]> git.saurik.com Git - apple/xnu.git/blobdiff - bsd/nfs/nfs_bio.c
xnu-7195.60.75.tar.gz
[apple/xnu.git] / bsd / nfs / nfs_bio.c
index 4b77d663733ddb4c5d212242b39db23281d2b1db..b9c2b5ac1e773f564de12066f909239ea7b27176 100644 (file)
@@ -1,23 +1,29 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2000-2019 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
  *
- * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
- * 
- * The contents of this file constitute Original Code as defined in and
- * are subject to the Apple Public Source License Version 1.1 (the
- * "License").  You may not use this file except in compliance with the
- * License.  Please obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apple.com/publicsource and read it before using this file.
- * 
- * This Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
- * distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
+ * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
+ *
+ * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
+ * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
+ * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
+ * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
+ * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
+ * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
+ * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
+ * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
+ *
+ * Please obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
+ *
+ * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
+ * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
  * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
  * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.  Please see the
- * License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
- * under the License.
- * 
- * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+ * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
  */
 /* Copyright (c) 1995 NeXT Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved */
 /*
  *     @(#)nfs_bio.c   8.9 (Berkeley) 3/30/95
  * FreeBSD-Id: nfs_bio.c,v 1.44 1997/09/10 19:52:25 phk Exp $
  */
+
+#include <nfs/nfs_conf.h>
+#if CONFIG_NFS_CLIENT
+
 #include <sys/param.h>
 #include <sys/systm.h>
 #include <sys/resourcevar.h>
 #include <sys/signalvar.h>
-#include <sys/proc.h>
-#include <sys/buf.h>
+#include <sys/proc_internal.h>
+#include <sys/kauth.h>
+#include <sys/malloc.h>
 #include <sys/vnode.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/dirent.h>
+#include <sys/mount_internal.h>
 #include <sys/kernel.h>
-#include <sys/sysctl.h>
-#include <sys/ubc.h>
+#include <sys/ubc_internal.h>
+#include <sys/uio_internal.h>
+#include <sys/kpi_mbuf.h>
 
 #include <sys/vm.h>
 #include <sys/vmparam.h>
 
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <kern/clock.h>
+#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>
+#include <kern/kalloc.h>
+#include <kern/thread_call.h>
 
 #include <nfs/rpcv2.h>
 #include <nfs/nfsproto.h>
 #include <nfs/nfs.h>
+#include <nfs/nfs_gss.h>
 #include <nfs/nfsmount.h>
-#include <nfs/nqnfs.h>
 #include <nfs/nfsnode.h>
+#include <sys/buf_internal.h>
+#include <libkern/OSAtomic.h>
+#include <os/refcnt.h>
 
-#include <sys/kdebug.h>
+#define NFS_BIO_DBG(...) NFS_DBG(NFS_FAC_BIO, 7, ## __VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define FSDBG(A, B, C, D, E) \
-       KERNEL_DEBUG((FSDBG_CODE(DBG_FSRW, (A))) | DBG_FUNC_NONE, \
-               (int)(B), (int)(C), (int)(D), (int)(E), 0)
-#define FSDBG_TOP(A, B, C, D, E) \
-       KERNEL_DEBUG((FSDBG_CODE(DBG_FSRW, (A))) | DBG_FUNC_START, \
-               (int)(B), (int)(C), (int)(D), (int)(E), 0)
-#define FSDBG_BOT(A, B, C, D, E) \
-       KERNEL_DEBUG((FSDBG_CODE(DBG_FSRW, (A))) | DBG_FUNC_END, \
-               (int)(B), (int)(C), (int)(D), (int)(E), 0)
+kern_return_t   thread_terminate(thread_t); /* XXX */
 
-static struct buf *nfs_getcacheblk __P((struct vnode *vp, daddr_t bn, int size,
-                                       struct proc *p, int operation));
+#define NFSBUFHASH(np, lbn)     \
+       (&nfsbufhashtbl[((long)(np) / sizeof(*(np)) + (int)(lbn)) & nfsbufhash])
+LIST_HEAD(nfsbufhashhead, nfsbuf) * nfsbufhashtbl;
+struct nfsbuffreehead nfsbuffree, nfsbuffreemeta, nfsbufdelwri;
+u_long nfsbufhash;
+int nfsbufcnt, nfsbufmin, nfsbufmax, nfsbufmetacnt, nfsbufmetamax;
+int nfsbuffreecnt, nfsbuffreemetacnt, nfsbufdelwricnt, nfsneedbuffer;
+int nfs_nbdwrite;
+int nfs_buf_timer_on = 0;
+thread_t nfsbufdelwrithd = NULL;
 
-extern int nfs_numasync;
-extern struct nfsstats nfsstats;
-extern int nbdwrite;
+ZONE_DECLARE(nfsbuf_zone, "NFS bio", sizeof(struct nfsbuf), ZC_NONE);
 
-/*
- * Vnode op for read using bio
- * Any similarity to readip() is purely coincidental
- */
-int
-nfs_bioread(vp, uio, ioflag, cred, getpages)
-       register struct vnode *vp;
-       register struct uio *uio;
-       int ioflag;
-       struct ucred *cred;
-       int getpages;
+lck_grp_t *nfs_buf_lck_grp;
+lck_mtx_t *nfs_buf_mutex;
+
+#define NFSBUF_FREE_PERIOD      30      /* seconds */
+#define NFSBUF_LRU_STALE        120
+#define NFSBUF_META_STALE       240
+
+/* number of nfsbufs nfs_buf_freeup() should attempt to free from nfsbuffree list */
+#define LRU_TO_FREEUP                   6
+/* number of nfsbufs nfs_buf_freeup() should attempt to free from nfsbuffreemeta list */
+#define META_TO_FREEUP                  3
+/* total number of nfsbufs nfs_buf_freeup() should attempt to free */
+#define TOTAL_TO_FREEUP                 (LRU_TO_FREEUP+META_TO_FREEUP)
+/* fraction of nfsbufs nfs_buf_freeup() should attempt to free from nfsbuffree list when called from timer */
+#define LRU_FREEUP_FRAC_ON_TIMER        8
+/* fraction of nfsbufs nfs_buf_freeup() should attempt to free from nfsbuffreemeta list when called from timer */
+#define META_FREEUP_FRAC_ON_TIMER       16
+/* fraction of total nfsbufs that nfsbuffreecnt should exceed before bothering to call nfs_buf_freeup() */
+#define LRU_FREEUP_MIN_FRAC             4
+/* fraction of total nfsbufs that nfsbuffreemetacnt should exceed before bothering to call nfs_buf_freeup() */
+#define META_FREEUP_MIN_FRAC            2
+
+#define NFS_ROUND_BLOCK(p, blksize)         ((((uint64_t)(p) + blksize - 1) & ~((uint64_t)blksize - 1)) / blksize)
+
+#define NFS_BUF_FREEUP() \
+       do { \
+       /* only call nfs_buf_freeup() if it has work to do: */ \
+               if (((nfsbuffreecnt > nfsbufcnt/LRU_FREEUP_MIN_FRAC) || \
+                    (nfsbuffreemetacnt > nfsbufcnt/META_FREEUP_MIN_FRAC)) && \
+                   ((nfsbufcnt - TOTAL_TO_FREEUP) > nfsbufmin)) \
+                       nfs_buf_freeup(0); \
+       } while (0)
+
+void
+nfs_buf_pgs_get_page_mask(nfsbufpgs *nfsbp, off_t page)
 {
-       register struct nfsnode *np = VTONFS(vp);
-       register int biosize, i;
-       off_t diff;
-       struct buf *bp = 0, *rabp;
-       struct vattr vattr;
-       struct proc *p;
-       struct nfsmount *nmp = VFSTONFS(vp->v_mount);
-       daddr_t lbn, rabn;
-       int bufsize;
-       int nra, error = 0, n = 0, on = 0, not_readin;
-       int operation = (getpages? BLK_PAGEIN : BLK_READ);
-
-#if DIAGNOSTIC
-       if (uio->uio_rw != UIO_READ)
-               panic("nfs_read mode");
-#endif
-       if (uio->uio_resid == 0)
-               return (0);
-       if (uio->uio_offset < 0)
-               return (EINVAL);
-       p = uio->uio_procp;
-       if ((nmp->nm_flag & (NFSMNT_NFSV3 | NFSMNT_GOTFSINFO)) == NFSMNT_NFSV3)
-               (void)nfs_fsinfo(nmp, vp, cred, p);
-       /*due to getblk/vm interractions, use vm page size or less values */
-       biosize = min(vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize, PAGE_SIZE);
-       /*
-        * For nfs, cache consistency can only be maintained approximately.
-        * Although RFC1094 does not specify the criteria, the following is
-        * believed to be compatible with the reference port.
-        * For nqnfs, full cache consistency is maintained within the loop.
-        * For nfs:
-        * If the file's modify time on the server has changed since the
-        * last read rpc or you have written to the file,
-        * you may have lost data cache consistency with the
-        * server, so flush all of the file's data out of the cache.
-        * Then force a getattr rpc to ensure that you have up to date
-        * attributes.
-        * NB: This implies that cache data can be read when up to
-        * NFS_ATTRTIMEO seconds out of date. If you find that you need current
-        * attributes this could be forced by setting n_attrstamp to 0 before
-        * the VOP_GETATTR() call.
-        */
-       if ((nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) == 0) {
-               if (np->n_flag & NMODIFIED) {
-                       if (vp->v_type != VREG) {
-                               if (vp->v_type != VDIR)
-                                       panic("nfs: bioread, not dir");
-                               nfs_invaldir(vp);
-                               error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                               if (error)
-                                       return (error);
-                       }
-                       np->n_attrstamp = 0;
-                       error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &vattr, cred, p);
-                       if (error)
-                               return (error);
-                       np->n_mtime = vattr.va_mtime.tv_sec;
-               } else {
-                       error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &vattr, cred, p);
-                       if (error)
-                               return (error);
-                       if (np->n_mtime != vattr.va_mtime.tv_sec) {
-                               if (vp->v_type == VDIR)
-                                       nfs_invaldir(vp);
-                               error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                               if (error)
-                                       return (error);
-                               np->n_mtime = vattr.va_mtime.tv_sec;
-                       }
-               }
+       off_t page_pos = page / NBPGS_ELEMENT_PAGES;
+       off_t max_page = NBPGS_STRUCT_SIZE * 8;
+       NBPGS_ERASE(nfsbp);
+
+       if (page >= max_page) {
+               nfs_buf_pgs_bit_not(nfsbp);
+               return;
        }
-       do {
 
-           /*
-            * Get a valid lease. If cached data is stale, flush it.
-            */
-           if (nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) {
-               if (NQNFS_CKINVALID(vp, np, ND_READ)) {
-                   do {
-                       error = nqnfs_getlease(vp, ND_READ, cred, p);
-                   } while (error == NQNFS_EXPIRED);
-                   if (error)
-                       return (error);
-                   if (np->n_lrev != np->n_brev ||
-                       (np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE) ||
-                       ((np->n_flag & NMODIFIED) && vp->v_type == VDIR)) {
-                       if (vp->v_type == VDIR)
-                           nfs_invaldir(vp);
-                       error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                       if (error)
-                           return (error);
-                       np->n_brev = np->n_lrev;
-                   }
-               } else if (vp->v_type == VDIR && (np->n_flag & NMODIFIED)) {
-                   nfs_invaldir(vp);
-                   error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                   if (error)
-                       return (error);
-               }
-           }
-           if (np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE) {
-               switch (vp->v_type) {
-               case VREG:
-                       return (nfs_readrpc(vp, uio, cred));
-               case VLNK:
-                       return (nfs_readlinkrpc(vp, uio, cred));
-               case VDIR:
-                       break;
-               default:
-                       printf(" NQNFSNONCACHE: type %x unexpected\n",  
-                               vp->v_type);
-               };
-           }
-           switch (vp->v_type) {
-           case VREG:
-               nfsstats.biocache_reads++;
-               lbn = uio->uio_offset / biosize;
-               on = uio->uio_offset & (biosize - 1);
-               not_readin = 1;
+       NBPGS_SET(nfsbp, page);
+       nfsbp->pages[page_pos]--;
+       for (off_t i = page_pos - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+               nfsbp->pages[i] = ~0;
+       }
+}
 
-               /*
-                * Start the read ahead(s), as required.
-                */
-               if (nfs_numasync > 0 && nmp->nm_readahead > 0) {
-                   for (nra = 0; nra < nmp->nm_readahead &&
-                                 (off_t)(lbn + 1 + nra) * biosize < np->n_size;
-                        nra++) {
-                               rabn = lbn + 1 + nra;
-                               if (!incore(vp, rabn)) {
-                                       rabp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, rabn, biosize, p, operation);
-                                       if (!rabp)
-                                               return (EINTR);
-                                       if (!ISSET(rabp->b_flags, (B_CACHE|B_DELWRI))) {
-                                               SET(rabp->b_flags, (B_READ | B_ASYNC));
-                                               if (nfs_asyncio(rabp, cred)) {
-                                                       SET(rabp->b_flags, (B_INVAL|B_ERROR));
-                                                       rabp->b_error = EIO;
-                                                       brelse(rabp);
-                                               }
-                                       } else
-                                               brelse(rabp);
-                               }
-                   }
-               }
+void
+nfs_buf_pgs_bit_not(nfsbufpgs *nfsbp)
+{
+       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NBPGS_ELEMENTS; i++) {
+               nfsbp->pages[i] = ~nfsbp->pages[i];
+       }
+}
 
-               /*
-                * If the block is in the cache and has the required data
-                * in a valid region, just copy it out.
-                * Otherwise, get the block and write back/read in,
-                * as required.
-                */
-again:
-               bufsize = biosize;
-               if ((off_t)(lbn + 1) * biosize > np->n_size && 
-                   (off_t)(lbn + 1) * biosize - np->n_size < biosize) {
-                       bufsize = np->n_size - (off_t)lbn * biosize;
-                       bufsize = (bufsize + DEV_BSIZE - 1) & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1);
-               }
-               bp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, lbn, bufsize, p, operation);
-               if (!bp)
-                       return (EINTR);
-
-               if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CACHE)) {
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_READ);
-                       CLR(bp->b_flags, (B_DONE | B_ERROR | B_INVAL));
-                       not_readin = 0;
-                       error = nfs_doio(bp, cred, p);
-                       if (error) {
-                           brelse(bp);
-                           return (error);
-                       }
-               }
-               if (bufsize > on) {
-                       n = min((unsigned)(bufsize - on), uio->uio_resid);
-               } else {
-                       n = 0;
-               }
-               diff = np->n_size - uio->uio_offset;
-               if (diff < n)
-                       n = diff;
-               if (not_readin && n > 0) {
-                       if (on < bp->b_validoff || (on + n) > bp->b_validend) {
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, (B_NOCACHE|B_INVAFTERWRITE));
-                               if (bp->b_dirtyend > 0) {
-                                       if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI))
-                                               panic("nfsbioread");
-                                       if (VOP_BWRITE(bp) == EINTR)
-                                               return (EINTR);
-                               } else
-                                       brelse(bp);
-                               goto again;
-                       }
-               }
-               vp->v_lastr = lbn;
-               diff = (on >= bp->b_validend) ? 0 : (bp->b_validend - on);
-               if (diff < n)
-                       n = diff;
-               break;
-           case VLNK:
-               nfsstats.biocache_readlinks++;
-               bp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, (daddr_t)0, NFS_MAXPATHLEN, p, operation);
-               if (!bp)
-                       return (EINTR);
-               if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CACHE)) {
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_READ);
-                       error = nfs_doio(bp, cred, p);
-                       if (error) {
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-                               brelse(bp);
-                               return (error);
-                       }
-               }
-               n = min(uio->uio_resid, NFS_MAXPATHLEN - bp->b_resid);
-               on = 0;
-               break;
-           case VDIR:
-               nfsstats.biocache_readdirs++;
-               if (np->n_direofoffset
-                   && uio->uio_offset >= np->n_direofoffset) {
-                   return (0);
-               }
-               lbn = uio->uio_offset / NFS_DIRBLKSIZ;
-               on = uio->uio_offset & (NFS_DIRBLKSIZ - 1);
-               bp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, lbn, NFS_DIRBLKSIZ, p, operation);
-               if (!bp)
-                   return (EINTR);
-               if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CACHE)) {
-                   SET(bp->b_flags, B_READ);
-                   error = nfs_doio(bp, cred, p);
-                   if (error) {
-                       brelse(bp);
-                   }
-                   while (error == NFSERR_BAD_COOKIE) {
-                       nfs_invaldir(vp);
-                       error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, 0, cred, p, 1);
-                       /*
-                        * Yuck! The directory has been modified on the
-                        * server. The only way to get the block is by
-                        * reading from the beginning to get all the
-                        * offset cookies.
-                        */
-                       for (i = 0; i <= lbn && !error; i++) {
-                           if (np->n_direofoffset
-                               && (i * NFS_DIRBLKSIZ) >= np->n_direofoffset)
-                                   return (0);
-                           bp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, i, NFS_DIRBLKSIZ, p,
-                                                operation);
-                           if (!bp)
-                                   return (EINTR);
-                           if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CACHE)) {
-                                   SET(bp->b_flags, B_READ);
-                                   error = nfs_doio(bp, cred, p);
-                                   /*
-                                    * no error + B_INVAL == directory EOF,
-                                    * use the block.
-                                    */
-                                   if (error == 0 && (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL))
-                                           break;
-                           }
-                           /*
-                            * An error will throw away the block and the
-                            * for loop will break out.  If no error and this
-                            * is not the block we want, we throw away the
-                            * block and go for the next one via the for loop.
-                            */
-                           if (error || i < lbn)
-                                   brelse(bp);
-                       }
-                   }
-                   /*
-                    * The above while is repeated if we hit another cookie
-                    * error.  If we hit an error and it wasn't a cookie error,
-                    * we give up.
-                    */
-                   if (error)
-                       return (error);
-               }
+void
+nfs_buf_pgs_bit_and(nfsbufpgs *nfsbp_src1, nfsbufpgs *nfsbp_src2, nfsbufpgs *nfsbp_dst)
+{
+       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NBPGS_ELEMENTS; i++) {
+               nfsbp_dst->pages[i] = nfsbp_src1->pages[i] & nfsbp_src2->pages[i];
+       }
+}
 
-               /*
-                * If not eof and read aheads are enabled, start one.
-                * (You need the current block first, so that you have the
-                *  directory offset cookie of the next block.)
-                */
-               if (nfs_numasync > 0 && nmp->nm_readahead > 0 &&
-                   (np->n_direofoffset == 0 ||
-                   (lbn + 1) * NFS_DIRBLKSIZ < np->n_direofoffset) &&
-                   !(np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE) &&
-                   !incore(vp, lbn + 1)) {
-                       rabp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, lbn + 1, NFS_DIRBLKSIZ, p,
-                                              operation);
-                       if (rabp) {
-                           if (!ISSET(rabp->b_flags, (B_CACHE|B_DELWRI))) {
-                               SET(rabp->b_flags, (B_READ | B_ASYNC));
-                               if (nfs_asyncio(rabp, cred)) {
-                                   SET(rabp->b_flags, (B_INVAL|B_ERROR));
-                                   rabp->b_error = EIO;
-                                   brelse(rabp);
-                               }
-                           } else {
-                               brelse(rabp);
-                           }
-                       }
-               }
-               /*
-                * Make sure we use a signed variant of min() since
-                * the second term may be negative.
-                */
-               n = lmin(uio->uio_resid, NFS_DIRBLKSIZ - bp->b_resid - on);
-               /*
-                * Unlike VREG files, whos buffer size ( bp->b_bcount ) is
-                * chopped for the EOF condition, we cannot tell how large
-                * NFS directories are going to be until we hit EOF.  So
-                * an NFS directory buffer is *not* chopped to its EOF.  Now,
-                * it just so happens that b_resid will effectively chop it
-                * to EOF.  *BUT* this information is lost if the buffer goes
-                * away and is reconstituted into a B_CACHE state (recovered
-                * from VM) later.  So we keep track of the directory eof
-                * in np->n_direofoffset and chop it off as an extra step
-                * right here.
-                */
-               if (np->n_direofoffset &&
-                   n > np->n_direofoffset - uio->uio_offset)
-                       n = np->n_direofoffset - uio->uio_offset;
-               break;
-           default:
-               printf(" nfs_bioread: type %x unexpected\n",vp->v_type);
-               break;
-           };
+void
+nfs_buf_pgs_set_pages_between(nfsbufpgs *nfsbp, off_t firstpg, off_t lastpg)
+{
+       nfsbufpgs pagemaskfirst, pagemasklast;
 
-           if (n > 0) {
-               error = uiomove(bp->b_data + on, (int)n, uio);
-           }
-           switch (vp->v_type) {
-           case VREG:
-               break;
-           case VLNK:
-               n = 0;
-               break;
-           case VDIR:
-               if (np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE)
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);
-               break;
-           default:
-               printf(" nfs_bioread: type %x unexpected\n",vp->v_type);
-           }
-           brelse(bp);
-       } while (error == 0 && uio->uio_resid > 0 && n > 0);
-       return (error);
+       nfs_buf_pgs_get_page_mask(&pagemasklast, lastpg);
+       nfs_buf_pgs_get_page_mask(&pagemaskfirst, firstpg);
+       nfs_buf_pgs_bit_not(&pagemaskfirst);
+       nfs_buf_pgs_bit_and(&pagemaskfirst, &pagemasklast, nfsbp);
 }
 
+int
+nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(nfsbufpgs *nfsbp)
+{
+       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < NBPGS_ELEMENTS; i++) {
+               if (nfsbp->pages[i] != 0) {
+                       return 1;
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
 
