icuSources/data/translit/am_am_FONIPA.txt

   1 # © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
   2 # License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
   3 #
   4 # File: am_am_FONIPA.txt
   5 # Generated from CLDR
   6 #
   7
   8 # Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
   9 #
  10 # Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
  11 #     In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
  12 #     and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
  13 #     they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
  14 #     school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
  15 #     Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
  16 #     in a post-processing step.
  17 #
  18 # Labialization:
  19 #     Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
  20 #     labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
  21 #     Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
  22 #     transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
  23 #     set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
  24 #     such as /ɲʷ/ or /t\u0361ʃʼʷ/.
  25 #
  26 # References:
  27 #     [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
  28 #     for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
  29 #     retrieved on November 4, 2014.
  30 #     http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
  31 #     Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
  32 #     with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
  33 #     writes as */y/.
  34 $IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
  35 $IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}];
  36 # Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
  37 # Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
  38 # does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
  39 # not written in Amharic.
  40 $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t\u0361ʃ}{t\u0361ʃʼ}{d\u0361ʒ}{d\u0361ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];
  41 ← [ ʼ  \u0361  \u035C  \u032F];
  42 ::(null);
  43 # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
  44 # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
  45 # in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
  46 ሀ → ha;
  47 ሀ ← hə;
  48 ሁ ↔ hu;
  49 ሂ ↔ hi;
  50 ሃ ↔ ha;
  51 ሄ ↔ he;
  52 ህ ↔ hɨ;
  53 ሆ ↔ ho;
  54 ሇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
  55 ህ ← h;
  56 ለ ↔ lə;
  57 ሉ ↔ lu;
  58 ሊ ↔ li;
  59 ላ ↔ la;
  60 ሌ ↔ le;
  61 ል ↔ lɨ;
  62 ሎ ↔ lo;
  63 ⶀ → lo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
  64 ሏ ↔ lwa;
  65 ል ← l;
  66 # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
  67 # /ħə/.  However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
  68 # makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
  69 # are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/.  Also, according
  70 # to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
  71 # gets pronounced as /ha/.
  72 ሐ → ha;
  73 ሑ → hu;
  74 ሒ → hi;
  75 ሓ → ha;
  76 ሔ → he;
  77 ሕ → hɨ;
  78 ሖ → ho;
  79 ሗ → hwa;
  80 መ ↔ mə;
  81 ሙ ↔ mu;
  82 ሚ ↔ mi;
  83 ማ ↔ ma;
  84 ሜ ↔ me;
  85 ም ↔ mɨ;
  86 ሞ ↔ mo;
  87 ⶁ → mo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
  88 ᎀ → mwə;  # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
  89 ᎃ → mwu;  # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
  90 ᎁ → mwi;  # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
  91 ሟ ↔ mwa;
  92 ᎂ → mwe;  # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
  93 ፙ → mja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
  94 ም ← m;
  95 ሠ → sə;
  96 ሡ → su;
  97 ሢ → si;
  98 ሣ → sa;
