everything upto the previous
                                 * entry.  let vm_map_unwire worry about
                                 * checking the validity of the range.
                                 */
                                rc = KERN_FAILURE;
                                goto done;
                        }
                        entry = first_entry;
                        continue;
                }
        
                if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_start;
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_end;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_start;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_end;
                        pmap_t          pmap;

                        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, s);
                        vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);

                        sub_start = entry->offset;
                        sub_end = entry->vme_end;
                        sub_end += entry->offset - entry->vme_start;
                
                        local_end = entry->vme_end;
                        if(map_pmap == NULL) {
                                vm_object_t             object;
                                vm_object_offset_t      offset;
                                vm_prot_t               prot;
                                boolean_t               wired;
                                vm_map_entry_t          local_entry;
                                vm_map_version_t         version;
                                vm_map_t                lookup_map;

                                if(entry->use_pmap) {
                                        pmap = entry->object.sub_map->pmap;
                                        /* ppc implementation requires that */
                                        /* submaps pmap address ranges line */
                                        /* up with parent map */
#ifdef notdef
                                        pmap_addr = sub_start;
#endif
                                        pmap_addr = s;
                                } else {
                                        pmap = map->pmap;
                                        pmap_addr = s;
                                }

                                if (entry->wired_count) {
                                        if ((rc = add_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire)) != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                                goto done;

                                        /*
                                         * The map was not unlocked:
                                         * no need to goto re-lookup.
                                         * Just go directly to next entry.
                                         */
                                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                                        s = entry->vme_start;
                                        continue;

                                }

                                /* call vm_map_lookup_locked to */
                                /* cause any needs copy to be   */
                                /* evaluated */
                                local_start = entry->vme_start;
                                lookup_map = map;
                                vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
                                if(vm_map_lookup_locked(
                                           &lookup_map, local_start, 
                                           access_type,
                                           OBJECT_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE,
                                           &version, &object,
                                           &offset, &prot, &wired,
                                           NULL,
                                           &real_map)) {

                                        vm_map_unlock_read(lookup_map);
                                        vm_map_unwire(map, start,
                                                      s, user_wire);
                                        return(KERN_FAILURE);
                                }
                                if(real_map != lookup_map)
                                        vm_map_unlock(real_map);
                                vm_map_unlock_read(lookup_map);
                                vm_map_lock(map);
                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                                /* we unlocked, so must re-lookup */
                                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, 
                                                         local_start,
                                                         &local_entry)) {
                                        rc = KERN_FAILURE;
                                        goto done;
                                }

                                /*
                                 * entry could have been "simplified",
                                 * so re-clip
                                 */
                                entry = local_entry;
                                assert(s == local_start);
                                vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, s);
                                vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);
                                /* re-compute "e" */
                                e = entry->vme_end;
                                if (e > end)
                                        e = end;

                                /* did we have a change of type? */
                                if (!entry->is_sub_map) {
                                        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;
                                        continue;
                                }
                        } else {
                                local_start = entry->vme_start;
                                pmap = map_pmap;
                        }

                        if ((rc = add_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire)) != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                goto done;

                        entry->in_transition = TRUE;

                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        rc = vm_map_wire_nested(entry->object.sub_map, 
                                                sub_start, sub_end,
                                                access_type, 
                                                user_wire, pmap, pmap_addr);
                        vm_map_lock(map);

                        /*
                         * Find the entry again.  It could have been clipped
                         * after we unlocked the map.
                         */
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, local_start,
                                                 &first_entry))
                                panic("vm_map_wire: re-lookup failed");
                        entry = first_entry;

                        assert(local_start == s);
                        /* re-compute "e" */
                        e = entry->vme_end;
                        if (e > end)
                                e = end;

                        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;
                        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                               (entry->vme_start < e)) {
                                assert(entry->in_transition);
                                entry->in_transition = FALSE;
                                if (entry->needs_wakeup) {
                                        entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
                                        need_wakeup = TRUE;
                                }
                                if (rc != KERN_SUCCESS) {/* from vm_*_wire */
                                        subtract_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire);
                                }
                                entry = entry->vme_next;
                        }
                        if (rc != KERN_SUCCESS) {       /* from vm_*_wire */
                                goto done;
                        }

                        /* no need to relookup again */
                        s = entry->vme_start;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * If this entry is already wired then increment
                 * the appropriate wire reference count.
                 */
                if (entry->wired_count) {
                        /*
                         * entry is already wired down, get our reference
                         * after clipping to our range.
                         */
                        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, s);
                        vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);

                        if ((rc = add_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire)) != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                goto done;

                        /* map was not unlocked: no need to relookup */
                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                        s = entry->vme_start;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Unwired entry or wire request transmitted via submap
                 */


                /*
                 * Perform actions of vm_map_lookup that need the write
                 * lock on the map: create a shadow object for a
                 * copy-on-write region, or an object for a zero-fill
                 * region.
                 */
                size = entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
                /*
                 * If wiring a copy-on-write page, we need to copy it now
                 * even if we're only (currently) requesting read access.
                 * This is aggressive, but once it's wired we can't move it.
                 */
                if (entry->needs_copy) {
                        vm_object_shadow(&entry->object.vm_object,
                                         &entry->offset, size);
                        entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                } else if (entry->object.vm_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        entry->object.vm_object = vm_object_allocate(size);
                        entry->offset = (vm_object_offset_t)0;
                }

                vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, s);
                vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);

                /* re-compute "e" */
                e = entry->vme_end;
                if (e > end)
                        e = end;

                /*
                 * Check for holes and protection mismatch.
                 * Holes: Next entry should be contiguous unless this
                 *        is the end of the region.
                 * Protection: Access requested must be allowed, unless
                 *      wiring is by protection class
                 */
                if ((entry->vme_end < end) &&
                    ((entry->vme_next == vm_map_to_entry(map)) ||
                     (entry->vme_next->vme_start > entry->vme_end))) {
                        /* found a hole */
                        rc = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                        goto done;
                }
                if ((entry->protection & access_type) != access_type) {
                        /* found a protection problem */
                        rc = KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE;
                        goto done;
                }

                assert(entry->wired_count == 0 && entry->user_wired_count == 0);

                if ((rc = add_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire)) != KERN_SUCCESS)
                        goto done;

                entry->in_transition = TRUE;

                /*
                 * This entry might get split once we unlock the map.
                 * In vm_fault_wire(), we need the current range as
                 * defined by this entry.  In order for this to work
                 * along with a simultaneous clip operation, we make a
                 * temporary copy of this entry and use that for the
                 * wiring.  Note that the underlying objects do not
                 * change during a clip.
                 */
                tmp_entry = *entry;

                /*
                 * The in_transition state guarentees that the entry
                 * (or entries for this range, if split occured) will be
                 * there when the map lock is acquired for the second time.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);

                if (!user_wire && cur_thread != THREAD_NULL)
                        interruptible_state = thread_interrupt_level(THREAD_UNINT);
                else
                        interruptible_state = THREAD_UNINT;

                if(map_pmap)
                        rc = vm_fault_wire(map, 
                                           &tmp_entry, map_pmap, pmap_addr);
                else
                        rc = vm_fault_wire(map, 
                                           &tmp_entry, map->pmap, 
                                           tmp_entry.vme_start);

                if (!user_wire && cur_thread != THREAD_NULL)
                        thread_interrupt_level(interruptible_state);

                vm_map_lock(map);

                if (last_timestamp+1 != map->timestamp) {
                        /*
                         * Find the entry again.  It could have been clipped
                         * after we unlocked the map.
                         */
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, tmp_entry.vme_start,
                                                 &first_entry))
                                panic("vm_map_wire: re-lookup failed");

                        entry = first_entry;
                }

                last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

                while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                       (entry->vme_start < tmp_entry.vme_end)) {
                        assert(entry->in_transition);
                        entry->in_transition = FALSE;
                        if (entry->needs_wakeup) {
                                entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
                                need_wakeup = TRUE;
                        }
                        if (rc != KERN_SUCCESS) {       /* from vm_*_wire */
                                subtract_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire);
                        }
                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                }

                if (rc != KERN_SUCCESS) {               /* from vm_*_wire */
                        goto done;
                }

                s = entry->vme_start;
        } /* end while loop through map entries */

done:
        if (rc == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /* repair any damage we may have made to the VM map */
                vm_map_simplify_range(map, start, end);
        }

        vm_map_unlock(map);

        /*
         * wake up anybody waiting on entries we wired.
         */
        if (need_wakeup)
                vm_map_entry_wakeup(map);

        if (rc != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /* undo what has been wired so far */
                vm_map_unwire(map, start, s, user_wire);
        }

        return rc;

}

kern_return_t
vm_map_wire(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        register vm_prot_t      access_type,
        boolean_t               user_wire)
{

        kern_return_t   kret;

#ifdef ppc
        /*
         * the calls to mapping_prealloc and mapping_relpre
         * (along with the VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK to insure a
         * resonable range was passed in) are
         * currently necessary because
         * we haven't enabled kernel pre-emption
         * and/or the pmap_enter cannot purge and re-use
         * existing mappings
         */
        VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK(map, start, end);
        mapping_prealloc(end - start);
#endif
        kret = vm_map_wire_nested(map, start, end, access_type, 
                                  user_wire, (pmap_t)NULL, 0);
#ifdef ppc
        mapping_relpre();
#endif
        return kret;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_unwire:
 *
 *      Sets the pageability of the specified address range in the target
 *      as pageable.  Regions specified must have been wired previously.
 *
 *      The map must not be locked, but a reference must remain to the map
 *      throughout the call.
 *
 *      Kernel will panic on failures.  User unwire ignores holes and
 *      unwired and intransition entries to avoid losing memory by leaving
 *      it unwired.
 */
static kern_return_t
vm_map_unwire_nested(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        boolean_t               user_wire,
        pmap_t                  map_pmap,
        vm_map_offset_t         pmap_addr)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        struct vm_map_entry     *first_entry, tmp_entry;
        boolean_t               need_wakeup;
        boolean_t               main_map = FALSE;
        unsigned int            last_timestamp;

        vm_map_lock(map);
        if(map_pmap == NULL)
                main_map = TRUE;
        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

        VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK(map, start, end);
        assert(page_aligned(start));
        assert(page_aligned(end));

        if (start == end) {
                /* We unwired what the caller asked for: zero pages */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &first_entry)) {
                entry = first_entry;
                /*
                 * vm_map_clip_start will be done later.
                 * We don't want to unnest any nested sub maps here !
                 */
        }
        else {
                if (!user_wire) {
                        panic("vm_map_unwire: start not found");
                }
                /*      Start address is not in map. */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        need_wakeup = FALSE;
        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (entry->vme_start < end)) {
                if (entry->in_transition) {
                        /*
                         * 1)
                         * Another thread is wiring down this entry. Note
                         * that if it is not for the other thread we would
                         * be unwiring an unwired entry.  This is not
                         * permitted.  If we wait, we will be unwiring memory
                         * we did not wire.
                         *
                         * 2)
                         * Another thread is unwiring this entry.  We did not
                         * have a reference to it, because if we did, this
                         * entry will not be getting unwired now.
                         */
                        if (!user_wire) {
                                /*
                                 * XXX FBDP
                                 * This could happen:  there could be some
                                 * overlapping vslock/vsunlock operations
                                 * going on.
                                 * We should probably just wait and retry,
                                 * but then we have to be careful that this
                                 * entry could get "simplified" after 
                                 * "in_transition" gets unset and before
                                 * we re-lookup the entry, so we would
                                 * have to re-clip the entry to avoid
                                 * re-unwiring what we have already unwired...
                                 * See vm_map_wire_nested().
                                 *
                                 * Or we could just ignore "in_transition"
                                 * here and proceed to decement the wired
                                 * count(s) on this entry.  That should be fine
                                 * as long as "wired_count" doesn't drop all
                                 * the way to 0 (and we should panic if THAT
                                 * happens).
                                 */
                                panic("vm_map_unwire: in_transition entry");
                        }

                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                        continue;
                }

                if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_start;
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_end;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_end;
                        pmap_t          pmap;
                
                        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, start);
                        vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);

                        sub_start = entry->offset;
                        sub_end = entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
                        sub_end += entry->offset;
                        local_end = entry->vme_end;
                        if(map_pmap == NULL) {
                                if(entry->use_pmap) {
                                        pmap = entry->object.sub_map->pmap;
                                        pmap_addr = sub_start;
                                } else {
                                        pmap = map->pmap;
                                        pmap_addr = start;
                                }
                                if (entry->wired_count == 0 ||
                                    (user_wire && entry->user_wired_count == 0)) {
                                        if (!user_wire)
                                                panic("vm_map_unwire: entry is unwired");
                                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                                        continue;
                                }

                                /*
                                 * Check for holes
                                 * Holes: Next entry should be contiguous unless
                                 * this is the end of the region.
                                 */
                                if (((entry->vme_end < end) && 
                                     ((entry->vme_next == vm_map_to_entry(map)) ||
                                      (entry->vme_next->vme_start 
                                       > entry->vme_end)))) {
                                        if (!user_wire)
                                                panic("vm_map_unwire: non-contiguous region");
/*
                                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                                        continue;
*/
                                }

                                subtract_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire);

                                if (entry->wired_count != 0) {
                                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                                        continue;
                                }

                                entry->in_transition = TRUE;
                                tmp_entry = *entry;/* see comment in vm_map_wire() */

                                /*
                                 * We can unlock the map now. The in_transition state
                                 * guarantees existance of the entry.
                                 */
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                vm_map_unwire_nested(entry->object.sub_map, 
                                                     sub_start, sub_end, user_wire, pmap, pmap_addr);
                                vm_map_lock(map);

                                if (last_timestamp+1 != map->timestamp) {
                                        /*
                                         * Find the entry again.  It could have been 
                                         * clipped or deleted after we unlocked the map.
                                         */
                                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, 
                                                                 tmp_entry.vme_start,
                                                                 &first_entry)) {
                                                if (!user_wire)
                                                        panic("vm_map_unwire: re-lookup failed");
                                                entry = first_entry->vme_next;
                                        } else
                                                entry = first_entry;
                                }
                                last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

                                /*
                                 * clear transition bit for all constituent entries
                                 * that were in the original entry (saved in 
                                 * tmp_entry).  Also check for waiters.
                                 */
                                while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                                       (entry->vme_start < tmp_entry.vme_end)) {
                                        assert(entry->in_transition);
                                        entry->in_transition = FALSE;
                                        if (entry->needs_wakeup) {
                                                entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
                                                need_wakeup = TRUE;
                                        }
                                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                                }
                                continue;
                        } else {
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                vm_map_unwire_nested(entry->object.sub_map,
                                                     sub_start, sub_end, user_wire, map_pmap,
                                                     pmap_addr);
                                vm_map_lock(map);

                                if (last_timestamp+1 != map->timestamp) {
                                        /*
                                         * Find the entry again.  It could have been 
                                         * clipped or deleted after we unlocked the map.
                                         */
                                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, 
                                                                 tmp_entry.vme_start,
                                                                 &first_entry)) {
                                                if (!user_wire)
                                                        panic("vm_map_unwire: re-lookup failed");
                                                entry = first_entry->vme_next;
                                        } else
                                                entry = first_entry;
                                }
                                last_timestamp = map->timestamp;
                        }
                }


                if ((entry->wired_count == 0) ||
                    (user_wire && entry->user_wired_count == 0)) {
                        if (!user_wire)
                                panic("vm_map_unwire: entry is unwired");

                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                        continue;
                }
        
                assert(entry->wired_count > 0 &&
                       (!user_wire || entry->user_wired_count > 0));

                vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, start);
                vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);

                /*
                 * Check for holes
                 * Holes: Next entry should be contiguous unless
                 *        this is the end of the region.
                 */
                if (((entry->vme_end < end) && 
                     ((entry->vme_next == vm_map_to_entry(map)) ||
                      (entry->vme_next->vme_start > entry->vme_end)))) {

                        if (!user_wire)
                                panic("vm_map_unwire: non-contiguous region");
                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                        continue;
                }

                subtract_wire_counts(map, entry, user_wire);

                if (entry->wired_count != 0) {
                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                        continue;
                }

                entry->in_transition = TRUE;
                tmp_entry = *entry;     /* see comment in vm_map_wire() */

                /*
                 * We can unlock the map now. The in_transition state
                 * guarantees existance of the entry.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                if(map_pmap) {
                        vm_fault_unwire(map, 
                                        &tmp_entry, FALSE, map_pmap, pmap_addr);
                } else {
                        vm_fault_unwire(map, 
                                        &tmp_entry, FALSE, map->pmap, 
                                        tmp_entry.vme_start);
                }
                vm_map_lock(map);

                if (last_timestamp+1 != map->timestamp) {
                        /*
                         * Find the entry again.  It could have been clipped
                         * or deleted after we unlocked the map.
                         */
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, tmp_entry.vme_start,
                                                 &first_entry)) {
                                if (!user_wire)
                                        panic("vm_map_unwire: re-lookup failed");
                                entry = first_entry->vme_next;
                        } else
                                entry = first_entry;
                }
                last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

                /*
                 * clear transition bit for all constituent entries that
                 * were in the original entry (saved in tmp_entry).  Also
                 * check for waiters.
                 */
                while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                       (entry->vme_start < tmp_entry.vme_end)) {
                        assert(entry->in_transition);
                        entry->in_transition = FALSE;
                        if (entry->needs_wakeup) {
                                entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
                                need_wakeup = TRUE;
                        }
                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We might have fragmented the address space when we wired this
         * range of addresses.  Attempt to re-coalesce these VM map entries
         * with their neighbors now that they're no longer wired.
         * Under some circumstances, address space fragmentation can
         * prevent VM object shadow chain collapsing, which can cause
         * swap space leaks.
         */
        vm_map_simplify_range(map, start, end);

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        /*
         * wake up anybody waiting on entries that we have unwired.
         */
        if (need_wakeup)
                vm_map_entry_wakeup(map);
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);

}

kern_return_t
vm_map_unwire(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        boolean_t               user_wire)
{
        return vm_map_unwire_nested(map, start, end, 
                                    user_wire, (pmap_t)NULL, 0);
}


/*
 *      vm_map_entry_delete:    [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Deallocate the given entry from the target map.
 */             
static void
vm_map_entry_delete(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_entry_t entry)
{
        register vm_map_offset_t        s, e;
        register vm_object_t    object;
        register vm_map_t       submap;

        s = entry->vme_start;
        e = entry->vme_end;
        assert(page_aligned(s));
        assert(page_aligned(e));
        assert(entry->wired_count == 0);
        assert(entry->user_wired_count == 0);

        if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                object = NULL;
                submap = entry->object.sub_map;
        } else {
                submap = NULL;
                object = entry->object.vm_object;
        }

        vm_map_entry_unlink(map, entry);
        map->size -= e - s;

        vm_map_entry_dispose(map, entry);

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        /*
         *      Deallocate the object only after removing all
         *      pmap entries pointing to its pages.
         */
        if (submap)
                vm_map_deallocate(submap);
        else
                vm_object_deallocate(object);

}

void
vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end,
        vm_map_t        sub_map,
        vm_map_offset_t offset)
{
        vm_map_offset_t submap_start;
        vm_map_offset_t submap_end;
        vm_map_size_t   remove_size;
        vm_map_entry_t  entry;

        submap_end = offset + (end - start);
        submap_start = offset;
        if(vm_map_lookup_entry(sub_map, offset, &entry)) {
                
                remove_size = (entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start);
                if(offset > entry->vme_start)
                        remove_size -= offset - entry->vme_start;
                

                if(submap_end < entry->vme_end) {
                        remove_size -=
                                entry->vme_end - submap_end;
                }
                if(entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                                sub_map,
                                start,
                                start + remove_size,
                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                entry->offset);
                } else {

                        if((map->mapped) && (map->ref_count)
                           && (entry->object.vm_object != NULL)) {
                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        entry->object.vm_object,
                                        entry->offset,
                                        remove_size,
                                        PMAP_NULL,
                                        entry->vme_start,
                                        VM_PROT_NONE);
                        } else {
                                pmap_remove(map->pmap, 
                                            (addr64_t)start, 
                                            (addr64_t)(start + remove_size));
                        }
                }
        }

        entry = entry->vme_next;

        while((entry != vm_map_to_entry(sub_map)) 
              && (entry->vme_start < submap_end)) {
                remove_size = (entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start); 
                if(submap_end < entry->vme_end) {
                        remove_size -= entry->vme_end - submap_end;
                }
                if(entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                                sub_map,
                                (start + entry->vme_start) - offset,
                                ((start + entry->vme_start) - offset) + remove_size,
                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                entry->offset);
                } else {
                        if((map->mapped) && (map->ref_count)
                           && (entry->object.vm_object != NULL)) {
                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        entry->object.vm_object,
                                        entry->offset,
                                        remove_size,
                                        PMAP_NULL,
                                        entry->vme_start,
                                        VM_PROT_NONE);
                        } else {
                                pmap_remove(map->pmap, 
                                            (addr64_t)((start + entry->vme_start) 
                                                       - offset),
                                            (addr64_t)(((start + entry->vme_start) 
                                                        - offset) + remove_size));
                        }
                }
                entry = entry->vme_next;
        } 
        return;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_delete:  [ internal use only ]
 *
 *      Deallocates the given address range from the target map.
 *      Removes all user wirings. Unwires one kernel wiring if
 *      VM_MAP_REMOVE_KUNWIRE is set.  Waits for kernel wirings to go
 *      away if VM_MAP_REMOVE_WAIT_FOR_KWIRE is set.  Sleeps
 *      interruptibly if VM_MAP_REMOVE_INTERRUPTIBLE is set.
 *
 *      This routine is called with map locked and leaves map locked.
 */
static kern_return_t
vm_map_delete(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t         start,
        vm_map_offset_t         end,
        int                     flags,
        vm_map_t                zap_map)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          entry, next;
        struct   vm_map_entry   *first_entry, tmp_entry;
        register vm_map_offset_t s;
        register vm_object_t    object;
        boolean_t               need_wakeup;
        unsigned int            last_timestamp = ~0; /* unlikely value */
        int                     interruptible;

        interruptible = (flags & VM_MAP_REMOVE_INTERRUPTIBLE) ? 
                THREAD_ABORTSAFE : THREAD_UNINT;

        /*
         * All our DMA I/O operations in IOKit are currently done by
         * wiring through the map entries of the task requesting the I/O.
         * Because of this, we must always wait for kernel wirings
         * to go away on the entries before deleting them.
         *
         * Any caller who wants to actually remove a kernel wiring
         * should explicitly set the VM_MAP_REMOVE_KUNWIRE flag to
         * properly remove one wiring instead of blasting through
         * them all.
         */
        flags |= VM_MAP_REMOVE_WAIT_FOR_KWIRE;

        /*
         *      Find the start of the region, and clip it
         */
        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &first_entry)) {
                entry = first_entry;
                if (start == entry->vme_start) {
                        /*
                         * No need to clip.  We don't want to cause
                         * any unnecessary unnesting in this case...
                         */
                } else {
                        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, start);
                }

                /*
                 *      Fix the lookup hint now, rather than each
                 *      time through the loop.
                 */
                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, entry->vme_prev);
        } else {
                entry = first_entry->vme_next;
        }

        need_wakeup = FALSE;
        /*
         *      Step through all entries in this region
         */
        s = entry->vme_start;
        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (s < end)) {
                /*
                 * At this point, we have deleted all the memory entries
                 * between "start" and "s".  We still need to delete
                 * all memory entries between "s" and "end".
                 * While we were blocked and the map was unlocked, some
                 * new memory entries could have been re-allocated between
                 * "start" and "s" and we don't want to mess with those.
                 * Some of those entries could even have been re-assembled
                 * with an entry after "s" (in vm_map_simplify_entry()), so
                 * we may have to vm_map_clip_start() again.
                 */

                if (entry->vme_start >= s) {
                        /*
                         * This entry starts on or after "s"
                         * so no need to clip its start.
                         */
                } else {
                        /*
                         * This entry has been re-assembled by a
                         * vm_map_simplify_entry().  We need to
                         * re-clip its start.
                         */
                        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, s);
                }
                if (entry->vme_end <= end) {
                        /*
                         * This entry is going away completely, so no need
                         * to clip and possibly cause an unnecessary unnesting.
                         */
                } else {
                        vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);
                }
                if (entry->in_transition) {
                        wait_result_t wait_result;

                        /*
                         * Another thread is wiring/unwiring this entry.
                         * Let the other thread know we are waiting.
                         */
                        assert(s == entry->vme_start);
                        entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;

                        /*
                         * wake up anybody waiting on entries that we have
                         * already unwired/deleted.
                         */
                        if (need_wakeup) {
                                vm_map_entry_wakeup(map);
                                need_wakeup = FALSE;
                        }

                        wait_result = vm_map_entry_wait(map, interruptible);

                        if (interruptible &&
                            wait_result == THREAD_INTERRUPTED) {
                                /*
                                 * We do not clear the needs_wakeup flag,
                                 * since we cannot tell if we were the only one.
                                 */
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                return KERN_ABORTED;
                        }

                        /*
                         * The entry could have been clipped or it
                         * may not exist anymore.  Look it up again.
                         */
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, s, &first_entry)) {
                                assert((map != kernel_map) && 
                                       (!entry->is_sub_map));
                                /*
                                 * User: use the next entry
                                 */
                                entry = first_entry->vme_next;
                                s = entry->vme_start;
                        } else {
                                entry = first_entry;
                                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, entry->vme_prev);
                        }
                        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;
                        continue;
                } /* end in_transition */

                if (entry->wired_count) {
                        boolean_t       user_wire;

                        user_wire = entry->user_wired_count > 0;

                        /*
                         *      Remove a kernel wiring if requested or if
                         *      there are user wirings.
                         */
                        if ((flags & VM_MAP_REMOVE_KUNWIRE) || 
                            (entry->user_wired_count > 0))
                                entry->wired_count--;

                        /* remove all user wire references */
                        entry->user_wired_count = 0;

                        if (entry->wired_count != 0) {
                                assert(map != kernel_map);
                                /*
                                 * Cannot continue.  Typical case is when
                                 * a user thread has physical io pending on
                                 * on this page.  Either wait for the
                                 * kernel wiring to go away or return an
                                 * error.
                                 */
                                if (flags & VM_MAP_REMOVE_WAIT_FOR_KWIRE) {
                                        wait_result_t wait_result;

                                        assert(s == entry->vme_start);
                                        entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                                        wait_result = vm_map_entry_wait(map,
                                                                        interruptible);

