xnu-3789.60.24.tar.gz

[apple/xnu.git] / osfmk / kern / ltable.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2016 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 *
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 *
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 *
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */
#include <kern/cpu_data.h>
#include <kern/kern_types.h>
#include <kern/locks.h>
#include <kern/ltable.h>
#include <kern/zalloc.h>
#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>
#include <pexpert/pexpert.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>


#define P2ROUNDUP(x, align) (-(-((uint32_t)(x)) & -(align)))
#define ROUNDDOWN(x,y)  (((x)/(y))*(y))

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Lockless Link Table Interface
 *
 * ---------------------------------------------------------------------- */

vm_size_t         g_lt_max_tbl_size;
static lck_grp_t  g_lt_lck_grp;

/* default VA space for link tables (zone allocated) */
#define DEFAULT_MAX_TABLE_SIZE  P2ROUNDUP(8 * 1024 * 1024, PAGE_SIZE)

#if defined(DEVELOPMENT) || defined(DEBUG)
/* global for lldb macros */
uint64_t g_lt_idx_max = LT_IDX_MAX;
#endif


/* construct a link table element from an offset and mask into a slab */
#define lt_elem_ofst_slab(slab, slab_msk, ofst) \
        /* cast through 'void *' to avoid compiler alignment warning messages */ \
        ((struct lt_elem *)((void *)((uintptr_t)(slab) + ((ofst) & (slab_msk)))))

#if defined(CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS)
/* version that makes no assumption on waste within a slab */
static inline struct lt_elem *
lt_elem_idx(struct link_table *table, uint32_t idx)
{
        int slab_idx = idx / table->slab_elem;
        struct lt_elem *slab = table->table[slab_idx];
        if (!slab)
                panic("Invalid index:%d slab:%d (NULL) for table:%p\n",
                      idx, slab_idx, table);
        assert(slab->lt_id.idx <= idx && (slab->lt_id.idx + table->slab_elem) > idx);
        return lt_elem_ofst_slab(slab, table->slab_msk, (idx - slab->lt_id.idx) * table->elem_sz);
}
#else /* !CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS */
/* verion that assumes 100% ultilization of slabs (no waste) */
static inline struct lt_elem *
lt_elem_idx(struct link_table *table, uint32_t idx)
{
        uint32_t ofst = idx * table->elem_sz;
        struct lt_elem *slab = table->table[ofst >> table->slab_shift];
        if (!slab)
                panic("Invalid index:%d slab:%d (NULL) for table:%p\n",
                      idx, (ofst >> table->slab_shift), table);
        assert(slab->lt_id.idx <= idx && (slab->lt_id.idx + table->slab_elem) > idx);
        return lt_elem_ofst_slab(slab, table->slab_msk, ofst);
}
#endif /* !CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS */

static int __assert_only
lt_elem_in_range(struct lt_elem *elem, struct link_table *table)
{
        struct lt_elem **base = table->table;
        uintptr_t e = (uintptr_t)elem;
        assert(base != NULL);
        while (*base != NULL) {
                uintptr_t b = (uintptr_t)(*base);
                if (e >= b && e < b + table->slab_sz)
                        return 1;
                base++;
                if ((uintptr_t)base >= (uintptr_t)table->table + PAGE_SIZE)
                        return 0;
        }
        return 0;
}


/**
 * lt_elem_invalidate: mark 'elem' as invalid
 *
 * NOTE: this does _not_ get or put a reference on 'elem'
 */
void lt_elem_invalidate(struct lt_elem *elem)
{
        uint32_t __assert_only old = OSBitAndAtomic(~LT_BITS_VALID, &elem->lt_bits);
        OSMemoryBarrier();
        assert(((lt_bits_type(old) != LT_RESERVED) && (old & LT_BITS_VALID)) ||
               ((lt_bits_type(old) == LT_RESERVED) && !(old & LT_BITS_VALID)));
}