  99 ሤ → se;
 100 ሥ → sɨ;
 101 ሦ → so;
 102 ሧ → swa;
 103 ረ ↔ rə;
 104 ሩ ↔ ru;
 105 ሪ ↔ ri;
 106 ራ ↔ ra;
 107 ሬ ↔ re;
 108 ር ↔ rɨ;
 109 ሮ ↔ ro;
 110 ⶂ → ro;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 111 ሯ ↔ rwa;
 112 ፘ → rja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
 113 ር ← r;
 114 # Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
 115 ⶠ → ʃə;
 116 ⶡ → ʃu;
 117 ⶢ → ʃi;
 118 ⶣ → ʃa;
 119 ⶤ → ʃe;
 120 ⶥ → ʃɨ;
 121 ⶦ → ʃo;
 122 ሸ ↔ ʃə;
 123 ሹ ↔ ʃu;
 124 ሺ ↔ ʃi;
 125 ሻ ↔ ʃa;
 126 ሼ ↔ ʃe;
 127 ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
 128 ሾ ↔ ʃo;
 129 ⶄ → ʃo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 130 ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
 131 ሽ ← ʃ;
 132 ቀ ↔ kʼə;
 133 ቁ ↔ kʼu;
 134 ቂ ↔ kʼi;
 135 ቃ ↔ kʼa;
 136 ቄ ↔ kʼe;
 137 ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
 138 ቆ ↔ kʼo;
 139 ቇ → kʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 140 ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
 141 ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
 142 ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
 143 ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
 144 ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
 145 ቅ ← kʼ;
 146 # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
 147 # Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
 148 # When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
 149 # ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
 150 ቐ → kʼə;
 151 ቑ → kʼu;
 152 ቒ → kʼi;
 153 ቓ → kʼa;
 154 ቔ → kʼe;
 155 ቕ → kʼɨ;
 156 ቖ → kʼo;
 157 ቘ → kʼwə;
 158 ቝ → kʼwu;
 159 ቚ → kʼwi;
 160 ቛ → kʼwa;
 161 ቜ → kʼwe;
 162 # In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
 163 # In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
 164 ⷀ → kʼjə;
 165 ⷁ → kʼju;
 166 ⷂ → kʼji;
 167 ⷃ → kʼja;
 168 ⷄ → kʼje;
 169 ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
 170 ⷆ → kʼjo;
 171 በ ↔ bə;
 172 ቡ ↔ bu;
 173 ቢ ↔ bi;
 174 ባ ↔ ba;
 175 ቤ ↔ be;
 176 ብ ↔ bɨ;
 177 ቦ ↔ bo;
 178 ⶅ → bo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 179 ᎄ → bwə;  # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 180 ᎇ → bwu;  # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 181 ᎅ → bwi;  # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 182 ቧ → bwa;  # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 183 ᎆ → bwe;  # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 184 ብ ← b;
 185 ቨ ↔ və;
 186 ቩ ↔ vu;
 187 ቪ ↔ vi;
 188 ቫ ↔ va;
 189 ቬ ↔ ve;
 190 ቭ ↔ vɨ;
 191 ቮ ↔ vo;
 192 ቯ ↔ vwa;
 193 ቭ ← v;
 194 # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
 195 # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t\u0361ʃ.
 196 # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
 197 ⶨ → t\u0361ʃə;
 198 ⶩ → t\u0361ʃu;
 199 ⶪ → t\u0361ʃi;
 200 ⶫ → t\u0361ʃa;
 201 ⶬ → t\u0361ʃe;
 202 ⶭ → t\u0361ʃɨ;
 203 ⶮ → t\u0361ʃo;
 204 # In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
 205 # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
 206 # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
 207 # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
 208 # Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.
 209 ኀ → ha;
 210 ኁ → hu;
 211 ኂ → hi;
 212 ኃ → ha;
 213 ኄ → he;
 214 ኅ → hɨ;
 215 ኆ → ho;
 216 ኇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 217 ኈ → hwə;
 218 ኍ → hwu;
 219 ኊ → hwi;
 220 ኋ → hwa;
 221 ኌ → hwe;
 222 ነ ↔ nə;
 223 ኑ ↔ nu;
 224 ኒ ↔ ni;
 225 ና ↔ na;
 226 ኔ ↔ ne;
 227 ን ↔ nɨ;
 228 ኖ ↔ no;
 229 ⶈ → no;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 230 ኗ ↔ nwa;
 231 ን ← n;
 232 ኘ ↔ ɲə;
 233 ኙ ↔ ɲu;
 234 ኚ ↔ ɲi;
 235 ኛ ↔ ɲa;
 236 ኜ ↔ ɲe;
 237 ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
 238 ኞ ↔ ɲo;