 /*
- * Vnode op for write using bio
+ * Initialize nfsbuf lists
  */
-int
-nfs_write(ap)
-       struct vop_write_args /* {
-               struct vnode *a_vp;
-               struct uio *a_uio;
-               int  a_ioflag;
-               struct ucred *a_cred;
-       } */ *ap;
+void
+nfs_nbinit(void)
 {
-       register int biosize;
-       register struct uio *uio = ap->a_uio;
-       struct proc *p = uio->uio_procp;
-       register struct vnode *vp = ap->a_vp;
-       struct nfsnode *np = VTONFS(vp);
-       register struct ucred *cred = ap->a_cred;
-       int ioflag = ap->a_ioflag;
-       struct buf *bp;
-       struct vattr vattr;
-       struct nfsmount *nmp = VFSTONFS(vp->v_mount);
-       daddr_t lbn;
-       int bufsize;
-       int n, on, error = 0, iomode, must_commit;
-       off_t boff;
-       struct iovec iov;
-       struct uio auio;
-
-#if DIAGNOSTIC
-       if (uio->uio_rw != UIO_WRITE)
-               panic("nfs_write mode");
-       if (uio->uio_segflg == UIO_USERSPACE && uio->uio_procp != current_proc())
-               panic("nfs_write proc");
-#endif
-       if (vp->v_type != VREG)
-               return (EIO);
-       if (np->n_flag & NWRITEERR) {
-               np->n_flag &= ~NWRITEERR;
-               return (np->n_error);
-       }
-       if ((nmp->nm_flag & (NFSMNT_NFSV3 | NFSMNT_GOTFSINFO)) == NFSMNT_NFSV3)
-               (void)nfs_fsinfo(nmp, vp, cred, p);
-       if (ioflag & (IO_APPEND | IO_SYNC)) {
-               if (np->n_flag & NMODIFIED) {
-                       np->n_attrstamp = 0;
-                       error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                       if (error)
-                               return (error);
-               }
-               if (ioflag & IO_APPEND) {
-                       np->n_attrstamp = 0;
-                       error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &vattr, cred, p);
-                       if (error)
-                               return (error);
-                       uio->uio_offset = np->n_size;
-               }
-       }
-       if (uio->uio_offset < 0)
-               return (EINVAL);
-       if (uio->uio_resid == 0)
-               return (0);
-       /*
-        * Maybe this should be above the vnode op call, but so long as
-        * file servers have no limits, i don't think it matters
-        */
-       if (p && uio->uio_offset + uio->uio_resid >
-             p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE].rlim_cur) {
-               psignal(p, SIGXFSZ);
-               return (EFBIG);
-       }
-       /*
-        * I use nm_rsize, not nm_wsize so that all buffer cache blocks
-        * will be the same size within a filesystem. nfs_writerpc will
-        * still use nm_wsize when sizing the rpc's.
-        */
-       /*due to getblk/vm interractions, use vm page size or less values */
-       biosize = min(vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize, PAGE_SIZE);
+       nfs_buf_lck_grp = lck_grp_alloc_init("nfs_buf", LCK_GRP_ATTR_NULL);
+       nfs_buf_mutex = lck_mtx_alloc_init(nfs_buf_lck_grp, LCK_ATTR_NULL);
 
-       do {
-               /*
-                * Check for a valid write lease.
-                */
-               if ((nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) &&
-                   NQNFS_CKINVALID(vp, np, ND_WRITE)) {
-                       do {
-                               error = nqnfs_getlease(vp, ND_WRITE, cred, p);
-                       } while (error == NQNFS_EXPIRED);
-                       if (error)
-                               return (error);
-                       if (np->n_lrev != np->n_brev ||
-                           (np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE)) {
-                               error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                               if (error)
-                                       return (error);
-                               np->n_brev = np->n_lrev;
-                       }
-               }
-               if ((np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE) && uio->uio_iovcnt == 1) {
-                   iomode = NFSV3WRITE_FILESYNC;
-                   error = nfs_writerpc(vp, uio, cred, &iomode, &must_commit);
-                   if (must_commit)
-                       nfs_clearcommit(vp->v_mount);
-                   return (error);
-               }
-               nfsstats.biocache_writes++;
-               lbn = uio->uio_offset / biosize;
-               on = uio->uio_offset & (biosize-1);
-               n = min((unsigned)(biosize - on), uio->uio_resid);
-again:
-               bufsize = biosize;
-#if 0
-/* (removed for UBC) */
-               if ((lbn + 1) * biosize > np->n_size) {
-                       bufsize = np->n_size - lbn * biosize;
-                       bufsize = (bufsize + DEV_BSIZE - 1) & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1);
-               }
-#endif
-               /*
-                * Get a cache block for writing.  The range to be written is
-                * (off..off+len) within the block.  We ensure that the block
-                * either has no dirty region or that the given range is
-                * contiguous with the existing dirty region.
-                */
-               bp = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, lbn, bufsize, p, BLK_WRITE);
-               if (!bp)
-                       return (EINTR);
-               /*
-                * Resize nfsnode *after* we busy the buffer to prevent
-                * readers from reading garbage.
-                * If there was a partial buf at the old eof, validate
-                * and zero the new bytes. 
-                */
-               if (uio->uio_offset + n > np->n_size) {
-                       struct buf *bp0 = NULL;
-                       daddr_t bn = np->n_size / biosize;
-                       int off = np->n_size & (biosize - 1);
-
-                       if (off && bn < lbn && incore(vp, bn))
-                               bp0 = nfs_getcacheblk(vp, bn, biosize, p,
-                                                     BLK_WRITE);
-                       np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
-                       np->n_size = uio->uio_offset + n;
-                       ubc_setsize(vp, (off_t)np->n_size); /* XXX errors */
-                       if (bp0) {
-                               bzero((char *)bp0->b_data + off, biosize - off);
-                               bp0->b_validend = biosize;
-                               brelse(bp0);
-                       }
-               }
-               /*
-                * NFS has embedded ucred so crhold() risks zone corruption
-                */
-               if (bp->b_wcred == NOCRED)
-                       bp->b_wcred = crdup(cred);
-               /*
-                * If dirtyend exceeds file size, chop it down.  This should
-                * not occur unless there is a race.
-                */
-               if ((off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE + bp->b_dirtyend >
-                   np->n_size)
-                       bp->b_dirtyend = np->n_size - (off_t)bp->b_blkno *
-                                                     DEV_BSIZE;
-               /*
-                * UBC doesn't (yet) handle partial pages so nfs_biowrite was
-                * hacked to never bdwrite, to start every little write right
-                * away.  Running IE Avie noticed the performance problem, thus
-                * this code, which permits those delayed writes by ensuring an
-                * initial read of the entire page.  The read may hit eof
-                * ("short read") but that we will handle.
-                *
-                * We are quite dependant on the correctness of B_CACHE so check
-                * that first in case of problems.
-                */
-               if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CACHE) && n < PAGE_SIZE) {
-                       boff = (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE;
-                       auio.uio_iov = &iov;
-                       auio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
-                       auio.uio_offset = boff;
-                       auio.uio_resid = PAGE_SIZE;
-                       auio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
-                       auio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
-                       auio.uio_procp = p;
-                       iov.iov_base = bp->b_data;
-                       iov.iov_len = PAGE_SIZE;
-                       error = nfs_readrpc(vp, &auio, cred);
-                       if (error) {
-                               bp->b_error = error;
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-                               printf("nfs_write: readrpc %d", error);
-                       }
-                       if (auio.uio_resid > 0)
-                               bzero(iov.iov_base, auio.uio_resid);
-                       bp->b_validoff = 0;
-                       bp->b_validend = PAGE_SIZE - auio.uio_resid;
-                       if (np->n_size > boff + bp->b_validend)
-                               bp->b_validend = min(np->n_size - boff,
-                                                    PAGE_SIZE);
-                       bp->b_dirtyoff = 0;
-                       bp->b_dirtyend = 0;
-               }
-       
-               /*
-                * If the new write will leave a contiguous dirty
-                * area, just update the b_dirtyoff and b_dirtyend,
-                * otherwise try to extend the dirty region.
-                */
-               if (bp->b_dirtyend > 0 &&
-                   (on > bp->b_dirtyend || (on + n) < bp->b_dirtyoff)) {
-                       off_t start, end;
-       
-                       boff = (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE;
-                       if (on > bp->b_dirtyend) {
-                               start = boff + bp->b_validend;
-                               end = boff + on;
-                       } else {
-                               start = boff + on + n;
-                               end = boff + bp->b_validoff;
-                       }
-                       
-                       /*
-                        * It may be that the valid region in the buffer
-                        * covers the region we want, in which case just
-                        * extend the dirty region.  Otherwise we try to
-                        * extend the valid region.
-                        */
-                       if (end > start) {
-                               auio.uio_iov = &iov;
-                               auio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
-                               auio.uio_offset = start;
-                               auio.uio_resid = end - start;
-                               auio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
-                               auio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
-                               auio.uio_procp = p;
-                               iov.iov_base = bp->b_data + (start - boff);
-                               iov.iov_len = end - start;
-                               error = nfs_readrpc(vp, &auio, cred);
-                               /*
-                                * If we couldn't read, do not do a VOP_BWRITE
-                                * as originally coded. That could also error
-                                * and looping back to "again" as it was doing
-                                * could have us stuck trying to write same buf
-                                * again. nfs_write, will get the entire region
-                                * if nfs_readrpc succeeded. If unsuccessful
-                                * we should just error out. Errors like ESTALE
-                                * would keep us looping rather than transient
-                                * errors justifying a retry. We can return here
-                                * instead of altering dirty region later.  We
-                                * did not write old dirty region at this point.
-                                */
-                               if (error) {
-                                       bp->b_error = error;
-                                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-                                       printf("nfs_write: readrpc2 %d", error);
-                                       brelse(bp);
-                                       return (error);
-                               }
-                               /*
-                                * The read worked.
-                                * If there was a short read, just zero fill.
-                                */
-                               if (auio.uio_resid > 0)
-                                       bzero(iov.iov_base, auio.uio_resid);
-                               if (on > bp->b_dirtyend)
-                                       bp->b_validend = on;
-                               else
-                                       bp->b_validoff = on + n;
-                       }
-                       /*
-                        * We now have a valid region which extends up to the
-                        * dirty region which we want.
-                        */
-                       if (on > bp->b_dirtyend)
-                               bp->b_dirtyend = on;
-                       else
-                               bp->b_dirtyoff = on + n;
-               }
-               if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR)) {
-                       error = bp->b_error;
-                       brelse(bp);
-                       return (error);
-               }
-               /*
-                * NFS has embedded ucred so crhold() risks zone corruption
-                */
-               if (bp->b_wcred == NOCRED)
-                       bp->b_wcred = crdup(cred);
-               np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
+       nfsbufcnt = nfsbufmetacnt =
+           nfsbuffreecnt = nfsbuffreemetacnt = nfsbufdelwricnt = 0;
+       nfsbufmin = 128;
+       /* size nfsbufmax to cover at most half sane_size (w/default buf size) */
+       nfsbufmax = (int)(sane_size >> PAGE_SHIFT) / (2 * (NFS_RWSIZE >> PAGE_SHIFT));
+       nfsbufmetamax = nfsbufmax / 4;
+       nfsneedbuffer = 0;
+       nfs_nbdwrite = 0;
 
-               /*
-                * Check for valid write lease and get one as required.
-                * In case getblk() and/or bwrite() delayed us.
-                */
-               if ((nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) &&
-                   NQNFS_CKINVALID(vp, np, ND_WRITE)) {
-                       do {
-                               error = nqnfs_getlease(vp, ND_WRITE, cred, p);
-                       } while (error == NQNFS_EXPIRED);
-                       if (error) {
-                               brelse(bp);
-                               return (error);
-                       }
-                       if (np->n_lrev != np->n_brev ||
-                           (np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE)) {
-                               brelse(bp);
-                               error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                               if (error)
-                                       return (error);
-                               np->n_brev = np->n_lrev;
-                               goto again;
-                       }
-               }
-               error = uiomove((char *)bp->b_data + on, n, uio);
-               if (error) {
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-                       brelse(bp);
-                       return (error);
-               }
-               if (bp->b_dirtyend > 0) {
-                       bp->b_dirtyoff = min(on, bp->b_dirtyoff);
-                       bp->b_dirtyend = max((on + n), bp->b_dirtyend);
-               } else {
-                       bp->b_dirtyoff = on;
-                       bp->b_dirtyend = on + n;
-               }
-               if (bp->b_validend == 0 || bp->b_validend < bp->b_dirtyoff ||
-                   bp->b_validoff > bp->b_dirtyend) {
-                       bp->b_validoff = bp->b_dirtyoff;
-                       bp->b_validend = bp->b_dirtyend;
-               } else {
-                       bp->b_validoff = min(bp->b_validoff, bp->b_dirtyoff);
-                       bp->b_validend = max(bp->b_validend, bp->b_dirtyend);
-               }
+       nfsbufhashtbl = hashinit(nfsbufmax / 4, M_NFSBIO, &nfsbufhash);
+       TAILQ_INIT(&nfsbuffree);
+       TAILQ_INIT(&nfsbuffreemeta);
+       TAILQ_INIT(&nfsbufdelwri);
+}
 
-               /*
-                * Since this block is being modified, it must be written
-                * again and not just committed.
-                */
-               CLR(bp->b_flags, B_NEEDCOMMIT);
+/*
+ * Check periodically for stale/unused nfs bufs
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_timer(__unused void *param0, __unused void *param1)
+{
+       nfs_buf_freeup(1);
 
-               /*
-                * If the lease is non-cachable or IO_SYNC do bwrite().
-                */
-               if ((np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE) || (ioflag & IO_SYNC)) {
-                       bp->b_proc = p;
-                       error = VOP_BWRITE(bp);
-                       if (error)
-                               return (error);
-                       if (np->n_flag & NQNFSNONCACHE) {
-                               error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE, cred, p, 1);
-                               if (error)
-                                       return (error);
-                       }
-               } else if ((n + on) == biosize &&
-                       (nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) == 0) {
-                       bp->b_proc = (struct proc *)0;
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_ASYNC);
-                       (void)nfs_writebp(bp, 0);
-               } else
-                       bdwrite(bp);
-       } while (uio->uio_resid > 0 && n > 0);
-       return (0);
-}
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       if (nfsbufcnt <= nfsbufmin) {
+               nfs_buf_timer_on = 0;
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               return;
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
 
+       nfs_interval_timer_start(nfs_buf_timer_call,
+           NFSBUF_FREE_PERIOD * 1000);
+}
 
 /*
- * Get an nfs cache block.
- * Allocate a new one if the block isn't currently in the cache
- * and return the block marked busy. If the calling process is
- * interrupted by a signal for an interruptible mount point, return
- * NULL.
+ * try to free up some excess, unused nfsbufs
  */
-static struct buf *
-nfs_getcacheblk(vp, bn, size, p, operation)
-       struct vnode *vp;
-       daddr_t bn;
-       int size;
-       struct proc *p;
-       int operation;  /* defined in sys/buf.h */
+void
+nfs_buf_freeup(int timer)
 {
-       register struct buf *bp;
-       struct nfsmount *nmp = VFSTONFS(vp->v_mount);
-       /*due to getblk/vm interractions, use vm page size or less values */
-       int biosize = min(vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize, PAGE_SIZE);
+       struct nfsbuf *fbp;
+       struct timeval now;
+       int count;
+       struct nfsbuffreehead nfsbuffreeup;
+
+       TAILQ_INIT(&nfsbuffreeup);
 
-       if (nbdwrite > ((nbuf/4)*3) && operation == BLK_WRITE) {
-#define __BUFFERS_RECLAIMED 2
-               struct buf *tbp[__BUFFERS_RECLAIMED];
-               int i;
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
 
-               /* too many delayed writes, try to free up some buffers */
-               for (i = 0; i < __BUFFERS_RECLAIMED; i++)
-                       tbp[i] = geteblk(512);
+       microuptime(&now);
 
-               /* Yield to IO thread */
-               (void)tsleep((caddr_t)&nbdwrite, PCATCH, "nbdwrite", 1);
+       FSDBG(320, nfsbufcnt, nfsbuffreecnt, nfsbuffreemetacnt, 0);
 
-               for (i = (__BUFFERS_RECLAIMED - 1); i >= 0; i--)
-                        brelse(tbp[i]);
+       count = timer ? nfsbuffreecnt / LRU_FREEUP_FRAC_ON_TIMER : LRU_TO_FREEUP;
+       while ((nfsbufcnt > nfsbufmin) && (count-- > 0)) {
+               fbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbuffree);
+               if (!fbp) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (os_ref_get_count(&fbp->nb_refs) > 1) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (NBUFSTAMPVALID(fbp) &&
+                   (fbp->nb_timestamp + (2 * NFSBUF_LRU_STALE)) > now.tv_sec) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_remfree(fbp);
+               /* disassociate buffer from any nfsnode */
+               if (fbp->nb_np) {
+                       if (fbp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                               LIST_REMOVE(fbp, nb_vnbufs);
+                               fbp->nb_vnbufs.le_next = NFSNOLIST;
+                       }
+                       fbp->nb_np = NULL;
+               }
+               LIST_REMOVE(fbp, nb_hash);
+               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsbuffreeup, fbp, nb_free);
+               nfsbufcnt--;
        }
 
-       if (nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_INT) {
-               bp = getblk(vp, bn, size, PCATCH, 0, operation);
-               while (bp == (struct buf *)0) {
-                       if (nfs_sigintr(nmp, (struct nfsreq *)0, p))
-                               return ((struct buf *)0);
-                       bp = getblk(vp, bn, size, 0, 2 * hz, operation);
+       count = timer ? nfsbuffreemetacnt / META_FREEUP_FRAC_ON_TIMER : META_TO_FREEUP;
+       while ((nfsbufcnt > nfsbufmin) && (count-- > 0)) {
+               fbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbuffreemeta);
+               if (!fbp) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (os_ref_get_count(&fbp->nb_refs) > 1) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (NBUFSTAMPVALID(fbp) &&
+                   (fbp->nb_timestamp + (2 * NFSBUF_META_STALE)) > now.tv_sec) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_remfree(fbp);
+               /* disassociate buffer from any nfsnode */
+               if (fbp->nb_np) {
+                       if (fbp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                               LIST_REMOVE(fbp, nb_vnbufs);
+                               fbp->nb_vnbufs.le_next = NFSNOLIST;
+                       }
+                       fbp->nb_np = NULL;
                }
-       } else
-               bp = getblk(vp, bn, size, 0, 0, operation);
+               LIST_REMOVE(fbp, nb_hash);
+               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsbuffreeup, fbp, nb_free);
+               nfsbufcnt--;
+               nfsbufmetacnt--;
+       }
 
-       if( vp->v_type == VREG)
-               bp->b_blkno = ((off_t)bn * biosize) / DEV_BSIZE;
+       FSDBG(320, nfsbufcnt, nfsbuffreecnt, nfsbuffreemetacnt, 0);
+       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
 
-       return (bp);
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       while ((fbp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbuffreeup))) {
+               TAILQ_REMOVE(&nfsbuffreeup, fbp, nb_free);
+               /* nuke any creds */
+               if (IS_VALID_CRED(fbp->nb_rcred)) {
+                       kauth_cred_unref(&fbp->nb_rcred);
+               }
+               if (IS_VALID_CRED(fbp->nb_wcred)) {
+                       kauth_cred_unref(&fbp->nb_wcred);
+               }
+               /* if buf was NB_META, dump buffer */
+               if (ISSET(fbp->nb_flags, NB_META) && fbp->nb_data) {
+                       kheap_free(KHEAP_DATA_BUFFERS, fbp->nb_data, fbp->nb_bufsize);
+               }
+               NFS_ZFREE(nfsbuf_zone, fbp);
+       }
 }
 
 /*
- * Flush and invalidate all dirty buffers. If another process is already
- * doing the flush, just wait for completion.
+ * remove a buffer from the freelist
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
  */
-int
-nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, flags, cred, p, intrflg)
-       struct vnode *vp;
-       int flags;
-       struct ucred *cred;
-       struct proc *p;
-       int intrflg;
+void
+nfs_buf_remfree(struct nfsbuf *bp)
 {
-       register struct nfsnode *np = VTONFS(vp);
-       struct nfsmount *nmp = VFSTONFS(vp->v_mount);
-       int error = 0, slpflag, slptimeo;
-       int didhold = 0;
-
-       if ((nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_INT) == 0)
-               intrflg = 0;
-       if (intrflg) {
-               slpflag = PCATCH;
-               slptimeo = 2 * hz;
+       if (bp->nb_free.tqe_next == NFSNOLIST) {
+               panic("nfsbuf not on free list");
+       }
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+               nfsbufdelwricnt--;
+               TAILQ_REMOVE(&nfsbufdelwri, bp, nb_free);
+       } else if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META)) {
+               nfsbuffreemetacnt--;
+               TAILQ_REMOVE(&nfsbuffreemeta, bp, nb_free);
        } else {
-               slpflag = 0;
-               slptimeo = 0;
+               nfsbuffreecnt--;
+               TAILQ_REMOVE(&nfsbuffree, bp, nb_free);
        }
-       /*
-        * First wait for any other process doing a flush to complete.
-        */
-       while (np->n_flag & NFLUSHINPROG) {
-               np->n_flag |= NFLUSHWANT;
-               error = tsleep((caddr_t)&np->n_flag, PRIBIO + 2, "nfsvinval",
-                       slptimeo);
-               if (error && intrflg && nfs_sigintr(nmp, (struct nfsreq *)0, p))
-                       return (EINTR);
+       bp->nb_free.tqe_next = NFSNOLIST;
+       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+}
+
+/*
+ * check for existence of nfsbuf in cache
+ */
+boolean_t
+nfs_buf_is_incore(nfsnode_t np, daddr64_t blkno)
+{
+       boolean_t rv;
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       if (nfs_buf_incore(np, blkno)) {
+               rv = TRUE;
+       } else {
+               rv = FALSE;
        }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       return rv;
+}
 