/**
 * lt_elem_mkvalid: mark 'elem' as valid
 *
 * NOTE: this does _not_ get or put a reference on 'elem'
 */
void lt_elem_mkvalid(struct lt_elem *elem)
{
        uint32_t __assert_only old = OSBitOrAtomic(LT_BITS_VALID, &elem->lt_bits);
        OSMemoryBarrier();
        assert(!(old & LT_BITS_VALID));
}

static void lt_elem_set_type(struct lt_elem *elem, int type)
{
        uint32_t old_bits, new_bits;
        do {
                old_bits = elem->lt_bits;
                new_bits = (old_bits & ~LT_BITS_TYPE) |
                           ((type & LT_BITS_TYPE_MASK) << LT_BITS_TYPE_SHIFT);
        } while (OSCompareAndSwap(old_bits, new_bits, &elem->lt_bits) == FALSE);
        OSMemoryBarrier();
}


/**
 * ltable_bootstrap: bootstrap a link table
 *
 * Called once at system boot
 */
void ltable_bootstrap(void)
{
        static int s_is_bootstrapped = 0;

        uint32_t tmp32 = 0;

        if (s_is_bootstrapped)
                return;
        s_is_bootstrapped = 1;

        g_lt_max_tbl_size = DEFAULT_MAX_TABLE_SIZE;
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("lt_tbl_size", &tmp32, sizeof(tmp32)) == TRUE)
                g_lt_max_tbl_size = (vm_size_t)P2ROUNDUP(tmp32, PAGE_SIZE);

        lck_grp_init(&g_lt_lck_grp, "link_table_locks", LCK_GRP_ATTR_NULL);
}

/**
 * ltable_init: initialize a link table with given parameters
 *
 */
void ltable_init(struct link_table *table, const char *name,
                 uint32_t max_tbl_elem, uint32_t elem_sz,
                 ltable_poison_func poison)
{
        kern_return_t kr;
        uint32_t slab_sz, slab_shift, slab_msk, slab_elem;
        zone_t slab_zone;
        size_t max_tbl_sz;
        struct lt_elem *e, **base;

#ifndef CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
        /* the element size _must_ be a power of two! */
        if ((elem_sz & (elem_sz - 1)) != 0)
                panic("elem_sz:%d for table:'%s' must be a power of two!",
                      elem_sz, name);
#endif

        /*
         * First, allocate a single page of memory to act as the base
         * for the table's element slabs
         */
        kr = kernel_memory_allocate(kernel_map, (vm_offset_t *)&base,
                                    PAGE_SIZE, 0, KMA_NOPAGEWAIT, VM_KERN_MEMORY_LTABLE);
        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                panic("Cannot initialize %s table: "
                      "kernel_memory_allocate failed:%d\n", name, kr);
        memset(base, 0, PAGE_SIZE);

        /*
         * Based on the maximum table size, calculate the slab size:
         * we allocate 1 page of slab pointers for the table, and we need to
         * index elements of 'elem_sz', this gives us the slab size based on
         * the maximum size the table should grow.
         */
        max_tbl_sz = (max_tbl_elem * elem_sz);
        max_tbl_sz = P2ROUNDUP(max_tbl_sz, PAGE_SIZE);

        /* system maximum table size divided by number of slots in a page */
        slab_sz = (uint32_t)(max_tbl_sz / (PAGE_SIZE / (sizeof(void *))));
        if (slab_sz < PAGE_SIZE)
                slab_sz = PAGE_SIZE;

        /* make sure the slab size is a power of two */
        slab_shift = 0;
        slab_msk = ~0;
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 31; i++) {
                uint32_t bit = (1 << i);
                if ((slab_sz & bit) == slab_sz) {
                        slab_shift = i;
                        slab_msk = 0;
                        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < i; j++)
                                slab_msk |= (1 << j);
                        break;
                }
                slab_sz &= ~bit;
        }
        slab_elem = slab_sz / elem_sz;

