]> git.saurik.com Git - apple/xnu.git/blobdiff - bsd/kern/kern_exec.c
xnu-3248.30.4.tar.gz
[apple/xnu.git] / bsd / kern / kern_exec.c
index 0fb4a347a1e38dd9bfead399dd7235a182e0f8ca..e2e7d1526403588d395587c067f781de55fe3e5b 100644 (file)
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@
  * the terms and conditions for use and redistribution.
  */
  
-#include <cputypes.h>
-
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1991, 1993
  *     The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 #include <kern/affinity.h>
 #include <kern/assert.h>
 #include <kern/task.h>
+#include <kern/coalition.h>
 
 #if CONFIG_MACF
 #include <security/mac.h>
 #if CONFIG_DTRACE
 /* Do not include dtrace.h, it redefines kmem_[alloc/free] */
 extern void (*dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr)(proc_t);
+extern void (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr)(proc_t);
 extern void (*dtrace_helpers_cleanup)(proc_t);
 extern void dtrace_lazy_dofs_destroy(proc_t);
 
+/*
+ * Since dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr can be added/removed in dtrace_subr.c,
+ * we will store its value before actually calling it.
+ */
+static void (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook)(proc_t) = NULL;
+
 #include <sys/dtrace_ptss.h>
 #endif
 
 /* support for child creation in exec after vfork */
-thread_t fork_create_child(task_t parent_task, proc_t child_proc, int inherit_memory, int is64bit);
+thread_t fork_create_child(task_t parent_task, coalition_t *parent_coalition, proc_t child_proc, int inherit_memory, int is64bit);
 void vfork_exit(proc_t p, int rv);
-int setsigvec(proc_t, thread_t, int, struct __kern_sigaction *, boolean_t in_sigstart);
 extern void proc_apply_task_networkbg_internal(proc_t, thread_t);
 
 /*
@@ -185,8 +190,13 @@ kern_return_t ipc_object_copyin(
        ipc_object_t            *objectp);
 void ipc_port_release_send(ipc_port_t);
 
+#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
+void task_importance_update_owner_info(task_t);
+#endif
+
 extern struct savearea *get_user_regs(thread_t);
 
+__attribute__((noinline)) int __EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__(mach_port_t task_access_port, int32_t new_pid);
 
 #include <kern/thread.h>
 #include <kern/task.h>
@@ -206,7 +216,7 @@ extern struct savearea *get_user_regs(thread_t);
  *                     activator in exec_activate_image() before treating
  *                     it as malformed/corrupt.
  */
-#define EAI_ITERLIMIT          10
+#define EAI_ITERLIMIT          3
 
 /*
  * For #! interpreter parsing
@@ -217,9 +227,9 @@ extern struct savearea *get_user_regs(thread_t);
 extern vm_map_t bsd_pageable_map;
 extern const struct fileops vnops;
 
-#define        ROUND_PTR(type, addr)   \
-       (type *)( ( (uintptr_t)(addr) + 16 - 1) \
-                 & ~(16 - 1) )
+#define        USER_ADDR_ALIGN(addr, val) \
+       ( ( (user_addr_t)(addr) + (val) - 1) \
+               & ~((val) - 1) )
 
 struct image_params;   /* Forward */
 static int exec_activate_image(struct image_params *imgp);
@@ -238,8 +248,9 @@ static int copyoutptr(user_addr_t ua, user_addr_t ptr, int ptr_size);
 static void exec_resettextvp(proc_t, struct image_params *);
 static int check_for_signature(proc_t, struct image_params *);
 static void exec_prefault_data(proc_t, struct image_params *, load_result_t *);
-static errno_t exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags, int * need_portwatch, ipc_port_t * portwatch);
-static errno_t exec_handle_spawnattr_apptype(proc_t p, int psa_apptype);
+static errno_t exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags, boolean_t * portwatch_present, ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports);
+static errno_t exec_handle_spawnattr_policy(proc_t p, int psa_apptype, uint64_t psa_qos_clamp, uint64_t psa_darwin_role,
+                             ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports, int portwatch_count);
 
 /*
  * exec_add_user_string
@@ -295,6 +306,12 @@ exec_add_user_string(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t str, int seg, boolea
        return error;
 }
 
+/*
+ * dyld is now passed the executable path as a getenv-like variable
+ * in the same fashion as the stack_guard and malloc_entropy keys.
+ */
+#define        EXECUTABLE_KEY "executable_path="
+
 /*
  * exec_save_path
  *
@@ -330,22 +347,26 @@ exec_add_user_string(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t str, int seg, boolea
  *             unacceptable for dyld.
  */
 static int
-exec_save_path(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t path, int seg)
+exec_save_path(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t path, int seg, const char **excpath)
 {
        int error;
-       size_t  len;
+       size_t len;
        char *kpath;
 