                                        if (interruptible &&
                                            wait_result == THREAD_INTERRUPTED) {
                                                /*
                                                 * We do not clear the 
                                                 * needs_wakeup flag, since we 
                                                 * cannot tell if we were the 
                                                 * only one.
                                                 */
                                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                                return KERN_ABORTED;
                                        }

                                        /*
                                         * The entry could have been clipped or
                                         * it may not exist anymore.  Look it
                                         * up again.
                                         */
                                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, s, 
                                                                 &first_entry)) {
                                                assert(map != kernel_map);
                                                /*
                                                 * User: use the next entry
                                                 */
                                                entry = first_entry->vme_next;
                                                s = entry->vme_start;
                                        } else {
                                                entry = first_entry;
                                                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, entry->vme_prev);
                                        }
                                        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;
                                        continue;
                                }
                                else {
                                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                                }
                        }

                        entry->in_transition = TRUE;
                        /*
                         * copy current entry.  see comment in vm_map_wire()
                         */
                        tmp_entry = *entry;
                        assert(s == entry->vme_start);

                        /*
                         * We can unlock the map now. The in_transition
                         * state guarentees existance of the entry.
                         */
                        vm_map_unlock(map);

                        if (tmp_entry.is_sub_map) {
                                vm_map_t sub_map;
                                vm_map_offset_t sub_start, sub_end;
                                pmap_t pmap;
                                vm_map_offset_t pmap_addr;
                                

                                sub_map = tmp_entry.object.sub_map;
                                sub_start = tmp_entry.offset;
                                sub_end = sub_start + (tmp_entry.vme_end -
                                                       tmp_entry.vme_start);
                                if (tmp_entry.use_pmap) {
                                        pmap = sub_map->pmap;
                                        pmap_addr = tmp_entry.vme_start;
                                } else {
                                        pmap = map->pmap;
                                        pmap_addr = tmp_entry.vme_start;
                                }
                                (void) vm_map_unwire_nested(sub_map,
                                                            sub_start, sub_end,
                                                            user_wire,
                                                            pmap, pmap_addr);
                        } else {

                                vm_fault_unwire(map, &tmp_entry,
                                                tmp_entry.object.vm_object == kernel_object,
                                                map->pmap, tmp_entry.vme_start);
                        }

                        vm_map_lock(map);

                        if (last_timestamp+1 != map->timestamp) {
                                /*
                                 * Find the entry again.  It could have
                                 * been clipped after we unlocked the map.
                                 */
                                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, s, &first_entry)){
                                        assert((map != kernel_map) && 
                                               (!entry->is_sub_map));
                                        first_entry = first_entry->vme_next;
                                        s = first_entry->vme_start;
                                } else {
                                        SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, entry->vme_prev);
                                }
                        } else {
                                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, entry->vme_prev);
                                first_entry = entry;
                        }

                        last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

                        entry = first_entry;
                        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                               (entry->vme_start < tmp_entry.vme_end)) {
                                assert(entry->in_transition);
                                entry->in_transition = FALSE;
                                if (entry->needs_wakeup) {
                                        entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
                                        need_wakeup = TRUE;
                                }
                                entry = entry->vme_next;
                        }
                        /*
                         * We have unwired the entry(s).  Go back and
                         * delete them.
                         */
                        entry = first_entry;
                        continue;
                }

                /* entry is unwired */
                assert(entry->wired_count == 0);
                assert(entry->user_wired_count == 0);

                assert(s == entry->vme_start);

                if (flags & VM_MAP_REMOVE_NO_PMAP_CLEANUP) {
                        /*
                         * XXX with the VM_MAP_REMOVE_SAVE_ENTRIES flag to
                         * vm_map_delete(), some map entries might have been
                         * transferred to a "zap_map", which doesn't have a
                         * pmap.  The original pmap has already been flushed
                         * in the vm_map_delete() call targeting the original
                         * map, but when we get to destroying the "zap_map",
                         * we don't have any pmap to flush, so let's just skip
                         * all this.
                         */
                } else if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                        if (entry->use_pmap) {
#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP
                                pmap_unnest(map->pmap,
                                            (addr64_t)entry->vme_start,
                                            entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start);
#endif  /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
                                if ((map->mapped) && (map->ref_count)) {
                                        /* clean up parent map/maps */
                                        vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                                                map, entry->vme_start,
                                                entry->vme_end,
                                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                                entry->offset);
                                }
                        } else {
                                vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                                        map, entry->vme_start, entry->vme_end,
                                        entry->object.sub_map,
                                        entry->offset);
                        }
                } else if (entry->object.vm_object != kernel_object) {
                        object = entry->object.vm_object;
                        if((map->mapped) && (map->ref_count)) {
                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        object, entry->offset,
                                        entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start,
                                        PMAP_NULL,
                                        entry->vme_start,
                                        VM_PROT_NONE);
                        } else {
                                pmap_remove(map->pmap,
                                            (addr64_t)entry->vme_start,
                                            (addr64_t)entry->vme_end);
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * All pmap mappings for this map entry must have been
                 * cleared by now.
                 */
                assert(vm_map_pmap_is_empty(map,
                                            entry->vme_start,
                                            entry->vme_end));

                next = entry->vme_next;
                s = next->vme_start;
                last_timestamp = map->timestamp;

                if ((flags & VM_MAP_REMOVE_SAVE_ENTRIES) &&
                    zap_map != VM_MAP_NULL) {
                        vm_map_size_t entry_size;
                        /*
                         * The caller wants to save the affected VM map entries
                         * into the "zap_map".  The caller will take care of
                         * these entries.
                         */
                        /* unlink the entry from "map" ... */
                        vm_map_entry_unlink(map, entry);
                        /* ... and add it to the end of the "zap_map" */
                        vm_map_entry_link(zap_map,
                                          vm_map_last_entry(zap_map),
                                          entry);
                        entry_size = entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
                        map->size -= entry_size;
                        zap_map->size += entry_size;
                        /* we didn't unlock the map, so no timestamp increase */
                        last_timestamp--;
                } else {
                        vm_map_entry_delete(map, entry);
                        /* vm_map_entry_delete unlocks the map */
                        vm_map_lock(map);
                }

                entry = next;

                if(entry == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                        break;
                }
                if (last_timestamp+1 != map->timestamp) {
                        /*
                         * we are responsible for deleting everything
                         * from the give space, if someone has interfered
                         * we pick up where we left off, back fills should
                         * be all right for anyone except map_delete and
                         * we have to assume that the task has been fully
                         * disabled before we get here
                         */
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, s, &entry)){
                                entry = entry->vme_next;
                                s = entry->vme_start;
                        } else {
                                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, entry->vme_prev);
                        }
                        /* 
                         * others can not only allocate behind us, we can 
                         * also see coalesce while we don't have the map lock 
                         */
                        if(entry == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                                break;
                        }
                }
                last_timestamp = map->timestamp;
        }

        if (map->wait_for_space)
                thread_wakeup((event_t) map);
        /*
         * wake up anybody waiting on entries that we have already deleted.
         */
        if (need_wakeup)
                vm_map_entry_wakeup(map);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_remove:
 *
 *      Remove the given address range from the target map.
 *      This is the exported form of vm_map_delete.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_remove(
        register vm_map_t       map,
        register vm_map_offset_t        start,
        register vm_map_offset_t        end,
        register boolean_t      flags)
{
        register kern_return_t  result;

        vm_map_lock(map);
        VM_MAP_RANGE_CHECK(map, start, end);
        result = vm_map_delete(map, start, end, flags, VM_MAP_NULL);
        vm_map_unlock(map);

        return(result);
}


/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copy_discard
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Dispose of a map copy object (returned by
 *              vm_map_copyin).
 */
void
vm_map_copy_discard(
        vm_map_copy_t   copy)
{
        TR_DECL("vm_map_copy_discard");

/*      tr3("enter: copy 0x%x type %d", copy, copy->type);*/

        if (copy == VM_MAP_COPY_NULL)
                return;

        switch (copy->type) {
        case VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST:
                while (vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy) !=
                       vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy)) {
                        vm_map_entry_t  entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);

                        vm_map_copy_entry_unlink(copy, entry);
                        vm_object_deallocate(entry->object.vm_object);
                        vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(copy, entry);
                }
                break;
        case VM_MAP_COPY_OBJECT:
                vm_object_deallocate(copy->cpy_object);
                break;
        case VM_MAP_COPY_KERNEL_BUFFER:

                /*
                 * The vm_map_copy_t and possibly the data buffer were
                 * allocated by a single call to kalloc(), i.e. the
                 * vm_map_copy_t was not allocated out of the zone.
                 */
                kfree(copy, copy->cpy_kalloc_size);
                return;
        }
        zfree(vm_map_copy_zone, copy);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copy_copy
 *
 *      Description:
 *                      Move the information in a map copy object to
 *                      a new map copy object, leaving the old one
 *                      empty.
 *
 *                      This is used by kernel routines that need
 *                      to look at out-of-line data (in copyin form)
 *                      before deciding whether to return SUCCESS.
 *                      If the routine returns FAILURE, the original
 *                      copy object will be deallocated; therefore,
 *                      these routines must make a copy of the copy
 *                      object and leave the original empty so that
 *                      deallocation will not fail.
 */
vm_map_copy_t
vm_map_copy_copy(
        vm_map_copy_t   copy)
{
        vm_map_copy_t   new_copy;

        if (copy == VM_MAP_COPY_NULL)
                return VM_MAP_COPY_NULL;

        /*
         * Allocate a new copy object, and copy the information
         * from the old one into it.
         */

        new_copy = (vm_map_copy_t) zalloc(vm_map_copy_zone);
        *new_copy = *copy;

        if (copy->type == VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST) {
                /*
                 * The links in the entry chain must be
                 * changed to point to the new copy object.
                 */
                vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy)->vme_prev
                        = vm_map_copy_to_entry(new_copy);
                vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy)->vme_next
                        = vm_map_copy_to_entry(new_copy);
        }

        /*
         * Change the old copy object into one that contains
         * nothing to be deallocated.
         */
        copy->type = VM_MAP_COPY_OBJECT;
        copy->cpy_object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;

        /*
         * Return the new object.
         */
        return new_copy;
}

static kern_return_t
vm_map_overwrite_submap_recurse(
        vm_map_t        dst_map,
        vm_map_offset_t dst_addr,
        vm_map_size_t   dst_size)
{
        vm_map_offset_t dst_end;
        vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry;
        vm_map_entry_t  entry;
        kern_return_t   result;
        boolean_t       encountered_sub_map = FALSE;



        /*
         *      Verify that the destination is all writeable
         *      initially.  We have to trunc the destination
         *      address and round the copy size or we'll end up
         *      splitting entries in strange ways.
         */

        dst_end = vm_map_round_page(dst_addr + dst_size);
        vm_map_lock(dst_map);

start_pass_1:
        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, dst_addr, &tmp_entry)) {
                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        vm_map_clip_start(dst_map, tmp_entry, vm_map_trunc_page(dst_addr));
        assert(!tmp_entry->use_pmap); /* clipping did unnest if needed */

        for (entry = tmp_entry;;) {
                vm_map_entry_t  next;

                next = entry->vme_next;
                while(entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_start;
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_end;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_end;

                        if (entry->in_transition) {
                                /*
                                 * Say that we are waiting, and wait for entry.
                                 */
                                entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                                vm_map_entry_wait(dst_map, THREAD_UNINT);

                                goto start_pass_1;
                        }

                        encountered_sub_map = TRUE;
                        sub_start = entry->offset;

                        if(entry->vme_end < dst_end)
                                sub_end = entry->vme_end;
                        else 
                                sub_end = dst_end;
                        sub_end -= entry->vme_start;
                        sub_end += entry->offset;
                        local_end = entry->vme_end;
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        
                        result = vm_map_overwrite_submap_recurse(
                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                sub_start,
                                sub_end - sub_start);

                        if(result != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                return result;
                        if (dst_end <= entry->vme_end)
                                return KERN_SUCCESS;
                        vm_map_lock(dst_map);
                        if(!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, local_end, 
                                                &tmp_entry)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                        entry = tmp_entry;
                        next = entry->vme_next;
                }

                if ( ! (entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                }

                /*
                 *      If the entry is in transition, we must wait
                 *      for it to exit that state.  Anything could happen
                 *      when we unlock the map, so start over.
                 */
                if (entry->in_transition) {

                        /*
                         * Say that we are waiting, and wait for entry.
                         */
                        entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                        vm_map_entry_wait(dst_map, THREAD_UNINT);

                        goto start_pass_1;
                }

/*
 *              our range is contained completely within this map entry
 */
                if (dst_end <= entry->vme_end) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;
                }
/*
 *              check that range specified is contiguous region
 */
                if ((next == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) ||
                    (next->vme_start != entry->vme_end)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }

                /*
                 *      Check for permanent objects in the destination.
                 */
                if ((entry->object.vm_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) &&
                    ((!entry->object.vm_object->internal) ||
                     (entry->object.vm_object->true_share))) {
                        if(encountered_sub_map) {
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                return(KERN_FAILURE);
                        }
                }


                entry = next;
        }/* for */
        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copy_overwrite
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy the memory described by the map copy
 *              object (copy; returned by vm_map_copyin) onto
 *              the specified destination region (dst_map, dst_addr).
 *              The destination must be writeable.
 *
 *              Unlike vm_map_copyout, this routine actually
 *              writes over previously-mapped memory.  If the
 *              previous mapping was to a permanent (user-supplied)
 *              memory object, it is preserved.
 *
 *              The attributes (protection and inheritance) of the
 *              destination region are preserved.
 *
 *              If successful, consumes the copy object.
 *              Otherwise, the caller is responsible for it.
 *
 *      Implementation notes:
 *              To overwrite aligned temporary virtual memory, it is
 *              sufficient to remove the previous mapping and insert
 *              the new copy.  This replacement is done either on
 *              the whole region (if no permanent virtual memory
 *              objects are embedded in the destination region) or
 *              in individual map entries.
 *
 *              To overwrite permanent virtual memory , it is necessary
 *              to copy each page, as the external memory management
 *              interface currently does not provide any optimizations.
 *
 *              Unaligned memory also has to be copied.  It is possible
 *              to use 'vm_trickery' to copy the aligned data.  This is
 *              not done but not hard to implement.
 *
 *              Once a page of permanent memory has been overwritten,
 *              it is impossible to interrupt this function; otherwise,
 *              the call would be neither atomic nor location-independent.
 *              The kernel-state portion of a user thread must be
 *              interruptible.
 *
 *              It may be expensive to forward all requests that might
 *              overwrite permanent memory (vm_write, vm_copy) to
 *              uninterruptible kernel threads.  This routine may be
 *              called by interruptible threads; however, success is
 *              not guaranteed -- if the request cannot be performed
 *              atomically and interruptibly, an error indication is
 *              returned.
 */

static kern_return_t
vm_map_copy_overwrite_nested(
        vm_map_t                dst_map,
        vm_map_address_t        dst_addr,
        vm_map_copy_t           copy,
        boolean_t               interruptible,
        pmap_t                  pmap)
{
        vm_map_offset_t         dst_end;
        vm_map_entry_t          tmp_entry;
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        kern_return_t           kr;
        boolean_t               aligned = TRUE;
        boolean_t               contains_permanent_objects = FALSE;
        boolean_t               encountered_sub_map = FALSE;
        vm_map_offset_t         base_addr;
        vm_map_size_t           copy_size;
        vm_map_size_t           total_size;


        /*
         *      Check for null copy object.
         */

        if (copy == VM_MAP_COPY_NULL)
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);

        /*
         *      Check for special kernel buffer allocated
         *      by new_ipc_kmsg_copyin.
         */

        if (copy->type == VM_MAP_COPY_KERNEL_BUFFER) {
                return(vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer(
                               dst_map, &dst_addr, 
                               copy, TRUE));
        }

        /*
         *      Only works for entry lists at the moment.  Will
         *      support page lists later.
         */

        assert(copy->type == VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST);

        if (copy->size == 0) {
                vm_map_copy_discard(copy);
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Verify that the destination is all writeable
         *      initially.  We have to trunc the destination
         *      address and round the copy size or we'll end up
         *      splitting entries in strange ways.
         */

        if (!page_aligned(copy->size) ||
            !page_aligned (copy->offset) ||
            !page_aligned (dst_addr))
        {
                aligned = FALSE;
                dst_end = vm_map_round_page(dst_addr + copy->size);
        } else {
                dst_end = dst_addr + copy->size;
        }

        vm_map_lock(dst_map);

        /* LP64todo - remove this check when vm_map_commpage64()
         * no longer has to stuff in a map_entry for the commpage
         * above the map's max_offset.
         */
        if (dst_addr >= dst_map->max_offset) {
                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }
         
start_pass_1:
        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, dst_addr, &tmp_entry)) {
                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }
        vm_map_clip_start(dst_map, tmp_entry, vm_map_trunc_page(dst_addr));
        for (entry = tmp_entry;;) {
                vm_map_entry_t  next = entry->vme_next;

                while(entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_start;
                        vm_map_offset_t sub_end;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_end;

                        if (entry->in_transition) {

                                /*
                                 * Say that we are waiting, and wait for entry.
                                 */
                                entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                                vm_map_entry_wait(dst_map, THREAD_UNINT);

                                goto start_pass_1;
                        }

                        local_end = entry->vme_end;
                        if (!(entry->needs_copy)) {
                                /* if needs_copy we are a COW submap */
                                /* in such a case we just replace so */
                                /* there is no need for the follow-  */
                                /* ing check.                        */
                                encountered_sub_map = TRUE;
                                sub_start = entry->offset;

                                if(entry->vme_end < dst_end)
                                        sub_end = entry->vme_end;
                                else 
                                        sub_end = dst_end;
                                sub_end -= entry->vme_start;
                                sub_end += entry->offset;
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        
                                kr = vm_map_overwrite_submap_recurse(
                                        entry->object.sub_map,
                                        sub_start,
                                        sub_end - sub_start);
                                if(kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                        return kr;
                                vm_map_lock(dst_map);
                        }

                        if (dst_end <= entry->vme_end)
                                goto start_overwrite;
                        if(!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, local_end, 
                                                &entry)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                        next = entry->vme_next;
                }

                if ( ! (entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                }

                /*
                 *      If the entry is in transition, we must wait
                 *      for it to exit that state.  Anything could happen
                 *      when we unlock the map, so start over.
                 */
                if (entry->in_transition) {

                        /*
                         * Say that we are waiting, and wait for entry.
                         */
                        entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                        vm_map_entry_wait(dst_map, THREAD_UNINT);

                        goto start_pass_1;
                }

/*
 *              our range is contained completely within this map entry
 */
                if (dst_end <= entry->vme_end)
                        break;
/*
 *              check that range specified is contiguous region
 */
                if ((next == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) ||
                    (next->vme_start != entry->vme_end)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }


                /*
                 *      Check for permanent objects in the destination.
                 */
                if ((entry->object.vm_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) &&
                    ((!entry->object.vm_object->internal) ||
                     (entry->object.vm_object->true_share))) {
                        contains_permanent_objects = TRUE;
                }

                entry = next;
        }/* for */

start_overwrite:
        /*
         *      If there are permanent objects in the destination, then
         *      the copy cannot be interrupted.
         */

        if (interruptible && contains_permanent_objects) {
                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                return(KERN_FAILURE);   /* XXX */
        }

        /*
         *
         *      Make a second pass, overwriting the data
         *      At the beginning of each loop iteration,
         *      the next entry to be overwritten is "tmp_entry"
         *      (initially, the value returned from the lookup above),
         *      and the starting address expected in that entry
         *      is "start".
         */

        total_size = copy->size;
        if(encountered_sub_map) {
                copy_size = 0;
                /* re-calculate tmp_entry since we've had the map */
                /* unlocked */
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry( dst_map, dst_addr, &tmp_entry)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }
        } else {
                copy_size = copy->size;
        }
        
        base_addr = dst_addr;
        while(TRUE) {
                /* deconstruct the copy object and do in parts */
                /* only in sub_map, interruptable case */
                vm_map_entry_t  copy_entry;
                vm_map_entry_t  previous_prev = VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL;
                vm_map_entry_t  next_copy = VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL;
                int             nentries;
                int             remaining_entries = 0;
                int             new_offset = 0;
        
                for (entry = tmp_entry; copy_size == 0;) {
                        vm_map_entry_t  next;

                        next = entry->vme_next;

                        /* tmp_entry and base address are moved along */
                        /* each time we encounter a sub-map.  Otherwise */
                        /* entry can outpase tmp_entry, and the copy_size */
                        /* may reflect the distance between them */
                        /* if the current entry is found to be in transition */
                        /* we will start over at the beginning or the last */
                        /* encounter of a submap as dictated by base_addr */
                        /* we will zero copy_size accordingly. */
                        if (entry->in_transition) {
                                /*
                                 * Say that we are waiting, and wait for entry.
                                 */
                                entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                                vm_map_entry_wait(dst_map, THREAD_UNINT);

                                if(!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, base_addr, 
                                                        &tmp_entry)) {
                                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                                }
                                copy_size = 0;
                                entry = tmp_entry;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if(entry->is_sub_map) {
                                vm_map_offset_t sub_start;
                                vm_map_offset_t sub_end;
                                vm_map_offset_t local_end;

                                if (entry->needs_copy) {
                                        /* if this is a COW submap */
                                        /* just back the range with a */
                                        /* anonymous entry */
                                        if(entry->vme_end < dst_end)
                                                sub_end = entry->vme_end;
                                        else 
                                                sub_end = dst_end;
                                        if(entry->vme_start < base_addr)
                                                sub_start = base_addr;
                                        else 
                                                sub_start = entry->vme_start;
                                        vm_map_clip_end(
                                                dst_map, entry, sub_end);
                                        vm_map_clip_start(
                                                dst_map, entry, sub_start);
                                        assert(!entry->use_pmap);
                                        entry->is_sub_map = FALSE;
                                        vm_map_deallocate(
                                                entry->object.sub_map);
                                        entry->object.sub_map = NULL;
                                        entry->is_shared = FALSE;
                                        entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                                        entry->offset = 0;
                                        /*
                                         * XXX FBDP
                                         * We should propagate the protections
                                         * of the submap entry here instead
                                         * of forcing them to VM_PROT_ALL...
                                         * Or better yet, we should inherit
                                         * the protection of the copy_entry.
                                         */
                                        entry->protection = VM_PROT_ALL;
                                        entry->max_protection = VM_PROT_ALL;
                                        entry->wired_count = 0;
                                        entry->user_wired_count = 0;
                                        if(entry->inheritance 
                                           == VM_INHERIT_SHARE) 
                                                entry->inheritance = VM_INHERIT_COPY;
                                        continue;
                                }
                                /* first take care of any non-sub_map */
                                /* entries to send */
                                if(base_addr < entry->vme_start) {
                                        /* stuff to send */
                                        copy_size = 
                                                entry->vme_start - base_addr;
                                        break;
                                }
                                sub_start = entry->offset;

                                if(entry->vme_end < dst_end)
                                        sub_end = entry->vme_end;
                                else 
                                        sub_end = dst_end;
                                sub_end -= entry->vme_start;
                                sub_end += entry->offset;
                                local_end = entry->vme_end;
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                copy_size = sub_end - sub_start;

                                /* adjust the copy object */
                                if (total_size > copy_size) {
                                        vm_map_size_t   local_size = 0;
                                        vm_map_size_t   entry_size;

                                        nentries = 1;
                                        new_offset = copy->offset;
                                        copy_entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);
                                        while(copy_entry != 
                                              vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy)){
                                                entry_size = copy_entry->vme_end - 
                                                        copy_entry->vme_start;
                                                if((local_size < copy_size) &&
                                                   ((local_size + entry_size) 
                                                    >= copy_size)) {
                                                        vm_map_copy_clip_end(copy, 
                                                                             copy_entry, 
                                                                             copy_entry->vme_start +
                                                                             (copy_size - local_size));
                                                        entry_size = copy_entry->vme_end - 
                                                                copy_entry->vme_start;
                                                        local_size += entry_size;
                                                        new_offset += entry_size;
                                                }
                                                if(local_size >= copy_size) {
                                                        next_copy = copy_entry->vme_next;
                                                        copy_entry->vme_next = 
                                                                vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
                                                        previous_prev = 
                                                                copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev;
                                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev = copy_entry;
                                                        copy->size = copy_size;
                                                        remaining_entries = 
                                                                copy->cpy_hdr.nentries;
                                                        remaining_entries -= nentries;
                                                        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries = nentries;
                                                        break;
                                                } else {
                                                        local_size += entry_size;
                                                        new_offset += entry_size;
                                                        nentries++;
                                                }
                                                copy_entry = copy_entry->vme_next;
                                        }
                                }
                        
                                if((entry->use_pmap) && (pmap == NULL)) {
                                        kr = vm_map_copy_overwrite_nested(
                                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                                sub_start,
                                                copy,
                                                interruptible, 
                                                entry->object.sub_map->pmap);
                                } else if (pmap != NULL) {
                                        kr = vm_map_copy_overwrite_nested(
                                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                                sub_start,
                                                copy,
                                                interruptible, pmap);
                                } else {
                                        kr = vm_map_copy_overwrite_nested(
                                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                                sub_start,
                                                copy,
                                                interruptible,
                                                dst_map->pmap);
                                }
                                if(kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                        if(next_copy != NULL) {
                                                copy->cpy_hdr.nentries += 
                                                        remaining_entries;
                                                copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev->vme_next = 
                                                        next_copy;
                                                copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev 
                                                        = previous_prev;
                                                copy->size = total_size;
                                        }
                                        return kr;
                                }
                                if (dst_end <= local_end) {
                                        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
                                }
                                /* otherwise copy no longer exists, it was */
                                /* destroyed after successful copy_overwrite */
                                copy = (vm_map_copy_t) 
                                        zalloc(vm_map_copy_zone);
                                vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy) =
                                        vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy) =
                                        vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
                                copy->type = VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST;
                                copy->offset = new_offset;

                                total_size -= copy_size;
                                copy_size = 0;
                                /* put back remainder of copy in container */
                                if(next_copy != NULL) {
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries = remaining_entries;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.next = next_copy;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev = previous_prev;
                                        copy->size = total_size;
                                        next_copy->vme_prev = 
                                                vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
                                        next_copy = NULL;
                                }
                                base_addr = local_end;
                                vm_map_lock(dst_map);
                                if(!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, 
                                                        local_end, &tmp_entry)) {
                                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                                }
                                entry = tmp_entry;
                                continue;
                        } 
                        if (dst_end <= entry->vme_end) {
                                copy_size = dst_end - base_addr;
                                break;
                        }