        /* initialize the table's slab zone (for table growth) */
        ltdbg("Initializing %s zone: slab:%d (%d,0x%x) max:%ld",
              name, slab_sz, slab_shift, slab_msk, max_tbl_sz);
        slab_zone = zinit(slab_sz, max_tbl_sz, slab_sz, name);
        assert(slab_zone != ZONE_NULL);

        /* allocate the first slab and populate it */
        base[0] = (struct lt_elem *)zalloc(slab_zone);
        if (base[0] == NULL)
                panic("Can't allocate a %s table slab from zone:%p",
                      name, slab_zone);

        memset(base[0], 0, slab_sz);

        /* setup the initial freelist */
        ltdbg("initializing %d links (%d bytes each)...", slab_elem, elem_sz);
        for (unsigned l = 0; l < slab_elem; l++) {
                e = lt_elem_ofst_slab(base[0], slab_msk, l * elem_sz);
                e->lt_id.idx = l;
                /*
                 * setting generation to 0 ensures that a setid of 0 is
                 * invalid because the generation will be incremented before
                 * each element's allocation.
                 */
                e->lt_id.generation = 0;
                e->lt_next_idx = l + 1;
        }

        /* make sure the last free element points to a never-valid idx */
        e = lt_elem_ofst_slab(base[0], slab_msk, (slab_elem - 1) * elem_sz);
        e->lt_next_idx = LT_IDX_MAX;

        lck_mtx_init(&table->lock, &g_lt_lck_grp, LCK_ATTR_NULL);

        table->slab_sz = slab_sz;
        table->slab_shift = slab_shift;
        table->slab_msk = slab_msk;
        table->slab_elem = slab_elem;
        table->slab_zone = slab_zone;

        table->elem_sz = elem_sz;
        table->nelem = slab_elem;
        table->used_elem = 0;
        table->elem_sz = elem_sz;
        table->poison = poison;

        table->table = base;
        table->next_free_slab = &base[1];
        table->free_list.id = base[0]->lt_id.id;

#if CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
        table->nslabs = 1;
        table->nallocs = 0;
        table->nreallocs = 0;
        table->npreposts = 0;
        table->nreservations = 0;
        table->nreserved_releases = 0;

        table->max_used = 0;
        table->avg_used = 0;
        table->max_reservations = 0;
        table->avg_reservations = 0;
#endif
}


/**
 * ltable_grow: grow a link table by adding another 'slab' of table elements
 *
 * Conditions:
 *      table mutex is unlocked
 *      calling thread can block
 */
void ltable_grow(struct link_table *table, uint32_t min_free)
{
        struct lt_elem *slab, **slot;
        struct lt_elem *e = NULL, *first_new_elem, *last_new_elem;
        struct ltable_id free_id;
        uint32_t free_elem;

        assert(get_preemption_level() == 0);
        assert(table && table->slab_zone);

        lck_mtx_lock(&table->lock);

        free_elem = table->nelem - table->used_elem;

        /*
         * If the caller just wanted to ensure a minimum number of elements,
         * do that (and don't just blindly grow the table). Also, don't grow
         * the table unnecessarily - we could have been beaten by a higher
         * priority thread who acquired the lock and grew the table before we
         * got here.
         */
        if (free_elem > min_free) {
                lck_mtx_unlock(&table->lock);
                return;
        }

        /* we are now committed to table growth */
        ltdbg_v("BEGIN");

        if (table->next_free_slab == NULL) {
                /*
                 * before we panic, check one more time to see if any other
                 * threads have free'd from space in the table.
                 */
                if ((table->nelem - table->used_elem) > 0) {
                        /* there's at least 1 free element: don't panic yet */
                        lck_mtx_unlock(&table->lock);
                        return;
                }
                panic("No more room to grow table: %p (nelem: %d, used: %d)",
                      table, table->nelem, table->used_elem);
        }
        slot = table->next_free_slab;
        table->next_free_slab++;
        if ((uintptr_t)table->next_free_slab >= (uintptr_t)table->table + PAGE_SIZE)
                table->next_free_slab = NULL;

        assert(*slot == NULL);