-       /*
-        * Now, flush as required.
-        */
-       np->n_flag |= NFLUSHINPROG;
-       error = vinvalbuf(vp, flags, cred, p, slpflag, 0);
-       while (error) {
-               /* we seem to be stuck in a loop here if the thread got aborted.
-                * nfs_flush will return EINTR. Not sure if that will cause
-                * other consequences due to EINTR having other meanings in NFS
-                * To handle, no dirty pages, it seems safe to just return from
-                * here. But if we did have dirty pages, how would we get them
-                * written out if thread was aborted? Some other strategy is
-                * necessary. -- EKN
-                */
-               if ((intrflg && nfs_sigintr(nmp, (struct nfsreq *)0, p)) ||
-                   (error == EINTR && current_thread_aborted())) {
-                       np->n_flag &= ~NFLUSHINPROG;
-                       if (np->n_flag & NFLUSHWANT) {
-                               np->n_flag &= ~NFLUSHWANT;
-                               wakeup((caddr_t)&np->n_flag);
+/*
+ * return incore buffer (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+struct nfsbuf *
+nfs_buf_incore(nfsnode_t np, daddr64_t blkno)
+{
+       /* Search hash chain */
+       struct nfsbuf * bp = NFSBUFHASH(np, blkno)->lh_first;
+       for (; bp != NULL; bp = bp->nb_hash.le_next) {
+               if ((bp->nb_lblkno == blkno) && (bp->nb_np == np)) {
+                       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL)) {
+                               FSDBG(547, bp, blkno, bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_np);
+                               return bp;
                        }
-                       return (EINTR);
                }
-               error = vinvalbuf(vp, flags, cred, p, 0, slptimeo);
        }
-       np->n_flag &= ~(NMODIFIED | NFLUSHINPROG);
-       if (np->n_flag & NFLUSHWANT) {
-               np->n_flag &= ~NFLUSHWANT;
-               wakeup((caddr_t)&np->n_flag);
-       }
-       didhold = ubc_hold(vp);
-       if (didhold) {
-               (void) ubc_clean(vp, 1); /* get the pages out of vm also */
-               ubc_rele(vp);
-       }
-       return (0);
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 /*
- * Initiate asynchronous I/O. Return an error if no nfsiods are available.
- * This is mainly to avoid queueing async I/O requests when the nfsiods
- * are all hung on a dead server.
+ * Check if it's OK to drop a page.
+ *
+ * Called by vnode_pager() on pageout request of non-dirty page.
+ * We need to make sure that it's not part of a delayed write.
+ * If it is, we can't let the VM drop it because we may need it
+ * later when/if we need to write the data (again).
  */
 int
-nfs_asyncio(bp, cred)
-       register struct buf *bp;
-       struct ucred *cred;
+nfs_buf_page_inval(vnode_t vp, off_t offset)
 {
-       struct nfsmount *nmp;
-       int i;
-       int gotiod;
-       int slpflag = 0;
-       int slptimeo = 0;
-       int error;
-
-       if (nfs_numasync == 0)
-               return (EIO);
-       
-       nmp = VFSTONFS(bp->b_vp->v_mount);
-again:
-       if (nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_INT)
-               slpflag = PCATCH;
-       gotiod = FALSE;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = VTONMP(vp);
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       int error = 0;
+
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               return ENXIO;
+       }
 
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       bp = nfs_buf_incore(VTONFS(vp), (daddr64_t)(offset / nmp->nm_biosize));
+       if (!bp) {
+               goto out;
+       }
+       FSDBG(325, bp, bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_dirtyoff, bp->nb_dirtyend);
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY)) {
+               error = EBUSY;
+               goto out;
+       }
        /*
-        * Find a free iod to process this request.
+        * If there's a dirty range in the buffer, check to
+        * see if this page intersects with the dirty range.
+        * If it does, we can't let the pager drop the page.
         */
-       for (i = 0; i < NFS_MAXASYNCDAEMON; i++)
-               if (nfs_iodwant[i]) {
+       if (bp->nb_dirtyend > 0) {
+               off_t start = offset - NBOFF(bp);
+               if ((bp->nb_dirtyend > start) &&
+                   (bp->nb_dirtyoff < (start + PAGE_SIZE))) {
                        /*
-                        * Found one, so wake it up and tell it which
-                        * mount to process.
+                        * Before returning the bad news, move the
+                        * buffer to the start of the delwri list and
+                        * give the list a push to try to flush the
+                        * buffer out.
                         */
-                       NFS_DPF(ASYNCIO,
-                               ("nfs_asyncio: waking iod %d for mount %p\n",
-                                i, nmp));
-                       nfs_iodwant[i] = (struct proc *)0;
-                       nfs_iodmount[i] = nmp;
-                       nmp->nm_bufqiods++;
-                       wakeup((caddr_t)&nfs_iodwant[i]);
-                       gotiod = TRUE;
-                       break;
+                       error = EBUSY;
+                       nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nfsbufdelwri, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbufdelwricnt++;
+                       nfs_buf_delwri_push(1);
                }
+       }
+out:
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       return error;
+}
 
-       /*
-        * If none are free, we may already have an iod working on this mount
-        * point.  If so, it will process our request.
-        */
-       if (!gotiod) {
-               if (nmp->nm_bufqiods > 0) {
-                       NFS_DPF(ASYNCIO,
-                               ("nfs_asyncio: %d iods are already processing mount %p\n",
-                                nmp->nm_bufqiods, nmp));
-                       gotiod = TRUE;
-               }
+/*
+ * set up the UPL for a buffer
+ * (must NOT be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_upl_setup(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       kern_return_t kret;
+       upl_t upl;
+       int upl_flags;
+
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+               return 0;
        }
 
-       /*
-        * If we have an iod which can process the request, then queue
-        * the buffer.
-        */
-       if (gotiod) {
+       upl_flags = UPL_PRECIOUS;
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ)) {
                /*
-                * Ensure that the queue never grows too large.
+                * We're doing a "write", so we intend to modify
+                * the pages we're gathering.
                 */
-               while (nmp->nm_bufqlen >= 2*nfs_numasync) {
-                       NFS_DPF(ASYNCIO,
-                               ("nfs_asyncio: waiting for mount %p queue to drain\n", nmp));
-                       nmp->nm_bufqwant = TRUE;
-                       error = tsleep(&nmp->nm_bufq, slpflag | PRIBIO,
-                                      "nfsaio", slptimeo);
-                       if (error) {
-                               if (nfs_sigintr(nmp, NULL, bp->b_proc))
-                                       return (EINTR);
-                               if (slpflag == PCATCH) {
-                                       slpflag = 0;
-                                       slptimeo = 2 * hz;
-                               }
-                       }
-                       /*
-                        * We might have lost our iod while sleeping,
-                        * so check and loop if nescessary.
-                        */
-                       if (nmp->nm_bufqiods == 0) {
-                               NFS_DPF(ASYNCIO,
-                                       ("nfs_asyncio: no iods after mount %p queue was drained, looping\n", nmp));
-                               goto again;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_READ)) {
-                       if (bp->b_rcred == NOCRED && cred != NOCRED) {
-                               /*
-                                * NFS has embedded ucred.
-                                * Can not crhold() here as that causes zone corruption
-                                */
-                               bp->b_rcred = crdup(cred);
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_WRITEINPROG);
-                       if (bp->b_wcred == NOCRED && cred != NOCRED) {
-                               /*
-                                * NFS has embedded ucred.
-                                * Can not crhold() here as that causes zone corruption
-                                */
-                               bp->b_wcred = crdup(cred);
-                       }
-               }
-
-               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nmp->nm_bufq, bp, b_freelist);
-               nmp->nm_bufqlen++;
-               return (0);
+               upl_flags |= UPL_WILL_MODIFY;
+       }
+       kret = ubc_create_upl_kernel(NFSTOV(bp->nb_np), NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_bufsize,
+           &upl, NULL, upl_flags, VM_KERN_MEMORY_FILE);
+       if (kret == KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT) {
+               /* vm object probably doesn't exist any more */
+               bp->nb_pagelist = NULL;
+               return EINVAL;
+       }
+       if (kret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+               printf("nfs_buf_upl_setup(): failed to get pagelist %d\n", kret);
+               bp->nb_pagelist = NULL;
+               return EIO;
        }
 
-       /*
-        * All the iods are busy on other mounts, so return EIO to
-        * force the caller to process the i/o synchronously.
-        */
-       NFS_DPF(ASYNCIO, ("nfs_asyncio: no iods available, i/o is synchronous\n"));
-       return (EIO);
+       FSDBG(538, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_bufsize, bp->nb_np);
+
+       bp->nb_pagelist = upl;
+       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST);
+       return 0;
 }
 
