-# $OpenBSD: asia,v 1.5 1997/01/14 04:36:48 millert Exp $
-# @(#)asia 7.27
+# @(#)asia 7.90
+# <pre>
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
#
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
-# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
#
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
-# std dst
-# LMT Local Mean Time
-# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
-# 2:00 IST IDT Israel
-# 3:00 AST ADT Arabia*
-# 4:00 GST Gulf*
-# 5:30 IST India
-# 7:00 ICT Indochina*
-# 8:00 CST China
-# 9:00 JST Japan
-# 9:00 KST Korea
-# 9:30 CST (Australian) Central Standard Time
+# std dst
+# LMT Local Mean Time
+# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
+# 2:00 IST IDT Israel
+# 3:00 AST ADT Arabia*
+# 3:30 IRST IRDT Iran
+# 4:00 GST Gulf*
+# 5:30 IST India
+# 7:00 ICT Indochina*
+# 7:00 WIT west Indonesia
+# 8:00 CIT central Indonesia
+# 8:00 CST China
+# 9:00 CJT Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
+# 9:00 EIT east Indonesia
+# 9:00 JST JDT Japan
+# 9:00 KST KDT Korea
+# 9:30 CST (Australian) Central Standard Time
#
# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
-#
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
# From Guy Harris:
# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
4:30 - AFT
# Armenia
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-04):
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# Shanks has Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991,
-# but usno1995 has Armenia at 4:00 (with DST), and Edgar Der-Danieliantz
-# <edd@AIC.NET> reported today that Yerevan probably won't use DST this year,
-# though it did use DST in 1995. We guess Yerevan stayed in sync with Moscow
-# between 1990 and 1995, but stopped using DST in 1996.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Armenia 1991 1995 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Armenia 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+# then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then readopting Russian DST in 1997.
+# Go with Shanks, even when he disagrees with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
+# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
+# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
+# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
+# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
3:00 - YERT 1957 Mar # Yerevan Time
4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3:00 1:00 YERST 1991 Sep 23 # independence
- 3:00 Armenia AM%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Armenia Time
- 4:00 Armenia AM%sT
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
+ 4:00 - AMT 1997
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT
# Azerbaijan
+# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
+# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
+# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Azer 1997 max - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S
+Rule Azer 1997 max - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
3:00 - BAKT 1957 Mar # Baku Time
4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3:00 1:00 BAKST 1991 Aug 30 # independence
- 3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT 1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
4:00 - AZT 1996 # Azerbaijan time
- 4:00 EUAsia AZ%sT
+ 4:00 EUAsia AZ%sT 1997
+ 4:00 Azer AZ%sT
# Bahrain
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Bahrain 3:22:20 - LMT 1920 # Al-Manamah
+Zone Asia/Bahrain 3:22:20 - LMT 1920 # Al Manamah
4:00 - GST 1972 Jun
3:00 - AST
# Bangladesh
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Dacca 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
+Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
# Bhutan
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Thimbu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15
+Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
5:30 - IST 1987 Oct
6:00 - BTT # Bhutan Time
# British Indian Ocean Territory
-# From Whitman:
+# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
+# 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
+# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
+# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
+# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Chagos 5:00 - IOT # BIOT Time
+Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
+ 5:00 - IOT 1996 # BIOT Time
+ 6:00 - IOT
# Brunei
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
8:00 - ICT 1931 May
7:00 - ICT
-# People's Republic of China
+# China
# From Guy Harris:
# People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
-# the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
+# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
#
# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
# painful to suck in another copy.. So, here is what I have for
# CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
# CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-12-19):
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks writes that China has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1,