        /* allocate another slab */
        slab = (struct lt_elem *)zalloc(table->slab_zone);
        if (slab == NULL)
                panic("Can't allocate a %s table (%p) slab from zone:%p",
                      table->slab_zone->zone_name, table, table->slab_zone);

        memset(slab, 0, table->slab_sz);

        /* put the new elements into a freelist */
        ltdbg_v("    init %d new links...", table->slab_elem);
        for (unsigned l = 0; l < table->slab_elem; l++) {
                uint32_t idx = l + table->nelem;
                if (idx >= (LT_IDX_MAX - 1))
                        break; /* the last element of the last slab */
                e = lt_elem_ofst_slab(slab, table->slab_msk, l * table->elem_sz);
                e->lt_id.idx = idx;
                e->lt_next_idx = idx + 1;
        }
        last_new_elem = e;
        assert(last_new_elem != NULL);

        first_new_elem = lt_elem_ofst_slab(slab, table->slab_msk, 0);

        /* update table book keeping, and atomically swap the freelist head */
        *slot = slab;
        if (table->nelem + table->slab_elem >= LT_IDX_MAX)
                table->nelem = LT_IDX_MAX - 1;
        else
                table->nelem += table->slab_elem;

#if CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
        table->nslabs += 1;
#endif

        /*
         * The atomic swap of the free list head marks the end of table
         * growth. Incoming requests may now use the newly allocated slab
         * of table elements
         */
        free_id = table->free_list;
        /* connect the existing free list to the end of the new free list */
        last_new_elem->lt_next_idx = free_id.idx;
        while (OSCompareAndSwap64(free_id.id, first_new_elem->lt_id.id,
                                  &table->free_list.id) == FALSE) {
                OSMemoryBarrier();
                free_id = table->free_list;
                last_new_elem->lt_next_idx = free_id.idx;
        }
        OSMemoryBarrier();

        lck_mtx_unlock(&table->lock);

        return;
}


/**
 * ltable_alloc_elem: allocate one or more elements from a given table
 *
 * The returned element(s) will be of type 'type', but will remain invalid.
 *
 * If the caller has disabled preemption, then this function may (rarely) spin
 * waiting either for another thread to either release 'nelem' table elements,
 * or grow the table.
 *
 * If the caller can block, then this function may (rarely) block while
 * the table grows to meet the demand for 'nelem' element(s).
 */
__attribute__((noinline))
struct lt_elem *ltable_alloc_elem(struct link_table *table, int type,
                                  int nelem, int nattempts)
{
        int nspins = 0, ntries = 0, nalloc = 0;
        uint32_t table_size;
        struct lt_elem *elem = NULL;
        struct ltable_id free_id, next_id;

        static const int max_retries = 500;

        if (type != LT_ELEM && type != LT_LINK && type != LT_RESERVED)
                panic("link_table_aloc of invalid elem type:%d from table @%p",
                      type, table);

        assert(nelem > 0);

        /*
         * If the callers only wants to try a certain number of times, make it
         * look like we've already made (MAX - nattempts) tries at allocation
         */
        if (nattempts > 0 && nattempts <= max_retries) {
                ntries = max_retries - nattempts;
        }

try_again:
        elem = NULL;
        if (ntries++ > max_retries) {
                struct lt_elem *tmp;
                if (nattempts > 0) {
                        /*
                         * The caller specified a particular number of
                         * attempts before failure, so it's expected that
                         * they're prepared to handle a NULL return.
                         */
                        return NULL;
                }

                if (table->used_elem + nelem >= table_size)
                        panic("No more room to grow table: 0x%p size:%d, used:%d, requested elem:%d",
                              table, table_size, table->used_elem, nelem);
                if (nelem == 1)
                        panic("Too many alloc retries: %d, table:%p, type:%d, nelem:%d",
                              ntries, table, type, nelem);
                /* don't panic: try allocating one-at-a-time */
                while (nelem > 0) {
                        tmp = ltable_alloc_elem(table, type, 1, nattempts);
                        if (elem)
                                lt_elem_list_link(table, tmp, elem);
                        elem = tmp;
                        --nelem;
                }
                assert(elem != NULL);
                return elem;
        }

