system_cmds-196.tar.gz

[apple/system_cmds.git] / zic.tproj / datfiles / europe

#       $OpenBSD: europe,v 1.5 1997/01/14 04:36:52 millert Exp $
# @(#)europe    7.42

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
#
# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#               std dst
#               LMT     Local Mean Time
#       -4:00   AST     Atlantic
#       -3:00   WGT WGST Western Greenland*
#       -1:00   EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
#        0:00   GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
#        0:00   GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
#        0:00   WET WEST Western Europe
#        1:00   CET CEST Central Europe
#        2:00   EET EEST Eastern Europe
#        3:00   MSK MSD Moscow
#
# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
# Oxford University Press (1980).

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
# ...
# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
# ...
# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
# in the Directive.


###############################################################################

# United Kingdom
# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
#
# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
# of the text said:
#
# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
#
# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
#
# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847 Sep 22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22.  We don't know as much
# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
#
# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
# From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
#
# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
# (different from deciding to keep the status quo).  According to the
# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
# and 1994 are:
#       Start           End
# 1993  28 March        24 October
# 1994  27 March        23 October
# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
#
# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
#
# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
# an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
# to specify the EC specified dates.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
#
# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
#
# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
# regarding double summer time.
#
# [two other similar questions omitted]
#
# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
# Monday, 2nd April.'

# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
#
# > # Current rules
# > Rule GB-Eire 1981   max     -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    BST
# > Rule GB-Eire 1981   max     -       Oct     Sun>=23 1:00s   0       GMT
#
# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
# what will happen.
#
# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
# be the end of it.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
#
# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
# summer months'.
#
# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
#
# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
#
# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
#
# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
#
# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
#
# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
# was different.
#
# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
#
# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
#
# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
# Act 1916)....  As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
# sequence would have been:
# Dublin                London
# 02:34 DST     02:59 BST
# 02:35 DST     02:00 GMT
# 02:59 DST     02:24 GMT
# 02:25 GMT     02:25 GMT
# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
#
# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
# of the 1880 date in Shanks.  The little bit of it that is repealed
# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
#
# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
# ever since it first started in 1916.
#
# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
#
# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
# and the table itself is also wrong.  The correct date is 13 April.
# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
# except for wartime double summer time.
#
# As evidence I would cite:
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
#
# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
#
# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
#
# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
#
# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
# so approved.
#
# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
#
# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
#
# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
#   [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order]
#
# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
#
# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
#
# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
# England and Wales were indivisible.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
#
# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
#
# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
#   1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
#
# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
#
# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
#
# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
#
# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
# measures saying it didn't.
#
# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
#
# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
#
# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
#
# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
# 1 hour.
#
# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
#
# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
# to 01:00 GMT.)
#
# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument]
#
# This specifies dates of:
#       Start       End
# 1993  28 March    24 October
# 1994  27 March    23 October
# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
#
# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
#
# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
#
# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
# throughout the UK.
#
# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
#
# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
#
# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
# summer time in 1968....

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
#
# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
# all the Acts.
#
# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
#
# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
#
# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
# again so they leave it out.
#
# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
#
#               Peter Ilieve            peter@memex.co.uk
#
#
# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
# ## Lines like this are comments.
# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
# ## Control lines are of the form
# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
#
# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
#
# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1916
# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
#
# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
# # unknown Order or Orders ???
# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1922
# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
#
# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
# 1939 3 April 3 November
# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
# 1940 4 feb 0 none
# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
#
# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1946 3 April 1 October
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1947
# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
# # Unknown Order ???
# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
#
# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
#
# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
#
# # Summer Time Act, 1972
# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
#
# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
# # First EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
# 1981    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
# 1982    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
# # Second EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
# 1983    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
# 1984    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
# 1985    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
# # Third EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
# 1986    30 Mar  26 Oct fixed
# 1987    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
# 1988    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
# # Fourth EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
# 1989    26 Mar  29 Oct fixed
# # Fifth EC Directive ???
# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
# 1990    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
# 1991    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
# 1992    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
# # Sixth EC Directive
# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
# 1993    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
# 1994    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
# Year   Start          End             End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
# (rule) (last Sun)     (last Sun)      (4th Sun)
# 1995  26 March        24 September    22 October
# 1996  31 March        27 October
# 1997  30 March        26 October
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
# 1995-97 is now in place.  The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
# came into force on 16 November.  It restates the dates from the EC
# seventh Summer Time Directive....
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
# before Easter).

# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
# when 29 October was used.  That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
# directive for just this year.  I don't have the text of the 5th EC
# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.

# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
#
# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
# 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
#
# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
#       1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
# we'll ignore them for now.
#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
#       to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
#       conform with Great Britain.
#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
#
#
# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# 1916 to 1925--irregular
Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       May     21      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1916    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Mar     24      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1918    only    -       Sep     30      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1919    only    -       Sep     29      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Mar     28      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1920    only    -       Oct     25      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1921    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1922    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1923    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1923    1924    -       Sep     Sun>=16 2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1924    only    -       Apr     13      2:00s   1:00    BST
# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1926    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1925    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1927    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1928    1929    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1930    only    -       Apr     13      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1931    1932    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1933    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1934    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1935    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1936    1937    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1938    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
Rule    GB-Eire 1939    only    -       Nov     19      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1940    only    -       Feb     25      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1941    only    -       May     Sun>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1941    1943    -       Aug     Sun>=9  1:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1942    1944    -       Apr     Sun>=2  1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1944    only    -       Sep     Sun>=16 1:00s   1:00    BST
# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Apr      2      1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Jul     15      1:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1945    only    -       Oct      7      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1946    only    -       Oct      6      2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Mar     16      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Apr     13      1:00s   2:00    BDST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Aug     10      1:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1947    only    -       Nov      2      2:00s   0       GMT
# So much for double saving time.  1948 and 1949, irregular.
Rule    GB-Eire 1948    only    -       Mar     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1948    1949    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1949    only    -       Apr      3      2:00s   1:00    BST
# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1953    -       Apr     Sun>=14 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1950    1952    -       Oct     Sun>=21 2:00s   0       GMT
# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
Rule    GB-Eire 1954    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1955    1956    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1957    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1958    1959    -       Apr     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1960    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1963    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1964    1967    -       Mar     Sun>=19 2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1968    only    -       Feb     18      2:00s   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Mar     Sun>=16 2:00s   1:00    BST
# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
Rule    GB-Eire 1953    1960    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1961    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=23 2:00s   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1972    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=23 2:00s   0       GMT
# 1981 on
Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1995    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00u   1:00    BST
Rule    GB-Eire 1981    1989    -       Oct     Sun>=23 1:00u   0       GMT
Rule    GB-Eire 1990    1995    -       Oct     Sun>=22 1:00u   0       GMT
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/London   -0:01:15 -      LMT     1847 Sep 22
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/BST
Zone    Europe/Belfast  -0:23:40 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
                        -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1 3:00    # Irish Summer Time
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       BST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/BST
Zone    Europe/Dublin   -0:25:21 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        -0:25:21 -      DMT     1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
                        -0:25:21 1:00   IST     1916 Oct  1 3:00
                         0:00   GB-Eire %s      1921 Dec  6 # independence
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
                         0:00   1:00    IST     1946 Oct  6 2:00
                         0:00   -       GMT     1947 Mar 16 2:00
                         0:00   1:00    IST     1947 Nov  2 2:00
                         0:00   -       GMT     1948 Apr 18 2:00
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
                         1:00   -       IST     1971 Oct 31 2:00u
                         0:00   GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
                         0:00   EU      GMT/IST

###############################################################################

# Continental Europe

# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
# Common Market, etc.

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    EU      1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EU      1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
Rule    EU      1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
Rule    EU      1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule    W-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    W-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    W-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    W-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00s  0       -

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Apr     Mon>=15  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1917    1918    -       Sep     Mon>=15  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1940    only    -       Apr      1       2:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule    C-Eur   1942    only    -       Nov      2       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1943    only    -       Oct      4       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule    C-Eur   1944    only    -       Oct      2       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    C-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    C-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
Rule    E-Eur   1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1   0:00   1:00    S
Rule    E-Eur   1977    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    E-Eur   1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
Rule    E-Eur   1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    MST     # Moscow Summer Time
Rule    Russia  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       MMT     # Moscow Mean Time
Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    MDST    # Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule    Russia  1918    only    -       Sep     17       0:00   1:00    MST
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    MDST
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       -
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Mar     20      23:00   2:00    DS
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule    Russia  1981    1984    -       Apr      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1981    1983    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule    Russia  1984    1991    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Russia  1985    1991    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Mar     lastSat  23:00  1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1992    only    -       Sep     lastSat  23:00  0       -
Rule    Russia  1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Russia  1993    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Russia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    WET             0:00    EU      WE%sT
Zone    CET             1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT
Zone    MET             1:00    C-Eur   ME%sT
Zone    EET             2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
# The official German names ... are
#
#       Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
#       Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
#
# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
#
#       Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
#       Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
#       Postfach 3345
#       D-38023 Braunschweig
#       phone: +49 531 592-0
#
# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
#
#       Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
#       Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00


# Albania
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Albania 1940    only    -       Jun     16      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1943    only    -       Apr     10      3:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1974    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1975    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1976    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       May      8      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1977    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1980    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Apr     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1981    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       May      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1982    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1983    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Albania 1984    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Tirane   1:19:20 -       LMT     1914
                        1:00    -       CET     1940 Jun 16
                        1:00    Albania CE%sT   1985 Mar 31 1:00
                        1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT   1991
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Andorra
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Andorra  0:06:04 -       LMT     1901
                        0:00    -       WET     1946 Sep 30
                        1:00    -       CET     1985 Mar 31 2:00
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Austria
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Apr      5      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1920    only    -       Sep     13      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1946    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Austria 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Austria 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vienna   1:05:20 -       LMT     1893 Apr
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Jun 16 3:00
                        1:00    Austria CE%sT   1940 Apr  1 2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                        1:00    Austria CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Belarus
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Minsk    1:50:16 -       LMT     1880
                        2:30:20 Russia  %s      1919 Jul 1 2:00
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    -       EET     1992 Mar 29 0:00
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1992 Sep 27 0:00
                        2:00    Russia  EE%sT