# observing summer DST from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
# Go with Shanks for now. I made up names for the other pre-1980 time zones.
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule PRC 1949 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
+#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Harbin 8:26:44 - LMT 1928
- 8:30 - HART 1932 Mar # Harbin Time
+#
+# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
+# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
+# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
+# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949):
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+Zone Asia/Harbin 8:26:44 - LMT 1928 # or Haerbin
+ 8:30 - CHAT 1932 Mar # Changbai Time
8:00 - CST 1940
- 9:00 - HART 1966 May
- 8:30 - HART 1980 May
+ 9:00 - CHAT 1966 May
+ 8:30 - CHAT 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:52 - LMT 1928
8:00 Shang C%sT 1949
8:00 PRC C%sT
-Zone Asia/Chungking 7:06:20 - LMT 1928
- 7:00 - CHUT 1980 May # Chungking Time
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+Zone Asia/Chongqing 7:06:20 - LMT 1928 # or Chungking
+ 7:00 - LONT 1980 May # Long-shu Time
8:00 PRC C%sT
-Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
+Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928 # or Urumchi
6:00 - URUT 1980 May # Urumqi Time
8:00 PRC C%sT
-Zone Asia/Kashgar 5:03:56 - LMT 1928
+# Kunlun Time
+Zone Asia/Kashgar 5:03:56 - LMT 1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
5:30 - KAST 1940 # Kashgar Time
5:00 - KAST 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
-###############################################################################
-
-# Republic of China
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
-Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
-Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
-Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
-Rule Taiwan 1980 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 D
-Rule Taiwan 1980 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896
- 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
-
-###############################################################################
-# Hong Kong
+# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1979 1980 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:36 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
- 8:00 HK HK%sT 1997 Jul 1 # return to China
- 8:00 PRC C%sT
+ 8:00 HK HK%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Taiwan
+
+# Shanks writes that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
+# was still controlled by Japan. This is hard to believe, but we don't
+# have any other information.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1980 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1980 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+ 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
-# Macao
+# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Macao 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
-Rule Macao 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 -
-Rule Macao 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
-Rule Macao 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
-Rule Macao 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 -
-Rule Macao 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Macao 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Macao 7:34:20 - LMT 1912
- 8:00 Macao MO%sT 1999 Dec 20 # return to China
+Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
+Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 -
+Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
+Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
+Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 -
+Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912
+ 8:00 Macau MO%sT 1999 Dec 20 # return to China
8:00 PRC C%sT
Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Cyprus 1979 max - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule Cyprus 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
- 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT
+ 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
+ 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
+# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
+Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
# Georgia
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1994-11-19):
+# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
#
-# From Mathew Englander <mathew@io.org>, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
+# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
+#
+# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
+#
+# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
+# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
+# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
+# ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
+# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# of integration into Europe.
+
+# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
+# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
+# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
+# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
+# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
+# about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
+# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
+# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
+# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
+
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:16 - LMT 1880
2:59:16 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 1992 # Georgia Time
3:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1994 Sep lastSun
4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1996 Oct lastSun
- 5:00 - GET
+ 4:00 1:00 GEST 1997 Mar lastSun
+ 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 2004 Jun 27
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
+ 4:00 - GET
+
+# East Timor
+
+# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
+# <a href="http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm">
+# East Timor may be late for its millennium
+# </a> (1999-12-26/31):
+# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
+# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
+# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
+# conflicts with their way of life.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
+# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
+
+# <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/last/00-08-16.undh.html">
+# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
+# (2000-08-16)</a>:
+# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
+# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
+# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
+# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912
+ 8:00 - TLT 1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug
+ 9:00 - TLT 1976 May 3
+ 8:00 - CIT 2000 Sep 17 00:00
+ 9:00 - TLT
# India
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Calcutta 5:53:28 - LMT 1880
+Zone Asia/Calcutta 5:53:28 - LMT 1880 # Kolkata
5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
# Nicobar Is
# Indonesia
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks:
+# <http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime>
+# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
+# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
+# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
+#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
- 7:07:12 - JMT 1924 Jan 1 0:13 # Jakarta MT
+# Shanks says the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
+# but this must be a typo.