+       // imgp->ip_strings can come out of a cache, so we need to obliterate the
+       // old path.
+       memset(imgp->ip_strings, '\0', strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY) + MAXPATHLEN);
+
        len = MIN(MAXPATHLEN, imgp->ip_strspace);
 
        switch(seg) {
        case UIO_USERSPACE32:
        case UIO_USERSPACE64:   /* Same for copyin()... */
-               error = copyinstr(path, imgp->ip_strings, len, &len);
+               error = copyinstr(path, imgp->ip_strings + strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY), len, &len);
                break;
        case UIO_SYSSPACE:
                kpath = CAST_DOWN(char *,path); /* SAFE */
-               error = copystr(kpath, imgp->ip_strings, len, &len);
+               error = copystr(kpath, imgp->ip_strings + strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY), len, &len);
                break;
        default:
                error = EFAULT;
@@ -353,8 +374,15 @@ exec_save_path(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t path, int seg)
        }
 
        if (!error) {
+               bcopy(EXECUTABLE_KEY, imgp->ip_strings, strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY));
+               len += strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY);
+
                imgp->ip_strendp += len;
                imgp->ip_strspace -= len;
+
+               if (excpath) {
+                       *excpath = imgp->ip_strings + strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY);
+               }
        }
 
        return(error);
@@ -390,14 +418,14 @@ exec_reset_save_path(struct image_params *imgp)
 /*
  * exec_shell_imgact
  *
- * Image activator for interpreter scripts.  If the image begins with the
- * characters "#!", then it is an interpreter script.  Verify that we are
- * not already executing in PowerPC mode, and that the length of the script
- * line indicating the interpreter is not in excess of the maximum allowed
- * size.  If this is the case, then break out the arguments, if any, which
- * are separated by white space, and copy them into the argument save area
- * as if they were provided on the command line before all other arguments.
- * The line ends when we encounter a comment character ('#') or newline.
+ * Image activator for interpreter scripts.  If the image begins with
+ * the characters "#!", then it is an interpreter script.  Verify the
+ * length of the script line indicating the interpreter is not in
+ * excess of the maximum allowed size.  If this is the case, then
+ * break out the arguments, if any, which are separated by white
+ * space, and copy them into the argument save area as if they were
+ * provided on the command line before all other arguments.  The line
+ * ends when we encounter a comment character ('#') or newline.
  *
  * Parameters; struct image_params *   image parameter block
  *
@@ -423,10 +451,6 @@ exec_shell_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
        /*
         * Make sure it's a shell script.  If we've already redirected
         * from an interpreted file once, don't do it again.
-        *
-        * Note: We disallow PowerPC, since the expectation is that we
-        * may run a PowerPC interpreter, but not an interpret a PowerPC 
-        * image.  This is consistent with historical behaviour.
         */
        if (vdata[0] != '#' ||
            vdata[1] != '!' ||
@@ -434,6 +458,11 @@ exec_shell_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
                return (-1);
        }
 
+       if (imgp->ip_origcputype != 0) {
+               /* Fat header previously matched, don't allow shell script inside */
+               return (-1);
+       }
+
        imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_INTERPRET;
        imgp->ip_interp_sugid_fd = -1;
        imgp->ip_interp_buffer[0] = '\0';
@@ -504,7 +533,7 @@ exec_shell_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
 
        exec_reset_save_path(imgp);
        exec_save_path(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(imgp->ip_interp_buffer),
-                                                       UIO_SYSSPACE);
+                                                       UIO_SYSSPACE, NULL);
 
        /* Copy the entire interpreter + args for later processing into argv[] */
        interp = imgp->ip_interp_buffer;
@@ -578,20 +607,29 @@ exec_fat_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
        int resid, error;
        load_return_t lret;
 
+       if (imgp->ip_origcputype != 0) {
+               /* Fat header previously matched, don't allow another fat file inside */
+               return (-1);
+       }
+
        /* Make sure it's a fat binary */
-       if ((fat_header->magic != FAT_MAGIC) &&
-            (fat_header->magic != FAT_CIGAM)) {
-               error = -1;
+       if (OSSwapBigToHostInt32(fat_header->magic) != FAT_MAGIC) {
+               error = -1; /* not claimed */
+               goto bad;
+       }
+
+       /* imgp->ip_vdata has PAGE_SIZE, zerofilled if the file is smaller */
+       lret = fatfile_validate_fatarches((vm_offset_t)fat_header, PAGE_SIZE);
+       if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
+               error = load_return_to_errno(lret);
                goto bad;
        }
 
        /* If posix_spawn binprefs exist, respect those prefs. */
        psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
        if (psa != NULL && psa->psa_binprefs[0] != 0) {
-               struct fat_arch *arches = (struct fat_arch *) (fat_header + 1);
-               int nfat_arch = 0, pr = 0, f = 0;
+               uint32_t pr = 0;
 
-               nfat_arch = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(fat_header->nfat_arch);
                /* Check each preference listed against all arches in header */
                for (pr = 0; pr < NBINPREFS; pr++) {
                        cpu_type_t pref = psa->psa_binprefs[pr];
@@ -603,36 +641,28 @@ exec_fat_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
 
