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54 .\" From: @(#)ifconfig.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 1/5/94
55 .\" $FreeBSD: src/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.8,v 1.142.2.6.2.1 2008/11/25 02:59:29 kensmith Exp $
62 .Nd configure network interface parameters
126 utility is used to assign an address
127 to a network interface and/or configure
128 network interface parameters.
130 The following options are available:
131 .Bl -tag -width indent
134 .Tn DARPA Ns -Internet
136 the address is either a host name present in the host name data
141 Internet address expressed in the Internet standard
144 It is also possible to use the CIDR notation (also known as the
145 slash notation) to include the netmask.
146 That is, one can specify an address like
151 family, it is also possible to specify the prefix length using the slash
156 parameter below for more information.
157 .\" For the Xerox Network Systems(tm) family,
159 .\" .Ar net:a.b.c.d.e.f ,
162 .\" is the assigned network number (in decimal),
163 .\" and each of the six bytes of the host number,
167 .\" are specified in hexadecimal.
168 .\" The host number may be omitted on IEEE 802 protocol
169 .\" (Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring) interfaces,
170 .\" which use the hardware physical address,
171 .\" and on interfaces other than the first.
174 .\" family, addresses are specified as a long hexadecimal string,
175 .\" as in the Xerox family.
176 .\" However, two consecutive dots imply a zero
177 .\" byte, and the dots are optional, if the user wishes to (carefully)
178 .\" count out long strings of digits in network byte order.
183 is specified as a series of colon-separated hex digits.
185 e.g.\& set a new MAC address on an ethernet interface, though the
186 mechanism used is not ethernet-specific.
187 If the interface is already
188 up when this option is used, it will be briefly brought down and
189 then brought back up again in order to ensure that the receive
190 filter in the underlying ethernet hardware is properly reprogrammed.
191 .It Ar address_family
194 which affects interpretation of the remaining parameters.
195 Since an interface can receive transmissions in differing protocols
196 with different naming schemes, specifying the address family is recommended.
197 The address or protocol families currently
216 Specify the address of the correspondent on the other end
217 of a point to point link.
220 parameter is a string of the form
226 The following parameters may be set with
228 .Bl -tag -width indent
233 Introduced for compatibility
237 Establish an additional network address for this interface.
238 This is sometimes useful when changing network numbers, and
239 one wishes to accept packets addressed to the old interface.
240 If the address is on the same subnet as the first network address
241 for this interface, a non-conflicting netmask must be given.
246 Remove the network address specified.
247 This would be used if you incorrectly specified an alias, or it
248 was no longer needed.
249 If you have incorrectly set an NS address having the side effect
250 of specifying the host portion, removing all NS addresses will
251 allow you to respecify the host portion.
254 Specify that the address configured is an anycast address.
255 Based on the current specification,
256 only routers may configure anycast addresses.
257 Anycast address will not be used as source address of any of outgoing
260 Enable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol
263 between network level addresses and link level addresses (default).
264 This is currently implemented for mapping between
269 802 48-bit MAC addresses (Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring addresses).
271 Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol
275 Specify the address to use to represent broadcasts to the
277 The default broadcast address is the address with a host part of all 1's.
279 Enable driver dependent debugging code; usually, this turns on
280 extra console error logging.
282 Disable driver dependent debugging code.
290 When an interface is marked
292 the system will not attempt to
293 transmit messages through that interface.
294 If possible, the interface will be reset to disable reception as well.
300 .\" This is used to specify an Internet host who is willing to receive
301 .\" ip packets encapsulating NS packets bound for a remote network.
302 .\" An apparent point to point link is constructed, and
303 .\" the address specified will be taken as the NS address and network
304 .\" of the destination.
305 .\" IP encapsulation of
307 .\" packets is done differently.
308 .It Cm lladdr Ar addr
309 Set the link-level address on an interface.
311 e.g. set a new MAC address on an ethernet interface, though the
312 mechanism used is not ethernet-specific.
315 is specified as a series of colon-separated hex digits.
316 If the interface is already
317 up when this option is used, it will be briefly brought down and
318 then brought back up again in order to ensure that the receive
319 filter in the underlying ethernet hardware is properly reprogrammed.
321 If the driver supports the media selection system, set the media type
324 Some interfaces support the mutually exclusive use of one of several
325 different physical media connectors.
326 For example, a 10Mbit/s Ethernet
327 interface might support the use of either
329 or twisted pair connectors.
330 Setting the media type to
332 would change the currently active connector to the AUI port.