 /*
- * Do an I/O operation to/from a cache block. This may be called
- * synchronously or from an nfsiod.
+ * update buffer's valid/dirty info from UBC
+ * (must NOT be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
  */
-int
-nfs_doio(bp, cr, p)
-       register struct buf *bp;
-       struct ucred *cr;
-       struct proc *p;
+void
+nfs_buf_upl_check(struct nfsbuf *bp)
 {
-       register struct uio *uiop;
-       register struct vnode *vp;
-       struct nfsnode *np;
-       struct nfsmount *nmp;
-       int error = 0, diff, len, iomode, must_commit = 0;
-       struct uio uio;
-       struct iovec io;
-
-       vp = bp->b_vp;
-       np = VTONFS(vp);
-       nmp = VFSTONFS(vp->v_mount);
-       uiop = &uio;
-       uiop->uio_iov = &io;
-       uiop->uio_iovcnt = 1;
-       uiop->uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
-       uiop->uio_procp = p;
-
-       /* 
-        * With UBC, getblk() can return a buf with B_DONE set.
-        * This indicates that the VM has valid data for that page.
-        * NFS being stateless, this case poses a problem.
-        * By definition, the NFS server should always be consulted
-        * for the data in that page.
-        * So we choose to clear the B_DONE and to do the IO.
+       upl_page_info_t *pl;
+       off_t filesize, fileoffset;
+       int i, npages;
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+               return;
+       }
+
+       npages = round_page_32(bp->nb_bufsize) / PAGE_SIZE;
+       filesize = ubc_getsize(NFSTOV(bp->nb_np));
+       fileoffset = NBOFF(bp);
+       if (fileoffset < filesize) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE);
+       } else {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE);
+       }
+
+       pl = ubc_upl_pageinfo(bp->nb_pagelist);
+       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_dirty);
+
+       for (i = 0; i < npages; i++, fileoffset += PAGE_SIZE_64) {
+               /* anything beyond the end of the file is not valid or dirty */
+               if (fileoffset >= filesize) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (!upl_valid_page(pl, i)) {
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE);
+                       continue;
+               }
+               NBPGVALID_SET(bp, i);
+               if (upl_dirty_page(pl, i)) {
+                       NBPGDIRTY_SET(bp, i);
+               }
+       }
+       fileoffset = NBOFF(bp);
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE)) {
+               bp->nb_validoff = 0;
+               bp->nb_validend = bp->nb_bufsize;
+               if (fileoffset + bp->nb_validend > filesize) {
+                       bp->nb_validend = filesize - fileoffset;
+               }
+       } else {
+               bp->nb_validoff = bp->nb_validend = -1;
+       }
+       FSDBG(539, bp, fileoffset, bp->nb_valid, bp->nb_dirty);
+       FSDBG(539, bp->nb_validoff, bp->nb_validend, bp->nb_dirtyoff, bp->nb_dirtyend);
+}
+
+/*
+ * make sure that a buffer is mapped
+ * (must NOT be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_map(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       kern_return_t kret;
+
+       if (bp->nb_data) {
+               return 0;
+       }
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+               return EINVAL;
+       }
+
+       kret = ubc_upl_map(bp->nb_pagelist, (vm_offset_t *)&(bp->nb_data));
+       if (kret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_map: ubc_upl_map() failed with (%d)", kret);
+       }
+       if (bp->nb_data == 0) {
+               panic("ubc_upl_map mapped 0");
+       }
+       FSDBG(540, bp, bp->nb_flags, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_data);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * normalize an nfsbuf's valid range
+ *
+ * the read/write code guarantees that we'll always have a valid
+ * region that is an integral number of pages.  If either end
+ * of the valid range isn't page-aligned, it gets corrected
+ * here as we extend the valid range through all of the
+ * contiguous valid pages.
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_normalize_valid_range(nfsnode_t np, struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       off_t pg, npg;
+       /* pull validoff back to start of contiguous valid page range */
+       pg = bp->nb_validoff / PAGE_SIZE;
+       while (pg >= 0 && NBPGVALID(bp, pg)) {
+               pg--;
+       }
+       bp->nb_validoff = (pg + 1) * PAGE_SIZE;
+       /* push validend forward to end of contiguous valid page range */
+       npg = bp->nb_bufsize / PAGE_SIZE;
+       pg = bp->nb_validend / PAGE_SIZE;
+       while (pg < npg && NBPGVALID(bp, pg)) {
+               pg++;
+       }
+       bp->nb_validend = pg * PAGE_SIZE;
+       /* clip to EOF */
+       if (NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_validend > (off_t)np->n_size) {
+               bp->nb_validend = np->n_size % bp->nb_bufsize;
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * process some entries on the delayed write queue
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_delwri_service(void)
+{
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       nfsnode_t np;
+       int error, i = 0;
+
+       while (i < 8 && (bp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbufdelwri)) != NULL) {
+               np = bp->nb_np;
+               nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+               nfs_buf_refget(bp);
+               while ((error = nfs_buf_acquire(bp, 0, 0, 0)) == EAGAIN) {
+                       ;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+               if (error) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               if (!bp->nb_np) {
+                       /* buffer is no longer valid */
+                       nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+                       nfs_buf_check_write_verifier(np, bp);
+               }
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+                       /* put buffer at end of delwri list */
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsbufdelwri, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbufdelwricnt++;
+                       nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       nfs_flushcommits(np, 1);
+               } else {
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       nfs_buf_write(bp);
+               }
+               i++;
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * thread to service the delayed write queue when asked
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_delwri_thread(__unused void *arg, __unused wait_result_t wr)
+{
+       struct timespec ts = { .tv_sec = 30, .tv_nsec = 0 };
+       int error = 0;
+
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       while (!error) {
+               nfs_buf_delwri_service();
+               error = msleep(&nfsbufdelwrithd, nfs_buf_mutex, 0, "nfsbufdelwri", &ts);
+       }
+       nfsbufdelwrithd = NULL;
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       thread_terminate(nfsbufdelwrithd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * try to push out some delayed/uncommitted writes
+ * ("locked" indicates whether nfs_buf_mutex is already held)
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_delwri_push(int locked)
+{
+       if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&nfsbufdelwri)) {
+               return;
+       }
+       if (!locked) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+       /* wake up the delayed write service thread */
+       if (nfsbufdelwrithd) {
+               wakeup(&nfsbufdelwrithd);
+       } else if (kernel_thread_start(nfs_buf_delwri_thread, NULL, &nfsbufdelwrithd) == KERN_SUCCESS) {
+               thread_deallocate(nfsbufdelwrithd);
+       }
+       /* otherwise, try to do some of the work ourselves */
+       if (!nfsbufdelwrithd) {
+               nfs_buf_delwri_service();
+       }
+       if (!locked) {
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get an nfs buffer.
+ *
+ * Returns errno on error, 0 otherwise.
+ * Any buffer is returned in *bpp.
+ *
+ * If NBLK_ONLYVALID is set, only return buffer if found in cache.
+ * If NBLK_NOWAIT is set, don't wait for the buffer if it's marked BUSY.
+ *
+ * Check for existence of buffer in cache.
+ * Or attempt to reuse a buffer from one of the free lists.
+ * Or allocate a new buffer if we haven't already hit max allocation.
+ * Or wait for a free buffer.
+ *
+ * If available buffer found, prepare it, and return it.
+ *
+ * If the calling process is interrupted by a signal for
+ * an interruptible mount point, return EINTR.
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_get(
+       nfsnode_t np,
+       daddr64_t blkno,
+       uint32_t size,
+       thread_t thd,
+       int flags,
+       struct nfsbuf **bpp)
+{
+       vnode_t vp = NFSTOV(np);
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = VTONMP(vp);
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       uint32_t bufsize;
+       int slpflag = PCATCH;
+       int operation = (flags & NBLK_OPMASK);
+       int error = 0;
+       struct timespec ts;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(541, np, blkno, size, flags);
+       *bpp = NULL;
+
+       bufsize = size;
+       if (bufsize > NFS_MAXBSIZE) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_get: buffer larger than NFS_MAXBSIZE requested");
+       }
+
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0, ENXIO);
+               return ENXIO;
+       }
+
+       if (!UBCINFOEXISTS(vp)) {
+               operation = NBLK_META;
+       } else if (bufsize < (uint32_t)nmp->nm_biosize) {
+               /* reg files should always have biosize blocks */
+               bufsize = nmp->nm_biosize;
+       }
+
+       /* if NBLK_WRITE, check for too many delayed/uncommitted writes */
+       if ((operation == NBLK_WRITE) && (nfs_nbdwrite > NFS_A_LOT_OF_DELAYED_WRITES)) {
+               FSDBG_TOP(542, np, blkno, nfs_nbdwrite, NFS_A_LOT_OF_DELAYED_WRITES);
+
+               /* poke the delwri list */
+               nfs_buf_delwri_push(0);
+
+               /* sleep to let other threads run... */
+               tsleep(&nfs_nbdwrite, PCATCH, "nfs_nbdwrite", 1);
+               FSDBG_BOT(542, np, blkno, nfs_nbdwrite, NFS_A_LOT_OF_DELAYED_WRITES);
+       }
+
+loop:
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       /* wait for any buffer invalidation/flushing to complete */
+       while (np->n_bflag & NBINVALINPROG) {
+               np->n_bflag |= NBINVALWANT;
+               ts.tv_sec = 2;
+               ts.tv_nsec = 0;
+               msleep(&np->n_bflag, nfs_buf_mutex, slpflag, "nfs_buf_get_invalwait", &ts);
+               if ((error = nfs_sigintr(VTONMP(vp), NULL, thd, 0))) {
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0, error);
+                       return error;
+               }
+               if (np->n_bflag & NBINVALINPROG) {
+                       slpflag = 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* check for existence of nfsbuf in cache */
+       if ((bp = nfs_buf_incore(np, blkno))) {
+               /* if busy, set wanted and wait */
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY)) {
+                       if (flags & NBLK_NOWAIT) {
+                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                               FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, bp, 0xbcbcbcbc);
+                               return 0;
+                       }
+                       FSDBG_TOP(543, np, blkno, bp, bp->nb_flags);
+                       SET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_WANTED);
+
+                       ts.tv_sec = 2;
+                       ts.tv_nsec = 0;
+                       msleep(bp, nfs_buf_mutex, slpflag | (PRIBIO + 1) | PDROP,
+                           "nfsbufget", (slpflag == PCATCH) ? NULL : &ts);
+                       slpflag = 0;
+                       FSDBG_BOT(543, np, blkno, bp, bp->nb_flags);
+                       if ((error = nfs_sigintr(VTONMP(vp), NULL, thd, 0))) {
+                               FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0, error);
+                               return error;
+                       }
+                       goto loop;
+               }
+               if (bp->nb_bufsize != bufsize) {
+                       panic("nfsbuf size mismatch");
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY);
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE);
+               nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+               /* additional paranoia: */
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+                       panic("pagelist buffer was not busy");
+               }
+               goto buffer_setup;
+       }
+
+       if (flags & NBLK_ONLYVALID) {
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0, 0x0000cace);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * where to get a free buffer:
+        * - if meta and maxmeta reached, must reuse meta
+        * - alloc new if we haven't reached min bufs
+        * - if free lists are NOT empty
+        *   - if free list is stale, use it
+        *   - else if freemeta list is stale, use it
+        *   - else if max bufs allocated, use least-time-to-stale
+        * - alloc new if we haven't reached max allowed
+        * - start clearing out delwri list and try again
+        */
+
+       if ((operation == NBLK_META) && (nfsbufmetacnt >= nfsbufmetamax)) {
+               /* if we've hit max meta buffers, must reuse a meta buffer */
+               bp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbuffreemeta);
+       } else if ((nfsbufcnt > nfsbufmin) &&
+           (!TAILQ_EMPTY(&nfsbuffree) || !TAILQ_EMPTY(&nfsbuffreemeta))) {
+               /* try to pull an nfsbuf off a free list */
+               struct nfsbuf *lrubp, *metabp;
+               struct timeval now;
+               microuptime(&now);
+
+               /* if the next LRU or META buffer is invalid or stale, use it */
+               lrubp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbuffree);
+               if (lrubp && (!NBUFSTAMPVALID(lrubp) ||
+                   ((lrubp->nb_timestamp + NFSBUF_LRU_STALE) < now.tv_sec))) {
+                       bp = lrubp;
+               }
+               metabp = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsbuffreemeta);
+               if (!bp && metabp && (!NBUFSTAMPVALID(metabp) ||
+                   ((metabp->nb_timestamp + NFSBUF_META_STALE) < now.tv_sec))) {
+                       bp = metabp;
+               }
+
+               if (!bp && (nfsbufcnt >= nfsbufmax)) {
+                       /* we've already allocated all bufs, so */
+                       /* choose the buffer that'll go stale first */
+                       if (!metabp) {
+                               bp = lrubp;
+                       } else if (!lrubp) {
+                               bp = metabp;
+                       } else {
+                               time_t lru_stale_time, meta_stale_time;
+                               lru_stale_time = lrubp->nb_timestamp + NFSBUF_LRU_STALE;
+                               meta_stale_time = metabp->nb_timestamp + NFSBUF_META_STALE;
+                               if (lru_stale_time <= meta_stale_time) {
+                                       bp = lrubp;
+                               } else {
+                                       bp = metabp;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (bp) {
+               /* we have a buffer to reuse */
+               FSDBG(544, np, blkno, bp, bp->nb_flags);
+               nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+                       panic("nfs_buf_get: delwri");
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY);
+               /* disassociate buffer from previous nfsnode */
+               if (bp->nb_np) {
+                       if (bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                               bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next = NFSNOLIST;
+                       }
+                       bp->nb_np = NULL;
+               }
+               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_hash);
+               /* nuke any creds we're holding */
+               if (IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_rcred)) {
+                       kauth_cred_unref(&bp->nb_rcred);
+               }
+               if (IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_wcred)) {
+                       kauth_cred_unref(&bp->nb_wcred);
+               }
+               /* if buf will no longer be NB_META, dump old buffer */
+               if (operation == NBLK_META) {
+                       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META)) {
+                               nfsbufmetacnt++;
+                       }
+               } else if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META)) {
+                       if (bp->nb_data) {
+                               kheap_free(KHEAP_DATA_BUFFERS, bp->nb_data, bp->nb_bufsize);
+                               bp->nb_data = NULL;
+                       }
+                       nfsbufmetacnt--;
+               }
+               /* re-init buf fields */
+               bp->nb_error = 0;
+               bp->nb_validoff = bp->nb_validend = -1;
+               bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+               NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+               NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_dirty);
+               bp->nb_verf = 0;
+       } else {
+               /* no buffer to reuse */
+               if ((nfsbufcnt < nfsbufmax) &&
+                   ((operation != NBLK_META) || (nfsbufmetacnt < nfsbufmetamax))) {
+                       /* just alloc a new one */
+                       bp = zalloc(nfsbuf_zone);
+                       nfsbufcnt++;
+
+                       /*
+                        * If any excess bufs, make sure the timer
+                        * is running to free them up later.
+                        */
+                       if (nfsbufcnt > nfsbufmin && !nfs_buf_timer_on) {
+                               nfs_buf_timer_on = 1;
+                               nfs_interval_timer_start(nfs_buf_timer_call,
+                                   NFSBUF_FREE_PERIOD * 1000);
+                       }
+
+                       if (operation == NBLK_META) {
+                               nfsbufmetacnt++;
+                       }
+                       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+                       /* init nfsbuf */
+                       bzero(bp, sizeof(*bp));
+                       os_ref_init(&bp->nb_refs, NULL);
+
+                       bp->nb_free.tqe_next = NFSNOLIST;
+                       bp->nb_validoff = bp->nb_validend = -1;
+                       FSDBG(545, np, blkno, bp, 0);
+               } else {
+                       /* too many bufs... wait for buffers to free up */
+                       FSDBG_TOP(546, np, blkno, nfsbufcnt, nfsbufmax);
+
+                       /* poke the delwri list */
+                       nfs_buf_delwri_push(1);
+
+                       nfsneedbuffer = 1;
+                       msleep(&nfsneedbuffer, nfs_buf_mutex, PCATCH | PDROP, "nfsbufget", NULL);
+                       FSDBG_BOT(546, np, blkno, nfsbufcnt, nfsbufmax);
+                       if ((error = nfs_sigintr(VTONMP(vp), NULL, thd, 0))) {
+                               FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0, error);
+                               return error;
+                       }
+                       goto loop;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* set up nfsbuf */
+       SET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY);
+       bp->nb_flags = 0;
+       bp->nb_lblkno = blkno;
+       /* insert buf in hash */
+       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(NFSBUFHASH(np, blkno), bp, nb_hash);
+       /* associate buffer with new nfsnode */
+       bp->nb_np = np;
+       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_cleanblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+
+buffer_setup:
+
+       /* unlock hash */
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       switch (operation) {
+       case NBLK_META:
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META);
+               if ((bp->nb_bufsize != bufsize) && bp->nb_data) {
+                       kheap_free(KHEAP_DATA_BUFFERS, bp->nb_data, bp->nb_bufsize);
+                       bp->nb_data = NULL;
+                       bp->nb_validoff = bp->nb_validend = -1;
+                       bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+                       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+                       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_dirty);
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE);
+               }
+               if (!bp->nb_data) {
+                       bp->nb_data = kheap_alloc(KHEAP_DATA_BUFFERS,
+                           bufsize, Z_WAITOK);
+               }
+               if (!bp->nb_data) {
+                       /* Ack! couldn't allocate the data buffer! */
+                       /* clean up buffer and return error */
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next = NFSNOLIST;
+                       bp->nb_np = NULL;
+                       /* invalidate usage timestamp to allow immediate freeing */
+                       NBUFSTAMPINVALIDATE(bp);
+                       if (bp->nb_free.tqe_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                               panic("nfsbuf on freelist");
+                       }
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nfsbuffree, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbuffreecnt++;
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0xb00, ENOMEM);
+                       return ENOMEM;
+               }
+               bp->nb_bufsize = bufsize;
+               break;
+
+       case NBLK_READ:
+       case NBLK_WRITE:
+               /*
+                * Set or clear NB_READ now to let the UPL subsystem know
+                * if we intend to modify the pages or not.
+                */
+               if (operation == NBLK_READ) {
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ);
+               } else {
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ);
+               }
+               if (bufsize < PAGE_SIZE) {
+                       bufsize = PAGE_SIZE;
+               }
+               bp->nb_bufsize = bufsize;
+               bp->nb_validoff = bp->nb_validend = -1;
+
+               if (UBCINFOEXISTS(vp)) {
+                       /* set up upl */
+                       if (nfs_buf_upl_setup(bp)) {
+                               /* unable to create upl */
+                               /* vm object must no longer exist */
+                               /* clean up buffer and return error */
+                               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                               bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next = NFSNOLIST;
+                               bp->nb_np = NULL;
+                               /* invalidate usage timestamp to allow immediate freeing */
+                               NBUFSTAMPINVALIDATE(bp);
+                               if (bp->nb_free.tqe_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                                       panic("nfsbuf on freelist");
+                               }
+                               TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nfsbuffree, bp, nb_free);
+                               nfsbuffreecnt++;
+                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                               FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, 0x2bc, EIO);
+                               return EIO;
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_upl_check(bp);
+               }
+               break;
+
+       default:
+               panic("nfs_buf_get: %d unknown operation", operation);
+       }
+
+       *bpp = bp;
+
+       FSDBG_BOT(541, np, blkno, bp, bp->nb_flags);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+void
+nfs_buf_release(struct nfsbuf *bp, int freeup)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       vnode_t vp;
+       struct timeval now;
+       int wakeup_needbuffer, wakeup_buffer, wakeup_nbdwrite;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(548, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_data);
+       FSDBG(548, bp->nb_validoff, bp->nb_validend, bp->nb_dirtyoff, bp->nb_dirtyend);
+       FSDBG(548, bp->nb_valid, 0, bp->nb_dirty, 0);
+
+       vp = np ? NFSTOV(np) : NULL;
+       if (vp && UBCINFOEXISTS(vp) && bp->nb_bufsize) {
+               int upl_flags, rv;
+               upl_t upl;
+               uint32_t i;
+
+               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL)) {
+                       rv = nfs_buf_upl_setup(bp);
+                       if (rv) {
+                               printf("nfs_buf_release: upl create failed %d\n", rv);
+                       } else {
+                               nfs_buf_upl_check(bp);
+                       }
+               }
+               upl = bp->nb_pagelist;
+               if (!upl) {
+                       goto pagelist_cleanup_done;
+               }
+               if (bp->nb_data) {
+                       if (ubc_upl_unmap(upl) != KERN_SUCCESS) {
+                               panic("ubc_upl_unmap failed");
+                       }
+                       bp->nb_data = NULL;
+               }
+               /*
+                * Abort the pages on error or: if this is an invalid or
+                * non-needcommit nocache buffer AND no pages are dirty.
+                */
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR) || (!nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty) && (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL) ||
+                   (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NOCACHE) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_NEEDCOMMIT | NB_DELWRI)))))) {
+                       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_READ | NB_INVAL | NB_NOCACHE))) {
+                               upl_flags = UPL_ABORT_DUMP_PAGES;
+                       } else {
+                               upl_flags = 0;
+                       }
+                       ubc_upl_abort(upl, upl_flags);
+                       goto pagelist_cleanup_done;
+               }
+               for (i = 0; i <= (bp->nb_bufsize - 1) / PAGE_SIZE; i++) {
+                       if (!NBPGVALID(bp, i)) {
+                               ubc_upl_abort_range(upl,
+                                   i * PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE,
+                                   UPL_ABORT_DUMP_PAGES |
+                                   UPL_ABORT_FREE_ON_EMPTY);
+                       } else {
+                               if (NBPGDIRTY(bp, i)) {
+                                       upl_flags = UPL_COMMIT_SET_DIRTY;
+                               } else {
+                                       upl_flags = UPL_COMMIT_CLEAR_DIRTY;
+                               }
+
+                               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_NEEDCOMMIT | NB_DELWRI))) {
+                                       upl_flags |= UPL_COMMIT_CLEAR_PRECIOUS;
+                               }
+
+                               ubc_upl_commit_range(upl,
+                                   i * PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE,
+                                   upl_flags |
+                                   UPL_COMMIT_INACTIVATE |
+                                   UPL_COMMIT_FREE_ON_EMPTY);
+                       }
+               }
+pagelist_cleanup_done:
+               /* invalidate any pages past EOF */
+               if (NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_bufsize > (off_t)(np->n_size)) {
+                       off_t start, end;
+                       start = trunc_page_64(np->n_size) + PAGE_SIZE_64;
+                       end = trunc_page_64(NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_bufsize);
+                       if (start < NBOFF(bp)) {
+                               start = NBOFF(bp);
+                       }
+                       if (end > start) {
+                               if ((rv = ubc_msync(vp, start, end, NULL, UBC_INVALIDATE))) {
+                                       printf("nfs_buf_release(): ubc_msync failed!, error %d\n", rv);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST);
+               bp->nb_pagelist = NULL;
+       }
+
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       wakeup_needbuffer = wakeup_buffer = wakeup_nbdwrite = 0;
+
+       /* Wake up any processes waiting for any buffer to become free. */
+       if (nfsneedbuffer) {
+               nfsneedbuffer = 0;
+               wakeup_needbuffer = 1;
+       }
+       /* Wake up any processes waiting for _this_ buffer to become free. */
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_WANTED)) {
+               CLR(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_WANTED);
+               wakeup_buffer = 1;
+       }
+
+       /* If it's non-needcommit nocache, or an error, mark it invalid. */
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR) ||
+           (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NOCACHE) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_NEEDCOMMIT | NB_DELWRI)))) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL);
+       }
+
+       if ((bp->nb_bufsize <= 0) || ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL)) {
+               /* If it's invalid or empty, dissociate it from its nfsnode */
+               if (bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next = NFSNOLIST;
+               }
+               bp->nb_np = NULL;
+               /* if this was a delayed write, wakeup anyone */
+               /* waiting for delayed writes to complete */
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI);
+                       nfs_nbdwrite--;
+                       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+                       wakeup_nbdwrite = 1;
+               }
+               /* invalidate usage timestamp to allow immediate freeing */
+               NBUFSTAMPINVALIDATE(bp);
+               /* put buffer at head of free list */
+               if (bp->nb_free.tqe_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                       panic("nfsbuf on freelist");
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL);
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META)) {
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nfsbuffreemeta, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbuffreemetacnt++;
+               } else {
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&nfsbuffree, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbuffreecnt++;
+               }
+       } else if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+               /* put buffer at end of delwri list */
+               if (bp->nb_free.tqe_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                       panic("nfsbuf on freelist");
+               }
+               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsbufdelwri, bp, nb_free);
+               nfsbufdelwricnt++;
+               freeup = 0;
+       } else {
+               /* update usage timestamp */
+               microuptime(&now);
+               bp->nb_timestamp = now.tv_sec;
+               /* put buffer at end of free list */
+               if (bp->nb_free.tqe_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                       panic("nfsbuf on freelist");
+               }
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META)) {
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsbuffreemeta, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbuffreemetacnt++;
+               } else {
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsbuffree, bp, nb_free);
+                       nfsbuffreecnt++;
+               }
+       }
+
+       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+
+       /* Unlock the buffer. */
+       CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_ASYNC | NB_STABLE));
+       CLR(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY);
+
+       FSDBG_BOT(548, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_data);
+
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       if (wakeup_needbuffer) {
+               wakeup(&nfsneedbuffer);
+       }
+       if (wakeup_buffer) {
+               wakeup(bp);
+       }
+       if (wakeup_nbdwrite) {
+               wakeup(&nfs_nbdwrite);
+       }
+       if (freeup) {
+               NFS_BUF_FREEUP();
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait for operations on the buffer to complete.
+ * When they do, extract and return the I/O's error value.
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_iowait(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       FSDBG_TOP(549, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_error);
+
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       while (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE)) {
+               msleep(bp, nfs_buf_mutex, PRIBIO + 1, "nfs_buf_iowait", NULL);
+       }
+
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       FSDBG_BOT(549, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_error);
+
+       /* check for interruption of I/O, then errors. */
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_EINTR)) {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_EINTR);
+               return EINTR;
+       } else if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               return bp->nb_error ? bp->nb_error : EIO;
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark I/O complete on a buffer.
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_iodone(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       FSDBG_TOP(550, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_error);
+
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE)) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_iodone already");
+       }
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ)) {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+               /*
+                * vnode_writedone() takes care of waking up
+                * any throttled write operations
+                */
+               vnode_writedone(NFSTOV(bp->nb_np));
+               nfs_node_lock_force(bp->nb_np);
+               bp->nb_np->n_numoutput--;
+               nfs_node_unlock(bp->nb_np);
+       }
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC)) {    /* if async, release it */
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE);             /* note that it's done */
+               nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+       } else {                                        /* or just wakeup the buffer */
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE);             /* note that it's done */
+               CLR(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_WANTED);
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               wakeup(bp);
+       }
+
+       FSDBG_BOT(550, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_error);
+}
+
+void
+nfs_buf_write_delayed(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(551, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, 0);
+       FSDBG(551, bp, bp->nb_dirtyoff, bp->nb_dirtyend, bp->nb_dirty);
+
+       /*
+        * If the block hasn't been seen before:
+        *      (1) Mark it as having been seen,
+        *      (2) Make sure it's on its node's correct block list,
+        */
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI);
+               /* move to dirty list */
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               nfs_nbdwrite++;
+               NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+               if (bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               }
+               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * If the vnode has "too many" write operations in progress
+        * wait for them to finish the IO
+        */
+       vnode_waitforwrites(NFSTOV(np), VNODE_ASYNC_THROTTLE, 0, 0, "nfs_buf_write_delayed");
+
+       /* the file is in a modified state, so make sure the flag's set */
+       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+       np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
+       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+
+       /*
+        * If we have too many delayed write buffers,
+        * just fall back to doing the async write.
+        */
+       if (nfs_nbdwrite < 0) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_write_delayed: Negative nfs_nbdwrite");
+       }
+       if (nfs_nbdwrite > NFS_A_LOT_OF_DELAYED_WRITES) {
+               /* issue async write */
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+               nfs_buf_write(bp);
+               FSDBG_BOT(551, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_error);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       /* Otherwise, the "write" is done, so mark and release the buffer. */
+       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE);
+       nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+       FSDBG_BOT(551, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, 0);
+       return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check that a "needcommit" buffer can still be committed.
+ * If the write verifier has changed, we need to clear the
+ * the needcommit flag.
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_check_write_verifier(nfsnode_t np, struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+               return;
+       }
+
+       nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               return;
+       }
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_STALEWVERF) && (bp->nb_verf == nmp->nm_verf)) {
+               return;
+       }
+
+       /* write verifier changed, clear commit/wverf flags */
+       CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_NEEDCOMMIT | NB_STALEWVERF));
+       bp->nb_verf = 0;
+       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+       np->n_needcommitcnt--;
+       CHECK_NEEDCOMMITCNT(np);
+       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+}
+
+/*
+ * add a reference to a buffer so it doesn't disappear while being used
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_refget(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       os_ref_retain_locked(&bp->nb_refs);
+}
+/*
+ * release a reference on a buffer
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_refrele(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       (void) os_ref_release_locked(&bp->nb_refs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * mark a particular buffer as BUSY
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+errno_t
+nfs_buf_acquire(struct nfsbuf *bp, int flags, int slpflag, int slptimeo)
+{
+       errno_t error;
+       struct timespec ts;
+
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY)) {
+               /*
+                * since the lck_mtx_lock may block, the buffer
+                * may become BUSY, so we need to recheck for
+                * a NOWAIT request
+                */
+               if (flags & NBAC_NOWAIT) {
+                       return EBUSY;
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_WANTED);
+
+               ts.tv_sec = (slptimeo / 100);
+               /* the hz value is 100; which leads to 10ms */
+               ts.tv_nsec = (slptimeo % 100) * 10  * NSEC_PER_USEC * 1000;
+
+               error = msleep(bp, nfs_buf_mutex, slpflag | (PRIBIO + 1),
+                   "nfs_buf_acquire", &ts);
+               if (error) {
+                       return error;
+               }
+               return EAGAIN;
+       }
+       if (flags & NBAC_REMOVE) {
+               nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+       }
+       SET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * simply drop the BUSY status of a buffer
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_drop(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       int need_wakeup = 0;
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY)) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_drop: buffer not busy!");
+       }
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_WANTED)) {
+               /* delay the actual wakeup until after we clear NBL_BUSY */
+               need_wakeup = 1;
+       }
+       /* Unlock the buffer. */
+       CLR(bp->nb_lflags, (NBL_BUSY | NBL_WANTED));
+
+       if (need_wakeup) {
+               wakeup(bp);
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * prepare for iterating over an nfsnode's buffer list
+ * this lock protects the queue manipulation
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_iterprepare(nfsnode_t np, struct nfsbuflists *iterheadp, int flags)
+{
+       struct nfsbuflists *listheadp;
+
+       if (flags & NBI_DIRTY) {
+               listheadp = &np->n_dirtyblkhd;
+       } else {
+               listheadp = &np->n_cleanblkhd;
+       }
+
+       if ((flags & NBI_NOWAIT) && (np->n_bufiterflags & NBI_ITER)) {
+               LIST_INIT(iterheadp);
+               return EWOULDBLOCK;
+       }
+
+       while (np->n_bufiterflags & NBI_ITER) {
+               np->n_bufiterflags |= NBI_ITERWANT;
+               msleep(&np->n_bufiterflags, nfs_buf_mutex, 0, "nfs_buf_iterprepare", NULL);
+       }
+       if (LIST_EMPTY(listheadp)) {
+               LIST_INIT(iterheadp);
+               return EINVAL;
+       }
+       np->n_bufiterflags |= NBI_ITER;
+
+       iterheadp->lh_first = listheadp->lh_first;
+       listheadp->lh_first->nb_vnbufs.le_prev = &iterheadp->lh_first;
+       LIST_INIT(listheadp);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean up after iterating over an nfsnode's buffer list
+ * this lock protects the queue manipulation
+ * (must be called with nfs_buf_mutex held)
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_itercomplete(nfsnode_t np, struct nfsbuflists *iterheadp, int flags)
+{
+       struct nfsbuflists * listheadp;
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+
+       if (flags & NBI_DIRTY) {
+               listheadp = &np->n_dirtyblkhd;
+       } else {
+               listheadp = &np->n_cleanblkhd;
+       }
+
+       while (!LIST_EMPTY(iterheadp)) {
+               bp = LIST_FIRST(iterheadp);
+               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(listheadp, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+       }
+
+       np->n_bufiterflags &= ~NBI_ITER;
+       if (np->n_bufiterflags & NBI_ITERWANT) {
+               np->n_bufiterflags &= ~NBI_ITERWANT;
+               wakeup(&np->n_bufiterflags);
+       }
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Read an NFS buffer for a file.
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_read(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       int error = 0;
+       nfsnode_t np;
+       thread_t thd;
+       kauth_cred_t cred;
+
+       np = bp->nb_np;
+       cred = bp->nb_rcred;
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+       }
+       thd = ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC) ? NULL : current_thread();
+
+       /* sanity checks */
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ)) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_read: !NB_READ");
+       }
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE)) {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE);
+       }
+
+       NFS_BUF_MAP(bp);
+
+       OSAddAtomic64(1, &nfsstats.read_bios);
+
+       error = nfs_buf_read_rpc(bp, thd, cred);
+       /*
+        * For async I/O, the callbacks will finish up the
+        * read.  Otherwise, the read has already been finished.
+        */
+
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+       }
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * finish the reading of a buffer
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_read_finish(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               /* update valid range */
+               bp->nb_validoff = 0;
+               bp->nb_validend = bp->nb_endio;
+               if (bp->nb_endio < bp->nb_bufsize) {
+                       /*
+                        * The read may be short because we have unflushed writes
+                        * that are extending the file size and the reads hit the
+                        * (old) EOF on the server.  So, just make sure nb_validend
+                        * correctly tracks EOF.
+                        * Note that the missing data should have already been zeroed
+                        * in nfs_buf_read_rpc_finish().
+                        */
+                       off_t boff = NBOFF(bp);
+                       if ((off_t)np->n_size >= (boff + bp->nb_bufsize)) {
+                               bp->nb_validend = bp->nb_bufsize;
+                       } else if ((off_t)np->n_size >= boff) {
+                               bp->nb_validend = np->n_size - boff;
+                       } else {
+                               bp->nb_validend = 0;
+                       }
+               }
+               if ((nmp = NFSTONMP(np)) && (nmp->nm_vers == NFS_VER2) &&
+                   ((NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_validend) > 0x100000000LL)) {
+                       bp->nb_validend = 0x100000000LL - NBOFF(bp);
+               }
+               nfs_buf_pgs_get_page_mask(&bp->nb_valid, round_page_64(bp->nb_validend) / PAGE_SIZE);
+               if (bp->nb_validend & PAGE_MASK) {
+                       /* zero-fill remainder of last page */
+                       bzero(bp->nb_data + bp->nb_validend, PAGE_SIZE - (bp->nb_validend & PAGE_MASK));
+               }
+       }
+       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * initiate the NFS READ RPC(s) for a buffer
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_read_rpc(struct nfsbuf *bp, thread_t thd, kauth_cred_t cred)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       int error = 0, nfsvers, async;
+       int offset;
+       uint64_t length, nrpcs;
+       uint32_t nmrsize;
+       size_t len;
+       off_t boff;
+       struct nfsreq *req;
+       struct nfsreq_cbinfo cb;
+
+       nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               bp->nb_error = error = ENXIO;
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+               return error;
+       }
+       nfsvers = nmp->nm_vers;
+       nmrsize = nmp->nm_rsize;
+
+       boff = NBOFF(bp);
+       offset = 0;
+       length = bp->nb_bufsize;
+
+       if (nfsvers == NFS_VER2) {
+               if (boff > 0xffffffffLL) {
+                       bp->nb_error = error = EFBIG;
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+                       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+                       return error;
+               }
+               if ((boff + length - 1) > 0xffffffffLL) {
+                       length = 0x100000000LL - boff;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Note: Can only do async I/O if nfsiods are configured. */
+       async = (bp->nb_flags & NB_ASYNC);
+       cb.rcb_func = async ? nfs_buf_read_rpc_finish : NULL;