                        if ((next == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) ||
                            (next->vme_start != entry->vme_end)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }

                        entry = next;
                }/* for */

                next_copy = NULL;
                nentries = 1;

                /* adjust the copy object */
                if (total_size > copy_size) {
                        vm_map_size_t   local_size = 0;
                        vm_map_size_t   entry_size;

                        new_offset = copy->offset;
                        copy_entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);
                        while(copy_entry != vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy)) {
                                entry_size = copy_entry->vme_end - 
                                        copy_entry->vme_start;
                                if((local_size < copy_size) &&
                                   ((local_size + entry_size) 
                                    >= copy_size)) {
                                        vm_map_copy_clip_end(copy, copy_entry, 
                                                             copy_entry->vme_start +
                                                             (copy_size - local_size));
                                        entry_size = copy_entry->vme_end - 
                                                copy_entry->vme_start;
                                        local_size += entry_size;
                                        new_offset += entry_size;
                                }
                                if(local_size >= copy_size) {
                                        next_copy = copy_entry->vme_next;
                                        copy_entry->vme_next = 
                                                vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
                                        previous_prev = 
                                                copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev = copy_entry;
                                        copy->size = copy_size;
                                        remaining_entries = 
                                                copy->cpy_hdr.nentries;
                                        remaining_entries -= nentries;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries = nentries;
                                        break;
                                } else {
                                        local_size += entry_size;
                                        new_offset += entry_size;
                                        nentries++;
                                }
                                copy_entry = copy_entry->vme_next;
                        }
                }

                if (aligned) {
                        pmap_t  local_pmap;

                        if(pmap)
                                local_pmap = pmap;
                        else
                                local_pmap = dst_map->pmap;

                        if ((kr =  vm_map_copy_overwrite_aligned( 
                                     dst_map, tmp_entry, copy,
                                     base_addr, local_pmap)) != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                if(next_copy != NULL) {
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries += 
                                                remaining_entries;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev->vme_next = 
                                                next_copy;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev = 
                                                previous_prev;
                                        copy->size += copy_size;
                                }
                                return kr;
                        }
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Performance gain:
                         *
                         * if the copy and dst address are misaligned but the same
                         * offset within the page we can copy_not_aligned the
                         * misaligned parts and copy aligned the rest.  If they are
                         * aligned but len is unaligned we simply need to copy
                         * the end bit unaligned.  We'll need to split the misaligned
                         * bits of the region in this case !
                         */
                        /* ALWAYS UNLOCKS THE dst_map MAP */
                        if ((kr =  vm_map_copy_overwrite_unaligned( dst_map,
                                                                    tmp_entry, copy, base_addr)) != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                if(next_copy != NULL) {
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries +=
                                                remaining_entries;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev->vme_next = 
                                                next_copy;
                                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev = 
                                                previous_prev;
                                        copy->size += copy_size;
                                }
                                return kr;
                        }
                }
                total_size -= copy_size;
                if(total_size == 0)
                        break;
                base_addr += copy_size;
                copy_size = 0;
                copy->offset = new_offset;
                if(next_copy != NULL) {
                        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries = remaining_entries;
                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.next = next_copy;
                        copy->cpy_hdr.links.prev = previous_prev;
                        next_copy->vme_prev = vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
                        copy->size = total_size;
                }
                vm_map_lock(dst_map);
                while(TRUE) {
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, 
                                                 base_addr, &tmp_entry)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                        if (tmp_entry->in_transition) {
                                entry->needs_wakeup = TRUE;
                                vm_map_entry_wait(dst_map, THREAD_UNINT);
                        } else {
                                break;
                        }
                }
                vm_map_clip_start(dst_map, tmp_entry, vm_map_trunc_page(base_addr));

                entry = tmp_entry;
        } /* while */

        /*
         *      Throw away the vm_map_copy object
         */
        vm_map_copy_discard(copy);

        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}/* vm_map_copy_overwrite */

kern_return_t
vm_map_copy_overwrite(
        vm_map_t        dst_map,
        vm_map_offset_t dst_addr,
        vm_map_copy_t   copy,
        boolean_t       interruptible)
{
        return vm_map_copy_overwrite_nested(
                dst_map, dst_addr, copy, interruptible, (pmap_t) NULL);
}


/*
 *      Routine: vm_map_copy_overwrite_unaligned        [internal use only]
 *
 *      Decription:
 *      Physically copy unaligned data
 *
 *      Implementation:
 *      Unaligned parts of pages have to be physically copied.  We use
 *      a modified form of vm_fault_copy (which understands none-aligned
 *      page offsets and sizes) to do the copy.  We attempt to copy as
 *      much memory in one go as possibly, however vm_fault_copy copies
 *      within 1 memory object so we have to find the smaller of "amount left"
 *      "source object data size" and "target object data size".  With
 *      unaligned data we don't need to split regions, therefore the source
 *      (copy) object should be one map entry, the target range may be split
 *      over multiple map entries however.  In any event we are pessimistic
 *      about these assumptions.
 *
 *      Assumptions:
 *      dst_map is locked on entry and is return locked on success,
 *      unlocked on error.
 */

static kern_return_t
vm_map_copy_overwrite_unaligned(
        vm_map_t        dst_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  entry,
        vm_map_copy_t   copy,
        vm_map_offset_t start)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          copy_entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);
        vm_map_version_t        version;
        vm_object_t             dst_object;
        vm_object_offset_t      dst_offset;
        vm_object_offset_t      src_offset;
        vm_object_offset_t      entry_offset;
        vm_map_offset_t         entry_end;
        vm_map_size_t           src_size,
                                dst_size,
                                copy_size,
                                amount_left;
        kern_return_t           kr = KERN_SUCCESS;

        vm_map_lock_write_to_read(dst_map);

        src_offset = copy->offset - vm_object_trunc_page(copy->offset);
        amount_left = copy->size;
/*
 *      unaligned so we never clipped this entry, we need the offset into
 *      the vm_object not just the data.
 */     
        while (amount_left > 0) {

                if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) {
                        vm_map_unlock_read(dst_map);
                        return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }

                /* "start" must be within the current map entry */
                assert ((start>=entry->vme_start) && (start<entry->vme_end));

                dst_offset = start - entry->vme_start;

                dst_size = entry->vme_end - start;

                src_size = copy_entry->vme_end -
                        (copy_entry->vme_start + src_offset);

                if (dst_size < src_size) {
/*
 *                      we can only copy dst_size bytes before
 *                      we have to get the next destination entry
 */
                        copy_size = dst_size;
                } else {
/*
 *                      we can only copy src_size bytes before
 *                      we have to get the next source copy entry
 */
                        copy_size = src_size;
                }

                if (copy_size > amount_left) {
                        copy_size = amount_left;
                }
/*
 *              Entry needs copy, create a shadow shadow object for
 *              Copy on write region.
 */
                if (entry->needs_copy &&
                    ((entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0))
                {
                        if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(dst_map)) {
                                vm_map_lock_read(dst_map);
                                goto RetryLookup;
                        }
                        vm_object_shadow(&entry->object.vm_object,
                                         &entry->offset,
                                         (vm_map_size_t)(entry->vme_end
                                                         - entry->vme_start));
                        entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                        vm_map_lock_write_to_read(dst_map);
                }
                dst_object = entry->object.vm_object;
/*
 *              unlike with the virtual (aligned) copy we're going
 *              to fault on it therefore we need a target object.
 */
                if (dst_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(dst_map)) {
                                vm_map_lock_read(dst_map);
                                goto RetryLookup;
                        }
                        dst_object = vm_object_allocate((vm_map_size_t)
                                                        entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start);
                        entry->object.vm_object = dst_object;
                        entry->offset = 0;
                        vm_map_lock_write_to_read(dst_map);
                }
/*
 *              Take an object reference and unlock map. The "entry" may
 *              disappear or change when the map is unlocked.
 */
                vm_object_reference(dst_object);
                version.main_timestamp = dst_map->timestamp;
                entry_offset = entry->offset;
                entry_end = entry->vme_end;
                vm_map_unlock_read(dst_map);
/*
 *              Copy as much as possible in one pass
 */
                kr = vm_fault_copy(
                        copy_entry->object.vm_object,
                        copy_entry->offset + src_offset,
                        &copy_size,
                        dst_object,
                        entry_offset + dst_offset,
                        dst_map,
                        &version,
                        THREAD_UNINT );

                start += copy_size;
                src_offset += copy_size;
                amount_left -= copy_size;
/*
 *              Release the object reference
 */
                vm_object_deallocate(dst_object);
/*
 *              If a hard error occurred, return it now
 */
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                        return kr;

                if ((copy_entry->vme_start + src_offset) == copy_entry->vme_end
                    || amount_left == 0)
                {
/*
 *                      all done with this copy entry, dispose.
 */
                        vm_map_copy_entry_unlink(copy, copy_entry);
                        vm_object_deallocate(copy_entry->object.vm_object);
                        vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(copy, copy_entry);

                        if ((copy_entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy))
                            == vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy) && amount_left) {
/*
 *                              not finished copying but run out of source
 */
                                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                        }
                        src_offset = 0;
                }

                if (amount_left == 0)
                        return KERN_SUCCESS;

                vm_map_lock_read(dst_map);
                if (version.main_timestamp == dst_map->timestamp) {
                        if (start == entry_end) {
/*
 *                              destination region is split.  Use the version
 *                              information to avoid a lookup in the normal
 *                              case.
 */
                                entry = entry->vme_next;
/*
 *                              should be contiguous. Fail if we encounter
 *                              a hole in the destination.
 */
                                if (start != entry->vme_start) {
                                        vm_map_unlock_read(dst_map);
                                        return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS ;
                                }
                        }
                } else {
/*
 *                      Map version check failed.
 *                      we must lookup the entry because somebody
 *                      might have changed the map behind our backs.
 */
                RetryLookup:
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, start, &entry))
                        {
                                vm_map_unlock_read(dst_map);
                                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS ;
                        }
                }
        }/* while */

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}/* vm_map_copy_overwrite_unaligned */

/*
 *      Routine: vm_map_copy_overwrite_aligned  [internal use only]
 *
 *      Description:
 *      Does all the vm_trickery possible for whole pages.
 *
 *      Implementation:
 *
 *      If there are no permanent objects in the destination,
 *      and the source and destination map entry zones match,
 *      and the destination map entry is not shared,
 *      then the map entries can be deleted and replaced
 *      with those from the copy.  The following code is the
 *      basic idea of what to do, but there are lots of annoying
 *      little details about getting protection and inheritance
 *      right.  Should add protection, inheritance, and sharing checks
 *      to the above pass and make sure that no wiring is involved.
 */

static kern_return_t
vm_map_copy_overwrite_aligned(
        vm_map_t        dst_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry,
        vm_map_copy_t   copy,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        __unused pmap_t pmap)
{
        vm_object_t     object;
        vm_map_entry_t  copy_entry;
        vm_map_size_t   copy_size;
        vm_map_size_t   size;
        vm_map_entry_t  entry;
                
        while ((copy_entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy))
               != vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy))
        {
                copy_size = (copy_entry->vme_end - copy_entry->vme_start);
                
                entry = tmp_entry;
                assert(!entry->use_pmap); /* unnested when clipped earlier */
                if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
                size = (entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start);
                /*
                 *      Make sure that no holes popped up in the
                 *      address map, and that the protection is
                 *      still valid, in case the map was unlocked
                 *      earlier.
                 */

                if ((entry->vme_start != start) || ((entry->is_sub_map)
                                                    && !entry->needs_copy)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }
                assert(entry != vm_map_to_entry(dst_map));

                /*
                 *      Check protection again
                 */

                if ( ! (entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                }

                /*
                 *      Adjust to source size first
                 */

                if (copy_size < size) {
                        vm_map_clip_end(dst_map, entry, entry->vme_start + copy_size);
                        size = copy_size;
                }

                /*
                 *      Adjust to destination size
                 */

                if (size < copy_size) {
                        vm_map_copy_clip_end(copy, copy_entry,
                                             copy_entry->vme_start + size);
                        copy_size = size;
                }

                assert((entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start) == size);
                assert((tmp_entry->vme_end - tmp_entry->vme_start) == size);
                assert((copy_entry->vme_end - copy_entry->vme_start) == size);

                /*
                 *      If the destination contains temporary unshared memory,
                 *      we can perform the copy by throwing it away and
                 *      installing the source data.
                 */

                object = entry->object.vm_object;
                if ((!entry->is_shared && 
                     ((object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) || 
                      (object->internal && !object->true_share))) ||
                    entry->needs_copy) {
                        vm_object_t     old_object = entry->object.vm_object;
                        vm_object_offset_t      old_offset = entry->offset;
                        vm_object_offset_t      offset;

                        /*
                         * Ensure that the source and destination aren't
                         * identical
                         */
                        if (old_object == copy_entry->object.vm_object &&
                            old_offset == copy_entry->offset) {
                                vm_map_copy_entry_unlink(copy, copy_entry);
                                vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(copy, copy_entry);

                                if (old_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL)
                                        vm_object_deallocate(old_object);

                                start = tmp_entry->vme_end;
                                tmp_entry = tmp_entry->vme_next;
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (old_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                                if(entry->is_sub_map) {
                                        if(entry->use_pmap) {
#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP
                                                pmap_unnest(dst_map->pmap, 
                                                            (addr64_t)entry->vme_start,
                                                            entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start);
#endif  /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
                                                if(dst_map->mapped) {
                                                        /* clean up parent */
                                                        /* map/maps */
                                                        vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                                                                dst_map, entry->vme_start,
                                                                entry->vme_end,
                                                                entry->object.sub_map,
                                                                entry->offset);
                                                }
                                        } else {
                                                vm_map_submap_pmap_clean(
                                                        dst_map, entry->vme_start, 
                                                        entry->vme_end,
                                                        entry->object.sub_map,
                                                        entry->offset);
                                        }
                                        vm_map_deallocate(
                                                entry->object.sub_map);
                                } else {
                                        if(dst_map->mapped) {
                                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                                        entry->object.vm_object,
                                                        entry->offset,
                                                        entry->vme_end 
                                                        - entry->vme_start,
                                                        PMAP_NULL,
                                                        entry->vme_start,
                                                        VM_PROT_NONE);
                                        } else {
                                                pmap_remove(dst_map->pmap, 
                                                            (addr64_t)(entry->vme_start), 
                                                            (addr64_t)(entry->vme_end));
                                        }
                                        vm_object_deallocate(old_object);
                                }
                        }

                        entry->is_sub_map = FALSE;
                        entry->object = copy_entry->object;
                        object = entry->object.vm_object;
                        entry->needs_copy = copy_entry->needs_copy;
                        entry->wired_count = 0;
                        entry->user_wired_count = 0;
                        offset = entry->offset = copy_entry->offset;
                        /*
                         * XXX FBDP
                         * We should propagate the submap entry's protections
                         * here instead of forcing VM_PROT_ALL.
                         * Or better yet, we should inherit the protection
                         * of the copy_entry.
                         */
                        entry->protection = VM_PROT_ALL;
                        entry->max_protection = VM_PROT_ALL;

                        vm_map_copy_entry_unlink(copy, copy_entry);
                        vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(copy, copy_entry);

                        /*
                         * we could try to push pages into the pmap at this point, BUT
                         * this optimization only saved on average 2 us per page if ALL
                         * the pages in the source were currently mapped
                         * and ALL the pages in the dest were touched, if there were fewer
                         * than 2/3 of the pages touched, this optimization actually cost more cycles
                         * it also puts a lot of pressure on the pmap layer w/r to mapping structures
                         */

                        /*
                         *      Set up for the next iteration.  The map
                         *      has not been unlocked, so the next
                         *      address should be at the end of this
                         *      entry, and the next map entry should be
                         *      the one following it.
                         */

                        start = tmp_entry->vme_end;
                        tmp_entry = tmp_entry->vme_next;
                } else {
                        vm_map_version_t        version;
                        vm_object_t             dst_object = entry->object.vm_object;
                        vm_object_offset_t      dst_offset = entry->offset;
                        kern_return_t           r;

                        /*
                         *      Take an object reference, and record
                         *      the map version information so that the
                         *      map can be safely unlocked.
                         */

                        vm_object_reference(dst_object);

                        /* account for unlock bumping up timestamp */
                        version.main_timestamp = dst_map->timestamp + 1;

                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);

                        /*
                         *      Copy as much as possible in one pass
                         */

                        copy_size = size;
                        r = vm_fault_copy(
                                copy_entry->object.vm_object,
                                copy_entry->offset,
                                &copy_size,
                                dst_object,
                                dst_offset,
                                dst_map,
                                &version,
                                THREAD_UNINT );

                        /*
                         *      Release the object reference
                         */

                        vm_object_deallocate(dst_object);

                        /*
                         *      If a hard error occurred, return it now
                         */

                        if (r != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                return(r);

                        if (copy_size != 0) {
                                /*
                                 *      Dispose of the copied region
                                 */

                                vm_map_copy_clip_end(copy, copy_entry,
                                                     copy_entry->vme_start + copy_size);
                                vm_map_copy_entry_unlink(copy, copy_entry);
                                vm_object_deallocate(copy_entry->object.vm_object);
                                vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(copy, copy_entry);
                        }

                        /*
                         *      Pick up in the destination map where we left off.
                         *
                         *      Use the version information to avoid a lookup
                         *      in the normal case.
                         */

                        start += copy_size;
                        vm_map_lock(dst_map);
                        if (version.main_timestamp == dst_map->timestamp) {
                                /* We can safely use saved tmp_entry value */

                                vm_map_clip_end(dst_map, tmp_entry, start);
                                tmp_entry = tmp_entry->vme_next;
                        } else {
                                /* Must do lookup of tmp_entry */

                                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(dst_map, start, &tmp_entry)) {
                                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                                }
                                vm_map_clip_start(dst_map, tmp_entry, start);
                        }
                }
        }/* while */

        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}/* vm_map_copy_overwrite_aligned */

/*
 *      Routine: vm_map_copyin_kernel_buffer [internal use only]
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy in data to a kernel buffer from space in the
 *              source map. The original space may be optionally
 *              deallocated.
 *
 *              If successful, returns a new copy object.
 */
static kern_return_t
vm_map_copyin_kernel_buffer(
        vm_map_t        src_map,
        vm_map_offset_t src_addr,
        vm_map_size_t   len,
        boolean_t       src_destroy,
        vm_map_copy_t   *copy_result)
{
        kern_return_t kr;
        vm_map_copy_t copy;
        vm_map_size_t kalloc_size = sizeof(struct vm_map_copy) + len;

        copy = (vm_map_copy_t) kalloc(kalloc_size);
        if (copy == VM_MAP_COPY_NULL) {
                return KERN_RESOURCE_SHORTAGE;
        }
        copy->type = VM_MAP_COPY_KERNEL_BUFFER;
        copy->size = len;
        copy->offset = 0;
        copy->cpy_kdata = (void *) (copy + 1);
        copy->cpy_kalloc_size = kalloc_size;

        kr = copyinmap(src_map, src_addr, copy->cpy_kdata, len);
        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                kfree(copy, kalloc_size);
                return kr;
        }
        if (src_destroy) {
                (void) vm_map_remove(src_map, vm_map_trunc_page(src_addr), 
                                     vm_map_round_page(src_addr + len),
                                     VM_MAP_REMOVE_INTERRUPTIBLE |
                                     VM_MAP_REMOVE_WAIT_FOR_KWIRE |
                                     (src_map == kernel_map) ?
                                     VM_MAP_REMOVE_KUNWIRE : 0);
        }
        *copy_result = copy;
        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 *      Routine: vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer   [internal use only]
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy out data from a kernel buffer into space in the
 *              destination map. The space may be otpionally dynamically
 *              allocated.
 *
 *              If successful, consumes the copy object.
 *              Otherwise, the caller is responsible for it.
 */
static int vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer_failures = 0;
static kern_return_t
vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_address_t        *addr,  /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_copy_t           copy,
        boolean_t               overwrite)
{
        kern_return_t kr = KERN_SUCCESS;
        thread_t thread = current_thread();

        if (!overwrite) {

                /*
                 * Allocate space in the target map for the data
                 */
                *addr = 0;
                kr = vm_map_enter(map, 
                                  addr, 
                                  vm_map_round_page(copy->size),
                                  (vm_map_offset_t) 0, 
                                  VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                                  VM_OBJECT_NULL, 
                                  (vm_object_offset_t) 0, 
                                  FALSE,
                                  VM_PROT_DEFAULT, 
                                  VM_PROT_ALL,
                                  VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                        return kr;
        }

        /*
         * Copyout the data from the kernel buffer to the target map.
         */     
        if (thread->map == map) {
        
                /*
                 * If the target map is the current map, just do
                 * the copy.
                 */
                if (copyout(copy->cpy_kdata, *addr, copy->size)) {
                        kr = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
        }
        else {
                vm_map_t oldmap;

                /*
                 * If the target map is another map, assume the
                 * target's address space identity for the duration
                 * of the copy.
                 */
                vm_map_reference(map);
                oldmap = vm_map_switch(map);

                if (copyout(copy->cpy_kdata, *addr, copy->size)) {
                        vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer_failures++;
                        kr = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
        
                (void) vm_map_switch(oldmap);
                vm_map_deallocate(map);
        }

        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /* the copy failed, clean up */
                if (!overwrite) {
                        /*
                         * Deallocate the space we allocated in the target map.
                         */
                        (void) vm_map_remove(map,
                                             vm_map_trunc_page(*addr),
                                             vm_map_round_page(*addr +
                                                               vm_map_round_page(copy->size)),
                                             VM_MAP_NO_FLAGS);
                        *addr = 0;
                }
        } else {
                /* copy was successful, dicard the copy structure */
                kfree(copy, copy->cpy_kalloc_size);
        }

        return kr;
}
                
/*
 *      Macro:          vm_map_copy_insert
 *      
 *      Description:
 *              Link a copy chain ("copy") into a map at the
 *              specified location (after "where").
 *      Side effects:
 *              The copy chain is destroyed.
 *      Warning:
 *              The arguments are evaluated multiple times.
 */
#define vm_map_copy_insert(map, where, copy)                            \
MACRO_BEGIN                                                             \
        vm_map_t VMCI_map;                                              \
        vm_map_entry_t VMCI_where;                                      \
        vm_map_copy_t VMCI_copy;                                        \
        VMCI_map = (map);                                               \
        VMCI_where = (where);                                           \
        VMCI_copy = (copy);                                             \
        ((VMCI_where->vme_next)->vme_prev = vm_map_copy_last_entry(VMCI_copy))\
                ->vme_next = (VMCI_where->vme_next);                    \
        ((VMCI_where)->vme_next = vm_map_copy_first_entry(VMCI_copy))   \
                ->vme_prev = VMCI_where;                                \
        VMCI_map->hdr.nentries += VMCI_copy->cpy_hdr.nentries;          \
        UPDATE_FIRST_FREE(VMCI_map, VMCI_map->first_free);              \
        zfree(vm_map_copy_zone, VMCI_copy);                             \
MACRO_END

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copyout
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy out a copy chain ("copy") into newly-allocated
 *              space in the destination map.
 *
 *              If successful, consumes the copy object.
 *              Otherwise, the caller is responsible for it.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_copyout(
        vm_map_t                dst_map,
        vm_map_address_t        *dst_addr,      /* OUT */
        vm_map_copy_t           copy)
{
        vm_map_size_t           size;
        vm_map_size_t           adjustment;
        vm_map_offset_t         start;
        vm_object_offset_t      vm_copy_start;
        vm_map_entry_t          last;
        register
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;

        /*
         *      Check for null copy object.
         */

        if (copy == VM_MAP_COPY_NULL) {
                *dst_addr = 0;
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Check for special copy object, created
         *      by vm_map_copyin_object.
         */

        if (copy->type == VM_MAP_COPY_OBJECT) {
                vm_object_t             object = copy->cpy_object;
                kern_return_t           kr;
                vm_object_offset_t      offset;

                offset = vm_object_trunc_page(copy->offset);
                size = vm_map_round_page(copy->size + 
                                         (vm_map_size_t)(copy->offset - offset));
                *dst_addr = 0;
                kr = vm_map_enter(dst_map, dst_addr, size,
                                  (vm_map_offset_t) 0, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                                  object, offset, FALSE,
                                  VM_PROT_DEFAULT, VM_PROT_ALL,
                                  VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                        return(kr);
                /* Account for non-pagealigned copy object */
                *dst_addr += (vm_map_offset_t)(copy->offset - offset);
                zfree(vm_map_copy_zone, copy);
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Check for special kernel buffer allocated
         *      by new_ipc_kmsg_copyin.
         */

        if (copy->type == VM_MAP_COPY_KERNEL_BUFFER) {
                return(vm_map_copyout_kernel_buffer(dst_map, dst_addr, 
                                                    copy, FALSE));
        }

        /*
         *      Find space for the data
         */

        vm_copy_start = vm_object_trunc_page(copy->offset);
        size =  vm_map_round_page((vm_map_size_t)copy->offset + copy->size) 
                - vm_copy_start;

StartAgain: ;

        vm_map_lock(dst_map);
        assert(first_free_is_valid(dst_map));
        start = ((last = dst_map->first_free) == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) ?
                vm_map_min(dst_map) : last->vme_end;

        while (TRUE) {
                vm_map_entry_t  next = last->vme_next;
                vm_map_offset_t end = start + size;

                if ((end > dst_map->max_offset) || (end < start)) {
                        if (dst_map->wait_for_space) {
                                if (size <= (dst_map->max_offset - dst_map->min_offset)) {
                                        assert_wait((event_t) dst_map,
                                                    THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                                        thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                        goto StartAgain;
                                }
                        }
                        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                }

                if ((next == vm_map_to_entry(dst_map)) ||
                    (next->vme_start >= end))
                        break;

                last = next;
                start = last->vme_end;
        }

        /*
         *      Since we're going to just drop the map
         *      entries from the copy into the destination
         *      map, they must come from the same pool.
         */

        if (copy->cpy_hdr.entries_pageable != dst_map->hdr.entries_pageable) {
                /*
                 * Mismatches occur when dealing with the default
                 * pager.
                 */
                zone_t          old_zone;
                vm_map_entry_t  next, new;

                /*
                 * Find the zone that the copies were allocated from
                 */
                old_zone = (copy->cpy_hdr.entries_pageable)
                        ? vm_map_entry_zone
                        : vm_map_kentry_zone;
                entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);