 239 ⶉ → ɲo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 240 ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
 241 ኝ ← ɲ;
 242 # Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
 243 # However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
 244 # several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
 245 ዀ → hwə;
 246 ዂ → hwi;
 247 ዃ → hwa;
 248 ዄ → hwe;
 249 ዅ → hwɨ;
 250 ኸ → hə;
 251 ኹ → hu;
 252 ኺ → hi;
 253 ኻ → ha;
 254 ኼ → he;
 255 ኽ → hɨ;
 256 ኾ → ho;
 257 ዀ ← xwə;
 258 ዂ ← xwi;
 259 ዃ ← xwa;
 260 ዄ ← xwe;
 261 ዅ ← xwɨ;
 262 ዅ ← xw;
 263 ኸ ← xə;
 264 ኹ ← xu;
 265 ኺ ← xi;
 266 ኻ ← xa;
 267 ኼ ← xe;
 268 ኽ ← xɨ;
 269 ኾ ← xo;
 270 ኽ ← x;
 271 አ ↔ ʔə;
 272 ኡ ↔ ʔu;
 273 ኢ ↔ ʔi;
 274 ኣ ↔ ʔa;
 275 ኤ ↔ ʔe;
 276 እ ↔ ʔɨ;
 277 ኦ ↔ ʔo;
 278 ⶊ → ʔo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 279 እ ← ʔ;
 280 ከ ↔ kə;
 281 ኩ ↔ ku;
 282 ኪ ↔ ki;
 283 ካ ↔ ka;
 284 ኬ ↔ ke;
 285 ክ ↔ kɨ;
 286 ኮ ↔ ko;
 287 ኰ ↔ kwə;
 288 ኵ ↔ kwu;
 289 ኲ ↔ kwi;
 290 ኳ ↔ kwa;
 291 ኴ ↔ kwe;
 292 ክ ← k;
 293 # In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
 294 # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
 295 ⷈ → kə;
 296 ⷉ → ku;
 297 ⷊ → ki;
 298 ⷋ → ka;
 299 ⷌ → ke;
 300 ⷍ → kɨ;
 301 ⷎ → ko;
 302 # In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
 303 # according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
 304 # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
 305 ⷐ → kə;
 306 ⷑ → ku;
 307 ⷒ → ki;
 308 ⷓ → ka;
 309 ⷔ → ke;
 310 ⷕ → kɨ;
 311 ⷖ → ko;
 312 ወ ↔ wə;
 313 ዉ ↔ wu;
 314 ዊ ↔ wi;
 315 ዋ ↔ wa;
 316 ዌ ↔ we;
 317 ው ↔ wɨ;
 318 ዎ ↔ wo;
 319 ዏ → wo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 320 ው ← w;
 321 ዐ ↔ ʕə;
 322 ዑ ↔ ʕu;
 323 ዒ ↔ ʕi;
 324 ዓ ↔ ʕa;
 325 ዔ ↔ ʕe;
 326 ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
 327 ዖ ↔ ʕo;
 328 ዒ ← ʕ;
 329 ዘ ↔ zə;
 330 ዙ ↔ zu;
 331 ዚ ↔ zi;
 332 ዛ ↔ za;
 333 ዜ ↔ ze;
 334 ዝ ↔ zɨ;
 335 ዞ ↔ zo;
 336 ⶋ → zo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 337 ዟ ↔ zwa;
 338 ዝ ← z;
 339 ዠ ↔ ʒə;
 340 ዡ ↔ ʒu;
 341 ዢ ↔ ʒi;
 342 ዣ ↔ ʒa;
 343 ዤ ↔ ʒe;
 344 ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
 345 ዦ ↔ ʒo;
 346 ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
 347 ዢ ← ʒ;
 348 # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
 349 # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
 350 # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
 351 ⶰ → ʒə;
 352 ⶱ → ʒu;
 353 ⶲ → ʒi;
 354 ⶳ → ʒa;
 355 ⶴ → ʒe;
 356 ⶵ → ʒɨ;
 357 ⶶ → ʒo;
 358 የ ↔ jə;
 359 ዩ ↔ ju;
 360 ዪ ↔ ji;
 361 ያ ↔ ja;
 362 ዬ ↔ je;
 363 ይ ↔ jɨ;
 364 ዮ ↔ jo;
 365 ዯ → jo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 366 ይ ← j;
 367 ጀ ↔ d\u0361ʒə;
 368 ጁ ↔ d\u0361ʒu;
 369 ጂ ↔ d\u0361ʒi;
 370 ጃ ↔ d\u0361ʒa;
 371 ጄ ↔ d\u0361ʒe;
 372 ጅ ↔ d\u0361ʒɨ;
 373 ጆ ↔ d\u0361ʒo;
 374 ጇ ↔ d\u0361ʒwa;
 375 ጅ ← d\u0361ʒ;
 376 ደ ↔ də;
 377 ዱ ↔ du;
 378 ዲ ↔ di;
 379 ዳ ↔ da;
 380 ዴ ↔ de;
 381 ድ ↔ dɨ;
 382 ዶ ↔ do;
 383 ⶌ → do;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 384 ዷ ↔ dwa;
 385 ድ ← d;
 386 ገ ↔ ɡə;
 387 ጉ ↔ ɡu;
 388 ጊ ↔ ɡi;
 389 ጋ ↔ ɡa;
 390 ጌ ↔ ɡe;
 391 ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
 392 ጎ ↔ ɡo;
 393 ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
 394 ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
 395 ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
 396 ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
 397 ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
 398 ግ ← ɡ;
 399 # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
 400 # Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
 401 # still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
 402 # foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