        nalloc = 0;
        table_size = table->nelem;

        if (table->used_elem + nelem >= table_size) {
                if (get_preemption_level() != 0) {
#if CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
                        table->nspins += 1;
#endif
                        /*
                         * We may have just raced with table growth: check
                         * again to make sure there really isn't any space.
                         */
                        if (++nspins > 4)
                                panic("Can't grow table %p with preemption"
                                      " disabled!", table);
                        delay(1);
                        goto try_again;
                }
                ltable_grow(table, nelem);
                goto try_again;
        }

        /* read this value only once before the CAS */
        free_id = table->free_list;
        if (free_id.idx >= table_size)
                goto try_again;

        /*
         * Find the item on the free list which will become the new free list
         * head, but be careful not to modify any memory (read only)!  Other
         * threads can alter table state at any time up until the CAS.  We
         * don't modify any memory until we've successfully swapped out the
         * free list head with the one we've investigated.
         */
        for (struct lt_elem *next_elem = lt_elem_idx(table, free_id.idx);
             nalloc < nelem;
             nalloc++) {
                elem = next_elem;
                next_id.generation = 0;
                next_id.idx = next_elem->lt_next_idx;
                if (next_id.idx < table->nelem) {
                        next_elem = lt_elem_idx(table, next_id.idx);
                        next_id.id = next_elem->lt_id.id;
                } else {
                        goto try_again;
                }
        }
        /* 'elem' points to the last element being allocated */

        if (OSCompareAndSwap64(free_id.id, next_id.id,
                               &table->free_list.id) == FALSE)
                goto try_again;

        /* load barrier */
        OSMemoryBarrier();

        /*
         * After the CAS, we know that we own free_id, and it points to a
         * valid table entry (checked above). Grab the table pointer and
         * reset some values.
         */
        OSAddAtomic(nelem, &table->used_elem);

        /* end the list of allocated elements */
        elem->lt_next_idx = LT_IDX_MAX;
        /* reset 'elem' to point to the first allocated element */
        elem = lt_elem_idx(table, free_id.idx);

        /*
         * Update the generation count, and return the element(s)
         * with a single reference (and no valid bit). If the
         * caller immediately calls _put() on any element, then
         * it will be released back to the free list. If the caller
         * subsequently marks the element as valid, then the put
         * will simply drop the reference.
         */
        for (struct lt_elem *tmp = elem; ; ) {
                assert(!lt_bits_valid(tmp->lt_bits) &&
                       (lt_bits_refcnt(tmp->lt_bits) == 0));
                --nalloc;
                tmp->lt_id.generation += 1;
                tmp->lt_bits = 1;
                lt_elem_set_type(tmp, type);
                if (tmp->lt_next_idx == LT_IDX_MAX)
                        break;
                assert(tmp->lt_next_idx != LT_IDX_MAX);
                tmp = lt_elem_idx(table, tmp->lt_next_idx);
        }
        assert(nalloc == 0);

#if CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
        uint64_t nreservations;
        table->nallocs += nelem;
        if (type == LT_RESERVED)
                OSIncrementAtomic64(&table->nreservations);
        nreservations = table->nreservations;
        if (table->used_elem > table->max_used)
                table->max_used = table->used_elem;
        if (nreservations > table->max_reservations)
                table->max_reservations = nreservations;
        table->avg_used = (table->avg_used + table->used_elem) / 2;
        table->avg_reservations = (table->avg_reservations + nreservations) / 2;
#endif

        return elem;
}


/**
 * ltable_realloc_elem: convert a reserved element to a particular type
 *
 * This funciton is used to convert reserved elements (not yet marked valid)
 * to the given 'type'. The generation of 'elem' is incremented, the element
 * is disconnected from any list to which it belongs, and its type is set to
 * 'type'.
 */
void ltable_realloc_elem(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *elem, int type)
{
        (void)table;
        assert(lt_elem_in_range(elem, table) &&
               !lt_bits_valid(elem->lt_bits));