335 would activate twisted pair.
336 Refer to the interfaces' driver
337 specific documentation or man page for a complete list of the
339 .It Cm mediaopt Ar opts
340 If the driver supports the media selection system, set the specified
341 media options on the interface.
345 is a comma delimited list of options to apply to the interface.
346 Refer to the interfaces' driver specific man page for a complete
347 list of available options.
348 .It Fl mediaopt Ar opts
349 If the driver supports the media selection system, disable the
350 specified media options on the interface.
351 .It Cm rxcsum , txcsum
352 If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
353 enable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface.
354 Some drivers may not be able to enable these flags independently
355 of each other, so setting one may also set the other.
356 The driver will offload as much checksum work as it can reliably
357 support, the exact level of offloading varies between drivers.
358 .It Fl rxcsum , txcsum
359 If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
360 disable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface.
361 These settings may not always be independent of each other.
363 If the driver supports
365 segmentation offloading, enable TSO on the interface.
366 Some drivers may not be able to support TSO for
370 packets, so they may enable only one of them.
372 If the driver supports
374 segmentation offloading, disable TSO on the interface.
375 It will always disable TSO for
380 If the driver supports
382 large receive offloading, enable LRO on the interface.
384 If the driver supports
386 large receive offloading, disable LRO on the interface.
388 If supported by the driver, enable 802.1 AVB on the interface.
390 If supported by the driver, disable 802.1 AVB on the interface.
391 .It Cm vlanmtu , vlanhwtag
392 If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, enable
393 reception of extended frames or tag processing in hardware,
395 Note that this must be issued on a physical interface associated with
400 .It Fl vlanmtu , vlanhwtag
401 If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, disable
402 reception of extended frames or tag processing in hardware,
405 Create the specified network pseudo-device.
406 If the interface is given without a unit number, try to create a new
407 device with an arbitrary unit number.
408 If creation of an arbitrary device is successful, the new device name is
409 printed to standard output unless the interface is renamed or destroyed
414 Destroy the specified network pseudo-device.
430 Set the routing metric of the interface to
433 The routing metric is used by the routing protocol
435 Higher metrics have the effect of making a route
436 less favorable; metrics are counted as additional hops
437 to the destination network or host.
439 Set the maximum transmission unit of the interface to
441 default is interface specific.
442 The MTU is used to limit the size of packets that are transmitted on an
444 Not all interfaces support setting the MTU, and some interfaces have
446 .It Cm netmask Ar mask
449 Specify how much of the address to reserve for subdividing
450 networks into sub-networks.
451 The mask includes the network part of the local address
452 and the subnet part, which is taken from the host field of the address.
453 The mask can be specified as a single hexadecimal number
456 with a dot-notation Internet address,
457 or with a pseudo-network name listed in the network table
459 The mask contains 1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address
460 which are to be used for the network and subnet parts,
461 and 0's for the host part.
462 The mask should contain at least the standard network portion,
463 and the subnet field should be contiguous with the network
466 The netmask can also be specified in CIDR notation after the address.
469 option above for more information.
470 .It Cm prefixlen Ar len
474 bits are reserved for subdividing networks into sub-networks.
477 must be integer, and for syntactical reason it must be between 0 to 128.
478 It is almost always 64 under the current IPv6 assignment rule.
479 If the parameter is omitted, 64 is used.
481 The prefix can also be specified using the slash notation after the address.
484 option above for more information.
487 .\" .It Cm nsellength Ar n
490 .\" This specifies a trailing number of bytes for a received
492 .\" used for local identification, the remaining leading part of which is
495 .\" (Network Entity Title).
496 .\" The default value is 1, which is conformant to US
498 .\" When an ISO address is set in an ifconfig command,
501 .\" which is being specified.
504 .\" 20 hex digits should be
507 .\" to be assigned to the interface.
508 .\" There is some evidence that a number different from 1 may be useful
511 .\" 37 type addresses.
516 Introduced for compatibility
520 .It Cm link Op Cm 0 No - Cm 2
522 Enable special processing of the link level of the interface.
523 These three options are interface specific in actual effect, however,
524 they are in general used to select special modes of operation.
526 of this is to enable SLIP compression, or to select the connector type
527 for some Ethernet cards.
528 Refer to the man page for the specific driver
529 for more information.
531 .It Fl link Op Cm 0 No - Cm 2
533 Disable special processing at the link level with the specified interface.
537 This may be used to enable an interface after an
539 It happens automatically when setting the first address on an interface.
540 If the interface was reset when previously marked down,
541 the hardware will be re-initialized.