                /*
                 * Reinitialize the copy so that vm_map_copy_entry_link
                 * will work.
                 */
                copy->cpy_hdr.nentries = 0;
                copy->cpy_hdr.entries_pageable = dst_map->hdr.entries_pageable;
                vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy) =
                        vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy) =
                        vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);

                /*
                 * Copy each entry.
                 */
                while (entry != vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy)) {
                        new = vm_map_copy_entry_create(copy);
                        vm_map_entry_copy_full(new, entry);
                        new->use_pmap = FALSE;  /* clr address space specifics */
                        vm_map_copy_entry_link(copy,
                                               vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy),
                                               new);
                        next = entry->vme_next;
                        zfree(old_zone, entry);
                        entry = next;
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Adjust the addresses in the copy chain, and
         *      reset the region attributes.
         */

        adjustment = start - vm_copy_start;
        for (entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);
             entry != vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
             entry = entry->vme_next) {
                entry->vme_start += adjustment;
                entry->vme_end += adjustment;

                entry->inheritance = VM_INHERIT_DEFAULT;
                entry->protection = VM_PROT_DEFAULT;
                entry->max_protection = VM_PROT_ALL;
                entry->behavior = VM_BEHAVIOR_DEFAULT;

                /*
                 * If the entry is now wired,
                 * map the pages into the destination map.
                 */
                if (entry->wired_count != 0) {
                        register vm_map_offset_t va;
                        vm_object_offset_t       offset;
                        register vm_object_t object;
                        vm_prot_t prot;
                        int     type_of_fault;

                        object = entry->object.vm_object;
                        offset = entry->offset;
                        va = entry->vme_start;

                        pmap_pageable(dst_map->pmap,
                                      entry->vme_start,
                                      entry->vme_end,
                                      TRUE);

                        while (va < entry->vme_end) {
                                register vm_page_t      m;

                                /*
                                 * Look up the page in the object.
                                 * Assert that the page will be found in the
                                 * top object:
                                 * either
                                 *      the object was newly created by
                                 *      vm_object_copy_slowly, and has
                                 *      copies of all of the pages from
                                 *      the source object
                                 * or
                                 *      the object was moved from the old
                                 *      map entry; because the old map
                                 *      entry was wired, all of the pages
                                 *      were in the top-level object.
                                 *      (XXX not true if we wire pages for
                                 *       reading)
                                 */
                                vm_object_lock(object);

                                m = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);
                                if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL || m->wire_count == 0 ||
                                    m->absent)
                                        panic("vm_map_copyout: wiring %p", m);

                                /*
                                 * ENCRYPTED SWAP:
                                 * The page is assumed to be wired here, so it
                                 * shouldn't be encrypted.  Otherwise, we
                                 * couldn't enter it in the page table, since
                                 * we don't want the user to see the encrypted
                                 * data.
                                 */
                                ASSERT_PAGE_DECRYPTED(m);

                                prot = entry->protection;

                                if (override_nx(dst_map, entry->alias) && prot)
                                        prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                                type_of_fault = DBG_CACHE_HIT_FAULT;

                                vm_fault_enter(m, dst_map->pmap, va, prot,
                                               m->wire_count != 0, FALSE, FALSE,
                                               &type_of_fault);

                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                                offset += PAGE_SIZE_64;
                                va += PAGE_SIZE;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Correct the page alignment for the result
         */

        *dst_addr = start + (copy->offset - vm_copy_start);

        /*
         *      Update the hints and the map size
         */

        SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(dst_map, vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy));

        dst_map->size += size;

        /*
         *      Link in the copy
         */

        vm_map_copy_insert(dst_map, last, copy);

        vm_map_unlock(dst_map);

        /*
         * XXX  If wiring_required, call vm_map_pageable
         */

        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copyin
 *
 *      Description:
 *              see vm_map_copyin_common.  Exported via Unsupported.exports.
 *
 */

#undef vm_map_copyin

kern_return_t
vm_map_copyin(
        vm_map_t                        src_map,
        vm_map_address_t        src_addr,
        vm_map_size_t           len,
        boolean_t                       src_destroy,
        vm_map_copy_t           *copy_result)   /* OUT */
{
        return(vm_map_copyin_common(src_map, src_addr, len, src_destroy,
                                        FALSE, copy_result, FALSE));
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copyin_common
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy the specified region (src_addr, len) from the
 *              source address space (src_map), possibly removing
 *              the region from the source address space (src_destroy).
 *
 *      Returns:
 *              A vm_map_copy_t object (copy_result), suitable for
 *              insertion into another address space (using vm_map_copyout),
 *              copying over another address space region (using
 *              vm_map_copy_overwrite).  If the copy is unused, it
 *              should be destroyed (using vm_map_copy_discard).
 *
 *      In/out conditions:
 *              The source map should not be locked on entry.
 */

typedef struct submap_map {
        vm_map_t        parent_map;
        vm_map_offset_t base_start;
        vm_map_offset_t base_end;
        vm_map_size_t   base_len;
        struct submap_map *next;
} submap_map_t;

kern_return_t
vm_map_copyin_common(
        vm_map_t        src_map,
        vm_map_address_t src_addr,
        vm_map_size_t   len,
        boolean_t       src_destroy,
        __unused boolean_t      src_volatile,
        vm_map_copy_t   *copy_result,   /* OUT */
        boolean_t       use_maxprot)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry;      /* Result of last map lookup --
                                         * in multi-level lookup, this
                                         * entry contains the actual
                                         * vm_object/offset.
                                         */
        register
        vm_map_entry_t  new_entry = VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL;  /* Map entry for copy */

        vm_map_offset_t src_start;      /* Start of current entry --
                                         * where copy is taking place now
                                         */
        vm_map_offset_t src_end;        /* End of entire region to be
                                         * copied */
        vm_map_offset_t src_base;
        vm_map_t        base_map = src_map;
        boolean_t       map_share=FALSE;
        submap_map_t    *parent_maps = NULL;

        register
        vm_map_copy_t   copy;           /* Resulting copy */
        vm_map_address_t        copy_addr;

        /*
         *      Check for copies of zero bytes.
         */

        if (len == 0) {
                *copy_result = VM_MAP_COPY_NULL;
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }

        /*
         *      Check that the end address doesn't overflow
         */
        src_end = src_addr + len;
        if (src_end < src_addr)
                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;

        /*
         * If the copy is sufficiently small, use a kernel buffer instead
         * of making a virtual copy.  The theory being that the cost of
         * setting up VM (and taking C-O-W faults) dominates the copy costs
         * for small regions.
         */
        if ((len < msg_ool_size_small) && !use_maxprot)
                return vm_map_copyin_kernel_buffer(src_map, src_addr, len,
                                                   src_destroy, copy_result);

        /*
         *      Compute (page aligned) start and end of region
         */
        src_start = vm_map_trunc_page(src_addr);
        src_end = vm_map_round_page(src_end);

        XPR(XPR_VM_MAP, "vm_map_copyin_common map 0x%x addr 0x%x len 0x%x dest %d\n", (natural_t)src_map, src_addr, len, src_destroy, 0);

        /*
         *      Allocate a header element for the list.
         *
         *      Use the start and end in the header to 
         *      remember the endpoints prior to rounding.
         */

        copy = (vm_map_copy_t) zalloc(vm_map_copy_zone);
        vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy) =
                vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy) = vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
        copy->type = VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST;
        copy->cpy_hdr.nentries = 0;
        copy->cpy_hdr.entries_pageable = TRUE;

        copy->offset = src_addr;
        copy->size = len;
        
        new_entry = vm_map_copy_entry_create(copy);

#define RETURN(x)                                               \
        MACRO_BEGIN                                             \
        vm_map_unlock(src_map);                                 \
        if(src_map != base_map)                                 \
                vm_map_deallocate(src_map);                     \
        if (new_entry != VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL)                     \
                vm_map_copy_entry_dispose(copy,new_entry);      \
        vm_map_copy_discard(copy);                              \
        {                                                       \
                submap_map_t    *_ptr;                          \
                                                                \
                for(_ptr = parent_maps; _ptr != NULL; _ptr = parent_maps) { \
                        parent_maps=parent_maps->next;          \
                        if (_ptr->parent_map != base_map)       \
                                vm_map_deallocate(_ptr->parent_map);    \
                        kfree(_ptr, sizeof(submap_map_t));      \
                }                                               \
        }                                                       \
        MACRO_RETURN(x);                                        \
        MACRO_END

        /*
         *      Find the beginning of the region.
         */

        vm_map_lock(src_map);

        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(src_map, src_start, &tmp_entry))
                RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        if(!tmp_entry->is_sub_map) {
                vm_map_clip_start(src_map, tmp_entry, src_start);
        }
        /* set for later submap fix-up */
        copy_addr = src_start;

        /*
         *      Go through entries until we get to the end.
         */

        while (TRUE) {
                register
                vm_map_entry_t  src_entry = tmp_entry;  /* Top-level entry */
                vm_map_size_t   src_size;               /* Size of source
                                                         * map entry (in both
                                                         * maps)
                                                         */

                register
                vm_object_t             src_object;     /* Object to copy */
                vm_object_offset_t      src_offset;

                boolean_t       src_needs_copy;         /* Should source map
                                                         * be made read-only
                                                         * for copy-on-write?
                                                         */

                boolean_t       new_entry_needs_copy;   /* Will new entry be COW? */

                boolean_t       was_wired;              /* Was source wired? */
                vm_map_version_t version;               /* Version before locks
                                                         * dropped to make copy
                                                         */
                kern_return_t   result;                 /* Return value from
                                                         * copy_strategically.
                                                         */
                while(tmp_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_size_t submap_len;
                        submap_map_t *ptr;

                        ptr = (submap_map_t *)kalloc(sizeof(submap_map_t));
                        ptr->next = parent_maps;
                        parent_maps = ptr;
                        ptr->parent_map = src_map;
                        ptr->base_start = src_start;
                        ptr->base_end = src_end;
                        submap_len = tmp_entry->vme_end - src_start;
                        if(submap_len > (src_end-src_start))
                                submap_len = src_end-src_start;
                        ptr->base_len = submap_len;
        
                        src_start -= tmp_entry->vme_start;
                        src_start += tmp_entry->offset;
                        src_end = src_start + submap_len;
                        src_map = tmp_entry->object.sub_map;
                        vm_map_lock(src_map);
                        /* keep an outstanding reference for all maps in */
                        /* the parents tree except the base map */
                        vm_map_reference(src_map);
                        vm_map_unlock(ptr->parent_map);
                        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(
                                    src_map, src_start, &tmp_entry))
                                RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        map_share = TRUE;
                        if(!tmp_entry->is_sub_map)
                                vm_map_clip_start(src_map, tmp_entry, src_start);
                        src_entry = tmp_entry;
                }
                /* we are now in the lowest level submap... */

                if ((tmp_entry->object.vm_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) && 
                    (tmp_entry->object.vm_object->phys_contiguous)) {
                        /* This is not, supported for now.In future */
                        /* we will need to detect the phys_contig   */
                        /* condition and then upgrade copy_slowly   */
                        /* to do physical copy from the device mem  */
                        /* based object. We can piggy-back off of   */
                        /* the was wired boolean to set-up the      */
                        /* proper handling */
                        RETURN(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
                }
                /*
                 *      Create a new address map entry to hold the result. 
                 *      Fill in the fields from the appropriate source entries.
                 *      We must unlock the source map to do this if we need
                 *      to allocate a map entry.
                 */
                if (new_entry == VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL) {
                        version.main_timestamp = src_map->timestamp;
                        vm_map_unlock(src_map);

                        new_entry = vm_map_copy_entry_create(copy);

                        vm_map_lock(src_map);
                        if ((version.main_timestamp + 1) != src_map->timestamp) {
                                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(src_map, src_start,
                                                         &tmp_entry)) {
                                        RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                                }
                                if (!tmp_entry->is_sub_map)
                                        vm_map_clip_start(src_map, tmp_entry, src_start);
                                continue; /* restart w/ new tmp_entry */
                        }
                }

                /*
                 *      Verify that the region can be read.
                 */
                if (((src_entry->protection & VM_PROT_READ) == VM_PROT_NONE &&
                     !use_maxprot) ||
                    (src_entry->max_protection & VM_PROT_READ) == 0)
                        RETURN(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);

                /*
                 *      Clip against the endpoints of the entire region.
                 */

                vm_map_clip_end(src_map, src_entry, src_end);

                src_size = src_entry->vme_end - src_start;
                src_object = src_entry->object.vm_object;
                src_offset = src_entry->offset;
                was_wired = (src_entry->wired_count != 0);

                vm_map_entry_copy(new_entry, src_entry);
                new_entry->use_pmap = FALSE; /* clr address space specifics */

                /*
                 *      Attempt non-blocking copy-on-write optimizations.
                 */

                if (src_destroy && 
                    (src_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL || 
                     (src_object->internal && !src_object->true_share
                      && !map_share))) {
                        /*
                         * If we are destroying the source, and the object
                         * is internal, we can move the object reference
                         * from the source to the copy.  The copy is
                         * copy-on-write only if the source is.
                         * We make another reference to the object, because
                         * destroying the source entry will deallocate it.
                         */
                        vm_object_reference(src_object);

                        /*
                         * Copy is always unwired.  vm_map_copy_entry
                         * set its wired count to zero.
                         */

                        goto CopySuccessful;
                }


        RestartCopy:
                XPR(XPR_VM_MAP, "vm_map_copyin_common src_obj 0x%x ent 0x%x obj 0x%x was_wired %d\n",
                    src_object, new_entry, new_entry->object.vm_object,
                    was_wired, 0);
                if ((src_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL ||
                     (!was_wired && !map_share && !tmp_entry->is_shared)) &&
                    vm_object_copy_quickly(
                            &new_entry->object.vm_object,
                            src_offset,
                            src_size,
                            &src_needs_copy,
                            &new_entry_needs_copy)) {

                        new_entry->needs_copy = new_entry_needs_copy;

                        /*
                         *      Handle copy-on-write obligations
                         */

                        if (src_needs_copy && !tmp_entry->needs_copy) {
                                vm_prot_t prot;

                                prot = src_entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                                if (override_nx(src_map, src_entry->alias) && prot)
                                        prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        src_object,
                                        src_offset,
                                        src_size,
                                        (src_entry->is_shared ? 
                                         PMAP_NULL
                                         : src_map->pmap),
                                        src_entry->vme_start,
                                        prot);

                                tmp_entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                        }

                        /*
                         *      The map has never been unlocked, so it's safe
                         *      to move to the next entry rather than doing
                         *      another lookup.
                         */

                        goto CopySuccessful;
                }

                /*
                 *      Take an object reference, so that we may
                 *      release the map lock(s).
                 */

                assert(src_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL);
                vm_object_reference(src_object);

                /*
                 *      Record the timestamp for later verification.
                 *      Unlock the map.
                 */

                version.main_timestamp = src_map->timestamp;
                vm_map_unlock(src_map); /* Increments timestamp once! */

                /*
                 *      Perform the copy
                 */

                if (was_wired) {
                CopySlowly:
                        vm_object_lock(src_object);
                        result = vm_object_copy_slowly(
                                src_object,
                                src_offset,
                                src_size,
                                THREAD_UNINT,
                                &new_entry->object.vm_object);
                        new_entry->offset = 0;
                        new_entry->needs_copy = FALSE;

                }
                else if (src_object->copy_strategy == MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC &&
                         (tmp_entry->is_shared  || map_share)) {
                        vm_object_t new_object;

                        vm_object_lock_shared(src_object);
                        new_object = vm_object_copy_delayed(
                                src_object,
                                src_offset,     
                                src_size,
                                TRUE);
                        if (new_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL)
                                goto CopySlowly;

                        new_entry->object.vm_object = new_object;
                        new_entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                        result = KERN_SUCCESS;

                } else {
                        result = vm_object_copy_strategically(src_object,
                                                              src_offset,
                                                              src_size,
                                                              &new_entry->object.vm_object,
                                                              &new_entry->offset,
                                                              &new_entry_needs_copy);

                        new_entry->needs_copy = new_entry_needs_copy;
                }

                if (result != KERN_SUCCESS &&
                    result != KERN_MEMORY_RESTART_COPY) {
                        vm_map_lock(src_map);
                        RETURN(result);
                }

                /*
                 *      Throw away the extra reference
                 */

                vm_object_deallocate(src_object);

                /*
                 *      Verify that the map has not substantially
                 *      changed while the copy was being made.
                 */

                vm_map_lock(src_map);

                if ((version.main_timestamp + 1) == src_map->timestamp)
                        goto VerificationSuccessful;

                /*
                 *      Simple version comparison failed.
                 *
                 *      Retry the lookup and verify that the
                 *      same object/offset are still present.
                 *
                 *      [Note: a memory manager that colludes with
                 *      the calling task can detect that we have
                 *      cheated.  While the map was unlocked, the
                 *      mapping could have been changed and restored.]
                 */

                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(src_map, src_start, &tmp_entry)) {
                        RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }

                src_entry = tmp_entry;
                vm_map_clip_start(src_map, src_entry, src_start);

                if ((((src_entry->protection & VM_PROT_READ) == VM_PROT_NONE) &&
                     !use_maxprot) ||
                    ((src_entry->max_protection & VM_PROT_READ) == 0))
                        goto VerificationFailed;

                if (src_entry->vme_end < new_entry->vme_end)
                        src_size = (new_entry->vme_end = src_entry->vme_end) - src_start;

                if ((src_entry->object.vm_object != src_object) ||
                    (src_entry->offset != src_offset) ) {

                        /*
                         *      Verification failed.
                         *
                         *      Start over with this top-level entry.
                         */

                VerificationFailed: ;

                        vm_object_deallocate(new_entry->object.vm_object);
                        tmp_entry = src_entry;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 *      Verification succeeded.
                 */

        VerificationSuccessful: ;

                if (result == KERN_MEMORY_RESTART_COPY)
                        goto RestartCopy;

                /*
                 *      Copy succeeded.
                 */

        CopySuccessful: ;

                /*
                 *      Link in the new copy entry.
                 */

                vm_map_copy_entry_link(copy, vm_map_copy_last_entry(copy),
                                       new_entry);
                
                /*
                 *      Determine whether the entire region
                 *      has been copied.
                 */
                src_base = src_start;
                src_start = new_entry->vme_end;
                new_entry = VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL;
                while ((src_start >= src_end) && (src_end != 0)) {
                        if (src_map != base_map) {
                                submap_map_t    *ptr;

                                ptr = parent_maps;
                                assert(ptr != NULL);
                                parent_maps = parent_maps->next;

                                /* fix up the damage we did in that submap */
                                vm_map_simplify_range(src_map,
                                                      src_base,
                                                      src_end);

                                vm_map_unlock(src_map);
                                vm_map_deallocate(src_map);
                                vm_map_lock(ptr->parent_map);
                                src_map = ptr->parent_map;
                                src_base = ptr->base_start;
                                src_start = ptr->base_start + ptr->base_len;
                                src_end = ptr->base_end;
                                if ((src_end > src_start) &&
                                    !vm_map_lookup_entry(
                                            src_map, src_start, &tmp_entry))
                                        RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                                kfree(ptr, sizeof(submap_map_t));
                                if(parent_maps == NULL)
                                        map_share = FALSE;
                                src_entry = tmp_entry->vme_prev;
                        } else
                                break;
                }
                if ((src_start >= src_end) && (src_end != 0))
                        break;

                /*
                 *      Verify that there are no gaps in the region
                 */

                tmp_entry = src_entry->vme_next;
                if ((tmp_entry->vme_start != src_start) || 
                    (tmp_entry == vm_map_to_entry(src_map)))
                        RETURN(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        /*
         * If the source should be destroyed, do it now, since the
         * copy was successful. 
         */
        if (src_destroy) {
                (void) vm_map_delete(src_map,
                                     vm_map_trunc_page(src_addr),
                                     src_end,
                                     (src_map == kernel_map) ?
                                     VM_MAP_REMOVE_KUNWIRE :
                                     VM_MAP_NO_FLAGS,
                                     VM_MAP_NULL);
        } else {
                /* fix up the damage we did in the base map */
                vm_map_simplify_range(src_map,
                                      vm_map_trunc_page(src_addr), 
                                      vm_map_round_page(src_end));
        }

        vm_map_unlock(src_map);

        /* Fix-up start and end points in copy.  This is necessary */
        /* when the various entries in the copy object were picked */
        /* up from different sub-maps */

        tmp_entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);
        while (tmp_entry != vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy)) {
                tmp_entry->vme_end = copy_addr + 
                        (tmp_entry->vme_end - tmp_entry->vme_start);
                tmp_entry->vme_start = copy_addr;
                copy_addr += tmp_entry->vme_end - tmp_entry->vme_start;
                tmp_entry = (struct vm_map_entry *)tmp_entry->vme_next;
        }

        *copy_result = copy;
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);

#undef  RETURN
}

/*
 *      vm_map_copyin_object:
 *
 *      Create a copy object from an object.
 *      Our caller donates an object reference.
 */

kern_return_t
vm_map_copyin_object(
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset, /* offset of region in object */
        vm_object_size_t        size,   /* size of region in object */
        vm_map_copy_t   *copy_result)   /* OUT */
{
        vm_map_copy_t   copy;           /* Resulting copy */

        /*
         *      We drop the object into a special copy object
         *      that contains the object directly.
         */

        copy = (vm_map_copy_t) zalloc(vm_map_copy_zone);
        copy->type = VM_MAP_COPY_OBJECT;
        copy->cpy_object = object;
        copy->offset = offset;
        copy->size = size;

        *copy_result = copy;
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

static void
vm_map_fork_share(
        vm_map_t        old_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  old_entry,
        vm_map_t        new_map)
{
        vm_object_t     object;
        vm_map_entry_t  new_entry;

        /*
         *      New sharing code.  New map entry
         *      references original object.  Internal
         *      objects use asynchronous copy algorithm for
         *      future copies.  First make sure we have
         *      the right object.  If we need a shadow,
         *      or someone else already has one, then
         *      make a new shadow and share it.
         */
        
        object = old_entry->object.vm_object;
        if (old_entry->is_sub_map) {
                assert(old_entry->wired_count == 0);
#ifndef NO_NESTED_PMAP
                if(old_entry->use_pmap) {
                        kern_return_t   result;

                        result = pmap_nest(new_map->pmap, 
                                           (old_entry->object.sub_map)->pmap, 
                                           (addr64_t)old_entry->vme_start,
                                           (addr64_t)old_entry->vme_start,
                                           (uint64_t)(old_entry->vme_end - old_entry->vme_start));
                        if(result)
                                panic("vm_map_fork_share: pmap_nest failed!");
                }
#endif  /* NO_NESTED_PMAP */
        } else if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                object = vm_object_allocate((vm_map_size_t)(old_entry->vme_end -
                                                            old_entry->vme_start));
                old_entry->offset = 0;
                old_entry->object.vm_object = object;
                assert(!old_entry->needs_copy);
        } else if (object->copy_strategy !=
                   MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC) {
                
                /*
                 *      We are already using an asymmetric
                 *      copy, and therefore we already have
                 *      the right object.
                 */
                
                assert(! old_entry->needs_copy);
        }
        else if (old_entry->needs_copy ||       /* case 1 */
                 object->shadowed ||            /* case 2 */
                 (!object->true_share &&        /* case 3 */
                  !old_entry->is_shared &&
                  (object->size >
                   (vm_map_size_t)(old_entry->vme_end -
                                   old_entry->vme_start)))) {
                
                /*
                 *      We need to create a shadow.
                 *      There are three cases here.
                 *      In the first case, we need to
                 *      complete a deferred symmetrical
                 *      copy that we participated in.
                 *      In the second and third cases,
                 *      we need to create the shadow so
                 *      that changes that we make to the
                 *      object do not interfere with
                 *      any symmetrical copies which
                 *      have occured (case 2) or which
                 *      might occur (case 3).
                 *
                 *      The first case is when we had
                 *      deferred shadow object creation
                 *      via the entry->needs_copy mechanism.
                 *      This mechanism only works when
                 *      only one entry points to the source
                 *      object, and we are about to create
                 *      a second entry pointing to the
                 *      same object. The problem is that
                 *      there is no way of mapping from
                 *      an object to the entries pointing
                 *      to it. (Deferred shadow creation
                 *      works with one entry because occurs
                 *      at fault time, and we walk from the
                 *      entry to the object when handling
                 *      the fault.)
                 *
                 *      The second case is when the object
                 *      to be shared has already been copied
                 *      with a symmetric copy, but we point
                 *      directly to the object without
                 *      needs_copy set in our entry. (This
                 *      can happen because different ranges
                 *      of an object can be pointed to by
                 *      different entries. In particular,
                 *      a single entry pointing to an object
                 *      can be split by a call to vm_inherit,
                 *      which, combined with task_create, can
                 *      result in the different entries
                 *      having different needs_copy values.)
                 *      The shadowed flag in the object allows
                 *      us to detect this case. The problem
                 *      with this case is that if this object
                 *      has or will have shadows, then we
                 *      must not perform an asymmetric copy
                 *      of this object, since such a copy
                 *      allows the object to be changed, which
                 *      will break the previous symmetrical
                 *      copies (which rely upon the object
                 *      not changing). In a sense, the shadowed
                 *      flag says "don't change this object".
                 *      We fix this by creating a shadow
                 *      object for this object, and sharing
                 *      that. This works because we are free
                 *      to change the shadow object (and thus
                 *      to use an asymmetric copy strategy);
                 *      this is also semantically correct,
                 *      since this object is temporary, and
                 *      therefore a copy of the object is
                 *      as good as the object itself. (This
                 *      is not true for permanent objects,
                 *      since the pager needs to see changes,
                 *      which won't happen if the changes
                 *      are made to a copy.)
                 *
                 *      The third case is when the object
                 *      to be shared has parts sticking
                 *      outside of the entry we're working
                 *      with, and thus may in the future
                 *      be subject to a symmetrical copy.
                 *      (This is a preemptive version of
                 *      case 2.)
                 */
                
                vm_object_shadow(&old_entry->object.vm_object,
                                 &old_entry->offset,
                                 (vm_map_size_t) (old_entry->vme_end -
                                                  old_entry->vme_start));
                
                /*
                 *      If we're making a shadow for other than
                 *      copy on write reasons, then we have
                 *      to remove write permission.
                 */

                if (!old_entry->needs_copy &&
                    (old_entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                        vm_prot_t prot;