#if CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
        table->nreallocs += 1;
        if (lt_bits_type(elem->lt_bits) == LT_RESERVED && type != LT_RESERVED) {
                /*
                 * This isn't under any lock, so we'll clamp it.
                 * the stats are meant to be informative, not perfectly
                 * accurate
                 */
                OSDecrementAtomic64(&table->nreservations);
        }
        table->avg_reservations = (table->avg_reservations + table->nreservations) / 2;
#endif

        /*
         * Return the same element with a new generation count, and a
         * (potentially) new type. Don't touch the refcount: the caller
         * is responsible for getting that (and the valid bit) correct.
         */
        elem->lt_id.generation += 1;
        elem->lt_next_idx = LT_IDX_MAX;
        lt_elem_set_type(elem, type);

        return;
}


/**
 * ltable_free_elem: release an element back to a link table
 *
 * Do not call this function directly: use ltable_[get|put]_elem!
 *
 * Conditions:
 *     'elem' was originally allocated from 'table'
 *     'elem' is _not_ marked valid
 *     'elem' has a reference count of 0
 */
static void ltable_free_elem(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *elem)
{
        struct ltable_id next_id;

        assert(lt_elem_in_range(elem, table) &&
               !lt_bits_valid(elem->lt_bits) &&
               (lt_bits_refcnt(elem->lt_bits) == 0));

        OSDecrementAtomic(&table->used_elem);

#if CONFIG_LTABLE_STATS
        table->avg_used = (table->avg_used + table->used_elem) / 2;
        if (lt_bits_type(elem->lt_bits) == LT_RESERVED)
                OSDecrementAtomic64(&table->nreservations);
        table->avg_reservations = (table->avg_reservations + table->nreservations) / 2;
#endif

        elem->lt_bits = 0;

        if (table->poison)
                (table->poison)(table, elem);

again:
        next_id = table->free_list;
        if (next_id.idx >= table->nelem)
                elem->lt_next_idx = LT_IDX_MAX;
        else
                elem->lt_next_idx = next_id.idx;

        /* store barrier */
        OSMemoryBarrier();
        if (OSCompareAndSwap64(next_id.id, elem->lt_id.id,
                               &table->free_list.id) == FALSE)
                goto again;
}


/**
 * ltable_get_elem: get a reference to a table element identified by 'id'
 *
 * Returns a reference to the table element associated with the given 'id', or
 * NULL if the 'id' was invalid or does not exist in 'table'. The caller is
 * responsible to release the reference using ltable_put_elem().
 *
 * NOTE: if the table element pointed to by 'id' is marked as invalid,
 *       this function will return NULL.
 */
struct lt_elem *ltable_get_elem(struct link_table *table, uint64_t id)
{
        struct lt_elem *elem;
        uint32_t idx, bits, new_bits;

        /*
         * Here we have a reference to the table which is guaranteed to remain
         * valid until we drop the reference
         */

        idx = ((struct ltable_id *)&id)->idx;

        if (idx >= table->nelem)
                panic("id:0x%llx : idx:%d > %d", id, idx, table->nelem);

        elem = lt_elem_idx(table, idx);

        /* verify the validity by taking a reference on the table object */
        bits = elem->lt_bits;
        if (!lt_bits_valid(bits))
                return NULL;

        /*
         * do a pre-verify on the element ID to potentially
         * avoid 2 compare-and-swaps
         */
        if (elem->lt_id.id != id)
                return NULL;

        new_bits = bits + 1;