544 The following parameters are for ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
545 Note that the address family keyword
548 .Bl -tag -width indent
550 Perform network unreachability detection (NUD).
552 Do not perform network unreachability detection (NUD).
554 Disable all IPv6 communication on the interface.
556 Do not disable all IPv6 communication on the interface.
558 Disable the processing of Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND).
560 Do not disabled the processing of Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND).
563 The following parameters are specific to link aggregate interfaces:
564 .Bl -tag -width indent
565 .It Cm bonddev Ar iface
566 If the interface is a bond pseudo device, associate physical interface
568 with it. By default, the bond pseudo device is in LACP
569 (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) mode (see \fBbondmode\fR below). In
570 this mode, the device conforms to the IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation
573 If this is the first physical interface to be associated with the bond
574 interface, the bond interface inherits the ethernet address from the
575 physical interface. Physical interfaces that are added to the bond have
576 their ethernet address re-programmed so that all members of the bond have
577 the same ethernet address. If the physical interface is subsequently
578 removed from the bond using
580 a new ethernet address is chosen from the remaining interfaces, and all
581 interfaces are re-programmed again with the new ethernet address. If no
582 remaining interfaces exist, the bond interface's ethernet address is cleared.
584 If the specified physical interface
586 is not capable of having its ethernet address re-programmed, the
590 Once the physical interface
592 is successfully associated with the bond interface, all received packets
593 are diverted to the bond interface. The physical interface is no longer
594 useable on its own, and remains that way until it is removed from the bond using
597 It is possible that the specified interface
599 is not capable of aggregating, and may remain unused until the operating
602 The link status of the bond interface depends on the state of link aggregation.
603 If no active partner is detected, the link status will remain inactive.
605 To monitor the 802.3ad Link Aggregation state, use the
609 A physical interface that is associated with a vlan pseudo device cannot
610 at the same time be associated with a bond pseudo device. A physical interface
611 cannot be associated with more than one bond pseudo device at the same time.
613 It is not possible to associate a bond with pseudo interfaces such as vlan.
614 Only physical ethernet interfaces may be associated with a bond.
615 .It Fl bonddev Ar iface
616 If the interface is a bond pseudo device, disassociate the physical interface
618 from it. Before the interface is removed from the bond, the bond device
619 announces to the link partner that the interface is now individual and
620 no longer aggregatable.
623 is the last interface in the bond, the bond interface clears its link address.
624 .It Cm bondmode Ar lacp | static
625 If the interface is a bond pseudo device, this option will set the \fImode\fR
626 on the bond interface. The two currently supported modes are
633 To enable static mode (and turn off LACP), specify
635 In static mode, a member interface is made an active part of the
636 link aggregate as long as the link status is active.
638 To re-enable LACP mode, specify
642 The following parameters are specific to IP tunnel interfaces,
644 .Bl -tag -width indent
645 .It Cm tunnel Ar src_addr dest_addr
646 Configure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel
652 are interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating
655 Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel
656 interfaces previously configured with
664 The following parameters are specific to bridge interfaces:
665 .Bl -tag -width indent
666 .It Cm addm Ar interface
667 Add the interface named by
669 as a member of the bridge.
670 The interface is put into promiscuous mode
671 so that it can receive every packet sent on the network.
672 .It Cm deletem Ar interface
673 Remove the interface named by
676 Promiscuous mode is disabled on the interface when
677 it is removed from the bridge.
678 .It Cm maxaddr Ar size
679 Set the size of the bridge address cache to
681 The default is 100 entries.
682 .It Cm timeout Ar seconds
683 Set the timeout of address cache entries to
688 is zero, then address cache entries will not be expired.
689 The default is 240 seconds.
691 Display the addresses that have been learned by the bridge.
692 .It Cm static Ar interface-name Ar address
693 Add a static entry into the address cache pointing to
695 Static entries are never aged out of the cache or re-placed, even if the
696 address is seen on a different interface.
697 .It Cm deladdr Ar address
700 from the address cache.
702 Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the address cache.
704 Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the address cache.
705 .It Cm discover Ar interface
706 Mark an interface as a
709 When the bridge has no address cache entry
710 (either dynamic or static)
711 for the destination address of a packet,
712 the bridge will forward the packet to all
713 member interfaces marked as
715 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
716 .It Cm -discover Ar interface
719 attribute on a member interface.
720 For packets without the
722 attribute, the only packets forwarded on the interface are broadcast
723 or multicast packets and packets for which the destination address
724 is known to be on the interface's segment.