                        prot = old_entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                        if (override_nx(old_map, old_entry->alias) && prot)
                                prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                        if (old_map->mapped) {
                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        old_entry->object.vm_object,
                                        old_entry->offset,
                                        (old_entry->vme_end -
                                         old_entry->vme_start),
                                        PMAP_NULL,
                                        old_entry->vme_start,
                                        prot);
                        } else {
                                pmap_protect(old_map->pmap,
                                             old_entry->vme_start,
                                             old_entry->vme_end,
                                             prot);
                        }
                }
                
                old_entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                object = old_entry->object.vm_object;
        }
        
        /*
         *      If object was using a symmetric copy strategy,
         *      change its copy strategy to the default
         *      asymmetric copy strategy, which is copy_delay
         *      in the non-norma case and copy_call in the
         *      norma case. Bump the reference count for the
         *      new entry.
         */
        
        if(old_entry->is_sub_map) {
                vm_map_lock(old_entry->object.sub_map);
                vm_map_reference(old_entry->object.sub_map);
                vm_map_unlock(old_entry->object.sub_map);
        } else {
                vm_object_lock(object);
                vm_object_reference_locked(object);
                if (object->copy_strategy == MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC) {
                        object->copy_strategy = MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_DELAY;
                }
                vm_object_unlock(object);
        }
        
        /*
         *      Clone the entry, using object ref from above.
         *      Mark both entries as shared.
         */
        
        new_entry = vm_map_entry_create(new_map);
        vm_map_entry_copy(new_entry, old_entry);
        old_entry->is_shared = TRUE;
        new_entry->is_shared = TRUE;
        
        /*
         *      Insert the entry into the new map -- we
         *      know we're inserting at the end of the new
         *      map.
         */
        
        vm_map_entry_link(new_map, vm_map_last_entry(new_map), new_entry);
        
        /*
         *      Update the physical map
         */
        
        if (old_entry->is_sub_map) {
                /* Bill Angell pmap support goes here */
        } else {
                pmap_copy(new_map->pmap, old_map->pmap, new_entry->vme_start,
                          old_entry->vme_end - old_entry->vme_start,
                          old_entry->vme_start);
        }
}

static boolean_t
vm_map_fork_copy(
        vm_map_t        old_map,
        vm_map_entry_t  *old_entry_p,
        vm_map_t        new_map)
{
        vm_map_entry_t old_entry = *old_entry_p;
        vm_map_size_t entry_size = old_entry->vme_end - old_entry->vme_start;
        vm_map_offset_t start = old_entry->vme_start;
        vm_map_copy_t copy;
        vm_map_entry_t last = vm_map_last_entry(new_map);

        vm_map_unlock(old_map);
        /*
         *      Use maxprot version of copyin because we
         *      care about whether this memory can ever
         *      be accessed, not just whether it's accessible
         *      right now.
         */
        if (vm_map_copyin_maxprot(old_map, start, entry_size, FALSE, &copy)
            != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /*
                 *      The map might have changed while it
                 *      was unlocked, check it again.  Skip
                 *      any blank space or permanently
                 *      unreadable region.
                 */
                vm_map_lock(old_map);
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(old_map, start, &last) ||
                    (last->max_protection & VM_PROT_READ) == VM_PROT_NONE) {
                        last = last->vme_next;
                }
                *old_entry_p = last;

                /*
                 * XXX  For some error returns, want to
                 * XXX  skip to the next element.  Note
                 *      that INVALID_ADDRESS and
                 *      PROTECTION_FAILURE are handled above.
                 */
                
                return FALSE;
        }
        
        /*
         *      Insert the copy into the new map
         */
        
        vm_map_copy_insert(new_map, last, copy);
        
        /*
         *      Pick up the traversal at the end of
         *      the copied region.
         */
        
        vm_map_lock(old_map);
        start += entry_size;
        if (! vm_map_lookup_entry(old_map, start, &last)) {
                last = last->vme_next;
        } else {
                if (last->vme_start == start) {
                        /*
                         * No need to clip here and we don't
                         * want to cause any unnecessary
                         * unnesting...
                         */
                } else {
                        vm_map_clip_start(old_map, last, start);
                }
        }
        *old_entry_p = last;

        return TRUE;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_fork:
 *
 *      Create and return a new map based on the old
 *      map, according to the inheritance values on the
 *      regions in that map.
 *
 *      The source map must not be locked.
 */
vm_map_t
vm_map_fork(
        vm_map_t        old_map)
{
        pmap_t          new_pmap;
        vm_map_t        new_map;
        vm_map_entry_t  old_entry;
        vm_map_size_t   new_size = 0, entry_size;
        vm_map_entry_t  new_entry;
        boolean_t       src_needs_copy;
        boolean_t       new_entry_needs_copy;

#ifdef __i386__
        new_pmap = pmap_create((vm_map_size_t) 0,
                               old_map->pmap->pm_task_map != TASK_MAP_32BIT);
        if (old_map->pmap->pm_task_map == TASK_MAP_64BIT_SHARED)
                pmap_set_4GB_pagezero(new_pmap);
#else
        new_pmap = pmap_create((vm_map_size_t) 0, 0);
#endif

        vm_map_reference_swap(old_map);
        vm_map_lock(old_map);

        new_map = vm_map_create(new_pmap,
                                old_map->min_offset,
                                old_map->max_offset,
                                old_map->hdr.entries_pageable);

        for (
                old_entry = vm_map_first_entry(old_map);
                old_entry != vm_map_to_entry(old_map);
                ) {

                entry_size = old_entry->vme_end - old_entry->vme_start;

                switch (old_entry->inheritance) {
                case VM_INHERIT_NONE:
                        break;

                case VM_INHERIT_SHARE:
                        vm_map_fork_share(old_map, old_entry, new_map);
                        new_size += entry_size;
                        break;

                case VM_INHERIT_COPY:

                        /*
                         *      Inline the copy_quickly case;
                         *      upon failure, fall back on call
                         *      to vm_map_fork_copy.
                         */

                        if(old_entry->is_sub_map)
                                break;
                        if ((old_entry->wired_count != 0) ||
                            ((old_entry->object.vm_object != NULL) &&
                             (old_entry->object.vm_object->true_share))) {
                                goto slow_vm_map_fork_copy;
                        }

                        new_entry = vm_map_entry_create(new_map);
                        vm_map_entry_copy(new_entry, old_entry);
                        /* clear address space specifics */
                        new_entry->use_pmap = FALSE;

                        if (! vm_object_copy_quickly(
                                    &new_entry->object.vm_object,
                                    old_entry->offset,
                                    (old_entry->vme_end -
                                     old_entry->vme_start),
                                    &src_needs_copy,
                                    &new_entry_needs_copy)) {
                                vm_map_entry_dispose(new_map, new_entry);
                                goto slow_vm_map_fork_copy;
                        }

                        /*
                         *      Handle copy-on-write obligations
                         */
                        
                        if (src_needs_copy && !old_entry->needs_copy) {
                                vm_prot_t prot;

                                prot = old_entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                                if (override_nx(old_map, old_entry->alias) && prot)
                                        prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        old_entry->object.vm_object,
                                        old_entry->offset,
                                        (old_entry->vme_end -
                                         old_entry->vme_start),
                                        ((old_entry->is_shared 
                                          || old_map->mapped)
                                         ? PMAP_NULL :
                                         old_map->pmap),
                                        old_entry->vme_start,
                                        prot);

                                old_entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                        }
                        new_entry->needs_copy = new_entry_needs_copy;
                        
                        /*
                         *      Insert the entry at the end
                         *      of the map.
                         */
                        
                        vm_map_entry_link(new_map, vm_map_last_entry(new_map),
                                          new_entry);
                        new_size += entry_size;
                        break;

                slow_vm_map_fork_copy:
                        if (vm_map_fork_copy(old_map, &old_entry, new_map)) {
                                new_size += entry_size;
                        }
                        continue;
                }
                old_entry = old_entry->vme_next;
        }

        new_map->size = new_size;
        vm_map_unlock(old_map);
        vm_map_deallocate(old_map);

        return(new_map);
}

/*
 * vm_map_exec:
 *
 *      Setup the "new_map" with the proper execution environment according
 *      to the type of executable (platform, 64bit, chroot environment).
 *      Map the comm page and shared region, etc...
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_exec(
        vm_map_t        new_map,
        task_t          task,
        void            *fsroot,
        cpu_type_t      cpu)
{
        SHARED_REGION_TRACE_DEBUG(
                ("shared_region: task %p: vm_map_exec(%p,%p,%p,0x%x): ->\n",
                 current_task(), new_map, task, fsroot, cpu));
        (void) vm_commpage_enter(new_map, task);
        (void) vm_shared_region_enter(new_map, task, fsroot, cpu);
        SHARED_REGION_TRACE_DEBUG(
                ("shared_region: task %p: vm_map_exec(%p,%p,%p,0x%x): <-\n",
                 current_task(), new_map, task, fsroot, cpu));
        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_lookup_locked:
 *
 *      Finds the VM object, offset, and
 *      protection for a given virtual address in the
 *      specified map, assuming a page fault of the
 *      type specified.
 *
 *      Returns the (object, offset, protection) for
 *      this address, whether it is wired down, and whether
 *      this map has the only reference to the data in question.
 *      In order to later verify this lookup, a "version"
 *      is returned.
 *
 *      The map MUST be locked by the caller and WILL be
 *      locked on exit.  In order to guarantee the
 *      existence of the returned object, it is returned
 *      locked.
 *
 *      If a lookup is requested with "write protection"
 *      specified, the map may be changed to perform virtual
 *      copying operations, although the data referenced will
 *      remain the same.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_lookup_locked(
        vm_map_t                *var_map,       /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_offset_t         vaddr,
        vm_prot_t               fault_type,
        int                     object_lock_type,
        vm_map_version_t        *out_version,   /* OUT */
        vm_object_t             *object,        /* OUT */
        vm_object_offset_t      *offset,        /* OUT */
        vm_prot_t               *out_prot,      /* OUT */
        boolean_t               *wired,         /* OUT */
        vm_object_fault_info_t  fault_info,     /* OUT */
        vm_map_t                *real_map)
{
        vm_map_entry_t                  entry;
        register vm_map_t               map = *var_map;
        vm_map_t                        old_map = *var_map;
        vm_map_t                        cow_sub_map_parent = VM_MAP_NULL;
        vm_map_offset_t                 cow_parent_vaddr = 0;
        vm_map_offset_t                 old_start = 0;
        vm_map_offset_t                 old_end = 0;
        register vm_prot_t              prot;

        *real_map = map;
RetryLookup: ;

        /*
         *      If the map has an interesting hint, try it before calling
         *      full blown lookup routine.
         */
        entry = map->hint;

        if ((entry == vm_map_to_entry(map)) ||
            (vaddr < entry->vme_start) || (vaddr >= entry->vme_end)) {
                vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry;

                /*
                 *      Entry was either not a valid hint, or the vaddr
                 *      was not contained in the entry, so do a full lookup.
                 */
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, vaddr, &tmp_entry)) {
                        if((cow_sub_map_parent) && (cow_sub_map_parent != map))
                                vm_map_unlock(cow_sub_map_parent);
                        if((*real_map != map) 
                           && (*real_map != cow_sub_map_parent))
                                vm_map_unlock(*real_map);
                        return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }

                entry = tmp_entry;
        }
        if(map == old_map) {
                old_start = entry->vme_start;
                old_end = entry->vme_end;
        }

        /*
         *      Handle submaps.  Drop lock on upper map, submap is
         *      returned locked.
         */

submap_recurse:
        if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                vm_map_offset_t         local_vaddr;
                vm_map_offset_t         end_delta;
                vm_map_offset_t         start_delta; 
                vm_map_entry_t          submap_entry;
                boolean_t               mapped_needs_copy=FALSE;

                local_vaddr = vaddr;

                if ((entry->use_pmap && !(fault_type & VM_PROT_WRITE))) {
                        /* if real_map equals map we unlock below */
                        if ((*real_map != map) && 
                            (*real_map != cow_sub_map_parent))
                                vm_map_unlock(*real_map);
                        *real_map = entry->object.sub_map;
                }

                if(entry->needs_copy && (fault_type & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                        if (!mapped_needs_copy) {
                                if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(map)) {
                                        vm_map_lock_read(map);
                                        /* XXX FBDP: entry still valid ? */
                                        if(*real_map == entry->object.sub_map)
                                                *real_map = map;
                                        goto RetryLookup;
                                }
                                vm_map_lock_read(entry->object.sub_map);
                                cow_sub_map_parent = map;
                                /* reset base to map before cow object */
                                /* this is the map which will accept   */
                                /* the new cow object */
                                old_start = entry->vme_start;
                                old_end = entry->vme_end;
                                cow_parent_vaddr = vaddr;
                                mapped_needs_copy = TRUE;
                        } else {
                                vm_map_lock_read(entry->object.sub_map);
                                if((cow_sub_map_parent != map) &&
                                   (*real_map != map))
                                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        }
                } else {
                        vm_map_lock_read(entry->object.sub_map);
                        /* leave map locked if it is a target */
                        /* cow sub_map above otherwise, just  */
                        /* follow the maps down to the object */
                        /* here we unlock knowing we are not  */
                        /* revisiting the map.  */
                        if((*real_map != map) && (map != cow_sub_map_parent))
                                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                }

                /* XXX FBDP: map has been unlocked, what protects "entry" !? */
                *var_map = map = entry->object.sub_map;

                /* calculate the offset in the submap for vaddr */
                local_vaddr = (local_vaddr - entry->vme_start) + entry->offset;

        RetrySubMap:
                if(!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, local_vaddr, &submap_entry)) {
                        if((cow_sub_map_parent) && (cow_sub_map_parent != map)){
                                vm_map_unlock(cow_sub_map_parent);
                        }
                        if((*real_map != map) 
                           && (*real_map != cow_sub_map_parent)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(*real_map);
                        }
                        *real_map = map;
                        return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }

                /* find the attenuated shadow of the underlying object */
                /* on our target map */

                /* in english the submap object may extend beyond the     */
                /* region mapped by the entry or, may only fill a portion */
                /* of it.  For our purposes, we only care if the object   */
                /* doesn't fill.  In this case the area which will        */
                /* ultimately be clipped in the top map will only need    */
                /* to be as big as the portion of the underlying entry    */
                /* which is mapped */
                start_delta = submap_entry->vme_start > entry->offset ?
                        submap_entry->vme_start - entry->offset : 0;

                end_delta = 
                        (entry->offset + start_delta + (old_end - old_start)) <=
                        submap_entry->vme_end ?
                        0 : (entry->offset + 
                             (old_end - old_start))
                        - submap_entry->vme_end; 

                old_start += start_delta;
                old_end -= end_delta;

                if(submap_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        entry = submap_entry;
                        vaddr = local_vaddr;
                        goto submap_recurse;
                }

                if(((fault_type & VM_PROT_WRITE) && cow_sub_map_parent)) {

                        vm_object_t     sub_object, copy_object;
                        vm_object_offset_t copy_offset;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_start;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_end;
                        boolean_t               copied_slowly = FALSE;

                        if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(map)) {
                                vm_map_lock_read(map);
                                old_start -= start_delta;
                                old_end += end_delta;
                                goto RetrySubMap;
                        }


                        sub_object = submap_entry->object.vm_object;
                        if (sub_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                                sub_object =
                                        vm_object_allocate(
                                                (vm_map_size_t)
                                                (submap_entry->vme_end -
                                                 submap_entry->vme_start));
                                submap_entry->object.vm_object = sub_object;
                                submap_entry->offset = 0;
                        }
                        local_start =  local_vaddr - 
                                (cow_parent_vaddr - old_start);
                        local_end = local_vaddr + 
                                (old_end - cow_parent_vaddr);
                        vm_map_clip_start(map, submap_entry, local_start);
                        vm_map_clip_end(map, submap_entry, local_end);
                        /* unnesting was done in vm_map_clip_start/end() */
                        assert(!submap_entry->use_pmap);

                        /* This is the COW case, lets connect */
                        /* an entry in our space to the underlying */
                        /* object in the submap, bypassing the  */
                        /* submap. */


                        if(submap_entry->wired_count != 0 ||
                           (sub_object->copy_strategy ==
                            MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_NONE)) {
                                vm_object_lock(sub_object);
                                vm_object_copy_slowly(sub_object,
                                                      submap_entry->offset,
                                                      (submap_entry->vme_end -
                                                       submap_entry->vme_start),
                                                      FALSE,
                                                      &copy_object);
                                copied_slowly = TRUE;
                        } else {
                                
                                /* set up shadow object */
                                copy_object = sub_object;
                                vm_object_reference(copy_object);
                                sub_object->shadowed = TRUE;
                                submap_entry->needs_copy = TRUE;

                                prot = submap_entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                                if (override_nx(map, submap_entry->alias) && prot)
                                        prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                        sub_object,
                                        submap_entry->offset,
                                        submap_entry->vme_end - 
                                        submap_entry->vme_start,
                                        (submap_entry->is_shared 
                                         || map->mapped) ?
                                        PMAP_NULL : map->pmap,
                                        submap_entry->vme_start,
                                        prot);
                        }
                        
                        /*
                         * Adjust the fault offset to the submap entry.
                         */
                        copy_offset = (local_vaddr -
                                       submap_entry->vme_start +
                                       submap_entry->offset);

                        /* This works diffently than the   */
                        /* normal submap case. We go back  */
                        /* to the parent of the cow map and*/
                        /* clip out the target portion of  */
                        /* the sub_map, substituting the   */
                        /* new copy object,                */

                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        local_start = old_start;
                        local_end = old_end;
                        map = cow_sub_map_parent;
                        *var_map = cow_sub_map_parent;
                        vaddr = cow_parent_vaddr;
                        cow_sub_map_parent = NULL;

                        if(!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, 
                                                vaddr, &entry)) {
                                vm_object_deallocate(
                                        copy_object);
                                vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
                                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                        }
                                        
                        /* clip out the portion of space */
                        /* mapped by the sub map which   */
                        /* corresponds to the underlying */
                        /* object */

                        /*
                         * Clip (and unnest) the smallest nested chunk
                         * possible around the faulting address...
                         */
                        local_start = vaddr & ~(pmap_nesting_size_min - 1);
                        local_end = local_start + pmap_nesting_size_min;
                        /*
                         * ... but don't go beyond the "old_start" to "old_end"
                         * range, to avoid spanning over another VM region
                         * with a possibly different VM object and/or offset.
                         */
                        if (local_start < old_start) {
                                local_start = old_start;
                        }
                        if (local_end > old_end) {
                                local_end = old_end;
                        }
                        /*
                         * Adjust copy_offset to the start of the range.
                         */
                        copy_offset -= (vaddr - local_start);

                        vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, local_start);
                        vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, local_end);
                        /* unnesting was done in vm_map_clip_start/end() */
                        assert(!entry->use_pmap);

                        /* substitute copy object for */
                        /* shared map entry           */
                        vm_map_deallocate(entry->object.sub_map);
                        entry->is_sub_map = FALSE;
                        entry->object.vm_object = copy_object;

                        /* propagate the submap entry's protections */
                        entry->protection |= submap_entry->protection;
                        entry->max_protection |= submap_entry->max_protection;

                        if(copied_slowly) {
                                entry->offset = local_start - old_start;
                                entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                                entry->is_shared = FALSE;
                        } else {
                                entry->offset = copy_offset;
                                entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                                if(entry->inheritance == VM_INHERIT_SHARE) 
                                        entry->inheritance = VM_INHERIT_COPY;
                                if (map != old_map)
                                        entry->is_shared = TRUE;
                        }
                        if(entry->inheritance == VM_INHERIT_SHARE) 
                                entry->inheritance = VM_INHERIT_COPY;

                        vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
                } else {
                        if((cow_sub_map_parent)
                           && (cow_sub_map_parent != *real_map)
                           && (cow_sub_map_parent != map)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(cow_sub_map_parent);
                        }
                        entry = submap_entry;
                        vaddr = local_vaddr;
                }
        }
                
        /*
         *      Check whether this task is allowed to have
         *      this page.
         */

        prot = entry->protection;

        if (override_nx(map, entry->alias) && prot) {
                /*
                 * HACK -- if not a stack, then allow execution
                 */
                prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;
        }

        if ((fault_type & (prot)) != fault_type) {
                if (*real_map != map) {
                        vm_map_unlock(*real_map);
                }
                *real_map = map;

                if ((fault_type & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) && prot)
                        log_stack_execution_failure((addr64_t)vaddr, prot);

                DTRACE_VM2(prot_fault, int, 1, (uint64_t *), NULL);
                return KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE;
        }

        /*
         *      If this page is not pageable, we have to get
         *      it for all possible accesses.
         */

        *wired = (entry->wired_count != 0);
        if (*wired)
                fault_type = prot;

        /*
         *      If the entry was copy-on-write, we either ...
         */

        if (entry->needs_copy) {
                /*
                 *      If we want to write the page, we may as well
                 *      handle that now since we've got the map locked.
                 *
                 *      If we don't need to write the page, we just
                 *      demote the permissions allowed.
                 */

                if ((fault_type & VM_PROT_WRITE) || *wired) {
                        /*
                         *      Make a new object, and place it in the
                         *      object chain.  Note that no new references
                         *      have appeared -- one just moved from the
                         *      map to the new object.
                         */

                        if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(map)) {
                                vm_map_lock_read(map);
                                goto RetryLookup;
                        }
                        vm_object_shadow(&entry->object.vm_object,
                                         &entry->offset,
                                         (vm_map_size_t) (entry->vme_end -
                                                          entry->vme_start));

                        entry->object.vm_object->shadowed = TRUE;
                        entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                        vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
                }
                else {
                        /*
                         *      We're attempting to read a copy-on-write
                         *      page -- don't allow writes.
                         */

                        prot &= (~VM_PROT_WRITE);
                }
        }

        /*
         *      Create an object if necessary.
         */
        if (entry->object.vm_object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {

                if (vm_map_lock_read_to_write(map)) {
                        vm_map_lock_read(map);
                        goto RetryLookup;
                }

                entry->object.vm_object = vm_object_allocate(
                        (vm_map_size_t)(entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start));
                entry->offset = 0;
                vm_map_lock_write_to_read(map);
        }

        /*
         *      Return the object/offset from this entry.  If the entry
         *      was copy-on-write or empty, it has been fixed up.  Also
         *      return the protection.
         */

        *offset = (vaddr - entry->vme_start) + entry->offset;
        *object = entry->object.vm_object;
        *out_prot = prot;

        if (fault_info) {
                fault_info->interruptible = THREAD_UNINT; /* for now... */
                /* ... the caller will change "interruptible" if needed */
                fault_info->cluster_size = 0;
                fault_info->user_tag = entry->alias;
                fault_info->behavior = entry->behavior;
                fault_info->lo_offset = entry->offset;
                fault_info->hi_offset = (entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start) + entry->offset;
                fault_info->no_cache  = entry->no_cache;
        }

        /*
         *      Lock the object to prevent it from disappearing
         */
        if (object_lock_type == OBJECT_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE)
                vm_object_lock(*object);
        else
                vm_object_lock_shared(*object);
        
        /*
         *      Save the version number
         */

        out_version->main_timestamp = map->timestamp;

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}


/*
 *      vm_map_verify:
 *
 *      Verifies that the map in question has not changed
 *      since the given version.  If successful, the map
 *      will not change until vm_map_verify_done() is called.
 */
boolean_t
vm_map_verify(
        register vm_map_t               map,
        register vm_map_version_t       *version)       /* REF */
{
        boolean_t       result;

        vm_map_lock_read(map);
        result = (map->timestamp == version->main_timestamp);

        if (!result)
                vm_map_unlock_read(map);

        return(result);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_verify_done:
 *
 *      Releases locks acquired by a vm_map_verify.
 *
 *      This is now a macro in vm/vm_map.h.  It does a
 *      vm_map_unlock_read on the map.
 */


/*
 *      TEMPORARYTEMPORARYTEMPORARYTEMPORARYTEMPORARYTEMPORARY
 *      Goes away after regular vm_region_recurse function migrates to
 *      64 bits
 *      vm_region_recurse: A form of vm_region which follows the
 *      submaps in a target map
 *
 */

kern_return_t
vm_map_region_recurse_64(
        vm_map_t                 map,
        vm_map_offset_t *address,               /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_size_t           *size,                  /* OUT */
        natural_t               *nesting_depth, /* IN/OUT */
        vm_region_submap_info_64_t      submap_info,    /* IN/OUT */
        mach_msg_type_number_t  *count) /* IN/OUT */
{
        vm_region_extended_info_data_t  extended;
        vm_map_entry_t                  tmp_entry;
        vm_map_offset_t                 user_address;
        unsigned int                    user_max_depth;

        /*
         * "curr_entry" is the VM map entry preceding or including the
         * address we're looking for.
         * "curr_map" is the map or sub-map containing "curr_entry".
         * "curr_offset" is the cumulated offset of "curr_map" in the
         * target task's address space.
         * "curr_depth" is the depth of "curr_map" in the chain of
         * sub-maps.
         * "curr_max_offset" is the maximum offset we should take into
         * account in the current map.  It may be smaller than the current
         * map's "max_offset" because we might not have mapped it all in
         * the upper level map.
         */
        vm_map_entry_t                  curr_entry;
        vm_map_offset_t                 curr_offset;
        vm_map_t                        curr_map;
        unsigned int                    curr_depth;
        vm_map_offset_t                 curr_max_offset;