+ 7:07:12 - JMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
7:20 - JAVT 1932 Nov # Java Time
- 7:30 - JAVT 1942 Mar 23
+ 7:30 - WIT 1942 Mar 23
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug
+ 7:30 - WIT 1948 May
+ 8:00 - WIT 1950 May
+ 7:30 - WIT 1964
+ 7:00 - WIT
+Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
+ 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
+ 7:30 - WIT 1942 Jan 29
9:00 - JST 1945 Aug
- 7:30 - JAVT 1948 May
- 8:00 - JAVT 1950 May
- 7:30 - JAVT 1964
- 7:00 - JAVT
-Zone Asia/Ujung_Pandang 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
+ 7:30 - WIT 1948 May
+ 8:00 - WIT 1950 May
+ 7:30 - WIT 1964
+ 8:00 - CIT 1988 Jan 1
+ 7:00 - WIT
+Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
- 8:00 - BORT 1942 Feb 9 # Borneo Time
+ 8:00 - CIT 1942 Feb 9
9:00 - JST 1945 Aug
- 8:00 - BORT
+ 8:00 - CIT
Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
- 9:00 - JAYT 1944 # Jayapura Time
+ 9:00 - EIT 1944
9:30 - CST 1964
- 9:00 - JAYT
+ 9:00 - EIT
# Iran
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-12-17), following up a suggestion by Rich Wales:
-# Ahmad Alavi <URL:http://tehran.stanford.edu/Iran_Lib/Calendar/taghveem.txt>
-# (1993-08-04) writes ``Daylight saving time in Iran starts from the first day
-# of Farvardin and ends the first day of Mehr.'' This disagrees with the SSIM:
-#
-# DST start DST end
-# year SSIM Alavi SSIM Alavi
-# 1991 05-03!= 03-21 09-20!= 09-23
-# 1992 03-22!= 03-21 09-23 09-23
-# 1993 03-21 03-21 09-23 09-23
-# 1994 03-21 03-21 09-22!= 09-23
-# 1995 03-21 03-21 09-22!= 09-23
-# 1996 03-21!= 03-20 09-21!= 09-22
-# 1997 03-21 03-21 09-21!= 09-23
-#
-# Go with Alavi starting with 1992.
-# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 19.34 to compute Persian dates.
-# The Persian calendar is based on the sun, and dates after around 2050
-# are approximate; stop after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
+# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
+# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
+#
+# Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
+# No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
+#
+# The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
+#
+# The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
+# based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
+# of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
+# and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
+# and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
+# for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
+#
+# The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
+# at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
+# to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
+# Shahrivar.
+#
+# First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
+#
+# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
+# for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
+# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
+# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
+# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
+# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
+# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
+# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
+# leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
+# plan to change that law....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-04-05):
+# Go with Shanks before September 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
+# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
+# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
+# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
+# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
+# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
+# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
+# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
+# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
+# known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
+# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
+# no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
+# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
+# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
+# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
+# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
+# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 1991 only - Sep 20 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2005 2007 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2005 2007 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2024 2025 - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2024 2025 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2026 2027 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2026 2027 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 23 0:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
+Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2005 2007 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2005 2007 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
- 3:30 - IRT 1977 Nov
+ 3:30 - IRST 1977 Nov
4:00 Iran IR%sT 1979
3:30 Iran IR%sT
+
# Iraq
+#
+# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
+# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
+# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
+# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
+# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
+#
+# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
+# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
+# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
+# to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
+# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
+#
+# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
+# Shanks says Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997 or 1999 on; ignore this.
Rule Iraq 1991 max - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
-Rule Iraq 1991 max - Oct 1 3:00s 0 D
+Rule Iraq 1991 max - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
# Israel
-# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
-# ISRAEL 2 H AHEAD OF UTC
-# ISRAEL 3 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 10 - SEP 3
-
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
+#
+# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
+# different abbreviations in use:
+#
+# JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
+# IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
+# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
+#
+# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
+# I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
+# EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
+# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
+# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
+# settings in Israeli computers.
#
-# Shanks gives the following rules for Jerusalem from 1918 through 1991.
-# After 1989 Shanks often disagrees with Silverberg; we go with Silverberg.
+# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
+# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
+# family is from India).
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 9 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
-# From Ephraim Silverberg (1996-01-02):
-#
+# From Ephraim Silverberg
+# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
+# and 2005-02-17):
+
# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
-# Each year they decide anew what havoc to wreak on the country. However,
-# there is a "supposed" set of rules which is subject to change depending
-# on the party the Minister of Interior, the size of the coalition
-# government, the phase of the moon and the direction of the wind. Hence,
-# changes may need to be made on a semi-annual basis. One thing is entrenched
-# in law, however: that there must be at least 150 days of daylight savings
-# time annually. Ever since 1993, the change to daylight savings time has
-# been from midnight Thursday night to 1 a.m. Friday morning and the change
-# back to standard time on Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time
-# to 11 p.m. standard time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the
-# change back to standard time takes place on Sunday night instead of Saturday
-# night to avoid conflicts with the Jewish New Year.
+# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
+# days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
+# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
+# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
+# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
+# time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
+# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
+# conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
+# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
+# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
+# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
+# 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
+# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
+# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
+# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
+# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
+# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
+# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
+# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
+# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
-# calling the switchboard at 972-2-701411 and asking for the spokeswoman.
+# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
-# The dates for 1996-1998 were also obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman
-# for the Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The official announcement
-# can be viewed (in Hebrew) at the following URL:
+# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
+# time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
+# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
#
-# ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/pub/misc/timezones/announcements/1996-1998.ps.gz
+# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
#
-# Caveat emptor: The dates for the years 1996-1998 were originally announced
-# on 1995-08-31, by the previous Minister of Interior. The new Minister
-# of Interior changed the dates on 1996-01-01, to take into account the
-# desires of certain portions of Israeli society (the next election is in the
-# Fall of 1996). After this (1996) year's Daylight Savings Time is over, the
-# new minister has announced that a study will be conducted as to the wishes of
-# the populace regarding the length of Daylight Savings Time and the Interior
-# Committee will meet to review the results of the study and make any necessary
-# changes to the 1997-1998 dates. Never a dull moment in the State of Israel.
+# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
+#
+# where YYYY is the relevant year.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Zion 1996 1998 - Mar Fri>=14 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
-Rule Zion 1997 1998 - Oct Sun>=14 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
+
+# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
+# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
+# years 2001-2004 as well.
+#
+# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
+#
+# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
+# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
+
+# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
+# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
+# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
+# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
+# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
+#
+# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-02-22):
+# I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
+# <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
+# along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
+# to generate the transitions in this list.
+# (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
+# The spring transitions below all correspond to the following Rule:
+#
+# Rule Zion 2005 max - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+#
+# but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
+# "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
+# springtime transitions explicitly.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2012 2015 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2013 only - Sep 8 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2014 only - Sep 28 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2015 only - Sep 20 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2016 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2016 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2017 2021 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2017 only - Sep 24 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2018 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2019 only - Oct 6 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2020 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2021 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2022 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2022 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2023 2032 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2023 only - Sep 24 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2024 only - Oct 6 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2025 only - Sep 28 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2026 only - Sep 20 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2027 only - Oct 10 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2028 only - Sep 24 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2029 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2030 only - Oct 6 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2031 only - Sep 21 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2032 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2033 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2033 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2034 2037 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2034 only - Sep 17 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2035 only - Oct 7 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2036 only - Sep 28 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2037 only - Sep 13 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:56 - LMT 1880
2:00 Zion I%sT
+
###############################################################################
# Japan
# `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1995-03-06):
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''
+
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
+# <http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm>:
+# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
+# [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
+# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
+# deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
+# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
+# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
+# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
+# wanted to keep it.)
+
# Shanks writes that daylight saving in Japan during those years was as follows:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-#Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-#Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 2:00 0 S
-#Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-#Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-# but the only locations using it were US military bases.
-# We go with Shanks and omit daylight saving in those years for Asia/Tokyo.
+Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 2:00 0 S
+Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
+# Shanks's audience is astrologers) were US military bases. For now, assume
+# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
+# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
+# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
+# Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
+# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
+# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
+# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
+# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
+# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
+# which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
+# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
+# standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree.... But "western standard
+# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
+# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
+# standard....
+#
+# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
+# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
+
+# Shanks claims JST in use since 1896, and that a few places (e.g. Ishigaki)
+# use +0800; go with Suzuki. Guess that all ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:19:04 - LMT 1896
- 9:00 - JST
-Zone Asia/Ishigaki 8:16:36 - LMT 1896
- 8:00 - CST
-# There is no information for Marcus.
-# Other Japanese possessions are probably like Asia/Tokyo.
+Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
+ 9:00 - JST 1896
+ 9:00 - CJT 1938
+ 9:00 Japan J%sT
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
# Jordan
+#
+# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html">
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
+# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
+# all year round.
+#
+# From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html">
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
+# by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
+# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
+# government's departments from six to seven hours.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1993 max - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
-Rule Jordan 1995 max - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastThu 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2000 max - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2005 max - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
2:00 Jordan EE%sT
+
# Kazakhstan
+
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Andrew Evtichov <evti@chevron.com> (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
+# Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
# stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
# and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
# Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
# IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-10-18):
+# German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
+# RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
+# Go with Shanks, who has them always using RussiaAsia rules.