725 .It Cm learn Ar interface
726 Mark an interface as a
729 When a packet arrives on such an interface, the source
730 address of the packet is entered into the address cache as being a
731 destination address on the interface's segment.
732 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
733 .It Cm -learn Ar interface
736 attribute on a member interface.
737 .\".It Cm sticky Ar interface
738 .\"Mark an interface as a
741 .\"Dynamically learned address entries are treated at static once entered into
743 .\"Sticky entries are never aged out of the cache or replaced, even if the
744 .\"address is seen on a different interface.
745 .\".It Cm -sticky Ar interface
748 .\"attribute on a member interface.
749 .\".It Cm private Ar interface
750 .\"Mark an interface as a
753 .\"A private interface does not forward any traffic to any other port that is also
754 .\"a private interface.
755 .\".It Cm -private Ar interface
758 .\"attribute on a member interface.
759 .\".It Cm span Ar interface
760 .\"Add the interface named by
762 .\"as a span port on the bridge.
763 .\"Span ports transmit a copy of every frame received by the bridge.
764 .\"This is most useful for snooping a bridged network passively on
765 .\"another host connected to one of the span ports of the bridge.
766 .\".It Cm -span Ar interface
767 .\"Delete the interface named by
769 .\"from the list of span ports of the bridge.
770 .It Cm stp Ar interface
771 Enable Spanning Tree protocol on
775 driver has support for the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree protocol (STP).
776 Spanning Tree is used to detect and remove loops in a network topology.
777 .It Cm -stp Ar interface
778 Disable Spanning Tree protocol on
780 This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
781 .\".It Cm edge Ar interface
785 .\"An edge port connects directly to end stations cannot create bridging
786 .\"loops in the network, this allows it to transition straight to forwarding.
787 .\".It Cm -edge Ar interface
788 .\"Disable edge status on
790 .\".It Cm autoedge Ar interface
793 .\"to automatically detect edge status.
794 .\"This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
795 .\".It Cm -autoedge Ar interface
796 .\"Disable automatic edge status on
798 .\".It Cm ptp Ar interface
801 .\"as a point to point link.
802 .\"This is required for straight transitions to forwarding and
803 .\"should be enabled on a direct link to another RSTP capable switch.
804 .\".It Cm -ptp Ar interface
805 .\"Disable point to point link status on
807 .\"This should be disabled for a half duplex link and for an interface
808 .\"connected to a shared network segment,
809 .\"like a hub or a wireless network.
810 .\".It Cm autoptp Ar interface
811 .\"Automatically detect the point to point status on
813 .\"by checking the full duplex link status.
814 .\"This is the default for interfaces added to the bridge.
815 .\".It Cm -autoptp Ar interface
816 .\"Disable automatic point to point link detection on
818 .It Cm maxage Ar seconds
819 Set the time that a Spanning Tree protocol configuration is valid.
820 The default is 20 seconds.
821 The minimum is 6 seconds and the maximum is 40 seconds.
822 .It Cm fwddelay Ar seconds
823 Set the time that must pass before an interface begins forwarding
824 packets when Spanning Tree is enabled.
825 The default is 15 seconds.
826 The minimum is 4 seconds and the maximum is 30 seconds.
827 .It Cm hellotime Ar seconds
828 Set the time between broadcasting of Spanning Tree protocol
829 configuration messages.
830 The hello time may only be changed when operating in legacy stp mode.
831 The default is 2 seconds.
832 The minimum is 1 second and the maximum is 2 seconds.
833 .It Cm priority Ar value
834 Set the bridge priority for Spanning Tree.
835 The default is 32768.
836 The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 61440.
837 .\".It Cm proto Ar value
838 .\"Set the Spanning Tree protocol.
839 .\"The default is rstp.
840 .\"The available options are stp and rstp.
841 .\".It Cm holdcnt Ar value
842 .\"Set the transmit hold count for Spanning Tree.
843 .\"This is the number of packets transmitted before being rate limited.
845 .\"The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 10.
846 .It Cm ifpriority Ar interface Ar value
847 Set the Spanning Tree priority of
852 The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 240.
853 .It Cm ifpathcost Ar interface Ar value
854 Set the Spanning Tree path cost of
858 The default is calculated from the link speed.
859 To change a previously selected path cost back to automatic, set the
861 The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 200000000.
862 .It Cm ifmaxaddr Ar interface Ar size
863 Set the maximum number of hosts allowed from an interface, packets with unknown
864 source addresses are dropped until an existing host cache entry expires or is
869 The following parameters are specific to vlan interfaces:
870 .Bl -tag -width indent
871 .It Cm vlan Ar vlan_tag
872 Set the VLAN tag value to
874 This value is a 16-bit number which is used to create an 802.1Q
875 VLAN header for packets sent from the
882 must both be set at the same time.