# Belgium
# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# From Whitman:
Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1919    only    -       Oct      4      23:00s  0       -
# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
Rule    Belgium 1920    1921    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule    Belgium 1922    1928    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1929    only    -       Apr     21       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1929    1938    -       Oct     Sun>=2   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1930    only    -       Apr     13       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1931    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1932    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1933    only    -       Mar     26       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1934    only    -       Apr      8       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1935    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1936    only    -       Apr     19       2:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule    Belgium 1937    only    -       Apr      4       2:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule    Belgium 1938    only    -       Mar     27       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Apr     16       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1939    only    -       Nov     19       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1945    only    -       Sep     16       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       May     19       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Belgium 1946    only    -       Oct      7       2:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 -       LMT     1880
                        0:17:20 -       BMT     1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
                        0:00    -       WET     1914 Aug  4
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Mar  1 23:00
                        0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 Feb 24 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
                        1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Bosnia and Herzegovina
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1983
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Bulgaria
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Mar     31      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Bulg    1979    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Bulg    1980    1982    -       Apr     Sat<=7  23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Bulg    1980    only    -       Sep     29       1:00   0       -
Rule    Bulg    1981    only    -       Sep     27       2:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Sofia    1:33:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:56:56 -       IMT     1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
                        2:00    -       EET     1942 Nov  2  3:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  3:00
                        2:00    -       EET     1979 Mar 31 23:00
                        2:00    Bulg    EE%sT   1982 Sep 26  2:00
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT

# Croatia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Zagreb   1:03:52 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1983
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Czech Republic
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Apr      8      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Czech   1946    only    -       May      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Czech   1947    only    -       Apr     20      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Czech   1949    only    -       Apr      9      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Prague   0:57:44 -       LMT     1850
                        0:57:44 -       PMT     1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 17 2:00s
                        1:00    Czech   CE%sT   1979
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Denmark
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1916    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       -
Rule    Denmark 1940    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1945    only    -       Aug     15       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       May      1       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1946    only    -       Sep      1       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       May      4       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1947    only    -       Aug     10       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       May      9       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Denmark 1948    only    -       Aug      8       2:00s  0       -
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
# about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
#
# For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Copenhagen   0:50:20 -      LMT     1890
                         0:50:20 -      CMT     1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
                         1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                         1:00   Denmark CE%sT   1980
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Faeroe    -0:27:04 -      LMT     1908 Jan 11     # Torshavn
                         0:00   -       WET     1981
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.

#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Thule   1993    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    D
Rule    Thule   1993    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -    LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
                        -2:00   -       CGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
                        -2:00   C-Eur   CG%sT   1981 Mar 29
                        -1:00   EU      EG%sT
Zone America/Godthab    -3:26:56 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
                        -3:00   -       WGT     1980 Apr  6 2:00
                        -3:00   EU      WG%sT
Zone America/Thule      -4:35:08 -      LMT     1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
                        -4:00   Thule   A%sT

# Estonia
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
#
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring.''
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Tallinn  1:39:00 -       LMT     1880
                        1:39:00 -       TMT     1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1919 Jul
                        1:39:00 -       TMT     1921 May
                        2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  6
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Sep 15
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Sep 22
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1989 Sep 24 2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT

# Finland
# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
#
# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
# Go with Strang instead.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Finland 1942    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 -       LMT     1878 May 31
                        1:39:52 -       HMT     1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
                        2:00    Finland EE%sT   1981 Mar 29 2:00
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# France
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
#
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    France  1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1   0:00   0       -
Rule    France  1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1921    only    -       Oct     25      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1922    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1923    only    -       May     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1925    only    -       Apr      4      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1930    only    -       Apr     12      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1933    only    -       Mar     25      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
Rule    France  1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
Rule    France  1941    only    -       May      5       0:00   2:00    DS
Rule    France  1941    only    -       Oct      6       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1942    only    -       Mar      8       0:00   2:00    DS
Rule    France  1942    only    -       Nov      2       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1943    only    -       Mar     29       2:00   2:00    DS
Rule    France  1943    only    -       Nov      4       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1944    only    -       Apr      3       2:00   2:00    DS
Rule    France  1944    only    -       Oct      8       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    France  1945    only    -       Apr      2       2:00   2:00    DS
Rule    France  1945    only    -       Sep     16       3:00   0       -
Rule    France  1976    only    -       Mar     28       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    France  1976    only    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Paris    0:09:21 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15 0:01
                        0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1940 Jun 14
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug 25
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16 3:00
                        1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Germany

# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       May     24      2:00    2:00    DS
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       Sep     24      3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1945    only    -       Nov     18      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Germany 1946    only    -       Apr     14      2:00s   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule    Germany 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1  2:00s   0       -
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Apr      6      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       May     11      2:00s   2:00    DS
Rule    Germany 1947    only    -       Jun     29      3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1948    only    -       Apr     18      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Germany 1949    only    -       Apr     10      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Berlin   0:53:28 -       LMT     1893 Apr
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr 2 2:00
                        1:00    Germany CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Gibraltar
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Gibraltar   -0:21:24 -      LMT     1880 Aug  2
                        0:00    GB-Eire %s      1957 Apr 14 2:00
                        1:00    -       CET     1982
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Greece
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1932    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1941    only    -       Apr      7      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1942    only    -       Nov      2      3:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1943    only    -       Oct      4      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1952    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Apr     12      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1975    only    -       Nov     26      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Apr     11      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1976    only    -       Oct     10      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1  2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1977    only    -       Sep     26      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Greece  1978    only    -       Sep     24      4:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Apr      1      9:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1979    only    -       Sep     29      2:00    0       -
Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Greece  1980    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Athens   1:34:52 -       LMT     1895 Sep 14
                        1:34:52 -       AMT     1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
                        2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1941 Apr 30
                        1:00    Greece  CE%sT   1944 Apr  4
                        2:00    Greece  EE%sT   1981
                        # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
                        # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT

# Hungary
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Apr      1       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1918    only    -       Sep     29       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Apr     15       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1919    only    -       Sep     15       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Apr      5       3:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1920    only    -       Sep     30       3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       May      1      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1945    only    -       Nov      3       0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1946    only    -       Mar     31       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1946    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Hungary 1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=4   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Apr     17       2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1950    only    -       Oct     23       2:00s  0       -
Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       May     23       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1954    1955    -       Oct      3       0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1   0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1956    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Jun     Sun>=1   1:00   1:00    S
Rule    Hungary 1957    only    -       Sep     lastSun  3:00   0       -
Rule    Hungary 1980    only    -       Apr      6       1:00   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 -       LMT     1890 Oct
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918
                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1941 Apr  6  2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  1 23:00
                        1:00    Hungary CE%sT   1980 Sep 28  2:00s
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Iceland
#
# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
#
# (1993-12-05):
# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
# Iceland Almanak.
#
# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
#
# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
#
# (1993-12-10):
# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
#       the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
#       (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Iceland 1917    1918    -       Feb     19      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1917    only    -       Oct     21       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1918    only    -       Nov     16       1:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Apr     29      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1939    only    -       Nov     29       2:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Feb     25       2:00   1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1940    only    -       Nov      3       2:00   0       -
Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Mar      2       1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1941    only    -       Nov      2       1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Mar      8       1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1942    only    -       Oct     25       1:00s  0       -
# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
Rule    Iceland 1943    1946    -       Mar     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Iceland 1943    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00s  0       -
# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
Rule    Iceland 1947    1967    -       Apr     Sun>=1   1:00s  1:00    S
# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
Rule    Iceland 1949    only    -       Oct     30       1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1950    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=22  1:00s  0       -
Rule    Iceland 1967    only    -       Oct     29       1:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 -      LMT     1837
                        -1:27:48 -      RMT     1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
                        -1:00   Iceland IS%sT   1968 Apr 7 1:00s
                         0:00   -       GMT

# Italy
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
#
# year  FP      Shanks (S)      Whitman (W)     Go with:
# 1916  06-03   06-03 24:00     06-03 00:00     FP & W
#       09-30   09-30 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1917  04-01   03-31 24:00     03-31 00:00     FP & S
#       09-30   09-29 24:00     09-30 01:00     FP & W
# 1918  03-09   03-09 24:00     03-09 00:00     FP & S
#       10-06   10-05 24:00     10-06 01:00     FP & W
# 1919  03-01   03-01 24:00     03-01 00:00     FP & S
#       10-04   10-04 24:00     10-04 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1920  03-20   03-20 24:00     03-20 00:00     FP & S
#       09-18   09-18 24:00     10-01 01:00     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1944  04-02   04-03 02:00                     S (see C-Eur)
#       09-16   10-02 03:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1945  09-14   09-16 24:00                     FP; guess 24:00s
# 1970  05-21   05-31 00:00                     S
#       09-20   09-27 00:00                     S
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Jun      3      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Apr      1      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1917    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1918    only    -       Mar     10      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1918    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1919    only    -       Mar      2      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Mar     21      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1920    only    -       Sep     19      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1940    only    -       Jun     15      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1944    only    -       Sep     17      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1945    only    -       Sep     15      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Mar     17      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1946    only    -       Oct      6      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Mar     16      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1947    only    -       Oct      5      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Feb     29      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1948    only    -       Oct      3      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1966    1968    -       May     Sun>=22 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1966    1969    -       Sep     Sun>=22 0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1969    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       May     31      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1970    only    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1971    1972    -       May     Sun>=22 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1971    only    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1972    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1973    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1973    1974    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Italy   1974    only    -       May     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1975    only    -       Jun      1      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1975    1977    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1976    only    -       May     30      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1977    1979    -       May     Sun>=22 0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Italy   1978    only    -       Oct      1      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Italy   1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Rome     0:49:56 -       LMT     1866 Sep 22
                        0:49:56 -       RMT     1893 Nov        # Rome Mean Time
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Jul
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/Vatican
Link    Europe/Rome     Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks.  They contradict
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Latvia  1992    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Latvia  1992    max     -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Riga     1:36:24 -       LMT     1880
                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
                        1:36:24 1:00    LST     1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1919 Apr  1 2:00
                        1:36:24 1:00    LST     1919 May 22 3:00
                        1:36:24 -       RMT     1926 May 11
                        2:00    -       EET     1940 Aug  5
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jul
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug  8
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    Latvia  EE%sT