 403 # the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
 404 ጘ → ŋə;
 405 ጙ → ŋu;
 406 ጚ → ŋi;
 407 ጛ → ŋa;
 408 ጜ → ŋe;
 409 ጝ → ŋɨ;
 410 ጞ → ŋo;
 411 ⶓ → ŋwə;
 412 ⶖ → ŋwu;
 413 ⶔ → ŋwi;
 414 ጟ → ŋwa;
 415 ⶕ → ŋwe;
 416 # Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
 417 ጘ ← ɴə;
 418 ጙ ← ɴu;
 419 ጚ ← ɴi;
 420 ጛ ← ɴa;
 421 ጜ ← ɴe;
 422 ጝ ← ɴɨ;
 423 ጞ ← ɴo;
 424 ጝ ← ɴ;
 425 # In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
 426 # Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
 427 ⷘ → ɡə;
 428 ⷙ → ɡu;
 429 ⷚ → ɡi;
 430 ⷛ → ɡa;
 431 ⷜ → ɡe;
 432 ⷝ → ɡɨ;
 433 ⷞ → ɡo;
 434 ጠ ↔ tʼə;
 435 ጡ ↔ tʼu;
 436 ጢ ↔ tʼi;
 437 ጣ ↔ tʼa;
 438 ጤ ↔ tʼe;
 439 ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
 440 ጦ ↔ tʼo;
 441 ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
 442 ጢ ← tʼ;
 443 ጨ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼə;
 444 ጩ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼu;
 445 ጪ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼi;
 446 ጫ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼa;
 447 ጬ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼe;
 448 ጭ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
 449 ጮ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼo;
 450 ⶐ → t\u0361ʃʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t\u0361ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 451 ጯ ↔ t\u0361ʃʼwa;
 452 ጪ ← t\u0361ʃʼ;
 453 # According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
 454 # (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ\u0361ʂʼ/ Retroflex
 455 # ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
 456 # Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t\u0361ʃʼ/.
 457 ⶸ → t\u0361ʃʼə;
 458 ⶹ → t\u0361ʃʼu;
 459 ⶺ → t\u0361ʃʼi;
 460 ⶻ → t\u0361ʃʼa;
 461 ⶼ → t\u0361ʃʼe;
 462 ⶽ → t\u0361ʃʼɨ;
 463 ⶾ → t\u0361ʃʼo;
 464 ቸ ↔ t\u0361ʃə;
 465 ቹ ↔ t\u0361ʃu;
 466 ቺ ↔ t\u0361ʃi;
 467 ቻ ↔ t\u0361ʃa;
 468 ቼ ↔ t\u0361ʃe;
 469 ች ↔ t\u0361ʃɨ;
 470 ቾ ↔ t\u0361ʃo;
 471 ቿ ↔ t\u0361ʃwa;
 472 ች ← t\u0361ʃ;
 473 ተ ↔ tə;
 474 ቱ ↔ tu;
 475 ቲ ↔ ti;
 476 ታ ↔ ta;
 477 ቴ ↔ te;
 478 ት ↔ tɨ;
 479 ቶ ↔ to;
 480 ⶆ → to;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 481 ቷ ↔ twa;
 482 ት ← t;
 483 ጰ ↔ pʼə;
 484 ጱ ↔ pʼu;
 485 ጲ ↔ pʼi;
 486 ጳ ↔ pʼa;
 487 ጴ ↔ pʼe;
 488 ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
 489 ጶ ↔ pʼo;
 490 ⶑ → pʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 491 ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
 492 ጵ ← pʼ;
 493 ጸ ↔ sʼə;
 494 ጹ ↔ sʼu;
 495 ጺ ↔ sʼi;
 496 ጻ ↔ sʼa;
 497 ጼ ↔ sʼe;
 498 ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
 499 ጾ ↔ sʼo;
 500 ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
 501 ጽ ← sʼ;
 502 # In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
 503 # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
 504 ፀ → sʼə;
 505 ፁ → sʼu;
 506 ፂ → sʼi;
 507 ፃ → sʼa;
 508 ፄ → sʼe;
 509 ፅ → sʼɨ;
 510 ፆ → sʼo;
 511 ፇ → sʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 512 # Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
 513 ሰ ↔ sə;
 514 ሱ ↔ su;
 515 ሲ ↔ si;
 516 ሳ ↔ sa;
 517 ሴ ↔ se;
 518 ስ ↔ sɨ;
 519 ሶ ↔ so;
 520 ⶃ → so;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 521 ሷ ↔ swa;
 522 ስ ← s;
 523 ፈ ↔ fə;
 524 ፉ ↔ fu;
 525 ፊ ↔ fi;
 526 ፋ ↔ fa;
 527 ፌ ↔ fe;
 528 ፍ ↔ fɨ;
 529 ፎ ↔ fo;
 530 ᎈ → fwə;  # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 531 ᎉ → fwu;  # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 532 ᎋ → fwi;  # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 533 ፏ ↔ fwa;
 534 ᎊ → fwe;  # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 535 ፚ → fja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
 536 ፍ ← f;
 537 ፐ ↔ pə;
 538 ፑ ↔ pu;
 539 ፒ ↔ pi;
 540 ፓ ↔ pa;
 541 ፔ ↔ pe;