+# Also go with the following claims of Shanks:
+#
+# - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
+# - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
+# - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
+
+# <a href="http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm">
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
+# </a>
+# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
+# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
+# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
+#
+# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
+# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
+# was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
+# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
+# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
+# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
+# Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
+# everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
+# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
+
#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Alma-Ata 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Almaty
- 5:00 - ALMT 1957 Mar # Alma-Ata Time
- 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 ALMST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 5:00 - ALMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 6:00 E-EurAsia ALM%sT
+#
+# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
+Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
+ 5:00 - ALMT 1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 1991
+ 6:00 - ALMT 1992
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 2005 Mar 15
+ 6:00 - ALMT
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
+Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - KIZT 1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
+ 5:00 - KIZT 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 KIZST 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - KIZT 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia KIZ%sT 1991
+ 5:00 - KIZT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
+ 5:00 - QYZT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia QYZ%sT 2005 Mar 15
+ 6:00 - QYZT
+# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 4:00 - AKT 1957 Mar # Aktyubinsk Time
- 5:00 RussiaAsia AK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 1:00 AKTST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 4:00 - AQTT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Aqtobe Time
- 5:00 E-EurAsia AQT%sT
-Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Aktau
- 4:00 - SHET 1957 Mar # Fort Shevchenko Time
- 5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 1:00 AQTST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 4:00 - AQTT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Aqtau Time
- 5:00 E-EurAsia AQT%sT 1995 Sep lastSun
- 4:00 E-EurAsia AQT%sT
-
-# Kirgizstan
+ 4:00 - AKTT 1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
+ 5:00 - AKTT 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 AKTST 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - AKTT 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia AKT%sT 1991
+ 5:00 - AKTT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
+ 5:00 - AQTT
+# Mangghystau
+# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
+# so include time stamps before 1963.
+Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - FORT 1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
+ 5:00 - FORT 1963
+ 5:00 - SHET 1981 Oct 1 # Shevchenko Time
+ 6:00 - SHET 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT 1991
+ 5:00 - SHET 1991 Dec 16 # independence
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 2005 Mar 15
+ 5:00 - AQTT
+# West Kazakhstan
+Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
+ 4:00 - URAT 1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
+ 5:00 - URAT 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 URAST 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - URAT 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT 1991
+ 4:00 - URAT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia ORA%sT 2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
+ 5:00 - ORAT
+
+# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
+# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
+# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
+# <http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml>
+# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
+# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
+# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
+# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
+# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Kirgiz 1992 max - Apr Sun>=7 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Kirgiz 1991 max - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 S
+Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 5:00 - FRUT 1957 Mar # Frunze Time
+ 5:00 - FRUT 1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 FRUST 1991 Aug 31 # independence
- 5:00 Kirgiz KG%sT # Kirgizstan Time
+ 5:00 1:00 FRUST 1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
+ 5:00 Kyrgyz KG%sT 2005 Aug 12 # Kyrgyzstan Time
+ 6:00 - KGT
###############################################################################
-# Korea
+# Korea (North and South)
# From Guy Harris:
# According to someone at the Korean Times in San Francisco,
# Daylight Savings Time was not observed until 1987. He did not know
# at what time of day DST starts or ends.
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule ROK 1960 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
Rule ROK 1960 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
# Laos
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Vientiane 6:50:24 - LMT 1906 Jun 9
+Zone Asia/Vientiane 6:50:24 - LMT 1906 Jun 9 # or Viangchan
7:06:20 - SMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
7:00 - ICT 1912 May
8:00 - ICT 1931 May
Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
# Malaysia
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS
+Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS # one-Third Summer
Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
+#
+# peninsular Malaysia
+# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:48 - LMT 1880
- 6:55:24 - SMT 1905 Jun # Singapore Mean Time
- 7:00 - MALT 1933 # Malaya Time
- 7:20 - MALT 1942 Feb 15
- 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 2
- 7:20 - MALT 1950
- 7:30 - MALT 1982 May
+Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
+ 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
+ 7:00 - MALT 1933 Jan 1 # Malaya Time
+ 7:00 0:20 MALST 1936 Jan 1
+ 7:20 - MALT 1941 Sep 1
+ 7:30 - MALT 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
+ 7:30 - MALT 1982 Jan 1
8:00 - MYT # Malaysia Time
+# Sabah & Sarawak
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-11-01):
+# The data here are mostly from Shanks, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
+# transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
7:30 - BORT 1933 # Borneo Time
- 8:00 NBorneo BOR%sT 1942
- 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 2
- 8:00 - BORT 1982 May
+ 8:00 NBorneo BOR%sT 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
+ 8:00 - BORT 1982 Jan 1
8:00 - MYT
# Maldives
5:00 - MVT # Maldives Time
# Mongolia
-# Shanks says that Mongolia has three time zones, but usno1995 and
-# <URL:http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/802389h.gif> (1995)
+
+# Shanks says that Mongolia has three time zones, but usno1995 and the CIA map
+# Standard Time Zones of the World (1997-01)