# Liechtenstein
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vaduz    0:38:04 -       LMT     1894 Jun
                        1:00    -       CET     1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Lithuania
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Vilnius  1:41:16 -       LMT     1880
                        1:24:00 -       WMT     1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
                        1:35:36 -       KMT     1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
                        1:00    -       CET     1920 Jul 12
                        2:00    -       EET     1920 Oct  9
                        1:00    -       CET     1940 Aug  3
                        3:00    -       MSK     1941 Jun 24
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Aug
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       May     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1916    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Apr     28      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1917    only    -       Sep     17       1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Apr     Mon>=15  2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1918    only    -       Sep     Mon>=15  2:00s  0       -
Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1919    only    -       Oct      5       3:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1920    only    -       Oct     24       2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1921    only    -       Oct     26       2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Mar     25      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1922    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2   1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Apr     21      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1923    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2   2:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1924    only    -       Mar     29      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1924    1928    -       Oct     Sun>=2   1:00   0       -
Rule    Lux     1925    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Lux     1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Luxembourg  0:24:36 -       LMT     1904 Jun
                        1:00    Lux     CE%sT   1918 Nov 25
                        0:00    Lux     WE%sT   1929 Oct  6 2:00s
                        0:00    Belgium WE%sT   1940 May 14 3:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   WE%sT   1944 Sep 18 3:00
                        1:00    Belgium CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Macedonia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Skopje   1:25:44 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1983
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Malta
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Mar     31      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1973    only    -       Sep     29      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Apr     21      0:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1974    only    -       Sep     16      0:00s   0       -
Rule    Malta   1975    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=15 2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Malta   1975    1980    -       Sep     Sun>=15 2:00    0       -
Rule    Malta   1980    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Malta    0:58:04 -       LMT     1893 Nov  2     # Valletta
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1942 Nov  2 2:00s
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00s
                        1:00    Italy   CE%sT   1973 Mar 31
                        1:00    Malta   CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Moldova
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 -       LMT     1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT

# Monaco
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Monaco   0:29:32 -       LMT     1891 Mar 15
                        0:09:21 -       PMT     1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
                        0:00    France  WE%sT   1945 Sep 16 3:00
                        1:00    France  CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Netherlands
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       May      1      2:00s   1:00    NST     # Netherlands Summer Time
Rule    Neth    1916    only    -       Oct      2      2:00s   0       AMT     # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Apr     16      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1917    only    -       Sep     17      2:00s   0       AMT
# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Apr     Mon>=1  2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1918    1921    -       Sep     Mon>=24 2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1922    only    -       Mar     26      2:00s   1:00    NST
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1922    1936    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       AMT
Rule    Neth    1923    only    -       Jun      1      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1924    only    -       Mar     30      2:00s   1:00    NST
# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1925    only    -       Jun      5      2:00s   1:00    NST
# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1926    1931    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1932    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1933    1936    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       May     22      2:00s   1:00    NST
Rule    Neth    1937    only    -       Jul      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1937    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=2  2:00s   0       -
# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule    Neth    1938    1939    -       May     15      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Neth    1945    only    -       May     20      2:00s   0       -
# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam   0:19:28 -       LMT     1892 May
                        0:19:28 Neth    %s      1937 Jul
                        0:20    Neth    NE%sT   1940 May 16 0:40
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2 2:00
                        1:00    Neth    CE%sT   1977
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Norway
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       May     22      1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1916    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
Rule    Norway  1935    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Apr      2      2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1945    only    -       Oct      1      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Norway  1959    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=15 2:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Norway  1959    1965    -       Sep     Sun>=15 2:00s   0       -
Rule    Norway  1965    only    -       Apr     25      2:00s   1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Oslo     0:43:00 -       LMT     1895
                        1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1940 Aug 10 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 Apr  2  2:00
                        1:00    Norway  CE%sT   1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT
#
# Svalbard
Link    Europe/Oslo     Arctic/Longyearbyen
#
# Jan Mayen
# From Whitman:
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00   -       EGT