+       cb.rcb_bp = bp;
+
+       bp->nb_offio = bp->nb_endio = 0;
+       bp->nb_rpcs = nrpcs = (length + nmrsize - 1) / nmrsize;
+       if (async && (nrpcs > 1)) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC);
+       } else {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC);
+       }
+
+       while (length > 0) {
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+                       error = bp->nb_error;
+                       break;
+               }
+               len = (length > nmrsize) ? nmrsize : (uint32_t)length;
+               cb.rcb_args.offset = offset;
+               cb.rcb_args.length = len;
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+               if (nmp->nm_vers >= NFS_VER4) {
+                       cb.rcb_args.stategenid = nmp->nm_stategenid;
+               }
+#endif
+               req = NULL;
+               error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_read_rpc_async(np, boff + offset, len, thd, cred, &cb, &req);
+               if (error) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               offset += len;
+               length -= len;
+               if (async) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_read_rpc_finish(req);
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+                       error = bp->nb_error;
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (length > 0) {
+               /*
+                * Something bad happened while trying to send the RPC(s).
+                * Wait for any outstanding requests to complete.
+                */
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC)) {
+                       nrpcs = (length + nmrsize - 1) / nmrsize;
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       bp->nb_rpcs -= nrpcs;
+                       if (bp->nb_rpcs == 0) {
+                               /* No RPCs left, so the buffer's done */
+                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+                       } else {
+                               /* wait for the last RPC to mark it done */
+                               while (bp->nb_rpcs > 0) {
+                                       msleep(&bp->nb_rpcs, nfs_buf_mutex, 0,
+                                           "nfs_buf_read_rpc_cancel", NULL);
+                               }
+                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+               }
+       }
+
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * finish up an NFS READ RPC on a buffer
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_read_rpc_finish(struct nfsreq *req)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+       size_t rlen, length;
+       struct nfsreq_cbinfo cb;
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       int error = 0, nfsvers, eof = 0, multasyncrpc, finished;
+       off_t offset;
+       void *wakeme = NULL;
+       struct nfsreq *rreq = NULL;
+       nfsnode_t np;
+       thread_t thd;
+       kauth_cred_t cred;
+       uio_t auio;
+       char uio_buf[UIO_SIZEOF(1)];
+
+finish:
+       np = req->r_np;
+       thd = req->r_thread;
+       cred = req->r_cred;
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+       }
+       cb = req->r_callback;
+       bp = cb.rcb_bp;
+       if (cb.rcb_func) { /* take an extra reference on the nfsreq in case we want to resend it later due to grace error */
+               nfs_request_ref(req, 0);
+       }
+
+       nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error = ENXIO;
+       }
+       if (error || ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               /* just drop it */
+               nfs_request_async_cancel(req);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       nfsvers = nmp->nm_vers;
+       offset = cb.rcb_args.offset;
+       rlen = length = cb.rcb_args.length;
+
+       auio = uio_createwithbuffer(1, NBOFF(bp) + offset, UIO_SYSSPACE,
+           UIO_READ, &uio_buf, sizeof(uio_buf));
+       uio_addiov(auio, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(bp->nb_data + offset), length);
+
+       /* finish the RPC */
+       error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_read_rpc_async_finish(np, req, auio, &rlen, &eof);
+       if ((error == EINPROGRESS) && cb.rcb_func) {
+               /* async request restarted */
+               if (cb.rcb_func) {
+                       nfs_request_rele(req);
+               }
+               if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                       kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+               }
+               return;
+       }
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+       if ((nmp->nm_vers >= NFS_VER4) && nfs_mount_state_error_should_restart(error) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+               if ((error != NFSERR_OLD_STATEID) && (error != NFSERR_GRACE) && (cb.rcb_args.stategenid == nmp->nm_stategenid)) {
+                       NP(np, "nfs_buf_read_rpc_finish: error %d @ 0x%llx, 0x%x 0x%x, initiating recovery",
+                           error, NBOFF(bp) + offset, cb.rcb_args.stategenid, nmp->nm_stategenid);
+                       nfs_need_recover(nmp, error);
+               }
+               lck_mtx_unlock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+               if (np->n_flag & NREVOKE) {
+                       error = EIO;
+               } else {
+                       if (error == NFSERR_GRACE) {
+                               if (cb.rcb_func) {
+                                       /*
+                                        * For an async I/O request, handle a grace delay just like
+                                        * jukebox errors.  Set the resend time and queue it up.
+                                        */
+                                       struct timeval now;
+                                       if (req->r_nmrep.nmc_mhead) {
+                                               mbuf_freem(req->r_nmrep.nmc_mhead);
+                                               req->r_nmrep.nmc_mhead = NULL;
+                                       }
+                                       req->r_error = 0;
+                                       microuptime(&now);
+                                       lck_mtx_lock(&req->r_mtx);
+                                       req->r_resendtime = now.tv_sec + 2;
+                                       req->r_xid = 0;                 // get a new XID
+                                       req->r_flags |= R_RESTART;
+                                       req->r_start = 0;
+                                       nfs_asyncio_resend(req);
+                                       lck_mtx_unlock(&req->r_mtx);
+                                       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                                               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+                                       }
+                                       /* Note: nfsreq reference taken will be dropped later when finished */
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                               /* otherwise, just pause a couple seconds and retry */
+                               tsleep(&nmp->nm_state, (PZERO - 1), "nfsgrace", 2 * hz);
+                       }
+                       if (!(error = nfs_mount_state_wait_for_recovery(nmp))) {
+                               rlen = 0;
+                               goto readagain;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+#endif
+       if (error) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       if ((rlen > 0) && (bp->nb_endio < (offset + (int)rlen))) {
+               bp->nb_endio = offset + rlen;
+       }
+
+       if ((nfsvers == NFS_VER2) || eof || (rlen == 0)) {
+               /* zero out the remaining data (up to EOF) */
+               off_t rpcrem, eofrem, rem;
+               rpcrem = (length - rlen);
+               eofrem = np->n_size - (NBOFF(bp) + offset + rlen);
+               rem = (rpcrem < eofrem) ? rpcrem : eofrem;
+               if (rem > 0) {
+                       NFS_BZERO(bp->nb_data + offset + rlen, rem);
+               }
+       } else if ((rlen < length) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               /*
+                * short read
+                *
+                * We haven't hit EOF and we didn't get all the data
+                * requested, so we need to issue another read for the rest.
+                * (Don't bother if the buffer already hit an error.)
+                */
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+readagain:
+#endif
+               offset += rlen;
+               length -= rlen;
+               cb.rcb_args.offset = offset;
+               cb.rcb_args.length = length;
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+               if (nmp->nm_vers >= NFS_VER4) {
+                       cb.rcb_args.stategenid = nmp->nm_stategenid;
+               }
+#endif
+               error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_read_rpc_async(np, NBOFF(bp) + offset, length, thd, cred, &cb, &rreq);
+               if (!error) {
+                       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+                       }
+                       if (!cb.rcb_func) {
+                               /* if !async we'll need to wait for this RPC to finish */
+                               req = rreq;
+                               rreq = NULL;
+                               goto finish;
+                       }
+                       nfs_request_rele(req);
+                       /*
+                        * We're done here.
+                        * Outstanding RPC count is unchanged.
+                        * Callback will be called when RPC is done.
+                        */
+                       return;
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+       }
+
+out:
+       if (cb.rcb_func) {
+               nfs_request_rele(req);
+       }
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Decrement outstanding RPC count on buffer
+        * and call nfs_buf_read_finish on last RPC.
+        *
+        * (Note: when there are multiple async RPCs issued for a
+        * buffer we need nfs_buffer_mutex to avoid problems when
+        * aborting a partially-initiated set of RPCs)
+        */
+
+       multasyncrpc = ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC);
+       if (multasyncrpc) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+
+       bp->nb_rpcs--;
+       finished = (bp->nb_rpcs == 0);
+
+       if (multasyncrpc) {
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+
+       if (finished) {
+               if (multasyncrpc) {
+                       wakeme = &bp->nb_rpcs;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_read_finish(bp);
+               if (wakeme) {
+                       wakeup(wakeme);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Do buffer readahead.
+ * Initiate async I/O to read buffers not in cache.
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_readahead(nfsnode_t np, int ioflag, daddr64_t *rabnp, daddr64_t lastrabn, thread_t thd, kauth_cred_t cred)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       int error = 0;
+       uint32_t nra;
+
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               return ENXIO;
+       }
+       if (nmp->nm_readahead <= 0) {
+               return 0;
+       }
+       if (*rabnp > lastrabn) {
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       for (nra = 0; (nra < nmp->nm_readahead) && (*rabnp <= lastrabn); nra++, *rabnp = *rabnp + 1) {
+               /* check if block exists and is valid. */
+               if ((*rabnp * nmp->nm_biosize) >= (off_t)np->n_size) {
+                       /* stop reading ahead if we're beyond EOF */
+                       *rabnp = lastrabn;
+                       break;
+               }
+               error = nfs_buf_get(np, *rabnp, nmp->nm_biosize, thd, NBLK_READ | NBLK_NOWAIT, &bp);
+               if (error) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_lastrahead = *rabnp;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               if (!bp) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               if ((ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) && ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE) &&
+                   !nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_DELWRI | NB_NCRDAHEAD))) {
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE);
+                       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+                       bp->nb_validoff = bp->nb_validend = -1;
+               }
+               if ((bp->nb_dirtyend <= 0) && !nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty) &&
+                   !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_CACHE | NB_DELWRI))) {
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, (NB_READ | NB_ASYNC));
+                       if (ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) {
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NCRDAHEAD);
+                       }
+                       if (!IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_rcred) && IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+                               bp->nb_rcred = cred;
+                       }
+                       if ((error = nfs_buf_read(bp))) {
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       continue;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+       }
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * NFS buffer I/O for reading files.
+ */
+int
+nfs_bioread(nfsnode_t np, uio_t uio, int ioflag, vfs_context_t ctx)
+{
+       vnode_t vp = NFSTOV(np);
+       struct nfsbuf *bp = NULL;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = VTONMP(vp);
+       daddr64_t lbn, rabn = 0, lastrabn, maxrabn = -1;
+       off_t diff, on = 0, n = 0;
+       int error = 0, n32;
+       int nfsvers, biosize, modified, readaheads = 0;
+       thread_t thd;
+       kauth_cred_t cred;
+       int64_t io_resid;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(514, np, uio_offset(uio), uio_resid(uio), ioflag);
+
+       nfsvers = nmp->nm_vers;
+       biosize = nmp->nm_biosize;
+       thd = vfs_context_thread(ctx);
+       cred = vfs_context_ucred(ctx);
+
+       if (vnode_vtype(vp) != VREG) {
+               printf("nfs_bioread: type %x unexpected\n", vnode_vtype(vp));
+               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e0016, 0, EINVAL);
+               return EINVAL;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * For NFS, cache consistency can only be maintained approximately.
+        * Although RFC1094 does not specify the criteria, the following is
+        * believed to be compatible with the reference port.
+        *
+        * If the file has changed since the last read RPC or you have
+        * written to the file, you may have lost data cache consistency
+        * with the server.  So, check for a change, and flush all of the
+        * file's data out of the cache.
+        * NB: This implies that cache data can be read when up to
+        * NFS_MAXATTRTIMO seconds out of date. If you find that you
+        * need current attributes, nfs_getattr() can be forced to fetch
+        * new attributes (via NATTRINVALIDATE() or NGA_UNCACHED).
+        */
+
+       if (ISSET(np->n_flag, NUPDATESIZE)) {
+               nfs_data_update_size(np, 0);
+       }
+
+       if ((error = nfs_node_lock(np))) {
+               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e0222, 0, error);
+               return error;
+       }
+
+       if (np->n_flag & NNEEDINVALIDATE) {
+               np->n_flag &= ~NNEEDINVALIDATE;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               error = nfs_vinvalbuf(vp, V_SAVE | V_IGNORE_WRITEERR, ctx, 1);
+               if (!error) {
+                       error = nfs_node_lock(np);
+               }
+               if (error) {
+                       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e0322, 0, error);
+                       return error;
+               }
+       }
+
+       modified = (np->n_flag & NMODIFIED);
+       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       /* nfs_getattr() will check changed and purge caches */
+       error = nfs_getattr(np, NULL, ctx, modified ? NGA_UNCACHED : NGA_CACHED);
+       if (error) {
+               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e0004, 0, error);
+               return error;
+       }
+
+       if (uio_resid(uio) == 0) {
+               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e0001, 0, 0);
+               return 0;
+       }
+       if (uio_offset(uio) < 0) {
+               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e0002, 0, EINVAL);
+               return EINVAL;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * set up readahead - which may be limited by:
+        * + current request length (for IO_NOCACHE)
+        * + readahead setting
+        * + file size
+        */
+       if (nmp->nm_readahead > 0) {
+               off_t end = uio_offset(uio) + uio_resid(uio);
+               if (end > (off_t)np->n_size) {
+                       end = np->n_size;
+               }
+               rabn = uio_offset(uio) / biosize;
+               maxrabn = (end - 1) / biosize;
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               if (!(ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) &&
+                   (!rabn || (rabn == np->n_lastread) || (rabn == (np->n_lastread + 1)))) {
+                       maxrabn += nmp->nm_readahead;
+                       if ((maxrabn * biosize) >= (off_t)np->n_size) {
+                               maxrabn = ((off_t)np->n_size - 1) / biosize;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (maxrabn < np->n_lastrahead) {
+                       np->n_lastrahead = -1;
+               }
+               if (rabn < np->n_lastrahead) {
+                       rabn = np->n_lastrahead + 1;
+               }
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       } else {
+               rabn = maxrabn = 0;
+       }
+
+       do {
+               nfs_data_lock(np, NFS_DATA_LOCK_SHARED);
+               lbn = uio_offset(uio) / biosize;
+
+               /*
+                * Copy directly from any cached pages without grabbing the bufs.
+                * (If we are NOCACHE and we've issued readahead requests, we need
+                * to grab the NB_NCRDAHEAD bufs to drop them.)
+                */
+               if ((!(ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) || !readaheads) &&
+                   ((uio->uio_segflg == UIO_USERSPACE32 ||
+                   uio->uio_segflg == UIO_USERSPACE64 ||
+                   uio->uio_segflg == UIO_USERSPACE))) {
+                       io_resid = uio_resid(uio);
+                       diff = np->n_size - uio_offset(uio);
+                       if (diff < io_resid) {
+                               io_resid = diff;
+                       }
+                       if (io_resid > 0) {
+                               int count = (io_resid > INT_MAX) ? INT_MAX : (int)io_resid;
+                               error = cluster_copy_ubc_data(vp, uio, &count, 0);
+                               if (error) {
+                                       nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                                       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, uio_offset(uio), 0xcacefeed, error);
+                                       return error;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       /* count any biocache reads that we just copied directly */
+                       if (lbn != (uio_offset(uio) / biosize)) {
+                               OSAddAtomic64(NFS_ROUND_BLOCK(uio_offset(uio), biosize) - lbn, &nfsstats.biocache_reads);
+                               FSDBG(514, np, 0xcacefeed, uio_offset(uio), error);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               lbn = uio_offset(uio) / biosize;
+               on = uio_offset(uio) % biosize;
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_lastread = (uio_offset(uio) - 1) / biosize;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+
+               if ((uio_resid(uio) <= 0) || (uio_offset(uio) >= (off_t)np->n_size)) {
+                       nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, uio_offset(uio), uio_resid(uio), 0xaaaaaaaa);
+                       return 0;
+               }
+
+               /* adjust readahead block number, if necessary */
+               if (rabn < lbn) {
+                       rabn = lbn;
+               }
+               lastrabn = MIN(maxrabn, lbn + nmp->nm_readahead);
+               if (rabn <= lastrabn) { /* start readaheads */
+                       error = nfs_buf_readahead(np, ioflag, &rabn, lastrabn, thd, cred);
+                       if (error) {
+                               nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e000b, 1, error);
+                               return error;
+                       }
+                       readaheads = 1;
+                       OSAddAtomic64(rabn - lbn, &nfsstats.biocache_reads);
+               } else {
+                       OSAddAtomic64(1, &nfsstats.biocache_reads);
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * If the block is in the cache and has the required data
+                * in a valid region, just copy it out.
+                * Otherwise, get the block and write back/read in,
+                * as required.
+                */
+again:
+               io_resid = uio_resid(uio);
+               n = (io_resid > (biosize - on)) ? (biosize - on) : io_resid;
+               diff = np->n_size - uio_offset(uio);
+               if (diff < n) {
+                       n = diff;
+               }
+
+               error = nfs_buf_get(np, lbn, biosize, thd, NBLK_READ, &bp);
+               if (error) {
+                       nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e000c, 0, error);
+                       return error;
+               }
+
+               if ((ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) && ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_CACHE)) {
+                       /*
+                        * IO_NOCACHE found a cached buffer.
+                        * Flush the buffer if it's dirty.
+                        * Invalidate the data if it wasn't just read
+                        * in as part of a "nocache readahead".
+                        */
+                       if (nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty) || (bp->nb_dirtyend > 0)) {
+                               /* so write the buffer out and try again */
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NOCACHE);
+                               goto flushbuffer;
+                       }
+                       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NCRDAHEAD)) {
+                               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_NCRDAHEAD);
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NOCACHE);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               /* if any pages are valid... */
+               if (nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_valid)) {
+                       /* ...check for any invalid pages in the read range */
+                       off_t pg, firstpg, lastpg, dirtypg;
+                       dirtypg = firstpg = lastpg = -1;
+                       pg = on / PAGE_SIZE;
+                       while (pg <= (on + n - 1) / PAGE_SIZE) {
+                               if (!NBPGVALID(bp, pg)) {
+                                       if (firstpg < 0) {
+                                               firstpg = pg;
+                                       }
+                                       lastpg = pg;
+                               } else if (firstpg >= 0 && dirtypg < 0 && NBPGDIRTY(bp, pg)) {
+                                       dirtypg = pg;
+                               }
+                               pg++;
+                       }
+
+                       /* if there are no invalid pages, we're all set */
+                       if (firstpg < 0) {
+                               if (bp->nb_validoff < 0) {
+                                       /* valid range isn't set up, so */
+                                       /* set it to what we know is valid */
+                                       bp->nb_validoff = trunc_page_64(on);
+                                       bp->nb_validend = round_page_64(on + n);
+                                       nfs_buf_normalize_valid_range(np, bp);
+                               }
+                               goto buffer_ready;
+                       }
+
+                       /* there are invalid pages in the read range */
+                       if (((dirtypg > firstpg) && (dirtypg < lastpg)) ||
+                           (((firstpg * PAGE_SIZE) < bp->nb_dirtyend) && (((lastpg + 1) * PAGE_SIZE) > bp->nb_dirtyoff))) {
+                               /* there are also dirty page(s) (or range) in the read range, */
+                               /* so write the buffer out and try again */
+flushbuffer:
+                               CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_DONE | NB_ERROR | NB_INVAL));
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+                               if (!IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_wcred)) {
+                                       kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+                                       bp->nb_wcred = cred;
+                               }
+                               error = nfs_buf_write(bp);
+                               if (error) {
+                                       nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                                       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e000d, 0, error);
+                                       return error;
+                               }
+                               goto again;
+                       }
+                       if (!nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty) && bp->nb_dirtyend <= 0 &&
+                           (lastpg - firstpg + 1) > (biosize / PAGE_SIZE) / 2) {
+                               /* we need to read in more than half the buffer and the */
+                               /* buffer's not dirty, so just fetch the whole buffer */
+                               NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+                       } else {
+                               /* read the page range in */
+                               uio_t auio;
+                               char uio_buf[UIO_SIZEOF(1)];
+
+                               NFS_BUF_MAP(bp);
+                               auio = uio_createwithbuffer(1, (NBOFF(bp) + firstpg * PAGE_SIZE_64),
+                                   UIO_SYSSPACE, UIO_READ, &uio_buf[0], sizeof(uio_buf));
+                               if (!auio) {
+                                       error = ENOMEM;
+                               } else {
+                                       NFS_UIO_ADDIOV(auio, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(bp->nb_data + (firstpg * PAGE_SIZE)),
+                                           ((lastpg - firstpg + 1) * PAGE_SIZE));
+                                       error = nfs_read_rpc(np, auio, ctx);
+                               }
+                               if (error) {
+                                       if (ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) {
+                                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NOCACHE);
+                                       }
+                                       nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+                                       nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                                       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e000e, 0, error);
+                                       return error;
+                               }
+                               /* Make sure that the valid range is set to cover this read. */
+                               bp->nb_validoff = trunc_page_64(on);
+                               bp->nb_validend = round_page_64(on + n);
+                               nfs_buf_normalize_valid_range(np, bp);
+                               if (uio_resid(auio) > 0) {
+                                       /* if short read, must have hit EOF, */
+                                       /* so zero the rest of the range */
+                                       bzero(CAST_DOWN(caddr_t, uio_curriovbase(auio)), uio_resid(auio));
+                               }
+                               /* mark the pages (successfully read) as valid */
+                               for (pg = firstpg; pg <= lastpg; pg++) {
+                                       NBPGVALID_SET(bp, pg);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               /* if no pages are valid, read the whole block */
+               if (!nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_valid)) {
+                       if (!IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_rcred) && IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+                               bp->nb_rcred = cred;
+                       }
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ);
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_DONE | NB_ERROR | NB_INVAL));
+                       error = nfs_buf_read(bp);
+                       if (ioflag & IO_NOCACHE) {
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NOCACHE);
+                       }
+                       if (error) {
+                               nfs_data_unlock(np);
+                               nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+                               FSDBG_BOT(514, np, 0xd1e000f, 0, error);
+                               return error;
+                       }
+               }
+buffer_ready:
+               /* validate read range against valid range and clip */
+               if (bp->nb_validend > 0) {
+                       diff = (on >= bp->nb_validend) ? 0 : (bp->nb_validend - on);
+                       if (diff < n) {
+                               n = diff;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (n > 0) {
+                       NFS_BUF_MAP(bp);
+                       n32 = n > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : (int)n;
+                       error = uiomove(bp->nb_data + on, n32, uio);
+                       if (!error && n > n32) {
+                               error = uiomove(bp->nb_data + on + n32, (int)(n - n32), uio);
+                       }
+               }
+
+
+               nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+               nfs_data_unlock(np);
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_lastread = (uio_offset(uio) - 1) / biosize;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       } while (error == 0 && uio_resid(uio) > 0 && n > 0);
+       FSDBG_BOT(514, np, uio_offset(uio), uio_resid(uio), error);
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * limit the number of outstanding async I/O writes
+ */
+int
+nfs_async_write_start(struct nfsmount *nmp)
+{
+       int error = 0, slpflag = NMFLAG(nmp, INTR) ? PCATCH : 0;
+       struct timespec ts = { .tv_sec = 1, .tv_nsec = 0 };
+
+       if (nfs_max_async_writes <= 0) {
+               return 0;
+       }
+       lck_mtx_lock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+       while ((nfs_max_async_writes > 0) && (nmp->nm_asyncwrites >= nfs_max_async_writes)) {
+               if ((error = nfs_sigintr(nmp, NULL, current_thread(), 1))) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               msleep(&nmp->nm_asyncwrites, &nmp->nm_lock, slpflag | (PZERO - 1), "nfsasyncwrites", &ts);
+               slpflag = 0;
+       }
+       if (!error) {
+               nmp->nm_asyncwrites++;
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+       return error;
+}
+void
+nfs_async_write_done(struct nfsmount *nmp)
+{
+       if (nmp->nm_asyncwrites <= 0) {
+               return;
+       }
+       lck_mtx_lock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+       if (nmp->nm_asyncwrites-- >= nfs_max_async_writes) {
+               wakeup(&nmp->nm_asyncwrites);
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * write (or commit) the given NFS buffer
+ *
+ * Commit the buffer if we can.
+ * Write out any dirty range.
+ * If any dirty pages remain, write them out.
+ * Mark buffer done.
+ *
+ * For async requests, all the work beyond sending the initial
+ * write RPC is handled in the RPC callback(s).
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_write(struct nfsbuf *bp)
+{
+       int error = 0, oldflags, async;
+       nfsnode_t np;
+       thread_t thd;
+       kauth_cred_t cred;
+       proc_t p = current_proc();
+       int iomode;
+       off_t doff, dend, firstpg, lastpg;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(553, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, 0);
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_lflags, NBL_BUSY)) {
+               panic("nfs_buf_write: buffer is not busy???");
+       }
+
+       np = bp->nb_np;
+       async = ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+       oldflags = bp->nb_flags;
+
+       CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_READ | NB_DONE | NB_ERROR | NB_DELWRI));
+       if (ISSET(oldflags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               nfs_nbdwrite--;
+               NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               wakeup(&nfs_nbdwrite);
+       }
+
+       /* move to clean list */
+       if (ISSET(oldflags, (NB_ASYNC | NB_DELWRI))) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               if (bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               }
+               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_cleanblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+       np->n_numoutput++;
+       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       vnode_startwrite(NFSTOV(np));
+
+       if (p && p->p_stats) {
+               OSIncrementAtomicLong(&p->p_stats->p_ru.ru_oublock);
+       }
+
+       cred = bp->nb_wcred;
+       if (!IS_VALID_CRED(cred) && ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_READ)) {
+               cred = bp->nb_rcred;  /* shouldn't really happen, but... */
+       }
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+       }
+       thd = async ? NULL : current_thread();
+
+       /* We need to make sure the pages are locked before doing I/O.  */
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_META)) {
+               if (UBCINFOEXISTS(NFSTOV(np))) {
+                       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+                               error = nfs_buf_upl_setup(bp);
+                               if (error) {
+                                       printf("nfs_buf_write: upl create failed %d\n", error);
+                                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+                                       bp->nb_error = error = EIO;
+                                       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+                                       goto out;
+                               }
+                               nfs_buf_upl_check(bp);
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       /* We should never be in nfs_buf_write() with no UBCINFO. */
+                       printf("nfs_buf_write: ubcinfo already gone\n");
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+                       bp->nb_error = error = EIO;
+                       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* If NB_NEEDCOMMIT is set, a commit RPC may do the trick. */
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+               nfs_buf_check_write_verifier(np, bp);
+       }
+       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+               struct nfsmount *nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+               if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+                       bp->nb_error = error = EIO;
+                       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+               error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_commit_rpc(np, NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_dirtyoff,
+                   bp->nb_dirtyend - bp->nb_dirtyoff, bp->nb_wcred, bp->nb_verf);
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+               if (error) {
+                       if (error != NFSERR_STALEWRITEVERF) {
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+                               bp->nb_error = error;
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT);
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_needcommitcnt--;
+               CHECK_NEEDCOMMITCNT(np);
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       }
+       if (!error && (bp->nb_dirtyend > 0)) {
+               /* sanity check the dirty range */
+               if (NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_dirtyend > (off_t) np->n_size) {
+                       bp->nb_dirtyend = np->n_size - NBOFF(bp);
+                       if (bp->nb_dirtyoff >= bp->nb_dirtyend) {
+                               bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       if (!error && (bp->nb_dirtyend > 0)) {
+               /* there's a dirty range that needs to be written out */
+               nfsbufpgs pagemask, pagemaskand;
+               NFS_BUF_MAP(bp);
+
+               doff = bp->nb_dirtyoff;
+               dend = bp->nb_dirtyend;
+
+               /* if doff page is dirty, move doff to start of page */
+               if (NBPGDIRTY(bp, doff / PAGE_SIZE)) {
+                       doff -= doff & PAGE_MASK;
+               }
+               /* try to expand write range to include preceding dirty pages */
+               if (!(doff & PAGE_MASK)) {
+                       while ((doff > 0) && NBPGDIRTY(bp, (doff - 1) / PAGE_SIZE)) {
+                               doff -= PAGE_SIZE;
+                       }
+               }
+               /* if dend page is dirty, move dend to start of next page */
+               if ((dend & PAGE_MASK) && NBPGDIRTY(bp, dend / PAGE_SIZE)) {
+                       dend = round_page_64(dend);
+               }
+               /* try to expand write range to include trailing dirty pages */
+               if (!(dend & PAGE_MASK)) {
+                       while ((dend < (int)bp->nb_bufsize) && NBPGDIRTY(bp, dend / PAGE_SIZE)) {
+                               dend += PAGE_SIZE;
+                       }
+               }
+               /* make sure to keep dend clipped to EOF */
+               if ((NBOFF(bp) + dend) > (off_t) np->n_size) {
+                       dend = np->n_size - NBOFF(bp);
+               }
+               /* calculate range of complete pages being written */
+               if (dend > doff) {
+                       firstpg = doff / PAGE_SIZE;
+                       lastpg = (dend - 1) / PAGE_SIZE;
+                       /* calculate mask for that page range */
+                       nfs_buf_pgs_set_pages_between(&pagemask, firstpg, lastpg + 1);
+               } else {
+                       NBPGS_ERASE(&pagemask);
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * compare page mask to nb_dirty; if there are other dirty pages
+                * then write FILESYNC; otherwise, write UNSTABLE if async and
+                * not needcommit/stable; otherwise write FILESYNC
+                */
+               nfs_buf_pgs_bit_not(&pagemask);
+               nfs_buf_pgs_bit_and(&bp->nb_dirty, &pagemask, &pagemaskand);
+               if (nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&pagemaskand)) {
+                       iomode = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+               } else if ((bp->nb_flags & (NB_ASYNC | NB_NEEDCOMMIT | NB_STABLE)) == NB_ASYNC) {
+                       iomode = NFS_WRITE_UNSTABLE;
+               } else {
+                       iomode = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+               }
+
+               /* write the whole contiguous dirty range */
+               bp->nb_offio = doff;
+               bp->nb_endio = dend;
+
+               OSAddAtomic64(1, &nfsstats.write_bios);
+
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+               error = nfs_buf_write_rpc(bp, iomode, thd, cred);
+               /*
+                * For async I/O, the callbacks will finish up the
+                * write and push out any dirty pages.  Otherwise,
+                * the write has already been finished and any dirty
+                * pages pushed out.
+                */
+       } else {
+               if (!error && nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty)) { /* write out any dirty pages */
+                       error = nfs_buf_write_dirty_pages(bp, thd, cred);
+               }
+               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+       }
+       /* note: bp is still valid only for !async case */
+out:
+       if (!async) {
+               error = nfs_buf_iowait(bp);
+               /* move to clean list */
+               if (oldflags & NB_DELWRI) {
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       if (bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       }
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_cleanblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               }
+               FSDBG_BOT(553, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags, error);
+               nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+               /* check if we need to invalidate (and we can) */
+               if ((np->n_flag & NNEEDINVALIDATE) &&
+                   !(np->n_bflag & (NBINVALINPROG | NBFLUSHINPROG))) {
+                       int invalidate = 0;
+                       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                       if (np->n_flag & NNEEDINVALIDATE) {
+                               invalidate = 1;
+                               np->n_flag &= ~NNEEDINVALIDATE;
+                       }
+                       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+                       if (invalidate) {
+                               /*
+                                * There was a write error and we need to
+                                * invalidate attrs and flush buffers in
+                                * order to sync up with the server.
+                                * (if this write was extending the file,
+                                * we may no longer know the correct size)
+                                *
+                                * But we couldn't call vinvalbuf while holding
+                                * the buffer busy.  So we call vinvalbuf() after
+                                * releasing the buffer.
+                                */
+                               nfs_vinvalbuf2(NFSTOV(np), V_SAVE | V_IGNORE_WRITEERR, thd, cred, 1);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+       }
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * finish the writing of a buffer
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_write_finish(struct nfsbuf *bp, thread_t thd, kauth_cred_t cred)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       int error = (bp->nb_flags & NB_ERROR) ? bp->nb_error : 0;
+       off_t firstpg, lastpg;
+
+       if ((error == EINTR) || (error == ERESTART)) {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_EINTR);
+       }
+
+       if (!error) {
+               nfsbufpgs pagemask;
+               /* calculate range of complete pages being written */
+               if (bp->nb_endio > bp->nb_offio) {
+                       firstpg = bp->nb_offio / PAGE_SIZE;
+                       lastpg = (bp->nb_endio - 1) / PAGE_SIZE;
+                       /* calculate mask for that page range written */
+                       nfs_buf_pgs_set_pages_between(&pagemask, firstpg, lastpg + 1);
+               } else {
+                       NBPGS_ERASE(&pagemask);
+               }
+               /* clear dirty bits for pages we've written */
+               nfs_buf_pgs_bit_not(&pagemask);
+               nfs_buf_pgs_bit_and(&bp->nb_dirty, &pagemask, &bp->nb_dirty);
+       }
+
+       /* manage needcommit state */
+       if (!error && (bp->nb_commitlevel == NFS_WRITE_UNSTABLE)) {
+               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+                       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                       np->n_needcommitcnt++;
+                       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT);
+               }
+               /* make sure nb_dirtyoff/nb_dirtyend reflect actual range written */
+               bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_offio;
+               bp->nb_dirtyend = bp->nb_endio;
+       } else if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_needcommitcnt--;
+               CHECK_NEEDCOMMITCNT(np);
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT);
+       }
+
+       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+
+       /*
+        * For an unstable write, the buffer is still treated as dirty until
+        * a commit (or stable (re)write) is performed.  Buffers needing only
+        * a commit are marked with the NB_DELWRI and NB_NEEDCOMMIT flags.
+        *
+        * If the write was interrupted we set NB_EINTR.  Don't set NB_ERROR
+        * because that would cause the buffer to be dropped.  The buffer is
+        * still valid and simply needs to be written again.
+        */
+       if ((error == EINTR) || (error == ERESTART) || (!error && (bp->nb_flags & NB_NEEDCOMMIT))) {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL);
+               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI);
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       nfs_nbdwrite++;
+                       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               }
+               /*
+                * Since for the NB_ASYNC case, we've reassigned the buffer to the
+                * clean list, we have to reassign it back to the dirty one. Ugh.
+                */
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC)) {
+                       /* move to dirty list */
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       if (bp->nb_vnbufs.le_next != NFSNOLIST) {
+                               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       }
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               }
+       } else {
+               /* either there's an error or we don't need to commit */
+               if (error) {
+                       /*
+                        * There was a write error and we need to invalidate
+                        * attrs and flush buffers in order to sync up with the
+                        * server.  (if this write was extending the file, we
+                        * may no longer know the correct size)
+                        *
+                        * But we can't call vinvalbuf while holding this
+                        * buffer busy.  Set a flag to do it after releasing
+                        * the buffer.
+                        */