# both say that it has just one.
-# Let's comment out the western and eastern Mongolian time zones
-# till we know what their principal towns are.
+
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
+# <a href="http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm">
+# General Information Mongolia
+# </a> (1999-09)
+# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
+# Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
+# eight hours."
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
+# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
+# being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
+# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
+# of implementation may have been different....
+# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
+# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
+# Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
+# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
+# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
+# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
+# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
+# is good enough for our purposes.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
+# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
+# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
+# there are three time zones.
+#
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
+# Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+#
+# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
+
+# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
+# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
+# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
+# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
+# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
+# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
+# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
+# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
+# Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
+# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
+# He also found
+# <http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&>
+# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
+# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
+# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
+# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
+# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Mongol 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Mongol 1981 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Mongol 1985 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Mongol 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
-Rule Mongol 1991 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Mongol 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule Mongol 1996 max - Oct Fri>=22 0:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-#Zone Asia/Dariv 6:14:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
-# 6:00 - DART 1978 # Dariv Time
-# 7:00 Mongol DAR%sT
-Zone Asia/Ulan_Bator 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
- 7:00 - ULAT 1978 # Ulan Bator Time
+Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+# IATA SSIM says 1990s switches occurred at 00:00, but Shanks (1995) lists
+# them at 02:00s, and McDow says the 2001 switches also occurred at 02:00.
+# Also, IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks through 1998.
+Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
+Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 2001 max - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
+Rule Mongol 2002 max - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
+Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
+ 6:00 - HOVT 1978 # Hovd Time
+ 7:00 Mongol HOV%sT
+# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
+Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
+ 7:00 - ULAT 1978 # Ulaanbaatar Time
8:00 Mongol ULA%sT
-#Zone Asia/Baruun-Urt 7:33:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
-# 8:00 - BART 1978 # Baruun-Urt Time
-# 9:00 Mongol BAR%sT
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
+Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
+ 7:00 - ULAT 1978
+ 8:00 - ULAT 1983 Apr
+ 9:00 Mongol CHO%sT # Choibalsan Time
# Nepal
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
4:00 - GST
# Pakistan
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
+# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
+# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
+# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
+# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
+# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
+# Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
+# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
+# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
+# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
+# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
+# 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
+# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
+# it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
+# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
+# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
+# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
+# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
+# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
+# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
+#
+# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
+# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
+# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
+# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
+#
+# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
+# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
+
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:01 1:00 S
+Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:01 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 15
5:30 - IST 1951 Sep 30
5:00 - KART 1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
- 5:00 - PKT # Pakistan Time
+ 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
# Palestine
-# These rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
+
+# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
+#
+# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
+# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
+# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
+#
+# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
+# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
+# time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
+# though.
+#
+# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
+# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
+# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
+# Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
+# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
+# East Jerusalem.
+#
+# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
+# for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
+# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
+# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
+# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
+#
+# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
+# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
+# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
+# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
+# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
+# Jordanian one).
+#
+# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
+#
+# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
+# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+# Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
+# West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
+# Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
+#
+# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
+# have one).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-02-25):
+# Shanks writes that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but we'll go
+# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
+# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
+# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
+# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
+# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
+# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
+# to Palestine's rules. If you have more info about this, please
+# send it to tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for incorporation into future editions.