 542 ፕ ↔ pɨ;
 543 ፖ ↔ po;
 544 ⶒ → po;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 545 ᎌ → pwə;  # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 546 ᎍ → pwu;  # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 547 ᎏ → pwi;  # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 548 ፗ ↔ pwa;
 549 ᎎ → pwe;  # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 550 ፕ ← p;
 551 ኧ ↔ ə;
 552 ኡ ← u;  # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
 553 አ ← a;  # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
 554 ኤ ← e;
 555 እ ← ɨ;
 556 ኦ ← o;  # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
 557 ኢ ← i;  # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/
 558 # Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
 559 # To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
 560 ፠ → ' ';  # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
 561 ፡ → ' ';  # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
 562 ። → ' ';  # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
 563 ፣ → ' ';  # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
 564 ፤ → ' ';  # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
 565 ፥ → ' ';  # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
 566 ፦ → ' ';  # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
 567 ፧ → ' ';  # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
 568 ፨ → ' ';  # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR
 569 # Likewise, Ethiopic numberals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
 570 # so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
 571 # Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
 572 # the am → am_FONIPA transform.
 573 ፩ → ' ';  # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
 574 ፪ → ' ';  # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
 575 ፫ → ' ';  # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
 576 ፬ → ' ';  # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
 577 ፭ → ' ';  # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
 578 ፮ → ' ';  # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
 579 ፯ → ' ';  # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
 580 ፰ → ' ';  # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
 581 ፱ → ' ';  # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
 582 ፲ → ' ';  # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
 583 ፳ → ' ';  # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
 584 ፴ → ' ';  # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
 585 ፵ → ' ';  # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
 586 ፶ → ' ';  # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
 587 ፷ → ' ';  # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
 588 ፸ → ' ';  # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
 589 ፹ → ' ';  # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
 590 ፺ → ' ';  # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
 591 ፻ → ' ';  # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
 592 ፼ → ' ';  # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND
 593 # Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
 594 # U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
 595 # U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
 596 # U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
 597 ::null();
 598 ← ː ;  # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
 599 ::(null);
 600 ($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
 601 ($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
 602 ($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
 603 [\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ;  # Strip off any remaining length markers.