+                       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                       np->n_error = error;
+                       np->n_flag |= (NWRITEERR | NNEEDINVALIDATE);
+                       NATTRINVALIDATE(np);
+                       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               }
+               /* clear the dirty range */
+               bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+       }
+
+       if (!error && nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty)) {
+               nfs_buf_write_dirty_pages(bp, thd, cred);
+       }
+       nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * write out any pages marked dirty in a buffer
+ *
+ * We do use unstable writes and follow up with a commit.
+ * If we catch the write verifier changing we'll restart
+ * do the writes filesync.
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_write_dirty_pages(struct nfsbuf *bp, thread_t thd, kauth_cred_t cred)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       int error = 0, commit, iomode, iomode2, len, pg, count, npages, off;
+       nfsbufpgs dirty;
+       uint64_t wverf;
+       uio_t auio;
+       char uio_buf[UIO_SIZEOF(1)];
+
+       if (!nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty)) {
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* there are pages marked dirty that need to be written out */
+       OSAddAtomic64(1, &nfsstats.write_bios);
+       NFS_BUF_MAP(bp);
+       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+       npages = bp->nb_bufsize / PAGE_SIZE;
+       iomode = NFS_WRITE_UNSTABLE;
+
+       auio = uio_createwithbuffer(1, 0, UIO_SYSSPACE, UIO_WRITE,
+           &uio_buf, sizeof(uio_buf));
+
+again:
+       NBPGS_COPY(&dirty, &bp->nb_dirty);
+       wverf = bp->nb_verf;
+       commit = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+       for (pg = 0; pg < npages; pg++) {
+               if (!NBPGDIRTY(bp, pg)) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               count = 1;
+               while (((pg + count) < npages) && NBPGDIRTY(bp, pg + count)) {
+                       count++;
+               }
+               /* write count pages starting with page pg */
+               off = pg * PAGE_SIZE;
+               len = count * PAGE_SIZE;
+               /* clip writes to EOF */
+               if (NBOFF(bp) + off + len > (off_t) np->n_size) {
+                       len -= (NBOFF(bp) + off + len) - np->n_size;
+               }
+               if (len > 0) {
+                       iomode2 = iomode;
+                       uio_reset(auio, NBOFF(bp) + off, UIO_SYSSPACE, UIO_WRITE);
+                       uio_addiov(auio, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(bp->nb_data + off), len);
+                       error = nfs_write_rpc2(np, auio, thd, cred, &iomode2, &bp->nb_verf);
+                       if (error) {
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       if (iomode2 < commit) { /* Retain the lowest commitment level returned. */
+                               commit = iomode2;
+                       }
+                       if ((commit != NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC) && (wverf != bp->nb_verf)) {
+                               /* verifier changed, redo all the writes filesync */
+                               iomode = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+                               goto again;
+                       }
+               }
+               /* clear dirty bits */
+               while (count--) {
+                       NBPGS_UNSET(&dirty, pg);
+                       if (count) { /* leave pg on last page */
+                               pg++;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+
+       if (!error && (commit != NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC)) {
+               error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_commit_rpc(np, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_bufsize, cred, wverf);
+               if (error == NFSERR_STALEWRITEVERF) {
+                       /* verifier changed, so we need to restart all the writes */
+                       iomode = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+                       goto again;
+               }
+       }
+       if (!error) {
+               NBPGS_COPY(&bp->nb_dirty, &dirty);
+       } else {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+       }
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * initiate the NFS WRITE RPC(s) for a buffer
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_write_rpc(struct nfsbuf *bp, int iomode, thread_t thd, kauth_cred_t cred)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       int error = 0, nfsvers, async;
+       int64_t nrpcs;
+       size_t len;
+       uint32_t nmwsize;
+       struct nfsreq *req;
+       struct nfsreq_cbinfo cb;
+       uio_t auio;
+       char uio_buf[UIO_SIZEOF(1)];
+       off_t offset, length;
+
+       nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               bp->nb_error = error = ENXIO;
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+               return error;
+       }
+       nfsvers = nmp->nm_vers;
+       nmwsize = nmp->nm_wsize;
+
+       offset = bp->nb_offio;
+       length = bp->nb_endio - bp->nb_offio;
+
+       /* Note: Can only do async I/O if nfsiods are configured. */
+       async = (bp->nb_flags & NB_ASYNC) && (NFSIOD_MAX > 0);
+       bp->nb_commitlevel = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+       cb.rcb_func = async ? nfs_buf_write_rpc_finish : NULL;
+       cb.rcb_bp = bp;
+
+       if ((nfsvers == NFS_VER2) && ((NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_endio) > 0xffffffffLL)) {
+               bp->nb_error = error = EFBIG;
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+               return error;
+       }
+
+       if (length == 0) {
+               /* We should never get here  */
+#if DEVELOPMENT
+               printf("nfs_buf_write_rpc: Got request with zero length. np %p, bp %p, offset %lld\n", np, bp, offset);
+#else
+               printf("nfs_buf_write_rpc: Got request with zero length.\n");
+#endif /* DEVELOPMENT */
+               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       auio = uio_createwithbuffer(1, NBOFF(bp) + offset, UIO_SYSSPACE,
+           UIO_WRITE, &uio_buf, sizeof(uio_buf));
+       NFS_UIO_ADDIOV(auio, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(bp->nb_data + offset), length);
+
+       bp->nb_rpcs = nrpcs = (length + nmwsize - 1) / nmwsize;
+       if (async && (nrpcs > 1)) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC);
+       } else {
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC);
+       }
+
+       while (length > 0) {
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+                       error = bp->nb_error;
+                       break;
+               }
+               len = (length > nmwsize) ? nmwsize : (uint32_t)length;
+               cb.rcb_args.offset = offset;
+               cb.rcb_args.length = len;
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+               if (nmp->nm_vers >= NFS_VER4) {
+                       cb.rcb_args.stategenid = nmp->nm_stategenid;
+               }
+#endif
+               if (async && ((error = nfs_async_write_start(nmp)))) {
+                       break;
+               }
+               req = NULL;
+               error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_write_rpc_async(np, auio, len, thd, cred,
+                   iomode, &cb, &req);
+               if (error) {
+                       if (async) {
+                               nfs_async_write_done(nmp);
+                       }
+                       break;
+               }
+               offset += len;
+               length -= len;
+               if (async) {
+                       continue;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_write_rpc_finish(req);
+       }
+
+       if (length > 0) {
+               /*
+                * Something bad happened while trying to send the RPCs.
+                * Wait for any outstanding requests to complete.
+                */
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC)) {
+                       nrpcs = (length + nmwsize - 1) / nmwsize;
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       bp->nb_rpcs -= nrpcs;
+                       if (bp->nb_rpcs == 0) {
+                               /* No RPCs left, so the buffer's done */
+                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                               nfs_buf_write_finish(bp, thd, cred);
+                       } else {
+                               /* wait for the last RPC to mark it done */
+                               while (bp->nb_rpcs > 0) {
+                                       msleep(&bp->nb_rpcs, nfs_buf_mutex, 0,
+                                           "nfs_buf_write_rpc_cancel", NULL);
+                               }
+                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       nfs_buf_write_finish(bp, thd, cred);
+               }
+               /* It may have just been an interrupt... that's OK */
+               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+                       error = 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * finish up an NFS WRITE RPC on a buffer
+ */
+void
+nfs_buf_write_rpc_finish(struct nfsreq *req)
+{
+       int error = 0, nfsvers, multasyncrpc, finished;
+       int committed = NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC;
+       uint64_t wverf = 0;
+       off_t offset;
+       size_t rlen, length;
+       void *wakeme = NULL;
+       struct nfsreq_cbinfo cb;
+       struct nfsreq *wreq = NULL;
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+       nfsnode_t np;
+       thread_t thd;
+       kauth_cred_t cred;
+       uio_t auio;
+       char uio_buf[UIO_SIZEOF(1)];
+
+finish:
+       np = req->r_np;
+       thd = req->r_thread;
+       cred = req->r_cred;
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+       }
+       cb = req->r_callback;
+       bp = cb.rcb_bp;
+       if (cb.rcb_func) { /* take an extra reference on the nfsreq in case we want to resend it later due to grace error */
+               nfs_request_ref(req, 0);
+       }
+
+       nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error = ENXIO;
+       }
+       if (error || ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               /* just drop it */
+               nfs_request_async_cancel(req);
+               goto out;
+       }
+       nfsvers = nmp->nm_vers;
+
+       offset = cb.rcb_args.offset;
+       rlen = length = cb.rcb_args.length;
+
+       /* finish the RPC */
+       error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_write_rpc_async_finish(np, req, &committed, &rlen, &wverf);
+       if ((error == EINPROGRESS) && cb.rcb_func) {
+               /* async request restarted */
+               if (cb.rcb_func) {
+                       nfs_request_rele(req);
+               }
+               if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                       kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+               }
+               return;
+       }
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+       if ((nmp->nm_vers >= NFS_VER4) && nfs_mount_state_error_should_restart(error) && !ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+               if ((error != NFSERR_OLD_STATEID) && (error != NFSERR_GRACE) && (cb.rcb_args.stategenid == nmp->nm_stategenid)) {
+                       NP(np, "nfs_buf_write_rpc_finish: error %d @ 0x%llx, 0x%x 0x%x, initiating recovery",
+                           error, NBOFF(bp) + offset, cb.rcb_args.stategenid, nmp->nm_stategenid);
+                       nfs_need_recover(nmp, error);
+               }
+               lck_mtx_unlock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+               if (np->n_flag & NREVOKE) {
+                       error = EIO;
+               } else {
+                       if (error == NFSERR_GRACE) {
+                               if (cb.rcb_func) {
+                                       /*
+                                        * For an async I/O request, handle a grace delay just like
+                                        * jukebox errors.  Set the resend time and queue it up.
+                                        */
+                                       struct timeval now;
+                                       if (req->r_nmrep.nmc_mhead) {
+                                               mbuf_freem(req->r_nmrep.nmc_mhead);
+                                               req->r_nmrep.nmc_mhead = NULL;
+                                       }
+                                       req->r_error = 0;
+                                       microuptime(&now);
+                                       lck_mtx_lock(&req->r_mtx);
+                                       req->r_resendtime = now.tv_sec + 2;
+                                       req->r_xid = 0;                 // get a new XID
+                                       req->r_flags |= R_RESTART;
+                                       req->r_start = 0;
+                                       nfs_asyncio_resend(req);
+                                       lck_mtx_unlock(&req->r_mtx);
+                                       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                                               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+                                       }
+                                       /* Note: nfsreq reference taken will be dropped later when finished */
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                               /* otherwise, just pause a couple seconds and retry */
+                               tsleep(&nmp->nm_state, (PZERO - 1), "nfsgrace", 2 * hz);
+                       }
+                       if (!(error = nfs_mount_state_wait_for_recovery(nmp))) {
+                               rlen = 0;
+                               goto writeagain;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+#endif
+       if (error) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+       }
+       if (error || (nfsvers == NFS_VER2)) {
+               goto out;
+       }
+       if (rlen <= 0) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error = EIO;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       /* save lowest commit level returned */
+       if (committed < bp->nb_commitlevel) {
+               bp->nb_commitlevel = committed;
+       }
+
+       /* check the write verifier */
+       if (!bp->nb_verf) {
+               bp->nb_verf = wverf;
+       } else if (bp->nb_verf != wverf) {
+               /* verifier changed, so buffer will need to be rewritten */
+               bp->nb_flags |= NB_STALEWVERF;
+               bp->nb_commitlevel = NFS_WRITE_UNSTABLE;
+               bp->nb_verf = wverf;
+       }
+
+       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_STALEWVERF) && rlen > 0 && (bp->nb_offio < (offset + (int)rlen))) {
+               bp->nb_offio = offset + rlen;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * check for a short write
+        *
+        * If the server didn't write all the data, then we
+        * need to issue another write for the rest of it.
+        * (Don't bother if the buffer hit an error or stale wverf.)
+        */
+       if ((rlen < length) && !(bp->nb_flags & (NB_STALEWVERF | NB_ERROR))) {
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+writeagain:
+#endif
+               offset += rlen;
+               length -= rlen;
+
+               auio = uio_createwithbuffer(1, NBOFF(bp) + offset, UIO_SYSSPACE,
+                   UIO_WRITE, &uio_buf, sizeof(uio_buf));
+               uio_addiov(auio, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(bp->nb_data + offset), length);
+
+               cb.rcb_args.offset = offset;
+               cb.rcb_args.length = length;
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+               if (nmp->nm_vers >= NFS_VER4) {
+                       cb.rcb_args.stategenid = nmp->nm_stategenid;
+               }
+#endif
+               // XXX iomode should really match the original request
+               error = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_write_rpc_async(np, auio, length, thd, cred,
+                   NFS_WRITE_FILESYNC, &cb, &wreq);
+               if (!error) {
+                       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+                       }
+                       if (!cb.rcb_func) {
+                               /* if !async we'll need to wait for this RPC to finish */
+                               req = wreq;
+                               wreq = NULL;
+                               goto finish;
+                       }
+                       nfs_request_rele(req);
+                       /*
+                        * We're done here.
+                        * Outstanding RPC count is unchanged.
+                        * Callback will be called when RPC is done.
+                        */
+                       return;
+               }
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+       }
+
+out:
+       if (cb.rcb_func) {
+               nfs_async_write_done(nmp);
+               nfs_request_rele(req);
+       }
+       /*
+        * Decrement outstanding RPC count on buffer
+        * and call nfs_buf_write_finish on last RPC.
+        *
+        * (Note: when there are multiple async RPCs issued for a
+        * buffer we need nfs_buffer_mutex to avoid problems when
+        * aborting a partially-initiated set of RPCs)
+        */
+       multasyncrpc = ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_MULTASYNCRPC);
+       if (multasyncrpc) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+
+       bp->nb_rpcs--;
+       finished = (bp->nb_rpcs == 0);
+
+       if (multasyncrpc) {
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       }
+
+       if (finished) {
+               if (multasyncrpc) {
+                       wakeme = &bp->nb_rpcs;
+               }
+               nfs_buf_write_finish(bp, thd, cred);
+               if (wakeme) {
+                       wakeup(wakeme);
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+               kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
+       }
+
+       if (cb.rcb_func && np->n_needcommitcnt >= NFS_A_LOT_OF_NEEDCOMMITS) {
+               nfs_flushcommits(np, 1);
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Send commit(s) for the given node's "needcommit" buffers
+ */
+int
+nfs_flushcommits(nfsnode_t np, int nowait)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+       struct nfsbuf *bp, *prevlbp, *lbp;
+       struct nfsbuflists blist, commitlist;
+       int error = 0, retv, wcred_set, flags;
+       u_quad_t off, endoff, toff;
+       uint64_t wverf, count;
+       kauth_cred_t wcred = NULL;
+       nfsbufpgs dirty;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(557, np, 0, 0, 0);
+
+       /*
+        * A nb_flags == (NB_DELWRI | NB_NEEDCOMMIT) block has been written to the
+        * server, but nas not been committed to stable storage on the server
+        * yet. The byte range is worked out for as many nfsbufs as we can handle
+        * and the commit rpc is done.
+        */
+       if (!LIST_EMPTY(&np->n_dirtyblkhd)) {
+               error = nfs_node_lock(np);
+               if (error) {
+                       goto done;
+               }
+               np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       }
+
+       off = (u_quad_t)-1;
+       endoff = 0;
+       wcred_set = 0;
+       LIST_INIT(&commitlist);
+
+       nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               error = ENXIO;
+               goto done;
+       }
+       if (nmp->nm_vers == NFS_VER2) {
+               error = EINVAL;
+               goto done;
+       }
+
+       flags = NBI_DIRTY;
+       if (nowait) {
+               flags |= NBI_NOWAIT;
+       }
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       wverf = nmp->nm_verf;
+       if (!nfs_buf_iterprepare(np, &blist, flags)) {
+               while ((bp = LIST_FIRST(&blist))) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       error = nfs_buf_acquire(bp, NBAC_NOWAIT, 0, 0);
+                       if (error) {
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+                               nfs_buf_check_write_verifier(np, bp);
+                       }
+                       if (((bp->nb_flags & (NB_DELWRI | NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) != (NB_DELWRI | NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) ||
+                           (bp->nb_verf != wverf)) {
+                               nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+
+                       /* buffer UPLs will be grabbed *in order* below */
+
+                       FSDBG(557, bp, bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_valid, bp->nb_dirty);
+                       FSDBG(557, bp->nb_validoff, bp->nb_validend,
+                           bp->nb_dirtyoff, bp->nb_dirtyend);
+
+                       /*
+                        * Work out if all buffers are using the same cred
+                        * so we can deal with them all with one commit.
+                        *
+                        * Note: creds in bp's must be obtained by kauth_cred_ref
+                        * on the same original cred in order for them to be equal.
+                        */
+                       if (wcred_set == 0) {
+                               wcred = bp->nb_wcred;
+                               if (!IS_VALID_CRED(wcred)) {
+                                       panic("nfs: needcommit w/out wcred");
+                               }
+                               wcred_set = 1;
+                       } else if ((wcred_set == 1) && wcred != bp->nb_wcred) {
+                               wcred_set = -1;
+                       }
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_WRITEINPROG);
+
+                       /*
+                        * Add this buffer to the list of buffers we are committing.
+                        * Buffers are inserted into the list in ascending order so that
+                        * we can take the UPLs in order after the list is complete.
+                        */
+                       prevlbp = NULL;
+                       LIST_FOREACH(lbp, &commitlist, nb_vnbufs) {
+                               if (bp->nb_lblkno < lbp->nb_lblkno) {
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               prevlbp = lbp;
+                       }
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       if (prevlbp) {
+                               LIST_INSERT_AFTER(prevlbp, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       } else {
+                               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&commitlist, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       }
+
+                       /* update commit range start, end */
+                       toff = NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_dirtyoff;
+                       if (toff < off) {
+                               off = toff;
+                       }
+                       toff += (u_quad_t)(bp->nb_dirtyend - bp->nb_dirtyoff);
+                       if (toff > endoff) {
+                               endoff = toff;
+                       }
+               }
+               nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY);
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       if (LIST_EMPTY(&commitlist)) {
+               error = ENOBUFS;
+               goto done;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * We need a UPL to prevent others from accessing the buffers during
+        * our commit RPC(s).
         *
-        * XXX revisit this if there is a performance issue.
-        * XXX In that case, we could play the attribute cache games ...
+        * We used to also check for dirty pages here; if there were any we'd
+        * abort the commit and force the entire buffer to be written again.
+        * Instead of doing that, we just go ahead and commit the dirty range,
+        * and then leave the buffer around with dirty pages that will be
+        * written out later.
         */
-        if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DONE)) {
-               if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ASYNC))
-                       panic("nfs_doio: done and not async");
-               CLR(bp->b_flags, B_DONE);
-       }
-       FSDBG_TOP(256, np->n_size, bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE, bp->b_bcount,
-                 bp->b_flags);
-       FSDBG(257, bp->b_validoff, bp->b_validend, bp->b_dirtyoff,
-             bp->b_dirtyend);
+       LIST_FOREACH(bp, &commitlist, nb_vnbufs) {
+               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+                       retv = nfs_buf_upl_setup(bp);
+                       if (retv) {
+                               /* Unable to create the UPL, the VM object probably no longer exists. */
+                               printf("nfs_flushcommits: upl create failed %d\n", retv);
+                               NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+                               NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_dirty);
+                       }
+               }
+               nfs_buf_upl_check(bp);
+       }
+
        /*
-        * Historically, paging was done with physio, but no more.
+        * Commit data on the server, as required.
+        * If all bufs are using the same wcred, then use that with
+        * one call for all of them, otherwise commit each one
+        * separately.
         */
-       if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_PHYS)) {
-           /*
-            * ...though reading /dev/drum still gets us here.
-            */
-           io.iov_len = uiop->uio_resid = bp->b_bcount;
-           /* mapping was done by vmapbuf() */
-           io.iov_base = bp->b_data;
-           uiop->uio_offset = (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE;
-           if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_READ)) {
-                       uiop->uio_rw = UIO_READ;
-                       nfsstats.read_physios++;
-                       error = nfs_readrpc(vp, uiop, cr);
-           } else {
-                       int com;
-
-                       iomode = NFSV3WRITE_DATASYNC;
-                       uiop->uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
-                       nfsstats.write_physios++;
-                       error = nfs_writerpc(vp, uiop, cr, &iomode, &com);
-           }
-           if (error) {
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-                       bp->b_error = error;
-           }
-       } else if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_READ)) {
-           io.iov_len = uiop->uio_resid = bp->b_bcount;
-           io.iov_base = bp->b_data;
-           uiop->uio_rw = UIO_READ;
-           switch (vp->v_type) {
-           case VREG:
-               uiop->uio_offset = (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE;
-               nfsstats.read_bios++;
-               error = nfs_readrpc(vp, uiop, cr);
-               FSDBG(262, np->n_size, bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE,
-                     uiop->uio_resid, error);
-               if (!error) {
-                   bp->b_validoff = 0;
-                   if (uiop->uio_resid) {
-                       /*
-                        * If len > 0, there is a hole in the file and
-                        * no writes after the hole have been pushed to
-                        * the server yet.
-                        * Just zero fill the rest of the valid area.
-                        */
-                       diff = bp->b_bcount - uiop->uio_resid;
-                       len = np->n_size - ((u_quad_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE +
-                                           diff);
-                       if (len > 0) {
-                               len = min(len, uiop->uio_resid);
-                               bzero((char *)bp->b_data + diff, len);
-                               bp->b_validend = diff + len;
-                               FSDBG(258, diff, len, 0, 1);
-                       } else
-                               bp->b_validend = diff;
-                   } else
-                               bp->b_validend = bp->b_bcount;
-
-                   if (bp->b_validend < bp->b_bufsize) {
-                           /*
-                            * we're about to release a partial buffer after a
-                            * read... the only way we should get here is if
-                            * this buffer contains the EOF before releasing it,
-                            * we'll zero out to the end of the buffer so that
-                            * if a mmap of this page occurs, we'll see zero's
-                            * even if a ftruncate extends the file in the
-                            * meantime
-                            */
-                           bzero((caddr_t)(bp->b_data + bp->b_validend),
-                                 bp->b_bufsize - bp->b_validend);
-                           FSDBG(258, bp->b_validend,
-                                 bp->b_bufsize - bp->b_validend, 0, 2);
-                   }
-               }
-               if (p && (vp->v_flag & VTEXT) &&
-                       (((nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) &&
-                         NQNFS_CKINVALID(vp, np, ND_READ) &&
-                         np->n_lrev != np->n_brev) ||
-                        (!(nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NQNFS) &&
-                         np->n_mtime != np->n_vattr.va_mtime.tv_sec))) {
-                       uprintf("Process killed due to text file modification\n");
-                       psignal(p, SIGKILL);
-                       p->p_flag |= P_NOSWAP;
+       if (wcred_set == 1) {
+               /*
+                * Note, it's possible the commit range could be >2^32-1.
+                * If it is, we'll send one commit that covers the whole file.
+                */
+               if ((endoff - off) > 0xffffffff) {
+                       count = 0;
+               } else {
+                       count = (endoff - off);
                }
-               break;
-           case VLNK:
-               uiop->uio_offset = (off_t)0;
-               nfsstats.readlink_bios++;
-               error = nfs_readlinkrpc(vp, uiop, cr);
-               break;
-           case VDIR:
-               nfsstats.readdir_bios++;
-               uiop->uio_offset = ((u_quad_t)bp->b_lblkno) * NFS_DIRBLKSIZ;
-               if (!(nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_NFSV3))
-                       nmp->nm_flag &= ~NFSMNT_RDIRPLUS; /* dk@farm.org */
-               if (nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_RDIRPLUS) {
-                       error = nfs_readdirplusrpc(vp, uiop, cr);
-                       if (error == NFSERR_NOTSUPP)
-                               nmp->nm_flag &= ~NFSMNT_RDIRPLUS;
-               }
-               if ((nmp->nm_flag & NFSMNT_RDIRPLUS) == 0)
-                       error = nfs_readdirrpc(vp, uiop, cr);
-               break;
-           default:
-               printf("nfs_doio: type %x unexpected\n", vp->v_type);
-               break;
-           };
-           if (error) {
-               SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-               bp->b_error = error;
-           }
+               retv = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_commit_rpc(np, off, count, wcred, wverf);
        } else {
-           /*
-            * mapped I/O may have altered any bytes, so we extend
-            * the dirty zone to the valid zone.  For best performance
-            * a better solution would be to save & restore page dirty bits
-            * around the uiomove which brings write-data into the buffer.
-            * Then here we'd check if the page is dirty rather than WASMAPPED
-            * Also vnode_pager would change - if a page is clean it might
-            * still need to be written due to DELWRI.
-            */
-           if (UBCINFOEXISTS(vp) && ubc_issetflags(vp, UI_WASMAPPED)) {
-               bp->b_dirtyoff = min(bp->b_dirtyoff, bp->b_validoff);
-               bp->b_dirtyend = max(bp->b_dirtyend, bp->b_validend);
-           }
-           if ((off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE + bp->b_dirtyend > np->n_size)
-               bp->b_dirtyend = np->n_size - (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE;
-
-           if (bp->b_dirtyend > bp->b_dirtyoff) {
-               io.iov_len = uiop->uio_resid = bp->b_dirtyend - bp->b_dirtyoff;
-               uiop->uio_offset = (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE +
-                                  bp->b_dirtyoff;
-               io.iov_base = (char *)bp->b_data + bp->b_dirtyoff;
-               uiop->uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
-
-               nfsstats.write_bios++;
-               if ((bp->b_flags & (B_ASYNC | B_NEEDCOMMIT | B_NOCACHE)) ==
-                   B_ASYNC)
-                   iomode = NFSV3WRITE_UNSTABLE;
-               else
-                   iomode = NFSV3WRITE_FILESYNC;
-               SET(bp->b_flags, B_WRITEINPROG);
-               error = nfs_writerpc(vp, uiop, cr, &iomode, &must_commit);
-               if (!error && iomode == NFSV3WRITE_UNSTABLE)
-                   SET(bp->b_flags, B_NEEDCOMMIT);
-               else
-                   CLR(bp->b_flags, B_NEEDCOMMIT);
-               CLR(bp->b_flags, B_WRITEINPROG);
+               retv = 0;
+               LIST_FOREACH(bp, &commitlist, nb_vnbufs) {
+                       toff = NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_dirtyoff;
+                       count = bp->nb_dirtyend - bp->nb_dirtyoff;
+                       retv = nmp->nm_funcs->nf_commit_rpc(np, toff, count, bp->nb_wcred, wverf);
+                       if (retv) {
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Now, either mark the blocks I/O done or mark the
+        * blocks dirty, depending on whether the commit
+        * succeeded.
+        */
+       while ((bp = LIST_FIRST(&commitlist))) {
+               LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               FSDBG(557, bp, retv, bp->nb_flags, bp->nb_dirty);
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_NEEDCOMMIT | NB_WRITEINPROG));
+               np->n_needcommitcnt--;
+               CHECK_NEEDCOMMITCNT(np);
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+
+               if (retv) {
+                       /* move back to dirty list */
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_numoutput++;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               vnode_startwrite(NFSTOV(np));
+               if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       nfs_nbdwrite--;
+                       NFSBUFCNTCHK();
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       wakeup(&nfs_nbdwrite);
+               }
+               CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_READ | NB_DONE | NB_ERROR | NB_DELWRI));
+               /* if block still has dirty pages, we don't want it to */
+               /* be released in nfs_buf_iodone().  So, don't set NB_ASYNC. */
+               NBPGS_COPY(&dirty, &bp->nb_dirty);
+               if (!nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&dirty)) {
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+               } else {
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+               }
+
+               /* move to clean list */
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_cleanblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+               bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+
+               nfs_buf_iodone(bp);
+               if (nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&dirty)) {
+                       /* throw it back in as a delayed write buffer */
+                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, NB_DONE);
+                       nfs_buf_write_delayed(bp);
+               }
+       }
+
+done:
+       FSDBG_BOT(557, np, 0, 0, error);
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Flush all the blocks associated with a vnode.
+ *      Walk through the buffer pool and push any dirty pages
+ *     associated with the vnode.
+ */
+int
+nfs_flush(nfsnode_t np, int waitfor, thread_t thd, int ignore_writeerr)
+{
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       struct nfsbuflists blist;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       int error = 0, error2, slptimeo = 0, slpflag = 0;
+       int nfsvers, flags, passone = 1;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(517, np, waitfor, ignore_writeerr, 0);
+
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               error = ENXIO;
+               goto out;
+       }
+       nfsvers = nmp->nm_vers;
+       if (NMFLAG(nmp, INTR)) {
+               slpflag = PCATCH;
+       }
+
+       if (!LIST_EMPTY(&np->n_dirtyblkhd)) {
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+               np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
+               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       }
+
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       while (np->n_bflag & NBFLUSHINPROG) {
+               np->n_bflag |= NBFLUSHWANT;
+               error = msleep(&np->n_bflag, nfs_buf_mutex, slpflag, "nfs_flush", NULL);
+               if ((error && (error != EWOULDBLOCK)) ||
+                   ((error = nfs_sigintr(NFSTONMP(np), NULL, thd, 0)))) {
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+       }
+       np->n_bflag |= NBFLUSHINPROG;
+
+       /*
+        * On the first pass, start async/unstable writes on all
+        * delayed write buffers.  Then wait for all writes to complete
+        * and call nfs_flushcommits() to commit any uncommitted buffers.
+        * On all subsequent passes, start STABLE writes on any remaining
+        * dirty buffers.  Then wait for all writes to complete.
+        */
+again:
+       FSDBG(518, LIST_FIRST(&np->n_dirtyblkhd), np->n_flag, 0, 0);
+       if (!NFSTONMP(np)) {
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               error = ENXIO;
+               goto done;
+       }
+
+       /* Start/do any write(s) that are required. */
+       if (!nfs_buf_iterprepare(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY)) {
+               while ((bp = LIST_FIRST(&blist))) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       flags = (passone || !(waitfor == MNT_WAIT || waitfor == MNT_DWAIT)) ? NBAC_NOWAIT : 0;
+                       if (flags != NBAC_NOWAIT) {
+                               nfs_buf_refget(bp);
+                       }
+                       while ((error = nfs_buf_acquire(bp, flags, slpflag, slptimeo))) {
+                               FSDBG(524, bp, flags, bp->nb_lflags, bp->nb_flags);
+                               if (error == EBUSY) {
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if (error) {
+                                       error2 = nfs_sigintr(NFSTONMP(np), NULL, thd, 0);
+                                       if (error2) {
+                                               if (flags != NBAC_NOWAIT) {
+                                                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                                               }
+                                               nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY);
+                                               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                               error = error2;
+                                               goto done;
+                                       }
+                                       if (slpflag == PCATCH) {
+                                               slpflag = 0;
+                                               slptimeo = 2 * hz;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if (flags != NBAC_NOWAIT) {
+                               nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                       }
+                       if (error == EBUSY) {
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       if (!bp->nb_np) {
+                               /* buffer is no longer valid */
+                               nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+                               nfs_buf_check_write_verifier(np, bp);
+                       }
+                       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_DELWRI)) {
+                               /* buffer is no longer dirty */
+                               nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       FSDBG(525, bp, passone, bp->nb_lflags, bp->nb_flags);
+                       if ((passone || !(waitfor == MNT_WAIT || waitfor == MNT_DWAIT)) &&
+                           ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
+                               nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_remfree(bp);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       if (ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR)) {
+                               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                               np->n_error = bp->nb_error ? bp->nb_error : EIO;
+                               np->n_flag |= NWRITEERR;
+                               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+                               nfs_buf_release(bp, 1);
+                               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ASYNC);
+                       if (!passone) {
+                               /* NB_STABLE forces this to be written FILESYNC */
+                               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_STABLE);
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_write(bp);
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               }
+               nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY);
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       if (waitfor == MNT_WAIT || waitfor == MNT_DWAIT) {
+               while ((error = vnode_waitforwrites(NFSTOV(np), 0, slpflag, slptimeo, "nfsflush"))) {
+                       error2 = nfs_sigintr(NFSTONMP(np), NULL, thd, 0);
+                       if (error2) {
+                               error = error2;
+                               goto done;
+                       }
+                       if (slpflag == PCATCH) {
+                               slpflag = 0;
+                               slptimeo = 2 * hz;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (nfsvers != NFS_VER2) {
+               /* loop while it looks like there are still buffers to be */
+               /* commited and nfs_flushcommits() seems to be handling them. */
+               while (np->n_needcommitcnt) {
+                       if (nfs_flushcommits(np, 0)) {
+                               break;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (passone) {
+               passone = 0;
+               if (!LIST_EMPTY(&np->n_dirtyblkhd)) {
+                       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                       np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
+                       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               }
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               goto again;
+       }
+
+       if (waitfor == MNT_WAIT || waitfor == MNT_DWAIT) {
+               if (!LIST_EMPTY(&np->n_dirtyblkhd)) {
+                       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                       np->n_flag |= NMODIFIED;
+                       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+               }
+               lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               if (!LIST_EMPTY(&np->n_dirtyblkhd)) {
+                       goto again;
+               }
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
                /*
-                * For an interrupted write, the buffer is still valid
-                * and the write hasn't been pushed to the server yet,
-                * so we can't set B_ERROR and report the interruption
-                * by setting B_EINTR. For the B_ASYNC case, B_EINTR
-                * is not relevant, so the rpc attempt is essentially
-                * a noop.  For the case of a V3 write rpc not being
-                * committed to stable storage, the block is still
-                * dirty and requires either a commit rpc or another
-                * write rpc with iomode == NFSV3WRITE_FILESYNC before
-                * the block is reused. This is indicated by setting
-                * the B_DELWRI and B_NEEDCOMMIT flags.
+                * OK, it looks like there are no dirty blocks.  If we have no
+                * writes in flight and no one in the write code, we can clear
+                * the modified flag.  In order to make sure we see the latest
+                * attributes and size, we also invalidate the attributes and
+                * advance the attribute cache XID to guarantee that attributes
+                * newer than our clearing of NMODIFIED will get loaded next.
+                * (If we don't do this, it's possible for the flush's final
+                * write/commit (xid1) to be executed in parallel with a subsequent
+                * getattr request (xid2).  The getattr could return attributes
+                * from *before* the write/commit completed but the stale attributes
+                * would be preferred because of the xid ordering.)
                 */
-               if (error == EINTR || (!error && bp->b_flags & B_NEEDCOMMIT)) {
-                       int s;
+               if (!np->n_wrbusy && !np->n_numoutput) {
+                       np->n_flag &= ~NMODIFIED;
+                       NATTRINVALIDATE(np);
+                       nfs_get_xid(&np->n_xid);
+               }
+       } else {
+               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+       }
+
+       FSDBG(526, np->n_flag, np->n_error, 0, 0);
+       if (!ignore_writeerr && (np->n_flag & NWRITEERR)) {
+               error = np->n_error;
+               np->n_flag &= ~NWRITEERR;
+       }
+       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+done:
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       flags = np->n_bflag;
+       np->n_bflag &= ~(NBFLUSHINPROG | NBFLUSHWANT);
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       if (flags & NBFLUSHWANT) {
+               wakeup(&np->n_bflag);
+       }
+out:
+       FSDBG_BOT(517, np, error, ignore_writeerr, 0);
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Flush out and invalidate all buffers associated with a vnode.
+ * Called with the underlying object locked.
+ */
+int
+nfs_vinvalbuf_internal(
+       nfsnode_t np,
+       int flags,
+       thread_t thd,
+       kauth_cred_t cred,
+       int slpflag,
+       int slptimeo)
+{
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       struct nfsbuflists blist;
+       int list, error = 0;
+
+       if (flags & V_SAVE) {
+               if ((error = nfs_flush(np, MNT_WAIT, thd, (flags & V_IGNORE_WRITEERR)))) {
+                       return error;
+               }
+       }
 