883 .It Cm vlandev Ar iface
884 Associate the physical interface
889 Packets transmitted through the
892 diverted to the specified physical interface
894 with 802.1Q VLAN encapsulation.
895 Packets with 802.1Q encapsulation received
896 by the parent interface with the correct VLAN tag will be diverted to
902 interface is assigned a
903 copy of the parent interface's flags and the parent's ethernet address.
908 must both be set at the same time.
911 interface already has
912 a physical interface associated with it, this command will fail.
914 change the association to another physical interface, the existing
915 association must be cleared first.
917 Note: if the hardware tagging capability
918 is set on the parent interface, the
921 interface's behavior changes:
924 interface recognizes that the
925 parent interface supports insertion and extraction of VLAN tags on its
926 own (usually in firmware) and that it should pass packets to and from
927 the parent unaltered.
928 .It Fl vlandev Op Ar iface
931 pseudo device, disassociate the parent interface from it.
932 This breaks the link between the
934 interface and its parent,
935 clears its VLAN tag, flags and its link address and shuts the interface down.
938 argument is useless and hence deprecated.
943 utility displays the current configuration for a network interface
944 when no optional parameters are supplied.
945 If a protocol family is specified,
947 will report only the details specific to that protocol family.
951 flag is passed before an interface name,
953 will display the capability list and all
954 of the supported media for the specified interface.
958 flag is supplied, address lifetime is displayed for IPv6 addresses,
959 as time offset string.
963 flag may be used instead of an interface name.
966 to display information about all interfaces in the system.
969 flag limits this to interfaces that are down, and
971 limits this to interfaces that are up.
972 When no arguments are given,
978 flag may be used to list all available interfaces on the system, with
979 no other additional information.
980 Use of this flag is mutually exclusive
981 with all other flags and commands, except for
983 (only list interfaces that are down)
986 (only list interfaces that are up).
990 flag may be used to get more verbose status for an interface.
994 flag may be used to list all of the interface cloners available on
995 the system, with no additional information.
996 Use of this flag is mutually exclusive with all other flags and commands.
1000 flag may be used to show additional information related to the count of route references on the network interface.
1002 For bridge interfaces, the list of addresses learned by the bridge is not shown when displaying information about
1003 all interfaces except when the
1007 Only the super-user may modify the configuration of a network interface.
1009 The media selection system is relatively new and only some drivers support
1010 it (or have need for it).
1012 Assign the IPv4 address
1014 with a network mask of
1018 .Dl # ifconfig en0 inet 192.0.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
1020 Add the IPv4 address
1022 with the CIDR network prefix
1028 as a synonym for the canonical form of the option
1030 .Dl # ifconfig en0 inet 192.0.2.45/28 add
1032 Remove the IPv4 address
1036 .Dl # ifconfig en0 inet 192.0.2.45 -alias
1038 Add the IPv6 address
1039 .Li 2001:DB8:DBDB::123/48
1042 .Dl # ifconfig en0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123 prefixlen 48 alias
1043 Note that lower case hexadecimal IPv6 addresses are acceptable.
1045 Remove the IPv6 address added in the above example,
1048 character as shorthand for the network prefix,
1051 as a synonym for the canonical form of the option
1053 .Dl # ifconfig en0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123/48 delete
1055 Configure the interface
1057 to use 100baseTX, full duplex Ethernet media options:
1058 .Dl # ifconfig en1 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex
1060 Create the software network interface
1062 .Dl # ifconfig gif1 create
1064 Destroy the software network interface
1066 .Dl # ifconfig gif1 destroy
1068 Messages indicating the specified interface does not exist, the
1069 requested address is unknown, or the user is not privileged and
1070 tried to alter an interface's configuration.
1081 Basic IPv6 node operation requires a link-local address on each
1082 interface configured for IPv6.
1083 Normally, such an address is automatically configured by the
1084 kernel on each interface added to the system; this behaviour may
1085 be disabled by setting the sysctl MIB variable
1086 .Va net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal
1089 If you delete such an address using
1091 the kernel may act very odd.
1092 Do this at your own risk.
projects / apple / network_cmds.git / blob