 604 $1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː;  # ቷ\u135D ← [tːʷaː]
 605 $1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A)   waː;  # ቷ\u135E ← [tʷaː]
 606 $1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa;   # አቷ\u135F ← [tːʷa]
 607 $1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
 608 $1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};
 609 $1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
 610 $1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 611 $1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 612 $1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
 613 $1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 614 $1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 615 $1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);
 616 # Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
 617 ::null;
 618 {($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;
 619 ::(null);
 620 ← [ˈˌ\. \u0303\u032F];
 621 aj ← ai;     # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
 622 aw ← au;     # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
 623 eji ← ei;    # Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
 624 ewo ← eo;    # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
 625 ija ← ia;    # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
 626 ijə ← iə;    # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
 627 iw ← iu;     # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
 628 jo ← io;     # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
 629 nɡ ← ŋɡ;     # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
 630 nɡ ← ŋ;      # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid\u0361ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
 631 uwa ← ua;    # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
 632 bwe ← bue;   # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
 633 sʼ ← t\u0361s;     # Podgorica /podɡorit\u0361sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut\u0361s/ ፋዱጽ
 634 uwi ← ui;    # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
 635 uwe ← ue;    # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ
 636 ::(null);
 637 ʔə ← \. ə;
 638 ʔu ← \. u;
 639 ʔi ← \. i;
 640 ʔa ← \. a;
 641 ʔe ← \. e;
 642 ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
 643 ʔo ← \. o;
 644 $1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) \u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;  # /ewowa/ ← /e\u032Fo\u032Fa/
 645 ::(null);
 646 n ← [n {n\u033C} {n\u033C\u030A} {m\u033A} {n\u030A} {n\u0325} ⁿ ᵑ];
 647 m ← [ɱ {m\u0325} {m\u032A} ᵐ];
 648 ɲ ← [{ɳ\u030A} {ɳ\u0325} ɳ {ɲ\u030A} {ɲ\u0325} ɲ];
 649 ŋ ← [{ŋ\u030A} {ŋ\u0325} ŋ];
 650 ɴ ← [{ɴ\u030A} {ɴ\u0325} ɴ];
 651 p ← [{t\u033C} {p\u033A}];
 652 pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
 653 b ← [{d\u033C} {b\u033A} {ɾ\u033C} ɓ];
 654 t ← [{t\u032A} ʈ];
 655 tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
 656 d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
 657 k ← q;
 658 kʼ ←  [ǃ ʗ];
 659 ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
 660 nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
 661 ʔ ← ʡ;
 662 s ← [θ {θ\u0331} {θ\u031E} {θ\u033C} {ɸ\u033A}];
 663 z ← [ð {ð\u0320} {ð\u033C} {β\u033A}];
 664 sʼ ← [{t\u0361s} {t\u035Cs} ʦ];
 665 t\u0361ʃ ← [{t\u035Cʃ} ʧ {t\u0361ɕ} {t\u035Cɕ} ʨ {ʈ\u0361ʂ} c];
 666 t\u0361ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
 667 d\u0361ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d\u0361z} {d\u035Cz} {d\u0361ɕ} ʥ {d\u0361ʑ} {d\u035Cʑ} {ɖ\u0361ʐ} {d\u0361ʐ} ɟ];
 668 pf ← [{p\u032A} {p\u0346} ȹ {p\u0361f} {p\u032Af} {p\u032A\u035Cf}];
 669 bv ← [{b\u032A} {b\u0346} ȸ {b\u0361v} {b\u032A\u0361v}];
 670 ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
 671 ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
 672 r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
 673 rːʒ ← r\u031Dː;
 674 rʒ ← r\u031D;
 675 v ← β;
 676 x ← [ç x χ];
 677 ʕ ← ʕ\u031D;
 678 h ← ɦ;
 679 j ← [ʝ ʲ];
 680 lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
 681 t\u0361ʃl ← [{t\u0361ɬ} {tɬ}];
 682 ʃl ← ɬ;
 683 w ← {u\u032F} $IPA_VOWEL;
 684 w ← ʷ;
 685 ʼː ← ːʼ;  # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.
 686 ::(null);
 687 i ← y;
 688 ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
 689 u ← [ʊ ɯ];
 690 ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
 691 o ← [ɔ ø];
 692 a ← ɑ;
 693 ʼ ← ʰ;
 694 ← [ʱ];
 695 $1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː;  # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
 696 $1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː;  # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]
 697 ::(NFC);
 698 ← [ \u0303  \u0330  \u030B  \u0301  \u0304  \u0300  \u030F  \u030C  \u0302 ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
 699 ::(NFD);
 700