-                       CLR(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL | B_NOCACHE);
-                       if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI)) {
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI);
-                               nbdwrite++;
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       for (;;) {
+               list = NBI_CLEAN;
+               if (nfs_buf_iterprepare(np, &blist, list)) {
+                       list = NBI_DIRTY;
+                       if (nfs_buf_iterprepare(np, &blist, list)) {
+                               break;
                        }
-                       FSDBG(261, bp->b_validoff, bp->b_validend,
-                             bp->b_bufsize, bp->b_bcount);
-                       /*
-                        * Since for the B_ASYNC case, nfs_bwrite() has
-                        * reassigned the buffer to the clean list, we have to
-                        * reassign it back to the dirty one. Ugh.
-                        */
-                       if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ASYNC)) {
-                               s = splbio();
-                               reassignbuf(bp, vp);
-                               splx(s);
+               }
+               while ((bp = LIST_FIRST(&blist))) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       if (list == NBI_CLEAN) {
+                               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_cleanblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
                        } else {
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, B_EINTR);
+                               LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
                        }
-               } else {
-                       if (error) {
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);
-                               bp->b_error = np->n_error = error;
-                               np->n_flag |= NWRITEERR;
+                       nfs_buf_refget(bp);
+                       while ((error = nfs_buf_acquire(bp, NBAC_REMOVE, slpflag, slptimeo))) {
+                               FSDBG(556, np, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags);
+                               if (error != EAGAIN) {
+                                       FSDBG(554, np, bp, -1, error);
+                                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                                       nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, list);
+                                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                       return error;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                       FSDBG(554, np, bp, NBOFF(bp), bp->nb_flags);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       if ((flags & V_SAVE) && UBCINFOEXISTS(NFSTOV(np)) && bp->nb_np &&
+                           (NBOFF(bp) < (off_t)np->n_size)) {
+                               /* extra paranoia: make sure we're not */
+                               /* somehow leaving any dirty data around */
+                               nfsbufpgs pagemask;
+                               int mustwrite = 0;
+                               off_t end = (NBOFF(bp) + bp->nb_bufsize > (off_t)np->n_size) ?
+                                   (np->n_size - NBOFF(bp)) : bp->nb_bufsize;
+                               if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+                                       error = nfs_buf_upl_setup(bp);
+                                       if (error == EINVAL) {
+                                               /* vm object must no longer exist */
+                                               /* hopefully we don't need to do */
+                                               /* anything for this buffer */
+                                       } else if (error) {
+                                               printf("nfs_vinvalbuf: upl setup failed %d\n", error);
+                                       }
+                                       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_valid);
+                                       NBPGS_ERASE(&bp->nb_dirty);
+                               }
+                               nfs_buf_upl_check(bp);
+                               /* check for any dirty data before the EOF */
+                               if ((bp->nb_dirtyend > 0) && (bp->nb_dirtyoff < end)) {
+                                       /* clip dirty range to EOF */
+                                       if (bp->nb_dirtyend > end) {
+                                               bp->nb_dirtyend = end;
+                                               if (bp->nb_dirtyoff >= bp->nb_dirtyend) {
+                                                       bp->nb_dirtyoff = bp->nb_dirtyend = 0;
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                                       if ((bp->nb_dirtyend > 0) && (bp->nb_dirtyoff < end)) {
+                                               mustwrite++;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               nfs_buf_pgs_get_page_mask(&pagemask, round_page_64(end) / PAGE_SIZE);
+                               nfs_buf_pgs_bit_and(&bp->nb_dirty, &pagemask, &bp->nb_dirty);
+                               if (nfs_buf_pgs_is_set(&bp->nb_dirty)) {
+                                       mustwrite++;
+                               }
+                               /* also make sure we'll have a credential to do the write */
+                               if (mustwrite && !IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_wcred) && !IS_VALID_CRED(cred)) {
+                                       printf("nfs_vinvalbuf: found dirty buffer with no write creds\n");
+                                       mustwrite = 0;
+                               }
+                               if (mustwrite) {
+                                       FSDBG(554, np, bp, 0xd00dee, bp->nb_flags);
+                                       if (!ISSET(bp->nb_flags, NB_PAGELIST)) {
+                                               panic("nfs_vinvalbuf: dirty buffer without upl");
+                                       }
+                                       /* gotta write out dirty data before invalidating */
+                                       /* (NB_STABLE indicates that data writes should be FILESYNC) */
+                                       /* (NB_NOCACHE indicates buffer should be discarded) */
+                                       CLR(bp->nb_flags, (NB_DONE | NB_ERROR | NB_INVAL | NB_ASYNC));
+                                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_STABLE | NB_NOCACHE);
+                                       if (!IS_VALID_CRED(bp->nb_wcred)) {
+                                               kauth_cred_ref(cred);
+                                               bp->nb_wcred = cred;
+                                       }
+                                       error = nfs_buf_write(bp);
+                                       // Note: bp has been released
+                                       if (error) {
+                                               FSDBG(554, bp, 0xd00dee, 0xbad, error);
+                                               nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+                                               if ((error != EINTR) && (error != ERESTART)) {
+                                                       np->n_error = error;
+                                                       np->n_flag |= NWRITEERR;
+                                               }
+                                               /*
+                                                * There was a write error and we need to
+                                                * invalidate attrs to sync with server.
+                                                * (if this write was extending the file,
+                                                * we may no longer know the correct size)
+                                                */
+                                               NATTRINVALIDATE(np);
+                                               nfs_node_unlock(np);
+                                               if ((error == EINTR) || (error == ERESTART)) {
+                                                       /*
+                                                        * Abort on EINTR.  If we don't, we could
+                                                        * be stuck in this loop forever because
+                                                        * the buffer will continue to stay dirty.
+                                                        */
+                                                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                                       nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, list);
+                                                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                                       return error;
+                                               }
+                                               error = 0;
+                                       }
+                                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_INVAL);
+                       // hold off on FREEUPs until we're done here
+                       nfs_buf_release(bp, 0);
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+               }
+               nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, list);
+       }
+       if (!LIST_EMPTY(&(np)->n_dirtyblkhd) || !LIST_EMPTY(&(np)->n_cleanblkhd)) {
+               panic("nfs_vinvalbuf: flush/inval failed");
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       nfs_node_lock_force(np);
+       if (!(flags & V_SAVE)) {
+               np->n_flag &= ~NMODIFIED;
+       }
+       if (vnode_vtype(NFSTOV(np)) == VREG) {
+               np->n_lastrahead = -1;
+       }
+       nfs_node_unlock(np);
+       NFS_BUF_FREEUP();
+       return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Flush and invalidate all dirty buffers. If another process is already
+ * doing the flush, just wait for completion.
+ */
+int
+nfs_vinvalbuf(vnode_t vp, int flags, vfs_context_t ctx, int intrflg)
+{
+       return nfs_vinvalbuf2(vp, flags, vfs_context_thread(ctx), vfs_context_ucred(ctx), intrflg);
+}
+
+int
+nfs_vinvalbuf2(vnode_t vp, int flags, thread_t thd, kauth_cred_t cred, int intrflg)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = VTONFS(vp);
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = VTONMP(vp);
+       int error, slpflag, slptimeo, nflags, retry = 0;
+       int ubcflags = UBC_PUSHALL | UBC_SYNC | UBC_INVALIDATE;
+       struct timespec ts = { .tv_sec = 2, .tv_nsec = 0 };
+       off_t size;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(554, np, flags, intrflg, 0);
+
+       /*
+        * If the mount is gone no sense to try and write anything.
+        * and hang trying to do IO.
+        */
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               flags &= ~V_SAVE;
+               ubcflags &= ~UBC_PUSHALL;
+       }
+
+       if (nmp && !NMFLAG(nmp, INTR)) {
+               intrflg = 0;
+       }
+       if (intrflg) {
+               slpflag = PCATCH;
+               slptimeo = 2 * hz;
+       } else {
+               slpflag = 0;
+               slptimeo = 0;
+       }
+
+       /* First wait for any other process doing a flush to complete.  */
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       while (np->n_bflag & NBINVALINPROG) {
+               np->n_bflag |= NBINVALWANT;
+               msleep(&np->n_bflag, nfs_buf_mutex, slpflag, "nfs_vinvalbuf", &ts);
+               if ((error = nfs_sigintr(VTONMP(vp), NULL, thd, 0))) {
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                       return error;
+               }
+               if (np->n_bflag & NBINVALINPROG) {
+                       slpflag = 0;
+               }
+       }
+       np->n_bflag |= NBINVALINPROG;
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+
+       /* Now, flush as required.  */
+again:
+       error = nfs_vinvalbuf_internal(np, flags, thd, cred, slpflag, 0);
+       while (error) {
+               FSDBG(554, np, 0, 0, error);
+               if ((error = nfs_sigintr(VTONMP(vp), NULL, thd, 0))) {
+                       goto done;
+               }
+               error = nfs_vinvalbuf_internal(np, flags, thd, cred, 0, slptimeo);
+       }
+
+       /* get the pages out of vm also */
+       if (UBCINFOEXISTS(vp) && (size = ubc_getsize(vp))) {
+               if ((error = ubc_msync(vp, 0, size, NULL, ubcflags))) {
+                       if (error == EINVAL) {
+                               panic("nfs_vinvalbuf(): ubc_msync failed!, error %d", error);
+                       }
+                       if (retry++ < 10) { /* retry invalidating a few times */
+                               if (retry > 1 || error == ENXIO) {
+                                       ubcflags &= ~UBC_PUSHALL;
+                               }
+                               goto again;
+                       }
+                       /* give up */
+                       printf("nfs_vinvalbuf(): ubc_msync failed!, error %d\n", error);
+               }
+       }
+done:
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       nflags = np->n_bflag;
+       np->n_bflag &= ~(NBINVALINPROG | NBINVALWANT);
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       if (nflags & NBINVALWANT) {
+               wakeup(&np->n_bflag);
+       }
+
+       FSDBG_BOT(554, np, flags, intrflg, error);
+       return error;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait for any busy buffers to complete.
+ */
+void
+nfs_wait_bufs(nfsnode_t np)
+{
+       struct nfsbuf *bp;
+       struct nfsbuflists blist;
+       int error = 0;
+
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+       if (!nfs_buf_iterprepare(np, &blist, NBI_CLEAN)) {
+               while ((bp = LIST_FIRST(&blist))) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_cleanblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       nfs_buf_refget(bp);
+                       while ((error = nfs_buf_acquire(bp, 0, 0, 0))) {
+                               if (error != EAGAIN) {
+                                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                                       nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_CLEAN);
+                                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                       nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+               }
+               nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_CLEAN);
+       }
+       if (!nfs_buf_iterprepare(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY)) {
+               while ((bp = LIST_FIRST(&blist))) {
+                       LIST_REMOVE(bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&np->n_dirtyblkhd, bp, nb_vnbufs);
+                       nfs_buf_refget(bp);
+                       while ((error = nfs_buf_acquire(bp, 0, 0, 0))) {
+                               if (error != EAGAIN) {
+                                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                                       nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY);
+                                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+                                       return;
+                               }
                        }
-                       bp->b_dirtyoff = bp->b_dirtyend = 0;
+                       nfs_buf_refrele(bp);
+                       nfs_buf_drop(bp);
+               }
+               nfs_buf_itercomplete(np, &blist, NBI_DIRTY);
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(nfs_buf_mutex);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Add an async I/O request to the mount's async I/O queue and make
+ * sure that an nfsiod will service it.
+ */
+void
+nfs_asyncio_finish(struct nfsreq *req)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp;
+       struct nfsiod *niod;
+       int started = 0;
+
+       FSDBG_TOP(552, nmp, 0, 0, 0);
+again:
+       nmp = req->r_nmp;
 