        /* check for overflow */
        assert(lt_bits_refcnt(new_bits) > 0);

        while (OSCompareAndSwap(bits, new_bits, &elem->lt_bits) == FALSE) {
                /*
                 * either the element became invalid,
                 * or someone else grabbed/removed a reference.
                 */
                bits = elem->lt_bits;
                if (!lt_bits_valid(bits)) {
                        /* don't return invalid elements */
                        return NULL;
                }
                new_bits = bits + 1;
                assert(lt_bits_refcnt(new_bits) > 0);
        }

        /* load barrier */
        OSMemoryBarrier();

        /* check to see that our reference is to the same generation! */
        if (elem->lt_id.id != id) {
                /*
                ltdbg("ID:0x%llx table generation (%d) != %d",
                      id, elem->lt_id.generation,
                      ((struct ltable_id *)&id)->generation);
                 */
                ltable_put_elem(table, elem);
                return NULL;
        }

        /* We now have a reference on a valid object */
        return elem;
}

/**
 * ltable_put_elem: release a reference to table element
 *
 * This function releases a reference taken on a table element via
 * ltable_get_elem(). This function will release the element back to 'table'
 * when the reference count goes to 0 AND the element has been marked as
 * invalid.
 */
void ltable_put_elem(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *elem)
{
        uint32_t bits, new_bits;

        assert(lt_elem_in_range(elem, table));

        bits = elem->lt_bits;
        new_bits = bits - 1;

        /* check for underflow */
        assert(lt_bits_refcnt(new_bits) < LT_BITS_REFCNT_MASK);

        while (OSCompareAndSwap(bits, new_bits, &elem->lt_bits) == FALSE) {
                bits = elem->lt_bits;
                new_bits = bits - 1;
                /* catch underflow */
                assert(lt_bits_refcnt(new_bits) < LT_BITS_REFCNT_MASK);
        }

        /* load barrier */
        OSMemoryBarrier();

        /*
         * if this was the last reference, and it was marked as invalid,
         * then we can add this link object back to the free list
         */
        if (!lt_bits_valid(new_bits) && (lt_bits_refcnt(new_bits) == 0))
                ltable_free_elem(table, elem);

        return;
}


/* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 *
 * API: lt_elem_list_...
 *
 * Reuse the free list linkage member, 'lt_next_idx' of a table element
 * in a slightly more generic singly-linked list. All members of this
 * list have been allocated from a table, but have not been made valid.
 *
 * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -*/

/**
 * lt_elem_list_link: link a child onto a parent
 *
 * Note that if 'parent' is the head of a list, this function will follow that
 * list and attach 'child' to the end of it. In the simplest case, this
 * results in: parent->child
 * however this could also result in: parent->...->child
 */
int lt_elem_list_link(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *parent, struct lt_elem *child)
{
        int nelem = 1;

        assert(lt_elem_in_range(parent, table));

        /* find the end of the parent's list */
        while (parent->lt_next_idx != LT_IDX_MAX) {
                assert(parent->lt_next_idx < table->nelem);
                parent = lt_elem_idx(table, parent->lt_next_idx);
                nelem++;
        }

        if (child) {
                assert(lt_elem_in_range(child, table));
                parent->lt_next_idx = child->lt_id.idx;
        }

        return nelem;
}


/**
 * lt_elem_list_first: obtain a pointer to the first element of a list.
 *
 * This function converts the head of a singly-linked list, 'id', into a real
 * lt_elem object and returns a pointer to the object.
 *
 * It does _not_ take an extra reference on the object: the list implicitly
 * holds that reference.
 */
struct lt_elem *lt_elem_list_first(struct link_table *table, uint64_t id)
{
        uint32_t idx;
        struct lt_elem *elem = NULL;

        if (id == 0)
                return NULL;

        idx = ((struct ltable_id *)&id)->idx;

        if (idx > table->nelem)
                panic("Invalid element for id:0x%llx", id);
        elem = lt_elem_idx(table, idx);

        /* invalid element: reserved ID was probably already reallocated */
        if (elem->lt_id.id != id)
                return NULL;