        /*
         * "next_" is the same as "curr_" but for the VM region immediately
         * after the address we're looking for.  We need to keep track of this
         * too because we want to return info about that region if the
         * address we're looking for is not mapped.
         */
        vm_map_entry_t                  next_entry;
        vm_map_offset_t                 next_offset;
        vm_map_t                        next_map;
        unsigned int                    next_depth;
        vm_map_offset_t                 next_max_offset;

        boolean_t                       look_for_pages;
        vm_region_submap_short_info_64_t short_info;

        if (map == VM_MAP_NULL) {
                /* no address space to work on */
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        if (*count < VM_REGION_SUBMAP_INFO_COUNT_64) {
                if (*count < VM_REGION_SUBMAP_SHORT_INFO_COUNT_64) {
                        /*
                         * "info" structure is not big enough and
                         * would overflow
                         */
                        return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                } else {
                        look_for_pages = FALSE;
                        *count = VM_REGION_SUBMAP_SHORT_INFO_COUNT_64;
                        short_info = (vm_region_submap_short_info_64_t) submap_info;
                        submap_info = NULL;
                }
        } else {
                look_for_pages = TRUE;
                *count = VM_REGION_SUBMAP_INFO_COUNT_64;
                short_info = NULL;
        }


        user_address = *address;
        user_max_depth = *nesting_depth;
        
        curr_entry = NULL;
        curr_map = map;
        curr_offset = 0;
        curr_depth = 0;
        curr_max_offset = curr_map->max_offset;

        next_entry = NULL;
        next_map = NULL;
        next_offset = 0;
        next_depth = 0;
        next_max_offset = curr_max_offset;

        if (not_in_kdp) {
                vm_map_lock_read(curr_map);
        }

        for (;;) {
                if (vm_map_lookup_entry(curr_map,
                                        user_address - curr_offset,
                                        &tmp_entry)) {
                        /* tmp_entry contains the address we're looking for */
                        curr_entry = tmp_entry;
                } else {
                        /*
                         * The address is not mapped.  "tmp_entry" is the
                         * map entry preceding the address.  We want the next
                         * one, if it exists.
                         */
                        curr_entry = tmp_entry->vme_next;
                        if (curr_entry == vm_map_to_entry(curr_map) ||
                            curr_entry->vme_start >= curr_max_offset) {
                                /* no next entry at this level: stop looking */
                                if (not_in_kdp) {
                                        vm_map_unlock_read(curr_map);
                                }
                                curr_entry = NULL;
                                curr_map = NULL;
                                curr_offset = 0;
                                curr_depth = 0;
                                curr_max_offset = 0;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Is the next entry at this level closer to the address (or
                 * deeper in the submap chain) than the one we had
                 * so far ?
                 */
                tmp_entry = curr_entry->vme_next;
                if (tmp_entry == vm_map_to_entry(curr_map)) {
                        /* no next entry at this level */
                } else if (tmp_entry->vme_start >= curr_max_offset) {
                        /*
                         * tmp_entry is beyond the scope of what we mapped of
                         * this submap in the upper level: ignore it.
                         */
                } else if ((next_entry == NULL) ||
                           (tmp_entry->vme_start + curr_offset <=
                            next_entry->vme_start + next_offset)) {
                        /*
                         * We didn't have a "next_entry" or this one is
                         * closer to the address we're looking for:
                         * use this "tmp_entry" as the new "next_entry".
                         */
                        if (next_entry != NULL) {
                                /* unlock the last "next_map" */
                                if (next_map != curr_map && not_in_kdp) {
                                        vm_map_unlock_read(next_map);
                                }
                        }
                        next_entry = tmp_entry;
                        next_map = curr_map;
                        next_offset = curr_offset;
                        next_depth = curr_depth;
                        next_max_offset = curr_max_offset;
                }

                if (!curr_entry->is_sub_map ||
                    curr_depth >= user_max_depth) {
                        /*
                         * We hit a leaf map or we reached the maximum depth
                         * we could, so stop looking.  Keep the current map
                         * locked.
                         */
                        break;
                }

                /*
                 * Get down to the next submap level.
                 */

                /*
                 * Lock the next level and unlock the current level,
                 * unless we need to keep it locked to access the "next_entry"
                 * later.
                 */
                if (not_in_kdp) {
                        vm_map_lock_read(curr_entry->object.sub_map);
                }
                if (curr_map == next_map) {
                        /* keep "next_map" locked in case we need it */
                } else {
                        /* release this map */
                        vm_map_unlock_read(curr_map);
                }

                /*
                 * Adjust the offset.  "curr_entry" maps the submap
                 * at relative address "curr_entry->vme_start" in the
                 * curr_map but skips the first "curr_entry->offset"
                 * bytes of the submap.
                 * "curr_offset" always represents the offset of a virtual
                 * address in the curr_map relative to the absolute address
                 * space (i.e. the top-level VM map).
                 */
                curr_offset +=
                        (curr_entry->vme_start - curr_entry->offset);
                /* switch to the submap */
                curr_map = curr_entry->object.sub_map;
                curr_depth++;
                /*
                 * "curr_max_offset" allows us to keep track of the
                 * portion of the submap that is actually mapped at this level:
                 * the rest of that submap is irrelevant to us, since it's not
                 * mapped here.
                 * The relevant portion of the map starts at
                 * "curr_entry->offset" up to the size of "curr_entry".
                 */
                curr_max_offset =
                        curr_entry->vme_end - curr_entry->vme_start +
                        curr_entry->offset;
                curr_entry = NULL;
        }

        if (curr_entry == NULL) {
                /* no VM region contains the address... */
                if (next_entry == NULL) {
                        /* ... and no VM region follows it either */
                        return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
                /* ... gather info about the next VM region */
                curr_entry = next_entry;
                curr_map = next_map;    /* still locked ... */
                curr_offset = next_offset;
                curr_depth = next_depth;
                curr_max_offset = next_max_offset;
        } else {
                /* we won't need "next_entry" after all */
                if (next_entry != NULL) {
                        /* release "next_map" */
                        if (next_map != curr_map && not_in_kdp) {
                                vm_map_unlock_read(next_map);
                        }
                }
        }
        next_entry = NULL;
        next_map = NULL;
        next_offset = 0;
        next_depth = 0;
        next_max_offset = 0;

        *nesting_depth = curr_depth;
        *size = curr_entry->vme_end - curr_entry->vme_start;
        *address = curr_entry->vme_start + curr_offset;

        if (look_for_pages) {
                submap_info->user_tag = curr_entry->alias;
                submap_info->offset = curr_entry->offset; 
                submap_info->protection = curr_entry->protection;
                submap_info->inheritance = curr_entry->inheritance;
                submap_info->max_protection = curr_entry->max_protection;
                submap_info->behavior = curr_entry->behavior;
                submap_info->user_wired_count = curr_entry->user_wired_count;
                submap_info->is_submap = curr_entry->is_sub_map;
                submap_info->object_id = (uint32_t) curr_entry->object.vm_object;
        } else {
                short_info->user_tag = curr_entry->alias;
                short_info->offset = curr_entry->offset; 
                short_info->protection = curr_entry->protection;
                short_info->inheritance = curr_entry->inheritance;
                short_info->max_protection = curr_entry->max_protection;
                short_info->behavior = curr_entry->behavior;
                short_info->user_wired_count = curr_entry->user_wired_count;
                short_info->is_submap = curr_entry->is_sub_map;
                short_info->object_id = (uint32_t) curr_entry->object.vm_object;
        }

        extended.pages_resident = 0;
        extended.pages_swapped_out = 0;
        extended.pages_shared_now_private = 0;
        extended.pages_dirtied = 0;
        extended.external_pager = 0;
        extended.shadow_depth = 0;

        if (not_in_kdp) {
                if (!curr_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_region_walk(curr_map,
                                           curr_entry->vme_start,
                                           curr_entry,
                                           curr_entry->offset,
                                           (curr_entry->vme_end -
                                            curr_entry->vme_start),
                                           &extended,
                                           look_for_pages);
                        if (extended.external_pager &&
                            extended.ref_count == 2 &&
                            extended.share_mode == SM_SHARED) {
                                extended.share_mode = SM_PRIVATE;
                        }
                } else {
                        if (curr_entry->use_pmap) {
                                extended.share_mode = SM_TRUESHARED;
                        } else {
                                extended.share_mode = SM_PRIVATE;
                        }
                        extended.ref_count =
                                curr_entry->object.sub_map->ref_count;
                }
        }

        if (look_for_pages) {
                submap_info->pages_resident = extended.pages_resident;
                submap_info->pages_swapped_out = extended.pages_swapped_out;
                submap_info->pages_shared_now_private =
                        extended.pages_shared_now_private;
                submap_info->pages_dirtied = extended.pages_dirtied;
                submap_info->external_pager = extended.external_pager;
                submap_info->shadow_depth = extended.shadow_depth;
                submap_info->share_mode = extended.share_mode;
                submap_info->ref_count = extended.ref_count;
        } else {
                short_info->external_pager = extended.external_pager;
                short_info->shadow_depth = extended.shadow_depth;
                short_info->share_mode = extended.share_mode;
                short_info->ref_count = extended.ref_count;
        }

        if (not_in_kdp) {
                vm_map_unlock_read(curr_map);
        }

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 *      vm_region:
 *
 *      User call to obtain information about a region in
 *      a task's address map. Currently, only one flavor is
 *      supported.
 *
 *      XXX The reserved and behavior fields cannot be filled
 *          in until the vm merge from the IK is completed, and
 *          vm_reserve is implemented.
 */

kern_return_t
vm_map_region(
        vm_map_t                 map,
        vm_map_offset_t *address,               /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_size_t           *size,                  /* OUT */
        vm_region_flavor_t       flavor,                /* IN */
        vm_region_info_t         info,                  /* OUT */
        mach_msg_type_number_t  *count, /* IN/OUT */
        mach_port_t             *object_name)           /* OUT */
{
        vm_map_entry_t          tmp_entry;
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        vm_map_offset_t         start;

        if (map == VM_MAP_NULL) 
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

        switch (flavor) {

        case VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO:
                /* legacy for old 32-bit objects info */
        {
                vm_region_basic_info_t  basic;

                if (*count < VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_COUNT)
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

                basic = (vm_region_basic_info_t) info;
                *count = VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_COUNT;

                vm_map_lock_read(map);

                start = *address;
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry)) {
                        if ((entry = tmp_entry->vme_next) == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                } else {
                        entry = tmp_entry;
                }

                start = entry->vme_start;

                basic->offset = (uint32_t)entry->offset;
                basic->protection = entry->protection;
                basic->inheritance = entry->inheritance;
                basic->max_protection = entry->max_protection;
                basic->behavior = entry->behavior;
                basic->user_wired_count = entry->user_wired_count;
                basic->reserved = entry->is_sub_map;
                *address = start;
                *size = (entry->vme_end - start);

                if (object_name) *object_name = IP_NULL;
                if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                        basic->shared = FALSE;
                } else {
                        basic->shared = entry->is_shared;
                }

                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }

        case VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_64:
        {
                vm_region_basic_info_64_t       basic;

                if (*count < VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_COUNT_64)
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

                basic = (vm_region_basic_info_64_t) info;
                *count = VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_COUNT_64;

                vm_map_lock_read(map);

                start = *address;
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry)) {
                        if ((entry = tmp_entry->vme_next) == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                } else {
                        entry = tmp_entry;
                }

                start = entry->vme_start;

                basic->offset = entry->offset;
                basic->protection = entry->protection;
                basic->inheritance = entry->inheritance;
                basic->max_protection = entry->max_protection;
                basic->behavior = entry->behavior;
                basic->user_wired_count = entry->user_wired_count;
                basic->reserved = entry->is_sub_map;
                *address = start;
                *size = (entry->vme_end - start);

                if (object_name) *object_name = IP_NULL;
                if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                        basic->shared = FALSE;
                } else {
                        basic->shared = entry->is_shared;
                }

                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }
        case VM_REGION_EXTENDED_INFO:
        {
                vm_region_extended_info_t       extended;

                if (*count < VM_REGION_EXTENDED_INFO_COUNT)
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

                extended = (vm_region_extended_info_t) info;
                *count = VM_REGION_EXTENDED_INFO_COUNT;

                vm_map_lock_read(map);

                start = *address;
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry)) {
                        if ((entry = tmp_entry->vme_next) == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                } else {
                        entry = tmp_entry;
                }
                start = entry->vme_start;

                extended->protection = entry->protection;
                extended->user_tag = entry->alias;
                extended->pages_resident = 0;
                extended->pages_swapped_out = 0;
                extended->pages_shared_now_private = 0;
                extended->pages_dirtied = 0;
                extended->external_pager = 0;
                extended->shadow_depth = 0;

                vm_map_region_walk(map, start, entry, entry->offset, entry->vme_end - start, extended, TRUE);

                if (extended->external_pager && extended->ref_count == 2 && extended->share_mode == SM_SHARED)
                        extended->share_mode = SM_PRIVATE;

                if (object_name)
                        *object_name = IP_NULL;
                *address = start;
                *size = (entry->vme_end - start);

                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }
        case VM_REGION_TOP_INFO:
        {   
                vm_region_top_info_t    top;

                if (*count < VM_REGION_TOP_INFO_COUNT)
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

                top = (vm_region_top_info_t) info;
                *count = VM_REGION_TOP_INFO_COUNT;

                vm_map_lock_read(map);

                start = *address;
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry)) {
                        if ((entry = tmp_entry->vme_next) == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                        }
                } else {
                        entry = tmp_entry;

                }
                start = entry->vme_start;

                top->private_pages_resident = 0;
                top->shared_pages_resident = 0;

                vm_map_region_top_walk(entry, top);

                if (object_name)
                        *object_name = IP_NULL;
                *address = start;
                *size = (entry->vme_end - start);

                vm_map_unlock_read(map);
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);
        }
        default:
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
        }
}

#define min(a, b)  (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))

void
vm_map_region_top_walk(
        vm_map_entry_t             entry,
        vm_region_top_info_t       top)
{

        if (entry->object.vm_object == 0 || entry->is_sub_map) {
                top->share_mode = SM_EMPTY;
                top->ref_count = 0;
                top->obj_id = 0;
                return;
        }

        {
                struct  vm_object *obj, *tmp_obj;
                int             ref_count;
                uint32_t        entry_size;

                entry_size = (entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start) / PAGE_SIZE;

                obj = entry->object.vm_object;

                vm_object_lock(obj);

                if ((ref_count = obj->ref_count) > 1 && obj->paging_in_progress)
                        ref_count--;

                if (obj->shadow) {
                        if (ref_count == 1)
                                top->private_pages_resident = min(obj->resident_page_count, entry_size);
                        else
                                top->shared_pages_resident = min(obj->resident_page_count, entry_size);
                        top->ref_count  = ref_count;
                        top->share_mode = SM_COW;
            
                        while ((tmp_obj = obj->shadow)) {
                                vm_object_lock(tmp_obj);
                                vm_object_unlock(obj);
                                obj = tmp_obj;

                                if ((ref_count = obj->ref_count) > 1 && obj->paging_in_progress)
                                        ref_count--;

                                top->shared_pages_resident += min(obj->resident_page_count, entry_size);
                                top->ref_count += ref_count - 1;
                        }
                } else {
                        if (entry->needs_copy) {
                                top->share_mode = SM_COW;
                                top->shared_pages_resident = min(obj->resident_page_count, entry_size);
                        } else {
                                if (ref_count == 1 ||
                                    (ref_count == 2 && !(obj->pager_trusted) && !(obj->internal))) {
                                        top->share_mode = SM_PRIVATE;
                                        top->private_pages_resident = min(obj->resident_page_count, entry_size);
                                } else {
                                        top->share_mode = SM_SHARED;
                                        top->shared_pages_resident = min(obj->resident_page_count, entry_size);
                                }
                        }
                        top->ref_count = ref_count;
                }
                top->obj_id = (int)obj;

                vm_object_unlock(obj);
        }
}

void
vm_map_region_walk(
        vm_map_t                        map,
        vm_map_offset_t                 va,
        vm_map_entry_t                  entry,
        vm_object_offset_t              offset,
        vm_object_size_t                range,
        vm_region_extended_info_t       extended,
        boolean_t                       look_for_pages)
{
        register struct vm_object *obj, *tmp_obj;
        register vm_map_offset_t       last_offset;
        register int               i;
        register int               ref_count;
        struct vm_object        *shadow_object;
        int                     shadow_depth;

        if ((entry->object.vm_object == 0) ||
            (entry->is_sub_map) ||
            (entry->object.vm_object->phys_contiguous)) {
                extended->share_mode = SM_EMPTY;
                extended->ref_count = 0;
                return;
        }
        {
                obj = entry->object.vm_object;

                vm_object_lock(obj);

                if ((ref_count = obj->ref_count) > 1 && obj->paging_in_progress)
                        ref_count--;

                if (look_for_pages) {
                        for (last_offset = offset + range;
                             offset < last_offset;
                             offset += PAGE_SIZE_64, va += PAGE_SIZE)
                                vm_map_region_look_for_page(map, va, obj,
                                                            offset, ref_count,
                                                            0, extended);
                }

                shadow_object = obj->shadow;
                shadow_depth = 0;
                if (shadow_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        vm_object_lock(shadow_object);
                        for (;
                             shadow_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                             shadow_depth++) {
                                vm_object_t     next_shadow;

                                next_shadow = shadow_object->shadow;
                                if (next_shadow) {
                                        vm_object_lock(next_shadow);
                                }
                                vm_object_unlock(shadow_object);
                                shadow_object = next_shadow;
                        }
                }
                extended->shadow_depth = shadow_depth;

                if (extended->shadow_depth || entry->needs_copy)
                        extended->share_mode = SM_COW;
                else {
                        if (ref_count == 1)
                                extended->share_mode = SM_PRIVATE;
                        else {
                                if (obj->true_share)
                                        extended->share_mode = SM_TRUESHARED;
                                else
                                        extended->share_mode = SM_SHARED;
                        }
                }
                extended->ref_count = ref_count - extended->shadow_depth;
            
                for (i = 0; i < extended->shadow_depth; i++) {
                        if ((tmp_obj = obj->shadow) == 0)
                                break;
                        vm_object_lock(tmp_obj);
                        vm_object_unlock(obj);

                        if ((ref_count = tmp_obj->ref_count) > 1 && tmp_obj->paging_in_progress)
                                ref_count--;

                        extended->ref_count += ref_count;
                        obj = tmp_obj;
                }
                vm_object_unlock(obj);

                if (extended->share_mode == SM_SHARED) {
                        register vm_map_entry_t      cur;
                        register vm_map_entry_t      last;
                        int      my_refs;

                        obj = entry->object.vm_object;
                        last = vm_map_to_entry(map);
                        my_refs = 0;

                        if ((ref_count = obj->ref_count) > 1 && obj->paging_in_progress)
                                ref_count--;
                        for (cur = vm_map_first_entry(map); cur != last; cur = cur->vme_next)
                                my_refs += vm_map_region_count_obj_refs(cur, obj);

                        if (my_refs == ref_count)
                                extended->share_mode = SM_PRIVATE_ALIASED;
                        else if (my_refs > 1)
                                extended->share_mode = SM_SHARED_ALIASED;
                }
        }
}


/* object is locked on entry and locked on return */


static void
vm_map_region_look_for_page(
        __unused vm_map_t               map,
        __unused vm_map_offset_t        va,
        vm_object_t                     object,
        vm_object_offset_t              offset,
        int                             max_refcnt,
        int                             depth,
        vm_region_extended_info_t       extended)
{
        register vm_page_t      p;
        register vm_object_t    shadow;
        register int            ref_count;
        vm_object_t             caller_object;
#if     MACH_PAGEMAP
        kern_return_t           kr;
#endif
        shadow = object->shadow;
        caller_object = object;

        
        while (TRUE) {

                if ( !(object->pager_trusted) && !(object->internal))
                        extended->external_pager = 1;

                if ((p = vm_page_lookup(object, offset)) != VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                        if (shadow && (max_refcnt == 1))
                                extended->pages_shared_now_private++;

                        if (!p->fictitious && 
                            (p->dirty || pmap_is_modified(p->phys_page)))
                                extended->pages_dirtied++;

                        extended->pages_resident++;

                        if(object != caller_object)
                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                        return;
                }
#if     MACH_PAGEMAP
                if (object->existence_map) {
                        if (vm_external_state_get(object->existence_map, offset) == VM_EXTERNAL_STATE_EXISTS) {

                                extended->pages_swapped_out++;

                                if(object != caller_object)
                                        vm_object_unlock(object);

                                return;
                        }
                } else if (object->internal &&
                           object->alive &&
                           !object->terminating &&
                           object->pager_ready) {

                        memory_object_t pager;

                        vm_object_paging_begin(object);
                        pager = object->pager;
                        vm_object_unlock(object);

                        kr = memory_object_data_request(
                                pager,
                                offset + object->paging_offset,
                                0, /* just poke the pager */
                                VM_PROT_READ,
                                NULL);

                        vm_object_lock(object);
                        vm_object_paging_end(object);

                        if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                /* the pager has that page */
                                extended->pages_swapped_out++;
                                if (object != caller_object)
                                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                                return;
                        }
                }
#endif /* MACH_PAGEMAP */

                if (shadow) {
                        vm_object_lock(shadow);

                        if ((ref_count = shadow->ref_count) > 1 && shadow->paging_in_progress)
                                ref_count--;

                        if (++depth > extended->shadow_depth)
                                extended->shadow_depth = depth;

                        if (ref_count > max_refcnt)
                                max_refcnt = ref_count;
                        
                        if(object != caller_object)
                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                        offset = offset + object->shadow_offset;
                        object = shadow;
                        shadow = object->shadow;
                        continue;
                }
                if(object != caller_object)
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                break;
        }
}

static int
vm_map_region_count_obj_refs(
        vm_map_entry_t    entry,
        vm_object_t       object)
{
        register int ref_count;
        register vm_object_t chk_obj;
        register vm_object_t tmp_obj;

        if (entry->object.vm_object == 0)
                return(0);

        if (entry->is_sub_map)
                return(0);
        else {
                ref_count = 0;

                chk_obj = entry->object.vm_object;
                vm_object_lock(chk_obj);

                while (chk_obj) {
                        if (chk_obj == object)
                                ref_count++;
                        tmp_obj = chk_obj->shadow;
                        if (tmp_obj)
                                vm_object_lock(tmp_obj);
                        vm_object_unlock(chk_obj);

                        chk_obj = tmp_obj;
                }
        }
        return(ref_count);
}


/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_simplify
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Attempt to simplify the map representation in
 *              the vicinity of the given starting address.
 *      Note:
 *              This routine is intended primarily to keep the
 *              kernel maps more compact -- they generally don't
 *              benefit from the "expand a map entry" technology
 *              at allocation time because the adjacent entry
 *              is often wired down.
 */
void
vm_map_simplify_entry(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_entry_t  this_entry)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  prev_entry;

        counter(c_vm_map_simplify_entry_called++);

        prev_entry = this_entry->vme_prev;

        if ((this_entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
            (prev_entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&

            (prev_entry->vme_end == this_entry->vme_start) &&

            (prev_entry->is_sub_map == this_entry->is_sub_map) &&

            (prev_entry->object.vm_object == this_entry->object.vm_object) &&
            ((prev_entry->offset + (prev_entry->vme_end -
                                    prev_entry->vme_start))
             == this_entry->offset) &&

            (prev_entry->inheritance == this_entry->inheritance) &&
            (prev_entry->protection == this_entry->protection) &&
            (prev_entry->max_protection == this_entry->max_protection) &&
            (prev_entry->behavior == this_entry->behavior) &&
            (prev_entry->alias == this_entry->alias) &&
            (prev_entry->no_cache == this_entry->no_cache) &&
            (prev_entry->wired_count == this_entry->wired_count) &&
            (prev_entry->user_wired_count == this_entry->user_wired_count) &&

            (prev_entry->needs_copy == this_entry->needs_copy) &&

            (prev_entry->use_pmap == FALSE) &&
            (this_entry->use_pmap == FALSE) &&
            (prev_entry->in_transition == FALSE) &&
            (this_entry->in_transition == FALSE) &&
            (prev_entry->needs_wakeup == FALSE) &&
            (this_entry->needs_wakeup == FALSE) &&
            (prev_entry->is_shared == FALSE) &&
            (this_entry->is_shared == FALSE)
                ) {
                _vm_map_entry_unlink(&map->hdr, prev_entry);
                this_entry->vme_start = prev_entry->vme_start;
                this_entry->offset = prev_entry->offset;
                if (prev_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_deallocate(prev_entry->object.sub_map);
                } else {
                        vm_object_deallocate(prev_entry->object.vm_object);
                }
                vm_map_entry_dispose(map, prev_entry);
                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, this_entry);
                counter(c_vm_map_simplified++);
        }
}

void
vm_map_simplify(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  this_entry;

        vm_map_lock(map);
        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &this_entry)) {
                vm_map_simplify_entry(map, this_entry);
                vm_map_simplify_entry(map, this_entry->vme_next);
        }
        counter(c_vm_map_simplify_called++);
        vm_map_unlock(map);
}

static void
vm_map_simplify_range(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  entry;

        /*
         * The map should be locked (for "write") by the caller.
         */

        if (start >= end) {
                /* invalid address range */
                return;
        }

        start = vm_map_trunc_page(start);
        end = vm_map_round_page(end);

        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &entry)) {
                /* "start" is not mapped and "entry" ends before "start" */
                if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                        /* start with first entry in the map */
                        entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);
                } else {
                        /* start with next entry */
                        entry = entry->vme_next;
                }
        }
                
        while (entry != vm_map_to_entry(map) &&
               entry->vme_start <= end) {
                /* try and coalesce "entry" with its previous entry */
                vm_map_simplify_entry(map, entry);
                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }
}


/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_machine_attribute
 *      Purpose:
 *              Provide machine-specific attributes to mappings,
 *              such as cachability etc. for machines that provide
 *              them.  NUMA architectures and machines with big/strange
 *              caches will use this.
 *      Note:
 *              Responsibilities for locking and checking are handled here,
 *              everything else in the pmap module. If any non-volatile
 *              information must be kept, the pmap module should handle
 *              it itself. [This assumes that attributes do not
 *              need to be inherited, which seems ok to me]
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_machine_attribute(
        vm_map_t                        map,
        vm_map_offset_t         start,
        vm_map_offset_t         end,
        vm_machine_attribute_t  attribute,
        vm_machine_attribute_val_t* value)              /* IN/OUT */
{
        kern_return_t   ret;
        vm_map_size_t sync_size;
        vm_map_entry_t entry;
        
        if (start < vm_map_min(map) || end > vm_map_max(map))
                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;

        /* Figure how much memory we need to flush (in page increments) */
        sync_size = end - start;

        vm_map_lock(map);
        
        if (attribute != MATTR_CACHE) { 
                /* If we don't have to find physical addresses, we */
                /* don't have to do an explicit traversal here.    */
                ret = pmap_attribute(map->pmap, start, end-start,
                                     attribute, value);
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return ret;
        }

        ret = KERN_SUCCESS;                                                                             /* Assume it all worked */

        while(sync_size) {
                if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &entry)) {
                        vm_map_size_t   sub_size;
                        if((entry->vme_end - start) > sync_size) {
                                sub_size = sync_size;
                                sync_size = 0;
                        } else {
                                sub_size = entry->vme_end - start;
                                sync_size -= sub_size;
                        }
                        if(entry->is_sub_map) {
                                vm_map_offset_t sub_start;
                                vm_map_offset_t sub_end;