+       if (nmp == NULL) {
+               return;
+       }
+
+       lck_mtx_lock(nfsiod_mutex);
+       niod = nmp->nm_niod;
+
+       /* grab an nfsiod if we don't have one already */
+       if (!niod) {
+               niod = TAILQ_FIRST(&nfsiodfree);
+               if (niod) {
+                       TAILQ_REMOVE(&nfsiodfree, niod, niod_link);
+                       TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsiodwork, niod, niod_link);
+                       niod->niod_nmp = nmp;
+               } else if (((nfsiod_thread_count < NFSIOD_MAX) || (nfsiod_thread_count <= 0)) && (started < 4)) {
                        /*
-                        * validoff and validend represent the real data present
-                        * in this buffer if validoff is non-zero, than we have
-                        * to invalidate the buffer and kill the page when
-                        * biodone is called... the same is also true when
-                        * validend doesn't extend all the way to the end of the
-                        * buffer and validend doesn't equate to the current
-                        * EOF... eventually we need to deal with this in a more
-                        * humane way (like keeping the partial buffer without
-                        * making it immediately available to the VM page cache)
+                        * Try starting a new thread.
+                        * We may try a couple times if other callers
+                        * get the new threads before we do.
                         */
-                       if (bp->b_validoff)
-                               SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);
-                       else
-                       if (bp->b_validend < bp->b_bufsize) {
-                               if ((off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE +
-                                   bp->b_validend == np->n_size) {
-                                       bzero((caddr_t)(bp->b_data +
-                                                       bp->b_validend),
-                                             bp->b_bufsize - bp->b_validend);
-                                       FSDBG(259, bp->b_validend,
-                                             bp->b_bufsize - bp->b_validend, 0,
-                                             0);
-                               } else
-                                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);
-                       }
-               }
-
-           } else {
-               if (bp->b_validoff ||
-                   (bp->b_validend < bp->b_bufsize &&
-                    (off_t)bp->b_blkno * DEV_BSIZE + bp->b_validend !=
-                    np->n_size)) {
-                       SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);
-               }
-               if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) {
-                       FSDBG(260, bp->b_validoff, bp->b_validend,
-                             bp->b_bufsize, bp->b_bcount);
-               }
-               bp->b_resid = 0;
-               biodone(bp);
-               FSDBG_BOT(256, bp->b_validoff, bp->b_validend, bp->b_bufsize,
-                         np->n_size);
-               return (0);
-           }
-       }
-       bp->b_resid = uiop->uio_resid;
-       if (must_commit)
-               nfs_clearcommit(vp->v_mount);
-
-       if (bp->b_flags & B_INVAL) {
-               FSDBG(260, bp->b_validoff, bp->b_validend, bp->b_bufsize,
-                     bp->b_bcount);
-       }
-       FSDBG_BOT(256, bp->b_validoff, bp->b_validend, bp->b_bcount, error);
-
-       biodone(bp);
-       return (error);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfsiod_mutex);
+                       started++;
+                       if (!nfsiod_start()) {
+                               goto again;
+                       }
+                       lck_mtx_lock(nfsiod_mutex);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * If we got here while being on the resendq we need to get off. This
+        * happens when the timer fires and errors out requests from nfs_sigintr
+        * or we receive a reply (UDP case) while being on the resend queue so
+        * we're just finishing up and are not going to be resent.
+        */
+       lck_mtx_lock(&req->r_mtx);
+       if (req->r_flags & R_RESENDQ) {
+               lck_mtx_lock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+               if ((req->r_flags & R_RESENDQ) && req->r_rchain.tqe_next != NFSREQNOLIST) {
+                       NFS_BIO_DBG("Proccessing async request on resendq. Removing");
+                       TAILQ_REMOVE(&nmp->nm_resendq, req, r_rchain);
+                       req->r_flags &= ~R_RESENDQ;
+                       req->r_rchain.tqe_next = NFSREQNOLIST;
+                       assert(req->r_refs > 1);
+                       /* Remove resendq reference */
+                       req->r_refs--;
+               }
+               lck_mtx_unlock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+       }
+       lck_mtx_unlock(&req->r_mtx);
+
+       if (req->r_achain.tqe_next == NFSREQNOLIST) {
+               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nmp->nm_iodq, req, r_achain);
+       }
+
+       /* If this mount doesn't already have an nfsiod working on it... */
+       if (!nmp->nm_niod) {
+               if (niod) { /* give it the nfsiod we just grabbed */
+                       nmp->nm_niod = niod;
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfsiod_mutex);
+                       wakeup(niod);
+               } else if (nfsiod_thread_count > 0) {
+                       /* just queue it up on nfsiod mounts queue if needed */
+                       if (nmp->nm_iodlink.tqe_next == NFSNOLIST) {
+                               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nfsiodmounts, nmp, nm_iodlink);
+                       }
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfsiod_mutex);
+               } else {
+                       printf("nfs_asyncio(): no nfsiods? %d %d (%d)\n", nfsiod_thread_count, NFSIOD_MAX, started);
+                       lck_mtx_unlock(nfsiod_mutex);
+                       /* we have no other option but to be persistent */
+                       started = 0;
+                       goto again;
+               }
+       } else {
+               lck_mtx_unlock(nfsiod_mutex);
+       }
+
+       FSDBG_BOT(552, nmp, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * queue up async I/O request for resend
+ * Must be called with req->r_mtx locked.
+ */
+void
+nfs_asyncio_resend(struct nfsreq *req)
+{
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = req->r_nmp;
+
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               return;
+       }
+
+#if CONFIG_NFS_GSS
+       nfs_gss_clnt_rpcdone(req);
+#endif
+       lck_mtx_lock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+       if (!(req->r_flags & R_RESENDQ)) {
+               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nmp->nm_resendq, req, r_rchain);
+               req->r_flags |= R_RESENDQ;
+               /*
+                * We take a reference on this request so that it can't be
+                * destroyed while a resend is queued or in progress.
+                */
+               nfs_request_ref(req, 1);
+       }
+       nfs_mount_sock_thread_wake(nmp);
+       lck_mtx_unlock(&nmp->nm_lock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Read directory data into a buffer.
+ *
+ * Buffer will be filled (unless EOF is hit).
+ * Buffers after this one may also be completely/partially filled.
+ */
+int
+nfs_buf_readdir(struct nfsbuf *bp, vfs_context_t ctx)
+{
+       nfsnode_t np = bp->nb_np;
+       struct nfsmount *nmp = NFSTONMP(np);
+       int error = 0;
+
+       if (nfs_mount_gone(nmp)) {
+               return ENXIO;
+       }
+
+       if (nmp->nm_vers < NFS_VER4) {
+               error = nfs3_readdir_rpc(np, bp, ctx);
+       }
+#if CONFIG_NFS4
+       else {
+               error = nfs4_readdir_rpc(np, bp, ctx);
+       }
+#endif
+       if (error && (error != NFSERR_DIRBUFDROPPED)) {
+               SET(bp->nb_flags, NB_ERROR);
+               bp->nb_error = error;
+       }
+       return error;
 }
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_NFS_CLIENT */