        /* the returned element should _not_ be marked valid! */
        if (lt_bits_valid(elem->lt_bits) ||
            lt_bits_type(elem->lt_bits) != LT_RESERVED ||
            lt_bits_refcnt(elem->lt_bits) != 1) {
                panic("Valid/unreserved element %p (0x%x) in reserved list",
                      elem, elem->lt_bits);
        }

        return elem;
}


/**
 * lt_elem_list_next: return the item subsequent to 'elem' in a list
 *
 * Note that this will return NULL if 'elem' is actually the end of the list.
 */
struct lt_elem *lt_elem_list_next(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *head)
{
        struct lt_elem *elem;

        if (!head)
                return NULL;
        if (head->lt_next_idx >= table->nelem)
                return NULL;

        elem = lt_elem_idx(table, head->lt_next_idx);
        assert(lt_elem_in_range(elem, table));

        return elem;
}


/**
 * lt_elem_list_break: break a list in two around 'elem'
 *
 * This function will reset the next_idx field of 'elem' (making it the end of
 * the list), and return the element subsequent to 'elem' in the list
 * (which could be NULL)
 */
struct lt_elem *lt_elem_list_break(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *elem)
{
        struct lt_elem *next;

        if (!elem)
                return NULL;
        next = lt_elem_list_next(table, elem);
        elem->lt_next_idx = LT_IDX_MAX;

        return next;
}


/**
 * lt_elem_list_pop: pop an item off the head of a list
 *
 * The list head is pointed to by '*id', the element corresponding to '*id' is
 * returned by this function, and the new list head is returned in the in/out
 * parameter, '*id'.  The caller is responsible for the reference on the
 * returned object.  A realloc is done to reset the type of the object, but it
 * is still left invalid.
 */
struct lt_elem *lt_elem_list_pop(struct link_table *table, uint64_t *id, int type)
{
        struct lt_elem *first, *next;

        if (!id || *id == 0)
                return NULL;

        /* pop an item off the reserved stack */

        first = lt_elem_list_first(table, *id);
        if (!first) {
                *id = 0;
                return NULL;
        }

        next = lt_elem_list_next(table, first);
        if (next)
                *id = next->lt_id.id;
        else
                *id = 0;

        ltable_realloc_elem(table, first, type);

        return first;
}

/**
 * lt_elem_list_release: free an entire list of reserved elements
 *
 * All elements in the list whose first member is 'head' will be released back
 * to 'table' as free elements. The 'type' parameter is used in development
 * kernels to assert that all elements on the list are of the given type.
 */
int lt_elem_list_release(struct link_table *table, struct lt_elem *head,
                         int __assert_only type)
{
        struct lt_elem *elem;
        struct ltable_id free_id;
        int nelem = 0;

        if (!head)
                return 0;

        for (elem = head; ; ) {
                assert(lt_elem_in_range(elem, table));
                assert(!lt_bits_valid(elem->lt_bits) && (lt_bits_refcnt(elem->lt_bits) == 1));
                assert(lt_bits_type(elem->lt_bits) == type);

                nelem++;
                elem->lt_bits = 0;
                if (table->poison)
                        (table->poison)(table, elem);

                if (elem->lt_next_idx == LT_IDX_MAX)
                        break;
                assert(elem->lt_next_idx < table->nelem);
                elem = lt_elem_idx(table, elem->lt_next_idx);
        }

        /*
         * 'elem' now points to the end of our list, and 'head' points to the
         * beginning. We want to atomically swap the free list pointer with
         * the 'head' and ensure that 'elem' points to the previous free list
         * head.
         */

again:
        free_id = table->free_list;
        if (free_id.idx >= table->nelem)
                elem->lt_next_idx = LT_IDX_MAX;
        else
                elem->lt_next_idx = free_id.idx;

        /* store barrier */
        OSMemoryBarrier();
        if (OSCompareAndSwap64(free_id.id, head->lt_id.id,
                               &table->free_list.id) == FALSE)
                goto again;

        OSAddAtomic(-nelem, &table->used_elem);
        return nelem;
}