+
+# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
+# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
+#
+# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
+# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
+# one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
+# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in
+# <a href="http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html">
+# Holiday havoc
+# </a> (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
+# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
+# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
+# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
+
+Rule Palestine 1999 max - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2005 max - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
- 2:00 - EET 1957 May 10
- 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 30
- 2:00 Zion I%sT
+ 2:00 Zion EET 1948 May 15
+ 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
+ 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
+ 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
+ 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
# Paracel Is
# no information
# Philippines
-# Howse writes (p 162) that until 1844 the Philippines kept American date.
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01. Robert H. van Gent has a
+# transcript of the decree in <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/idl/idl.htm>.
# The rest of this data is from Shanks.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844
+Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
8:00 Phil PH%sT 1942 May
9:00 - JST 1944 Nov
# Qatar
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah
+Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
4:00 - GST 1972 Jun
3:00 - AST
3:00 - AST
# Singapore
+# The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:24 - LMT 1880
- 6:55:24 - SMT 1905 Jun # Singapore Mean Time
- 7:00 - MALT 1933 # Malaya Time
- 7:20 - MALT 1942 Feb 15
- 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 2
- 7:20 - MALT 1950
+Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
+ 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
+ 7:00 - MALT 1933 Jan 1 # Malaya Time
+ 7:00 0:20 MALST 1936 Jan 1
+ 7:20 - MALT 1941 Sep 1
+ 7:30 - MALT 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
7:30 - MALT 1965 Aug 9 # independence
- 7:30 - SGT 1982 May # Singapore Time
+ 7:30 - SGT 1982 Jan 1 # Singapore Time
8:00 - SGT
# Spratly Is
# Sri Lanka
# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
-# <URL:http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html> (1996-05-24)
+# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
+# (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
+# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
# reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
-# Transitions before 1996 are from Shanks (1991).
+#
+# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
+# by Shamindra in
+# <a href="news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net">
+# Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
+# </a>:
+# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
+# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
- 5:20 - CEYT 1906 # Ceylon Time
+ 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
5:30 - IST 1942 Jan 5
5:30 0:30 IHST 1942 Sep
5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 16 2:00
5:30 - IST 1996 May 25 0:00
- 6:30 - LKT # Sri Lanka Time
+ 6:30 - LKT 1996 Oct 26 0:30
+ 6:00 - LKT
# Syria
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
-# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; assume that it should be 1997-04-01.
-Rule Syria 1994 max - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
+# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
+# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
+# ignore all these claims and go with Shanks.
+Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Syria 1994 max - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1999 max - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920
+Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
2:00 Syria EE%sT
# Tajikistan
+# From Shanks.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 5:00 - DUST 1957 Mar # Dushanbe Time
+ 5:00 - DUST 1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 DUSST 1991 Sep 9 # independence
- 5:00 RussiaAsia TJ%sT 1992
+ 5:00 1:00 DUSST 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
5:00 - TJT # Tajikistan Time
# Thailand
7:00 - ICT
# Turkmenistan
+# From Shanks.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Ashkhabad 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashgabat
- 4:00 - ASHT 1957 Mar # Ashkhabad Time
- 5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 1:00 ASHST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 4:00 - ASHT 1991 Oct 27 # independence
- 4:00 - TMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 5:00 - TMT # Turkmenistan Time
+Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
+ 4:00 - ASHT 1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Oct 27 # independence
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia TM%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
+ 5:00 - TMT
# United Arab Emirates
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Uzbekistan
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
+ 5:00 - SAMT 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 SAMST 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00 # Tashkent Time
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Sep 1 # independence
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1992
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1993
+ 5:00 - UZT
Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 5:00 - TAST 1957 Mar # Tashkent Time
+ 5:00 - TAST 1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 TASST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 5:00 - UZT # Uzbekistan Time
-# Shanks has Tashkent using DST after 1991, but usno1995 says they don't.
-# Guess no DST after 1991.
-# <URL:http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/802389h.gif> (1995)
-# says that Uzbekistan has two time zones, but a cable
-# <URL:http://www.itaiep.doc.gov/bisnis/cables/960510uz.html> (1996-05-10)
-# from the American Embassy in Tashkent implies that they have just one.
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Sep 1 # independence
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1992
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1993
+ 5:00 - UZT
# Vietnam
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
# Saigon's official name is Thanh-Pho Ho Chi Minh, but it's too long.
# We'll stick with the traditional name for now.
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Saigon 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jun 9
7:06:20 - SMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
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