# Poland
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Poland  1918    1919    -       Sep     16      2:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1919    only    -       Apr     15      2:00s   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
Rule    Poland  1944    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Apr     29      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1945    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1946    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       -
Rule    Poland  1947    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1947    1948    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00    0       -
Rule    Poland  1948    only    -       Apr     18      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Poland  1957    only    -       Jun      2      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1957    1958    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1958    only    -       Mar     30      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1959    only    -       May     31      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1959    1961    -       Oct     Sun>=1  1:00s   0       -
Rule    Poland  1960    only    -       Apr      3      1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1961    1964    -       May     Sun>=25 1:00s   1:00    S
Rule    Poland  1962    1964    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Warsaw   1:24:00 -       LMT     1880
                        1:24:00 -       WMT     1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1918 Sep 16 3:00
                        2:00    Poland  EE%sT   1922 Jun
                        1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1940 Jun 23 2:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1944 Oct
                        1:00    Poland  CE%sT   1977 Apr  3 1:00
                        1:00    W-Eur   CE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
# <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
# (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
# Stick with W-Eur for now.

# Portugal
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
#
# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Jun     17      23:00   1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1916    only    -       Nov      1       1:00   0       -
Rule    Port    1917    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1917    1921    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1918    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1919    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1920    only    -       Feb     29      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1921    only    -       Feb     28      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1924    only    -       Oct     14      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1931    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1931    1932    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1932    only    -       Apr      2      23:00s  1:00    S
# Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1934    only    -       Apr      7      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1934    1938    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
# Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1935    only    -       Mar     30      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1936    only    -       Apr     18      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1937    only    -       Apr      3      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1938    only    -       Mar     26      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1939    only    -       Nov     18      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1940    only    -       Feb     24      23:00s  1:00    S
# Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
Rule    Port    1940    1941    -       Oct      5      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1941    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Mar     Sat>=8  23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Apr     25      22:00s  2:00    DS
Rule    Port    1942    only    -       Aug     15      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1942    1945    -       Oct     Sat>=24 23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1943    only    -       Apr     17      22:00s  2:00    DS
Rule    Port    1943    1945    -       Aug     Sat>=25 22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1944    1945    -       Apr     Sat>=21 22:00s  2:00    DS
Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1  23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1946    only    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1947    1949    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
# Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Apr     Sun>=1   2:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1951    1965    -       Oct     Sun>=1   2:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Mar     27       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1977    only    -       Sep     25       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1978    1979    -       Apr     Sun>=1   0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1978    only    -       Oct      1       0:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1979    1982    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00s  0       -
Rule    Port    1980    only    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun  1:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Port    1983    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Lisbon   -0:36:32 -      LMT     1884
                        -0:36:32 -      LMT     1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1966 Apr  3 2:00
                         1:00   -       CET     1976 Sep 26 1:00
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
                         0:00   W-Eur   WE%sT   1992 Sep 27 1:00s
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT   1996 Mar 31 1:00u
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Azores    -1:42:40 -      LMT     1884            # Ponta Delgada
                        -1:55   -       HMT     1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
                        -2:00   Port    AZO%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
                        -1:00   Port    AZO%sT  1983 Sep 25 1:00s
                        -1:00   W-Eur   AZO%sT  1992 Sep 27 1:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT   1993 Mar 28 1:00u
                        -1:00   EU      AZO%sT
Zone Atlantic/Madeira   -1:07:36 -      LMT     1884            # Funchal
                        -1:08   -       FMT     1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
                        -1:00   Port    MAD%sT  1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
                         0:00   Port    WE%sT   1983 Sep 25 1:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT

# Romania
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Romania 1932    only    -       May     21       0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1932    1939    -       Oct     Sun>=1   0:00s  0       -
Rule    Romania 1933    1939    -       Apr     Sun>=2   0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       May     27       0:00   1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1979    only    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Apr      5      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1980    only    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Mar     lastSun  0:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Romania 1991    1993    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00s  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Bucharest   1:44:24 -       LMT     1891 Oct
                        1:44:24 -       BMT     1931 Jul 24     # Bucharest MT
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1981 Mar 29 2:00s
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    Romania EE%sT   1994
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT

# Russia

# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
# reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
#
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
#
# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kaliningrad  1:22:00 -      LMT     1893 Apr
                         1:00   C-Eur   CE%sT   1945
                         2:00   Poland  CET     1946
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         2:00   1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         2:00   -       EET     1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1994
# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
                         2:00   Russia  EE%sT
Zone Europe/Moscow       2:30:20 -      LMT     1880
                         2:30:20 Russia %s      1919 Jul  1 2:00
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
                         2:00   -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         2:00   1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         2:00   -       EET     1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         3:00   Russia  MSK/MSD
Zone Europe/Samara       3:20:36 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         3:00   -       KUYT    1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
                         4:00   Russia  KUY%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         3:00   1:00    KUYST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         3:00   -       SAMT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
                         4:00   Russia  SAM%sT
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg  4:02:34 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         4:00   -       SVET    1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
                         5:00   Russia  SVE%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         4:00   1:00    SVEST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         4:00   -       SVET    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         5:00   Russia  YEK%sT  # Yekaterinburg Time
Zone Asia/Omsk           4:53:36 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         5:00   -       OMST    1957 Mar # Omsk Time
                         6:00   Russia  OMS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         5:00   1:00    OMSST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         5:00   -       OMST    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  OMS%sT
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
Zone Asia/Novosibirsk    5:31:40 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         6:00   -       NOVT    1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
                         7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         6:00   1:00    NOVST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         6:00   -       NOVT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  NOV%sT  1994 Mar 27 2:00s
                         6:00   1:00    NOVST   1994 Sep 25 2:00s
                         6:00   Russia  NOV%sT
Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk    6:11:20 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         6:00   -       KRAT    1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
                         7:00   Russia  KRA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         6:00   1:00    KRAST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         6:00   -       KRAT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         7:00   Russia  KRA%sT
Zone Asia/Irkutsk        6:57:20 -      LMT     1880
                         6:57:20 -      IMT     1924 May  2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
                         7:00   -       IRKT    1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
                         8:00   Russia  IRK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         7:00   1:00    IRKST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         7:00   -       IRKT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         8:00   Russia  IRK%sT
Zone Asia/Yakutsk        8:38:40 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                         8:00   -       YAKT    1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
                         9:00   Russia  YAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         8:00   1:00    YAKST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         8:00   -       YAKT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                         9:00   Russia  YAK%sT
Zone Asia/Vladivostok    8:47:44 -      LMT     1880
                         8:47:44 -      VMT     1924 May  2 # Vladivostok MT
                         9:00   -       VLAT    1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
                        10:00   Russia  VLA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                         9:00   1:00    VLAST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                         9:00   -       VLAT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        10:00   Russia  VLA%sT
Zone Asia/Magadan       10:03:12 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        10:00   -       MAGT    1957 Mar # Magadan Time
                        11:00   Russia  MAG%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        10:00   1:00    MAGST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        10:00   -       MAGT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        11:00   Russia  MAG%sT
# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka     10:34:36 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        11:00   -       PETT    1957 Mar # P-K Time
                        12:00   Russia  PET%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        11:00   1:00    PETST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        11:00   -       PETT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        12:00   Russia  PET%sT
Zone Asia/Anadyr        11:49:56 -      LMT     1924 May  2
                        12:00   -       ANAT    1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
                        13:00   Russia  ANA%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        12:00   1:00    ANAST   1991 Sep 29 2:00s
                        12:00   -       ANAT    1992 Jan 19 2:00s
                        13:00   Russia  ANA%sT

# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Ljubljana   0:58:04 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1983
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Spain
# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1917    only    -       May      5      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1917    1919    -       Oct      6      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1918    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1919    only    -       Apr      5      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Apr     16      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1924    only    -       Oct      4      23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1926    only    -       Apr     17      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1926    1929    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1927    only    -       Apr      9      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1928    only    -       Apr     14      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1929    only    -       Apr     20      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1937    only    -       May     22      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1937    1939    -       Oct     Sat>=1  23:00s  0       -
Rule    Spain   1938    only    -       Mar     22      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1939    only    -       Apr     15      23:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1940    only    -       Mar     16      23:00s  1:00    S
# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       May      2      22:00s  2:00    DS
Rule    Spain   1942    only    -       Sep      1      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1943    1946    -       Apr     Sat>=13 22:00s  2:00    DS
Rule    Spain   1943    only    -       Oct      3      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1944    only    -       Oct     10      22:00s  1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1945    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1946    only    -       Sep     30       0:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1949    only    -       Sep     30       1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Apr     Sat>=13 23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1974    1975    -       Oct     Sun>=1   1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1976    only    -       Mar     27      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1976    1977    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00   0       -
Rule    Spain   1977    1978    -       Apr      2      23:00   1:00    S
Rule    Spain   1978    only    -       Oct      1       1:00   0       -
# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Jun      3      12:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1967   only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Jun     24       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1974   only    -       Sep      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1976   1977    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1976   only    -       Aug      1       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1977   only    -       Sep     28       0:00   0       -
Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978   only    -       Aug      4       0:00   0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Madrid   -0:14:44 -      LMT     1901
                         0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1946 Sep 30
                         1:00   Spain   CE%sT   1979
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone    Africa/Ceuta    -0:21:16 -      LMT     1901
                         0:00   -       WET     1918 May  6 23:00
                         0:00   1:00    WEST    1918 Oct  7 23:00
                         0:00   -       WET     1924
                         0:00   Spain   WE%sT   1929
                         0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
                         1:00   -       CET     1986
                         1:00   EU      CE%sT
Zone    Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 -      LMT     1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
                        -1:00   -       CANT    1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
                         0:00   -       WET     1980 Apr  6 0:00s
                         0:00   1:00    WEST    1980 Sep 28 0:00s
                         0:00   EU      WE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.