                                sub_start = (start - entry->vme_start) 
                                        + entry->offset;
                                sub_end = sub_start + sub_size;
                                vm_map_machine_attribute(
                                        entry->object.sub_map, 
                                        sub_start,
                                        sub_end,
                                        attribute, value);
                        } else {
                                if(entry->object.vm_object) {
                                        vm_page_t               m;
                                        vm_object_t             object;
                                        vm_object_t             base_object;
                                        vm_object_t             last_object;
                                        vm_object_offset_t      offset;
                                        vm_object_offset_t      base_offset;
                                        vm_map_size_t           range;
                                        range = sub_size;
                                        offset = (start - entry->vme_start)
                                                + entry->offset;
                                        base_offset = offset;
                                        object = entry->object.vm_object;
                                        base_object = object;
                                        last_object = NULL;

                                        vm_object_lock(object);

                                        while (range) {
                                                m = vm_page_lookup(
                                                        object, offset);

                                                if (m && !m->fictitious) {
                                                        ret = 
                                                                pmap_attribute_cache_sync(
                                                                        m->phys_page,   
                                                                        PAGE_SIZE, 
                                                                        attribute, value);
                                                        
                                                } else if (object->shadow) {
                                                        offset = offset + object->shadow_offset;
                                                        last_object = object;
                                                        object = object->shadow;
                                                        vm_object_lock(last_object->shadow);
                                                        vm_object_unlock(last_object);
                                                        continue;
                                                }
                                                range -= PAGE_SIZE;

                                                if (base_object != object) {
                                                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                                                        vm_object_lock(base_object);
                                                        object = base_object;
                                                }
                                                /* Bump to the next page */
                                                base_offset += PAGE_SIZE;
                                                offset = base_offset;
                                        }
                                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                                }
                        }
                        start += sub_size;
                } else {
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return KERN_FAILURE;
                }
                
        }

        vm_map_unlock(map);

        return ret;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_behavior_set:
 *
 *      Sets the paging reference behavior of the specified address
 *      range in the target map.  Paging reference behavior affects
 *      how pagein operations resulting from faults on the map will be 
 *      clustered.
 */
kern_return_t 
vm_map_behavior_set(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t start,
        vm_map_offset_t end,
        vm_behavior_t   new_behavior)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        vm_map_entry_t  temp_entry;

        XPR(XPR_VM_MAP,
            "vm_map_behavior_set, 0x%X start 0x%X end 0x%X behavior %d",
            (integer_t)map, start, end, new_behavior, 0);

        switch (new_behavior) {
        case VM_BEHAVIOR_DEFAULT:
        case VM_BEHAVIOR_RANDOM:
        case VM_BEHAVIOR_SEQUENTIAL:
        case VM_BEHAVIOR_RSEQNTL:
                break;
        case VM_BEHAVIOR_WILLNEED:
        case VM_BEHAVIOR_DONTNEED:
                new_behavior = VM_BEHAVIOR_DEFAULT;
                break;
        default:
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);
        }

        vm_map_lock(map);

        /*
         *      The entire address range must be valid for the map.
         *      Note that vm_map_range_check() does a 
         *      vm_map_lookup_entry() internally and returns the
         *      entry containing the start of the address range if
         *      the entire range is valid.
         */
        if (vm_map_range_check(map, start, end, &temp_entry)) {
                entry = temp_entry;
                vm_map_clip_start(map, entry, start);
        }
        else {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        while ((entry != vm_map_to_entry(map)) && (entry->vme_start < end)) {
                vm_map_clip_end(map, entry, end);
                assert(!entry->use_pmap);

                entry->behavior = new_behavior;

                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}


#include <mach_kdb.h>
#if     MACH_KDB
#include <ddb/db_output.h>
#include <vm/vm_print.h>

#define printf  db_printf

/*
 * Forward declarations for internal functions.
 */
extern void vm_map_links_print(
        struct vm_map_links     *links);

extern void vm_map_header_print(
        struct vm_map_header    *header);

extern void vm_map_entry_print(
        vm_map_entry_t          entry);

extern void vm_follow_entry(
        vm_map_entry_t          entry);

extern void vm_follow_map(
        vm_map_t                map);

/*
 *      vm_map_links_print:     [ debug ]
 */
void
vm_map_links_print(
        struct vm_map_links     *links)
{
        iprintf("prev = %08X  next = %08X  start = %016llX  end = %016llX\n",
                links->prev,
                links->next,
                (unsigned long long)links->start,
                (unsigned long long)links->end);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_header_print:    [ debug ]
 */
void
vm_map_header_print(
        struct vm_map_header    *header)
{
        vm_map_links_print(&header->links);
        iprintf("nentries = %08X, %sentries_pageable\n",
                header->nentries,
                (header->entries_pageable ? "" : "!"));
}

/*
 *      vm_follow_entry:        [ debug ]
 */
void
vm_follow_entry(
        vm_map_entry_t entry)
{
        int shadows;

        iprintf("map entry %08X\n", entry);

        db_indent += 2;

        shadows = vm_follow_object(entry->object.vm_object);
        iprintf("Total objects : %d\n",shadows);

        db_indent -= 2;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_entry_print:     [ debug ]
 */
void
vm_map_entry_print(
        register vm_map_entry_t entry)
{
        static const char *inheritance_name[4] =
                { "share", "copy", "none", "?"};
        static const char *behavior_name[4] =
                { "dflt", "rand", "seqtl", "rseqntl" };
        
        iprintf("map entry %08X - prev = %08X  next = %08X\n", entry, entry->vme_prev, entry->vme_next);

        db_indent += 2;

        vm_map_links_print(&entry->links);

        iprintf("start = %016llX  end = %016llX - prot=%x/%x/%s\n",
                (unsigned long long)entry->vme_start,
                (unsigned long long)entry->vme_end,
                entry->protection,
                entry->max_protection,
                inheritance_name[(entry->inheritance & 0x3)]);

        iprintf("behavior = %s, wired_count = %d, user_wired_count = %d\n",
                behavior_name[(entry->behavior & 0x3)],
                entry->wired_count,
                entry->user_wired_count);
        iprintf("%sin_transition, %sneeds_wakeup\n",
                (entry->in_transition ? "" : "!"),
                (entry->needs_wakeup ? "" : "!"));

        if (entry->is_sub_map) {
                iprintf("submap = %08X - offset = %016llX\n",
                        entry->object.sub_map,
                        (unsigned long long)entry->offset);
        } else {
                iprintf("object = %08X  offset = %016llX - ",
                        entry->object.vm_object,
                        (unsigned long long)entry->offset);
                printf("%sis_shared, %sneeds_copy\n",
                       (entry->is_shared ? "" : "!"),
                       (entry->needs_copy ? "" : "!"));
        }

        db_indent -= 2;
}

/*
 *      vm_follow_map:  [ debug ]
 */
void
vm_follow_map(
        vm_map_t map)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;

        iprintf("task map %08X\n", map);

        db_indent += 2;

        for (entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);
             entry && entry != vm_map_to_entry(map);
             entry = entry->vme_next) {
                vm_follow_entry(entry);
        }

        db_indent -= 2;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_print:   [ debug ]
 */
void
vm_map_print(
        db_addr_t inmap)
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        vm_map_t map;
#if TASK_SWAPPER
        char *swstate;
#endif /* TASK_SWAPPER */

        map = (vm_map_t)(long)
                inmap;  /* Make sure we have the right type */

        iprintf("task map %08X\n", map);

        db_indent += 2;

        vm_map_header_print(&map->hdr);

        iprintf("pmap = %08X  size = %08X  ref = %d  hint = %08X  first_free = %08X\n",
                map->pmap,
                map->size,
                map->ref_count,
                map->hint,
                map->first_free);

        iprintf("%swait_for_space, %swiring_required, timestamp = %d\n",
                (map->wait_for_space ? "" : "!"),
                (map->wiring_required ? "" : "!"),
                map->timestamp);

#if     TASK_SWAPPER
        switch (map->sw_state) {
        case MAP_SW_IN:
                swstate = "SW_IN";
                break;
        case MAP_SW_OUT:
                swstate = "SW_OUT";
                break;
        default:
                swstate = "????";
                break;
        }
        iprintf("res = %d, sw_state = %s\n", map->res_count, swstate);
#endif  /* TASK_SWAPPER */

        for (entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);
             entry && entry != vm_map_to_entry(map);
             entry = entry->vme_next) {
                vm_map_entry_print(entry);
        }

        db_indent -= 2;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_copy_print
 *      Purpose:
 *              Pretty-print a copy object for ddb.
 */

void
vm_map_copy_print(
        db_addr_t       incopy)
{
        vm_map_copy_t copy;
        vm_map_entry_t entry;

        copy = (vm_map_copy_t)(long)
                incopy; /* Make sure we have the right type */

        printf("copy object 0x%x\n", copy);

        db_indent += 2;

        iprintf("type=%d", copy->type);
        switch (copy->type) {
        case VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST:
                printf("[entry_list]");
                break;
                
        case VM_MAP_COPY_OBJECT:
                printf("[object]");
                break;
                
        case VM_MAP_COPY_KERNEL_BUFFER:
                printf("[kernel_buffer]");
                break;

        default:
                printf("[bad type]");
                break;
        }
        printf(", offset=0x%llx", (unsigned long long)copy->offset);
        printf(", size=0x%x\n", copy->size);

        switch (copy->type) {
        case VM_MAP_COPY_ENTRY_LIST:
                vm_map_header_print(&copy->cpy_hdr);
                for (entry = vm_map_copy_first_entry(copy);
                     entry && entry != vm_map_copy_to_entry(copy);
                     entry = entry->vme_next) {
                        vm_map_entry_print(entry);
                }
                break;

        case VM_MAP_COPY_OBJECT:
                iprintf("object=0x%x\n", copy->cpy_object);
                break;

        case VM_MAP_COPY_KERNEL_BUFFER:
                iprintf("kernel buffer=0x%x", copy->cpy_kdata);
                printf(", kalloc_size=0x%x\n", copy->cpy_kalloc_size);
                break;

        }

        db_indent -=2;
}

/*
 *      db_vm_map_total_size(map)       [ debug ]
 *
 *      return the total virtual size (in bytes) of the map
 */
vm_map_size_t
db_vm_map_total_size(
        db_addr_t       inmap)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  entry;
        vm_map_size_t   total;
        vm_map_t map;

        map = (vm_map_t)(long)
                inmap;  /* Make sure we have the right type */

        total = 0;
        for (entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);
             entry != vm_map_to_entry(map);
             entry = entry->vme_next) {
                total += entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start;
        }

        return total;
}

#endif  /* MACH_KDB */

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_entry_insert
 *
 *      Descritpion:    This routine inserts a new vm_entry in a locked map.
 */
vm_map_entry_t
vm_map_entry_insert(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_entry_t          insp_entry,
        vm_map_offset_t         start,
        vm_map_offset_t         end,
        vm_object_t             object,
        vm_object_offset_t      offset,
        boolean_t               needs_copy,
        boolean_t               is_shared,
        boolean_t               in_transition,
        vm_prot_t               cur_protection,
        vm_prot_t               max_protection,
        vm_behavior_t           behavior,
        vm_inherit_t            inheritance,
        unsigned                wired_count,
        boolean_t               no_cache)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  new_entry;

        assert(insp_entry != (vm_map_entry_t)0);

        new_entry = vm_map_entry_create(map);

        new_entry->vme_start = start;
        new_entry->vme_end = end;
        assert(page_aligned(new_entry->vme_start));
        assert(page_aligned(new_entry->vme_end));

        new_entry->object.vm_object = object;
        new_entry->offset = offset;
        new_entry->is_shared = is_shared;
        new_entry->is_sub_map = FALSE;
        new_entry->needs_copy = needs_copy;
        new_entry->in_transition = in_transition;
        new_entry->needs_wakeup = FALSE;
        new_entry->inheritance = inheritance;
        new_entry->protection = cur_protection;
        new_entry->max_protection = max_protection;
        new_entry->behavior = behavior;
        new_entry->wired_count = wired_count;
        new_entry->user_wired_count = 0;
        new_entry->use_pmap = FALSE;
        new_entry->alias = 0;
        new_entry->no_cache = no_cache;

        /*
         *      Insert the new entry into the list.
         */

        vm_map_entry_link(map, insp_entry, new_entry);
        map->size += end - start;

        /*
         *      Update the free space hint and the lookup hint.
         */

        SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(map, new_entry);
        return new_entry;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_remap_extract
 *
 *      Descritpion:    This routine returns a vm_entry list from a map.
 */
static kern_return_t
vm_map_remap_extract(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t         addr,
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        boolean_t               copy,
        struct vm_map_header    *map_header,
        vm_prot_t               *cur_protection,
        vm_prot_t               *max_protection,
        /* What, no behavior? */
        vm_inherit_t            inheritance,
        boolean_t               pageable)
{
        kern_return_t           result;
        vm_map_size_t           mapped_size;
        vm_map_size_t           tmp_size;
        vm_map_entry_t          src_entry;     /* result of last map lookup */
        vm_map_entry_t          new_entry;
        vm_object_offset_t      offset;
        vm_map_offset_t         map_address;
        vm_map_offset_t         src_start;     /* start of entry to map */
        vm_map_offset_t         src_end;       /* end of region to be mapped */
        vm_object_t             object;    
        vm_map_version_t        version;
        boolean_t               src_needs_copy;
        boolean_t               new_entry_needs_copy;

        assert(map != VM_MAP_NULL);
        assert(size != 0 && size == vm_map_round_page(size));
        assert(inheritance == VM_INHERIT_NONE ||
               inheritance == VM_INHERIT_COPY ||
               inheritance == VM_INHERIT_SHARE);

        /*
         *      Compute start and end of region.
         */
        src_start = vm_map_trunc_page(addr);
        src_end = vm_map_round_page(src_start + size);

        /*
         *      Initialize map_header.
         */
        map_header->links.next = (struct vm_map_entry *)&map_header->links;
        map_header->links.prev = (struct vm_map_entry *)&map_header->links;
        map_header->nentries = 0;
        map_header->entries_pageable = pageable;

        *cur_protection = VM_PROT_ALL;
        *max_protection = VM_PROT_ALL;

        map_address = 0;
        mapped_size = 0;
        result = KERN_SUCCESS;

        /*  
         *      The specified source virtual space might correspond to
         *      multiple map entries, need to loop on them.
         */
        vm_map_lock(map);
        while (mapped_size != size) {
                vm_map_size_t   entry_size;

                /*
                 *      Find the beginning of the region.
                 */ 
                if (! vm_map_lookup_entry(map, src_start, &src_entry)) {
                        result = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                        break;
                }

                if (src_start < src_entry->vme_start ||
                    (mapped_size && src_start != src_entry->vme_start)) {
                        result = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                        break;
                }

                if(src_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        result = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                        break;
                }

                tmp_size = size - mapped_size;
                if (src_end > src_entry->vme_end)
                        tmp_size -= (src_end - src_entry->vme_end);

                entry_size = (vm_map_size_t)(src_entry->vme_end -
                                             src_entry->vme_start);

                if(src_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        vm_map_reference(src_entry->object.sub_map);
                        object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                } else {
                        object = src_entry->object.vm_object;

                        if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                                object = vm_object_allocate(entry_size);
                                src_entry->offset = 0;
                                src_entry->object.vm_object = object;
                        } else if (object->copy_strategy !=
                                   MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC) {
                                /*
                                 *      We are already using an asymmetric
                                 *      copy, and therefore we already have
                                 *      the right object.
                                 */
                                assert(!src_entry->needs_copy);
                        } else if (src_entry->needs_copy || object->shadowed ||
                                   (object->internal && !object->true_share &&
                                    !src_entry->is_shared &&
                                    object->size > entry_size)) {

                                vm_object_shadow(&src_entry->object.vm_object,
                                                 &src_entry->offset,
                                                 entry_size);

                                if (!src_entry->needs_copy &&
                                    (src_entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                                        vm_prot_t prot;

                                        prot = src_entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                                        if (override_nx(map, src_entry->alias) && prot)
                                                prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                                        if(map->mapped) {
                                                vm_object_pmap_protect(
                                                        src_entry->object.vm_object,
                                                        src_entry->offset,
                                                        entry_size,
                                                        PMAP_NULL,
                                                        src_entry->vme_start,
                                                        prot);
                                        } else {
                                                pmap_protect(vm_map_pmap(map),
                                                             src_entry->vme_start,
                                                             src_entry->vme_end,
                                                             prot);
                                        }
                                }

                                object = src_entry->object.vm_object;
                                src_entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                        }


                        vm_object_lock(object);
                        vm_object_reference_locked(object); /* object ref. for new entry */
                        if (object->copy_strategy == 
                            MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_SYMMETRIC) {
                                object->copy_strategy = 
                                        MEMORY_OBJECT_COPY_DELAY;
                        }
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                }

                offset = src_entry->offset + (src_start - src_entry->vme_start);

                new_entry = _vm_map_entry_create(map_header);
                vm_map_entry_copy(new_entry, src_entry);
                new_entry->use_pmap = FALSE; /* clr address space specifics */

                new_entry->vme_start = map_address;
                new_entry->vme_end = map_address + tmp_size;
                new_entry->inheritance = inheritance;
                new_entry->offset = offset;

                /*
                 * The new region has to be copied now if required.
                 */
        RestartCopy:
                if (!copy) {
                        src_entry->is_shared = TRUE;
                        new_entry->is_shared = TRUE;
                        if (!(new_entry->is_sub_map)) 
                                new_entry->needs_copy = FALSE;

                } else if (src_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        /* make this a COW sub_map if not already */
                        new_entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                        object = VM_OBJECT_NULL;
                } else if (src_entry->wired_count == 0 &&
                           vm_object_copy_quickly(&new_entry->object.vm_object,
                                                  new_entry->offset,
                                                  (new_entry->vme_end -
                                                   new_entry->vme_start),
                                                  &src_needs_copy,
                                                  &new_entry_needs_copy)) {

                        new_entry->needs_copy = new_entry_needs_copy;
                        new_entry->is_shared = FALSE;

                        /*
                         * Handle copy_on_write semantics.
                         */
                        if (src_needs_copy && !src_entry->needs_copy) {
                                vm_prot_t prot;

                                prot = src_entry->protection & ~VM_PROT_WRITE;

                                if (override_nx(map, src_entry->alias) && prot)
                                        prot |= VM_PROT_EXECUTE;

                                vm_object_pmap_protect(object,
                                                       offset,
                                                       entry_size,
                                                       ((src_entry->is_shared 
                                                         || map->mapped) ?
                                                        PMAP_NULL : map->pmap),
                                                       src_entry->vme_start,
                                                       prot);

                                src_entry->needs_copy = TRUE;
                        }
                        /*
                         * Throw away the old object reference of the new entry.
                         */
                        vm_object_deallocate(object);

                } else {
                        new_entry->is_shared = FALSE;

                        /*
                         * The map can be safely unlocked since we
                         * already hold a reference on the object.
                         *
                         * Record the timestamp of the map for later
                         * verification, and unlock the map.
                         */
                        version.main_timestamp = map->timestamp;
                        vm_map_unlock(map);     /* Increments timestamp once! */

                        /*
                         * Perform the copy.
                         */
                        if (src_entry->wired_count > 0) {
                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                result = vm_object_copy_slowly(
                                        object,
                                        offset,
                                        entry_size,
                                        THREAD_UNINT,
                                        &new_entry->object.vm_object);

                                new_entry->offset = 0;
                                new_entry->needs_copy = FALSE;
                        } else {
                                result = vm_object_copy_strategically(
                                        object,
                                        offset,
                                        entry_size,
                                        &new_entry->object.vm_object,
                                        &new_entry->offset,
                                        &new_entry_needs_copy);

                                new_entry->needs_copy = new_entry_needs_copy;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Throw away the old object reference of the new entry.
                         */
                        vm_object_deallocate(object);

                        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS &&
                            result != KERN_MEMORY_RESTART_COPY) {
                                _vm_map_entry_dispose(map_header, new_entry);
                                break;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Verify that the map has not substantially
                         * changed while the copy was being made.
                         */

                        vm_map_lock(map);
                        if (version.main_timestamp + 1 != map->timestamp) {
                                /*
                                 * Simple version comparison failed.
                                 *
                                 * Retry the lookup and verify that the
                                 * same object/offset are still present.
                                 */
                                vm_object_deallocate(new_entry->
                                                     object.vm_object);
                                _vm_map_entry_dispose(map_header, new_entry);
                                if (result == KERN_MEMORY_RESTART_COPY)
                                        result = KERN_SUCCESS;
                                continue;
                        }

                        if (result == KERN_MEMORY_RESTART_COPY) {
                                vm_object_reference(object);
                                goto RestartCopy;
                        }
                }

                _vm_map_entry_link(map_header,
                                   map_header->links.prev, new_entry);

                *cur_protection &= src_entry->protection;
                *max_protection &= src_entry->max_protection;

                map_address += tmp_size;
                mapped_size += tmp_size;
                src_start += tmp_size;

        } /* end while */

        vm_map_unlock(map);
        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                /*
                 * Free all allocated elements.
                 */
                for (src_entry = map_header->links.next;
                     src_entry != (struct vm_map_entry *)&map_header->links;
                     src_entry = new_entry) {
                        new_entry = src_entry->vme_next;
                        _vm_map_entry_unlink(map_header, src_entry);
                        vm_object_deallocate(src_entry->object.vm_object);
                        _vm_map_entry_dispose(map_header, src_entry);
                }
        }
        return result;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_remap
 *
 *                      Map portion of a task's address space.
 *                      Mapped region must not overlap more than
 *                      one vm memory object. Protections and
 *                      inheritance attributes remain the same
 *                      as in the original task and are out parameters.
 *                      Source and Target task can be identical
 *                      Other attributes are identical as for vm_map()
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_remap(
        vm_map_t                target_map,
        vm_map_address_t        *address,
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        vm_map_offset_t         mask,
        boolean_t               anywhere,
        vm_map_t                src_map,
        vm_map_offset_t         memory_address,
        boolean_t               copy,
        vm_prot_t               *cur_protection,
        vm_prot_t               *max_protection,
        vm_inherit_t            inheritance)
{
        kern_return_t           result;
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        vm_map_entry_t          insp_entry = VM_MAP_ENTRY_NULL;
        vm_map_entry_t          new_entry;
        struct vm_map_header    map_header;

        if (target_map == VM_MAP_NULL)
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;

        switch (inheritance) {
        case VM_INHERIT_NONE:
        case VM_INHERIT_COPY:
        case VM_INHERIT_SHARE:
                if (size != 0 && src_map != VM_MAP_NULL)
                        break;
                /*FALL THRU*/
        default:
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }

        size = vm_map_round_page(size);

        result = vm_map_remap_extract(src_map, memory_address,
                                      size, copy, &map_header,
                                      cur_protection,
                                      max_protection,
                                      inheritance,
                                      target_map->hdr.
                                      entries_pageable);

        if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                return result;
        }

        /*
         * Allocate/check a range of free virtual address
         * space for the target
         */
        *address = vm_map_trunc_page(*address);
        vm_map_lock(target_map);
        result = vm_map_remap_range_allocate(target_map, address, size,
                                             mask, anywhere, &insp_entry);

        for (entry = map_header.links.next;
             entry != (struct vm_map_entry *)&map_header.links;
             entry = new_entry) {
                new_entry = entry->vme_next;
                _vm_map_entry_unlink(&map_header, entry);
                if (result == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        entry->vme_start += *address;
                        entry->vme_end += *address;
                        vm_map_entry_link(target_map, insp_entry, entry);
                        insp_entry = entry;
                } else {
                        if (!entry->is_sub_map) {
                                vm_object_deallocate(entry->object.vm_object);
                        } else {
                                vm_map_deallocate(entry->object.sub_map);
                        }
                        _vm_map_entry_dispose(&map_header, entry);
                }
        }

        if (result == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                target_map->size += size;
                SAVE_HINT_MAP_WRITE(target_map, insp_entry);
        }
        vm_map_unlock(target_map);

        if (result == KERN_SUCCESS && target_map->wiring_required)
                result = vm_map_wire(target_map, *address,
                                     *address + size, *cur_protection, TRUE);
        return result;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_remap_range_allocate
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Allocate a range in the specified virtual address map.
 *              returns the address and the map entry just before the allocated
 *              range
 *
 *      Map must be locked.
 */

static kern_return_t
vm_map_remap_range_allocate(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_address_t        *address,       /* IN/OUT */
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        vm_map_offset_t         mask,
        boolean_t               anywhere,
        vm_map_entry_t          *map_entry)     /* OUT */
{
        register vm_map_entry_t entry;
        register vm_map_offset_t        start;
        register vm_map_offset_t        end;

StartAgain: ;

        start = *address;

        if (anywhere)
        {
                /*
                 *      Calculate the first possible address.
                 */

                if (start < map->min_offset)
                        start = map->min_offset;
                if (start > map->max_offset)
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                
                /*
                 *      Look for the first possible address;
                 *      if there's already something at this
                 *      address, we have to start after it.
                 */

                assert(first_free_is_valid(map));
                if (start == map->min_offset) {
                        if ((entry = map->first_free) != vm_map_to_entry(map))
                                start = entry->vme_end;
                } else {
                        vm_map_entry_t  tmp_entry;
                        if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry))
                                start = tmp_entry->vme_end;
                        entry = tmp_entry;
                }
                
                /*
                 *      In any case, the "entry" always precedes
                 *      the proposed new region throughout the
                 *      loop:
                 */

                while (TRUE) {
                        register vm_map_entry_t next;

                        /*
                         *      Find the end of the proposed new region.
                         *      Be sure we didn't go beyond the end, or
                         *      wrap around the address.
                         */

                        end = ((start + mask) & ~mask);
                        if (end < start)
                                return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                        start = end;
                        end += size;

                        if ((end > map->max_offset) || (end < start)) {
                                if (map->wait_for_space) {
                                        if (size <= (map->max_offset -
                                                     map->min_offset)) {
                                                assert_wait((event_t) map, THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                                thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                                vm_map_lock(map);
                                                goto StartAgain;
                                        }
                                }
                
                                return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
                        }

                        /*
                         *      If there are no more entries, we must win.
                         */

                        next = entry->vme_next;
                        if (next == vm_map_to_entry(map))
                                break;

                        /*
                         *      If there is another entry, it must be
                         *      after the end of the potential new region.
                         */

                        if (next->vme_start >= end)
                                break;

                        /*
                         *      Didn't fit -- move to the next entry.
                         */

                        entry = next;
                        start = entry->vme_end;
                }
                *address = start;
        } else {
                vm_map_entry_t          temp_entry;
        
                /*
                 *      Verify that:
                 *              the address doesn't itself violate
                 *              the mask requirement.
                 */

                if ((start & mask) != 0)
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);


                /*
                 *      ...     the address is within bounds
                 */

                end = start + size;

                if ((start < map->min_offset) ||
                    (end > map->max_offset) ||
                    (start >= end)) {
                        return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
                }

