jot/jot.1

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  32 .\"     @(#)jot.1       8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
  33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/jot/jot.1,v 1.24 2010/02/20 00:16:44 delphij Exp $
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  35 .Dd February 19, 2010
  36 .Dt JOT 1
  37 .Os
  38 .Sh NAME
  39 .Nm jot
  40 .Nd print sequential or random data
  41 .Sh SYNOPSIS
  42 .Nm
  43 .Op Fl cnr
  44 .Op Fl b Ar word
  45 .Op Fl w Ar word
  46 .Op Fl s Ar string
  47 .Op Fl p Ar precision
  48 .Op Ar reps Op Ar begin Op Ar end Op Ar s
  49 .Sh DESCRIPTION
  50 The
  51 .Nm
  52 utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random,
  53 or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line.
  54 .Pp
  55 The following options are available:
  56 .Bl -tag -width indent
  57 .It Fl r
  58 Generate random data instead of the default sequential data.
  59 .It Fl b Ar word
  60 Just print
  61 .Ar word
  62 repetitively.
  63 .It Fl w Ar word
  64 Print
  65 .Ar word
  66 with the generated data appended to it.
  67 Octal, hexadecimal, exponential,
  68 .Tn ASCII ,
  69 zero padded,
  70 and right-adjusted representations
  71 are possible by using the appropriate
  72 .Xr printf 3
  73 conversion specification inside
  74 .Ar word ,
  75 in which case the data are inserted rather than appended.
  76 .It Fl c
  77 This is an abbreviation for
  78 .Fl w Ar %c .
  79 .It Fl s Ar string
  80 Print data separated by
  81 .Ar string .
  82 Normally, newlines separate data.
  83 .It Fl n
  84 Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output.
  85 .It Fl p Ar precision
  86 Print only as many digits or characters of the data
  87 as indicated by the integer
  88 .Ar precision .
  89 In the absence of
  90 .Fl p ,
  91 the precision is the greater of the precisions of
  92 .Ar begin
  93 and
  94 .Ar end .
  95 The
  96 .Fl p
  97 option is overridden by whatever appears in a
  98 .Xr printf 3
  99 conversion following
 100 .Fl w .
 101 .El
 102 .Pp
 103 The last four arguments indicate, respectively,
 104 the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound,
 105 and the step size or, for random data, the seed.
 106 While at least one of them must appear,
 107 any of the other three may be omitted, and
 108 will be considered as such if given as
 109 .Fl ""
 110 or as an empty string.
 111 Any three of these arguments determines the fourth.
 112 If four are specified and the given and computed values of
 113 .Ar reps
 114 conflict, the lower value is used.
 115 If fewer than three are specified, defaults are assigned
 116 left to right, except for
 117 .Ar s ,
 118 which assumes a default of 1 or -1 if both
 119 .Ar begin
 120 and
 121 .Ar end
 122 are given.
 123 .Pp
 124 Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively,
 125 100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested,
 126 the seed,
 127 .Ar s ,
 128 is picked randomly.
 129 The
 130 .Ar reps
 131 argument is expected to be an unsigned integer,
 132 and if given as zero is taken to be infinite.
 133 The
 134 .Ar begin
 135 and
 136 .Ar end
 137 arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters
 138 representing the corresponding value in
 139 .Tn ASCII .
 140 The last argument must be a real number.
 141 .Pp
 142 Random numbers are obtained through
 143 .Xr arc4random 3
 144 when no seed is specified,
 145 and through
 146 .Xr random 3
 147 when a seed is given.
 148 When
 149 .Nm
 150 is asked to generate random integers or characters with begin
 151 and end values in the range of the random number generator function
 152 and no format is specified with one of the
 153 .Fl w ,
 154 .Fl b ,
 155 or
 156 .Fl p
 157 options,
 158 .Nm
 159 will arrange for all the values in the range to appear in the output
 160 with an equal probability.
 161 In all other cases be careful to ensure that the output format's
 162 rounding or truncation will not skew the distribution of output
 163 values in an unintended way.
 164 .Pp
 165 The name
 166 .Nm
 167 derives in part from
 168 .Nm iota ,
 169 a function in APL.
 170 .Sh EXIT STATUS
 171 .Ex -std
 172 .Sh EXAMPLES
 173 The command
 174 .Dl jot - 1 10
 175 .Pp
 176 prints the integers from 1 to 10,
 177 while the command
 178 .Dl jot 21 -1 1.00
 179 .Pp
 180 prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1.
 181 The
 182 .Tn ASCII
 183 character set is generated with
 184 .Dl jot -c 128 0
 185 .Pp
 186 and the strings xaa through xaz with
 187 .Dl jot -w xa%c 26 a
 188 .Pp
 189 while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with
 190 .Dl "jot -r -c 160 a z | rs -g 0 8"
 191 .Pp
 192 Infinitely many
 193 .Em yes Ns 's
 194 may be obtained through
 195 .Dl jot -b yes 0
 196 .Pp
 197 and thirty
 198 .Xr ed 1
 199 substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc.\& is
 200 the result of
 201 .Dl jot -w %ds/old/new/ 30 2 - 5
 202 .Pp
 203 The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc.\& can be
 204 produced by suitable choice of step size,
 205 as in
 206 .Dl jot - 9 0 -.5
 207 .Pp
 208 and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with
 209 .Dl jot -b x 512 > block
 210 .Pp
 211 Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting
 212 from column 10 and ending in column 132, use
 213 .Dl expand -`jot -s, - 10 132 4`
 214 .Pp
 215 and to print all lines 80 characters or longer,
 216 .Dl grep `jot -s \&"\&" -b \&. 80`
 217 .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
 218 The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation:
 219 .Bl -diag
 220 .It "illegal or unsupported format '%s'"
 221 The requested conversion format specifier for
 222 .Xr printf 3
 223 was not of the form
 224 .Dl %[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]?
 225 where
 226 .Dq ?\&
 227 must be one of
 228 .Dl [l]{d,i,o,u,x}
 229 or
 230 .Dl {c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X}
 231 .It "range error in conversion"
 232 A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type
 233 associated with the requested output format.
 234 .It "too many conversions"
 235 More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied,
 236 but only one is allowed.
 237 .El
 238 .Sh SEE ALSO
 239 .Xr ed 1 ,
 240 .Xr expand 1 ,
 241 .Xr rs 1 ,
 242 .Xr seq 1 ,
 243 .Xr yes 1 ,
 244 .Xr arc4random 3 ,
 245 .Xr printf 3 ,
 246 .Xr random 3
 247 .Sh HISTORY
 248 The
 249 .Nm
 250 utility first appeared in
 251 .Bx 4.2 .