# Sweden

# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
#
# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
#
# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
# they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
# year!...
#
# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
#
# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)

# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm   1:12:12 -       LMT     1878 May 31
                        1:12:12 -       SMT     1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
                        1:00    -       CET     1916 Apr 14 23:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1916 Sep 30 23:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1980
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Switzerland
# From Howse (1988), p 82:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
Rule    Swiss   1940    only    -       Nov      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1940    only    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       -
# From Shanks (1991):
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Sun>=1  2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Sun>=1  0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Zurich   0:34:08 -       LMT     1848 Sep 12
                        0:29:44 -       BMT     1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
                        1:00    Swiss   CE%sT   1981
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

# Turkey
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1916    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1921    only    -       Oct      3      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1922    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
Rule    Turkey  1924    only    -       May     13      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1924    1925    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1925    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Oct      5      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1940    only    -       Dec      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1941    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
Rule    Turkey  1942    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1945    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1946    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1947    1948    -       Apr     Sun>=16 0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1947    1950    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1949    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1950    only    -       Apr     19      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1951    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Jul     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1962    only    -       Oct      8      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1964    only    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       May     Sun>=2  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1970    1972    -       Oct     Sun>=2  0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Jun      3      1:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1973    only    -       Nov      4      3:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1974    only    -       Nov      3      5:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1975    only    -       Mar     30      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1975    1976    -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1976    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1977    1978    -       Apr     Sun>=1  0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1977    only    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1979    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1  3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1979    1982    -       Oct     Mon>=11 0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1981    1982    -       Mar     lastSun 3:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Jul     31      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1983    only    -       Oct      2      0:00    0       -
Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    S
Rule    Turkey  1985    only    -       Sep     28      0:00    0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 -       LMT     1880
                        1:56:56 -       IMT     1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
                        2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1978 Oct 15
                        3:00    Turkey  TR%sT   1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
                        2:00    Turkey  EE%sT   1986
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1991
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT
Link    Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul   # Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine
# Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
Rule    Ukraine 1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    UST     # Ukrainian Summer Time
Rule    Ukraine 1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       KMT     # Kiev Mean Time
Rule    Ukraine 1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    UDST    # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
Rule    Ukraine 1918    only    -       Sep     17       0:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    UDST
Rule    Ukraine 1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       KMT
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Mar     21      23:00   2:00    UDST
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    UST
Rule    Ukraine 1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       KMT
Rule    Crimea  1917    only    -       Jul      1      23:00   1:00    CST     # Crimean Summer Time
Rule    Crimea  1917    only    -       Dec     28       0:00   0       NMT     # Nikolayev Mean Time
Rule    Crimea  1918    only    -       May     31      22:00   2:00    CDST    # Crimean Double Summer Time
Rule    Crimea  1918    only    -       Sep     17       0:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1919    only    -       May     31      23:00   2:00    CDST
Rule    Crimea  1919    only    -       Jul      1       2:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1919    only    -       Aug     16       0:00   0       NMT
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Feb     14      23:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Mar     21      23:00   2:00    CDST
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Sep      1       0:00   1:00    CST
Rule    Crimea  1921    only    -       Oct      1       0:00   0       NMT
Rule    Crimea  1996    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00u  1:00    -
Rule    Crimea  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00u  0       -
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kiev        2:02:04 -       LMT     1880
                        2:02:04 Ukraine %s      1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
                        2:00    E-Eur   EE%sT   1996
                        2:00    EU      EE%sT
Zone Europe/Simferopol  2:16:24 -       LMT     1880
                        2:08:00 Crimea  %s      1924 May  2
                        2:00    -       EET     1930 Jun 21
                        3:00    Russia  MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
                        2:00    1:00    EEST    1991 Sep 29 2:00s
# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
                        2:00    C-Eur   EE%sT   1994 Feb
# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
                        3:00    E-Eur   MSK/MSD 1996
                        3:00    Crimea  MSK/MSD

# Yugoslavia
# Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
Zone    Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 -       LMT     1884
                        1:00    -       CET     1941 Apr 18 23:00
                        1:00    C-Eur   CE%sT   1945 May  8  2:00s
                        1:00    1:00    CEST    1945 Sep 16  2:00s
                        1:00    -       CET     1983
                        1:00    EU      CE%sT

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
#
# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...
# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
# Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
# ...
#
# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
# most European coun[tr]ies started DST.  Before that year, only
# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
# years...
# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
#
# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
#
# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
# UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho

# ...
# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
# From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
# ...
#
# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
#
# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
# dates...
#
# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
# in advance of normal time.
#
# ...
# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
# INTERNET   : dik@cwi.nl
# BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# ...
# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...

# ...
# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
# ...
# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
#
# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.