                /*
                 *      ...     the starting address isn't allocated
                 */

                if (vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &temp_entry))
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);

                entry = temp_entry;

                /*
                 *      ...     the next region doesn't overlap the
                 *              end point.
                 */

                if ((entry->vme_next != vm_map_to_entry(map)) &&
                    (entry->vme_next->vme_start < end))
                        return(KERN_NO_SPACE);
        }
        *map_entry = entry;
        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_switch:
 *
 *      Set the address map for the current thread to the specified map
 */

vm_map_t
vm_map_switch(
        vm_map_t        map)
{
        int             mycpu;
        thread_t        thread = current_thread();
        vm_map_t        oldmap = thread->map;

        mp_disable_preemption();
        mycpu = cpu_number();

        /*
         *      Deactivate the current map and activate the requested map
         */
        PMAP_SWITCH_USER(thread, map, mycpu);

        mp_enable_preemption();
        return(oldmap);
}


/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_write_user
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy out data from a kernel space into space in the
 *              destination map. The space must already exist in the
 *              destination map.
 *              NOTE:  This routine should only be called by threads
 *              which can block on a page fault. i.e. kernel mode user
 *              threads.
 *
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_write_user(
        vm_map_t                map,
        void                    *src_p,
        vm_map_address_t        dst_addr,
        vm_size_t               size)
{
        kern_return_t   kr = KERN_SUCCESS;

        if(current_map() == map) {
                if (copyout(src_p, dst_addr, size)) {
                        kr = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
        } else {
                vm_map_t        oldmap;

                /* take on the identity of the target map while doing */
                /* the transfer */

                vm_map_reference(map);
                oldmap = vm_map_switch(map);
                if (copyout(src_p, dst_addr, size)) {
                        kr = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
                vm_map_switch(oldmap);
                vm_map_deallocate(map);
        }
        return kr;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        vm_map_read_user
 *
 *      Description:
 *              Copy in data from a user space source map into the
 *              kernel map. The space must already exist in the
 *              kernel map.
 *              NOTE:  This routine should only be called by threads
 *              which can block on a page fault. i.e. kernel mode user
 *              threads.
 *
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_read_user(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_address_t        src_addr,
        void                    *dst_p,
        vm_size_t               size)
{
        kern_return_t   kr = KERN_SUCCESS;

        if(current_map() == map) {
                if (copyin(src_addr, dst_p, size)) {
                        kr = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
        } else {
                vm_map_t        oldmap;

                /* take on the identity of the target map while doing */
                /* the transfer */

                vm_map_reference(map);
                oldmap = vm_map_switch(map);
                if (copyin(src_addr, dst_p, size)) {
                        kr = KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
                }
                vm_map_switch(oldmap);
                vm_map_deallocate(map);
        }
        return kr;
}


/*
 *      vm_map_check_protection:
 *
 *      Assert that the target map allows the specified
 *      privilege on the entire address region given.
 *      The entire region must be allocated.
 */
boolean_t
vm_map_check_protection(vm_map_t map, vm_map_offset_t start,
                        vm_map_offset_t end, vm_prot_t protection)
{
        vm_map_entry_t entry;
        vm_map_entry_t tmp_entry;

        vm_map_lock(map);

        if (start < vm_map_min(map) || end > vm_map_max(map) || start > end)
        {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return (FALSE);
        }

        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, start, &tmp_entry)) {
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(FALSE);
        }

        entry = tmp_entry;

        while (start < end) {
                if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(map)) {
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return(FALSE);
                }

                /*
                 *      No holes allowed!
                 */

                if (start < entry->vme_start) {
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return(FALSE);
                }

                /*
                 * Check protection associated with entry.
                 */

                if ((entry->protection & protection) != protection) {
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        return(FALSE);
                }

                /* go to next entry */

                start = entry->vme_end;
                entry = entry->vme_next;
        }
        vm_map_unlock(map);
        return(TRUE);
}

kern_return_t
vm_map_purgable_control(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_offset_t         address,
        vm_purgable_t           control,
        int                     *state)
{
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        vm_object_t             object;
        kern_return_t           kr;

        /*
         * Vet all the input parameters and current type and state of the
         * underlaying object.  Return with an error if anything is amiss.
         */
        if (map == VM_MAP_NULL)
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

        if (control != VM_PURGABLE_SET_STATE &&
            control != VM_PURGABLE_GET_STATE)
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

        if (control == VM_PURGABLE_SET_STATE &&
            (((*state & ~(VM_PURGABLE_STATE_MASK|VM_VOLATILE_ORDER_MASK|VM_PURGABLE_ORDERING_MASK|VM_PURGABLE_BEHAVIOR_MASK|VM_VOLATILE_GROUP_MASK)) != 0) ||
             ((*state & VM_PURGABLE_STATE_MASK) > VM_PURGABLE_STATE_MASK)))
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

        vm_map_lock(map);

        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map, address, &entry) || entry->is_sub_map) {

                /*
                 * Must pass a valid non-submap address.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);
        }

        if ((entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0) {
                /*
                 * Can't apply purgable controls to something you can't write.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return(KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE);
        }

        object = entry->object.vm_object;
        if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                /*
                 * Object must already be present or it can't be purgable.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }
                     
        vm_object_lock(object);

        if (entry->offset != 0 || 
            entry->vme_end - entry->vme_start != object->size) {
                /*
                 * Can only apply purgable controls to the whole (existing)
                 * object at once.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                vm_object_unlock(object);
                return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
        }
                
        vm_map_unlock(map);

        kr = vm_object_purgable_control(object, control, state);

        vm_object_unlock(object);

        return kr;
}

kern_return_t
vm_map_page_info(
        vm_map_t        target_map,
        vm_map_offset_t offset,
        int             *disposition,
        int             *ref_count)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  map_entry;
        vm_object_t     object;
        vm_page_t       m;
        kern_return_t   kr;
        kern_return_t   retval = KERN_SUCCESS;
        boolean_t       top_object = TRUE;

        *disposition = 0;
        *ref_count = 0;

        vm_map_lock_read(target_map);

restart_page_query:
        if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(target_map, offset, &map_entry)) {
                vm_map_unlock_read(target_map);
                return KERN_FAILURE;
        }
        offset -= map_entry->vme_start;  /* adjust to offset within entry */
        offset += map_entry->offset;     /* adjust to target object offset */

        if (map_entry->object.vm_object != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                if (!map_entry->is_sub_map) {
                        object = map_entry->object.vm_object;
                } else {
                        vm_map_t sub_map;

                        sub_map = map_entry->object.sub_map;
                        vm_map_lock_read(sub_map);
                        vm_map_unlock_read(target_map);

                        target_map = sub_map;
                        goto restart_page_query;
                }
        } else {
                vm_map_unlock_read(target_map);
                return KERN_SUCCESS;
        }
        vm_object_lock(object);
        vm_map_unlock_read(target_map);

        while (TRUE) {
                m = vm_page_lookup(object, offset);

                if (m != VM_PAGE_NULL) {
                        *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_PRESENT;
                        break;
                } else {
#if MACH_PAGEMAP
                        if (object->existence_map) {
                                if (vm_external_state_get(object->existence_map, offset)
                                    == VM_EXTERNAL_STATE_EXISTS) {
                                        /*
                                         * this page has been paged out
                                         */
                                        *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_PAGED_OUT;
                                        break;
                                }
                        } else
#endif
                                if (object->internal &&
                                   object->alive &&
                                   !object->terminating &&
                                   object->pager_ready) {

                                memory_object_t pager;

                                vm_object_paging_begin(object);
                                pager = object->pager;
                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                                kr = memory_object_data_request(
                                        pager,
                                        offset + object->paging_offset,
                                        0,      /* just poke the pager */
                                        VM_PROT_READ,
                                        NULL);

                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                vm_object_paging_end(object);

                                if (kr == KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                        /*
                                         * the pager has this page
                                         */
                                        *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_PAGED_OUT;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if (object->shadow != VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                                vm_object_t shadow;

                                offset += object->shadow_offset;
                                shadow = object->shadow;
                                
                                vm_object_lock(shadow);
                                vm_object_unlock(object);

                                object = shadow;
                                top_object = FALSE;
                        } else {
                                if (!object->internal)
                                        break;

                                retval = KERN_FAILURE;
                                goto page_query_done;
                        }
                }
        }
        /* The ref_count is not strictly accurate, it measures the number   */
        /* of entities holding a ref on the object, they may not be mapping */
        /* the object or may not be mapping the section holding the         */
        /* target page but its still a ball park number and though an over- */
        /* count, it picks up the copy-on-write cases                       */

        /* We could also get a picture of page sharing from pmap_attributes */
        /* but this would under count as only faulted-in mappings would     */
        /* show up.                                                         */

        *ref_count = object->ref_count;

        if (top_object == TRUE && object->shadow)
                *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_COPIED;

        if (m == VM_PAGE_NULL)
                goto page_query_done;

        if (m->fictitious) {
                *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_FICTITIOUS;
                goto page_query_done;
        }
        if (m->dirty || pmap_is_modified(m->phys_page))
                *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_DIRTY;

        if (m->reference || pmap_is_referenced(m->phys_page))
                *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_REF;

        if (m->speculative)
                *disposition |= VM_PAGE_QUERY_PAGE_SPECULATIVE;

page_query_done:
        vm_object_unlock(object);

        return retval;
}

/*
 *      vm_map_msync
 *
 *      Synchronises the memory range specified with its backing store
 *      image by either flushing or cleaning the contents to the appropriate
 *      memory manager engaging in a memory object synchronize dialog with
 *      the manager.  The client doesn't return until the manager issues
 *      m_o_s_completed message.  MIG Magically converts user task parameter
 *      to the task's address map.
 *
 *      interpretation of sync_flags
 *      VM_SYNC_INVALIDATE      - discard pages, only return precious
 *                                pages to manager.
 *
 *      VM_SYNC_INVALIDATE & (VM_SYNC_SYNCHRONOUS | VM_SYNC_ASYNCHRONOUS)
 *                              - discard pages, write dirty or precious
 *                                pages back to memory manager.
 *
 *      VM_SYNC_SYNCHRONOUS | VM_SYNC_ASYNCHRONOUS
 *                              - write dirty or precious pages back to
 *                                the memory manager.
 *
 *      VM_SYNC_CONTIGUOUS      - does everything normally, but if there
 *                                is a hole in the region, and we would
 *                                have returned KERN_SUCCESS, return
 *                                KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS instead.
 *
 *      NOTE
 *      The memory object attributes have not yet been implemented, this
 *      function will have to deal with the invalidate attribute
 *
 *      RETURNS
 *      KERN_INVALID_TASK               Bad task parameter
 *      KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT           both sync and async were specified.
 *      KERN_SUCCESS                    The usual.
 *      KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS            There was a hole in the region.
 */

kern_return_t
vm_map_msync(
        vm_map_t                map,
        vm_map_address_t        address,
        vm_map_size_t           size,
        vm_sync_t               sync_flags)
{
        msync_req_t             msr;
        msync_req_t             new_msr;
        queue_chain_t           req_q;  /* queue of requests for this msync */
        vm_map_entry_t          entry;
        vm_map_size_t           amount_left;
        vm_object_offset_t      offset;
        boolean_t               do_sync_req;
        boolean_t               modifiable;
        boolean_t               had_hole = FALSE;
        memory_object_t         pager;
        
        if ((sync_flags & VM_SYNC_ASYNCHRONOUS) &&
            (sync_flags & VM_SYNC_SYNCHRONOUS))
                return(KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT);

        /*
         * align address and size on page boundaries
         */
        size = vm_map_round_page(address + size) - vm_map_trunc_page(address);
        address = vm_map_trunc_page(address);

        if (map == VM_MAP_NULL)
                return(KERN_INVALID_TASK);

        if (size == 0)
                return(KERN_SUCCESS);

        queue_init(&req_q);
        amount_left = size;

        while (amount_left > 0) {
                vm_object_size_t        flush_size;
                vm_object_t             object;

                vm_map_lock(map);
                if (!vm_map_lookup_entry(map,
                                         vm_map_trunc_page(address), &entry)) {

                        vm_map_size_t   skip;

                        /*
                         * hole in the address map.
                         */
                        had_hole = TRUE;

                        /*
                         * Check for empty map.
                         */
                        if (entry == vm_map_to_entry(map) &&
                            entry->vme_next == entry) {
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                break;
                        }
                        /*
                         * Check that we don't wrap and that
                         * we have at least one real map entry.
                         */
                        if ((map->hdr.nentries == 0) ||
                            (entry->vme_next->vme_start < address)) {
                                vm_map_unlock(map);
                                break;
                        }
                        /*
                         * Move up to the next entry if needed
                         */
                        skip = (entry->vme_next->vme_start - address);
                        if (skip >= amount_left)
                                amount_left = 0;
                        else
                                amount_left -= skip;
                        address = entry->vme_next->vme_start;
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        continue;
                }

                offset = address - entry->vme_start;

                /*
                 * do we have more to flush than is contained in this
                 * entry ?
                 */
                if (amount_left + entry->vme_start + offset > entry->vme_end) {
                        flush_size = entry->vme_end -
                                (entry->vme_start + offset);
                } else {
                        flush_size = amount_left;
                }
                amount_left -= flush_size;
                address += flush_size;

                if (entry->is_sub_map == TRUE) {
                        vm_map_t        local_map;
                        vm_map_offset_t local_offset;

                        local_map = entry->object.sub_map;
                        local_offset = entry->offset;
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        if (vm_map_msync(
                                    local_map,
                                    local_offset,
                                    flush_size,
                                    sync_flags) == KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS) {
                                had_hole = TRUE;
                        }
                        continue;
                }
                object = entry->object.vm_object;

                /*
                 * We can't sync this object if the object has not been
                 * created yet
                 */
                if (object == VM_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        continue;
                }
                offset += entry->offset;
                modifiable = (entry->protection & VM_PROT_WRITE)
                        != VM_PROT_NONE;

                vm_object_lock(object);

                if (sync_flags & (VM_SYNC_KILLPAGES | VM_SYNC_DEACTIVATE)) {
                        boolean_t kill_pages = 0;

                        if (sync_flags & VM_SYNC_KILLPAGES) {
                                if (object->ref_count == 1 && !entry->needs_copy && !object->shadow)
                                        kill_pages = 1;
                                else
                                        kill_pages = -1;
                        }
                        if (kill_pages != -1)
                                vm_object_deactivate_pages(object, offset, 
                                                           (vm_object_size_t)flush_size, kill_pages);
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        continue;
                }
                /*
                 * We can't sync this object if there isn't a pager.
                 * Don't bother to sync internal objects, since there can't
                 * be any "permanent" storage for these objects anyway.
                 */
                if ((object->pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL) ||
                    (object->internal) || (object->private)) {
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                        vm_map_unlock(map);
                        continue;
                }
                /*
                 * keep reference on the object until syncing is done
                 */
                vm_object_reference_locked(object);
                vm_object_unlock(object);

                vm_map_unlock(map);

                do_sync_req = vm_object_sync(object,
                                             offset,
                                             flush_size,
                                             sync_flags & VM_SYNC_INVALIDATE,
                                             (modifiable &&
                                              (sync_flags & VM_SYNC_SYNCHRONOUS ||
                                               sync_flags & VM_SYNC_ASYNCHRONOUS)),
                                             sync_flags & VM_SYNC_SYNCHRONOUS);
                /*
                 * only send a m_o_s if we returned pages or if the entry
                 * is writable (ie dirty pages may have already been sent back)
                 */
                if (!do_sync_req && !modifiable) {
                        if ((sync_flags & VM_SYNC_INVALIDATE) && object->resident_page_count == 0) {
                                /*
                                 * clear out the clustering and read-ahead hints
                                 */
                                vm_object_lock(object);

                                object->pages_created = 0;
                                object->pages_used = 0;
                                object->sequential = 0;
                                object->last_alloc = 0;

                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                        }
                        vm_object_deallocate(object);
                        continue;
                }
                msync_req_alloc(new_msr);

                vm_object_lock(object);
                offset += object->paging_offset;

                new_msr->offset = offset;
                new_msr->length = flush_size;
                new_msr->object = object;
                new_msr->flag = VM_MSYNC_SYNCHRONIZING;
        re_iterate:

                /*
                 * We can't sync this object if there isn't a pager.  The
                 * pager can disappear anytime we're not holding the object
                 * lock.  So this has to be checked anytime we goto re_iterate.
                 */

                pager = object->pager;

                if (pager == MEMORY_OBJECT_NULL) {
                        vm_object_unlock(object);
                        vm_object_deallocate(object);
                        continue;
                }

                queue_iterate(&object->msr_q, msr, msync_req_t, msr_q) {
                        /*
                         * need to check for overlapping entry, if found, wait
                         * on overlapping msr to be done, then reiterate
                         */
                        msr_lock(msr);
                        if (msr->flag == VM_MSYNC_SYNCHRONIZING &&
                            ((offset >= msr->offset && 
                              offset < (msr->offset + msr->length)) ||
                             (msr->offset >= offset &&
                              msr->offset < (offset + flush_size))))
                        {
                                assert_wait((event_t) msr,THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                                msr_unlock(msr);
                                vm_object_unlock(object);
                                thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                                vm_object_lock(object);
                                goto re_iterate;
                        }
                        msr_unlock(msr);
                }/* queue_iterate */

                queue_enter(&object->msr_q, new_msr, msync_req_t, msr_q);

                vm_object_paging_begin(object);
                vm_object_unlock(object);

                queue_enter(&req_q, new_msr, msync_req_t, req_q);

                (void) memory_object_synchronize(
                        pager,
                        offset,
                        flush_size,
                        sync_flags & ~VM_SYNC_CONTIGUOUS);

                vm_object_lock(object);
                vm_object_paging_end(object);
                vm_object_unlock(object);
        }/* while */

        /*
         * wait for memory_object_sychronize_completed messages from pager(s)
         */

        while (!queue_empty(&req_q)) {
                msr = (msync_req_t)queue_first(&req_q);
                msr_lock(msr);
                while(msr->flag != VM_MSYNC_DONE) {
                        assert_wait((event_t) msr, THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                        msr_unlock(msr);
                        thread_block(THREAD_CONTINUE_NULL);
                        msr_lock(msr);
                }/* while */
                queue_remove(&req_q, msr, msync_req_t, req_q);
                msr_unlock(msr);
                vm_object_deallocate(msr->object);
                msync_req_free(msr);
        }/* queue_iterate */

        /* for proper msync() behaviour */
        if (had_hole == TRUE && (sync_flags & VM_SYNC_CONTIGUOUS))
                return(KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS);

        return(KERN_SUCCESS);
}/* vm_msync */

/*
 *      Routine:        convert_port_entry_to_map
 *      Purpose:
 *              Convert from a port specifying an entry or a task
 *              to a map. Doesn't consume the port ref; produces a map ref,
 *              which may be null.  Unlike convert_port_to_map, the
 *              port may be task or a named entry backed.
 *      Conditions:
 *              Nothing locked.
 */


vm_map_t
convert_port_entry_to_map(
        ipc_port_t      port)
{
        vm_map_t map;
        vm_named_entry_t        named_entry;
        uint32_t        try_failed_count = 0;

        if(IP_VALID(port) && (ip_kotype(port) == IKOT_NAMED_ENTRY)) {
                while(TRUE) {
                        ip_lock(port);
                        if(ip_active(port) && (ip_kotype(port) 
                                               == IKOT_NAMED_ENTRY)) {
                                named_entry =
                                        (vm_named_entry_t)port->ip_kobject;
                                if (!(mutex_try(&(named_entry)->Lock))) {
                                        ip_unlock(port);

                                        try_failed_count++;
                                        mutex_pause(try_failed_count);
                                        continue;
                                }
                                named_entry->ref_count++;
                                mutex_unlock(&(named_entry)->Lock);
                                ip_unlock(port);
                                if ((named_entry->is_sub_map) &&
                                    (named_entry->protection 
                                     & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                                        map = named_entry->backing.map;
                                } else {
                                        mach_destroy_memory_entry(port);
                                        return VM_MAP_NULL;
                                }
                                vm_map_reference_swap(map);
                                mach_destroy_memory_entry(port);
                                break;
                        }
                        else 
                                return VM_MAP_NULL;
                }
        }
        else
                map = convert_port_to_map(port);

        return map;
}

/*
 *      Routine:        convert_port_entry_to_object
 *      Purpose:
 *              Convert from a port specifying a named entry to an
 *              object. Doesn't consume the port ref; produces a map ref,
 *              which may be null. 
 *      Conditions:
 *              Nothing locked.
 */


vm_object_t
convert_port_entry_to_object(
        ipc_port_t      port)
{
        vm_object_t object;
        vm_named_entry_t        named_entry;
        uint32_t        try_failed_count = 0;

        if(IP_VALID(port) && (ip_kotype(port) == IKOT_NAMED_ENTRY)) {
                while(TRUE) {
                        ip_lock(port);
                        if(ip_active(port) && (ip_kotype(port) 
                                               == IKOT_NAMED_ENTRY)) {
                                named_entry =
                                        (vm_named_entry_t)port->ip_kobject;
                                if (!(mutex_try(&(named_entry)->Lock))) {
                                        ip_unlock(port);

                                        try_failed_count++;
                                        mutex_pause(try_failed_count);
                                        continue;
                                }
                                named_entry->ref_count++;
                                mutex_unlock(&(named_entry)->Lock);
                                ip_unlock(port);
                                if ((!named_entry->is_sub_map) &&
                                    (!named_entry->is_pager) &&
                                    (named_entry->protection 
                                     & VM_PROT_WRITE)) {
                                        object = named_entry->backing.object;
                                } else {
                                        mach_destroy_memory_entry(port);
                                        return (vm_object_t)NULL;
                                }
                                vm_object_reference(named_entry->backing.object);
                                mach_destroy_memory_entry(port);
                                break;
                        }
                        else 
                                return (vm_object_t)NULL;
                }
        } else {
                return (vm_object_t)NULL;
        }

        return object;
}

/*
 * Export routines to other components for the things we access locally through
 * macros.
 */
#undef current_map
vm_map_t
current_map(void)
{
        return (current_map_fast());
}

/*
 *      vm_map_reference:
 *
 *      Most code internal to the osfmk will go through a
 *      macro defining this.  This is always here for the
 *      use of other kernel components.
 */
#undef vm_map_reference
void
vm_map_reference(
        register vm_map_t       map)
{
        if (map == VM_MAP_NULL)
                return;

        mutex_lock(&map->s_lock);
#if     TASK_SWAPPER
        assert(map->res_count > 0);
        assert(map->ref_count >= map->res_count);
        map->res_count++;
#endif
        map->ref_count++;
        mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);
}

/*
 *      vm_map_deallocate:
 *
 *      Removes a reference from the specified map,
 *      destroying it if no references remain.
 *      The map should not be locked.
 */
void
vm_map_deallocate(
        register vm_map_t       map)
{
        unsigned int            ref;

        if (map == VM_MAP_NULL)
                return;

        mutex_lock(&map->s_lock);
        ref = --map->ref_count;
        if (ref > 0) {
                vm_map_res_deallocate(map);
                mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);
                return;
        }
        assert(map->ref_count == 0);
        mutex_unlock(&map->s_lock);

#if     TASK_SWAPPER
        /*
         * The map residence count isn't decremented here because
         * the vm_map_delete below will traverse the entire map, 
         * deleting entries, and the residence counts on objects
         * and sharing maps will go away then.
         */
#endif

        vm_map_destroy(map, VM_MAP_NO_FLAGS);
}


void
vm_map_disable_NX(vm_map_t map)
{
        if (map == NULL)
                return;
        if (map->pmap == NULL)
                return;

        pmap_disable_NX(map->pmap);
}

/* XXX Consider making these constants (VM_MAX_ADDRESS and MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS)
 * more descriptive.
 */
void
vm_map_set_32bit(vm_map_t map)
{
        map->max_offset = (vm_map_offset_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS;
}


void
vm_map_set_64bit(vm_map_t map)
{
        map->max_offset = (vm_map_offset_t)MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS;
}

vm_map_offset_t
vm_compute_max_offset(unsigned is64)
{
        return (is64 ? (vm_map_offset_t)MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS : (vm_map_offset_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS);
}

boolean_t
vm_map_is_64bit(
                vm_map_t map)
{
        return map->max_offset > ((vm_map_offset_t)VM_MAX_ADDRESS);
}

boolean_t
vm_map_has_4GB_pagezero(
                vm_map_t map)
{
        /*
         * XXX FBDP
         * We should lock the VM map (for read) here but we can get away
         * with it for now because there can't really be any race condition:
         * the VM map's min_offset is changed only when the VM map is created
         * and when the zero page is established (when the binary gets loaded),
         * and this routine gets called only when the task terminates and the
         * VM map is being torn down, and when a new map is created via
         * load_machfile()/execve().
         */
        return (map->min_offset >= 0x100000000ULL);
}

void
vm_map_set_4GB_pagezero(vm_map_t map)
{
        pmap_set_4GB_pagezero(map->pmap);
}

void
vm_map_clear_4GB_pagezero(vm_map_t map)
{
        pmap_clear_4GB_pagezero(map->pmap);
}

/*
 * Raise a VM map's minimum offset.
 * To strictly enforce "page zero" reservation.
 */
kern_return_t
vm_map_raise_min_offset(
        vm_map_t        map,
        vm_map_offset_t new_min_offset)
{
        vm_map_entry_t  first_entry;

        new_min_offset = vm_map_round_page(new_min_offset);

        vm_map_lock(map);

        if (new_min_offset < map->min_offset) {
                /*
                 * Can't move min_offset backwards, as that would expose
                 * a part of the address space that was previously, and for
                 * possibly good reasons, inaccessible.
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS;
        }

        first_entry = vm_map_first_entry(map);
        if (first_entry != vm_map_to_entry(map) &&
            first_entry->vme_start < new_min_offset) {
                /*
                 * Some memory was already allocated below the new
                 * minimun offset.  It's too late to change it now...
                 */
                vm_map_unlock(map);
                return KERN_NO_SPACE;
        }

        map->min_offset = new_min_offset;

        vm_map_unlock(map);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

/*
 * Set the limit on the maximum amount of user wired memory allowed for this map.
 * This is basically a copy of the MEMLOCK rlimit value maintained by the BSD side of
 * the kernel.  The limits are checked in the mach VM side, so we keep a copy so we
 * don't have to reach over to the BSD data structures.
 */

void
vm_map_set_user_wire_limit(vm_map_t     map,
                           vm_size_t    limit)
{
        map->user_wire_limit = limit;
}