                        if (pref == CPU_TYPE_ANY) {
                                /* Fall through to regular grading */
-                               break;
+                               goto regular_grading;
                        }
 
-                       for (f = 0; f < nfat_arch; f++) {
-                               cpu_type_t archtype = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
-                                               arches[f].cputype);
-                               cpu_type_t archsubtype = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
-                                               arches[f].cpusubtype) & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_MASK;
-                               if (pref == archtype &&
-                                       grade_binary(archtype, archsubtype)) {
-                                       /* We have a winner! */
-                                       fat_arch.cputype = archtype; 
-                                       fat_arch.cpusubtype = archsubtype; 
-                                       fat_arch.offset = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
-                                                       arches[f].offset);
-                                       fat_arch.size = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
-                                                       arches[f].size);
-                                       fat_arch.align = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
-                                                       arches[f].align);
-                                       goto use_arch;
-                               }
+                       lret = fatfile_getbestarch_for_cputype(pref,
+                                                       (vm_offset_t)fat_header,
+                                                       PAGE_SIZE,
+                                                       &fat_arch);
+                       if (lret == LOAD_SUCCESS) {
+                               goto use_arch;
                        }
                }
+
+               /* Requested binary preference was not honored */
+               error = EBADEXEC;
+               goto bad;
        }
 
+regular_grading:
        /* Look up our preferred architecture in the fat file. */
-       lret = fatfile_getarch_affinity(imgp->ip_vp,
-                                       (vm_offset_t)fat_header,
-                                       &fat_arch,
-                                       (p->p_flag & P_AFFINITY));
+       lret = fatfile_getbestarch((vm_offset_t)fat_header,
+                               PAGE_SIZE,
+                               &fat_arch);
        if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(lret);
                goto bad;
@@ -648,16 +678,16 @@ use_arch:
                goto bad;
        }
 
-       /* Did we read a complete header? */
        if (resid) {
-               error = EBADEXEC;
-               goto bad;
+               memset(imgp->ip_vdata + (PAGE_SIZE - resid), 0x0, resid);
        }
 
        /* Success.  Indicate we have identified an encapsulated binary */
        error = -2;
        imgp->ip_arch_offset = (user_size_t)fat_arch.offset;
        imgp->ip_arch_size = (user_size_t)fat_arch.size;
+       imgp->ip_origcputype = fat_arch.cputype;
+       imgp->ip_origcpusubtype = fat_arch.cpusubtype;
 
 bad:
        kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
@@ -693,7 +723,6 @@ exec_mach_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
        struct mach_header *mach_header = (struct mach_header *)imgp->ip_vdata;
        proc_t                  p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int                     error = 0;
-       int                     vfexec = 0;
        task_t                  task;
        task_t                  new_task = NULL; /* protected by vfexec */
        thread_t                thread;
@@ -703,7 +732,9 @@ exec_mach_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
        load_return_t           lret;
        load_result_t           load_result;
        struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = NULL;
-       int spawn = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_SPAWN);
+       int                     spawn = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_SPAWN);
+       int                     vfexec = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC);
+       int                     p_name_len;
 
        /*
         * make sure it's a Mach-O 1.0 or Mach-O 2.0 binary; the difference
@@ -723,14 +754,19 @@ exec_mach_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
                goto bad;
        }
 
-       switch (mach_header->filetype) {
-       case MH_DYLIB:
-       case MH_BUNDLE:
+       if (mach_header->filetype != MH_EXECUTE) {
                error = -1;
                goto bad;
        }
 
-       if (!imgp->ip_origcputype) {
+       if (imgp->ip_origcputype != 0) {
+               /* Fat header previously had an idea about this thin file */
+               if (imgp->ip_origcputype != mach_header->cputype ||
+                       imgp->ip_origcpusubtype != mach_header->cpusubtype) {
+                       error = EBADARCH;
+                       goto bad;
+               }
+       } else {
                imgp->ip_origcputype = mach_header->cputype;
                imgp->ip_origcpusubtype = mach_header->cpusubtype;
        }
@@ -739,15 +775,6 @@ exec_mach_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
        thread = current_thread();
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(thread);
 
-       /*
-        * Save off the vfexec state up front; we have to do this, because
-        * we need to know if we were in this state initially subsequent to
-        * creating the backing task, thread, and uthread for the child
-        * process (from the vfs_context_t from in img_parms).
-        */
-       if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK)
-               vfexec = 1;      /* Mark in exec */
-
        if ((mach_header->cputype & CPU_ARCH_ABI64) == CPU_ARCH_ABI64)
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_IS_64BIT;
 
@@ -805,7 +832,7 @@ grade:
         */
        if (vfexec || spawn) {
                if (vfexec) {
-                       imgp->ip_new_thread = fork_create_child(task, p, FALSE, (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT));
+                       imgp->ip_new_thread = fork_create_child(task, NULL, p, FALSE, (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT));
                        if (imgp->ip_new_thread == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
@@ -840,6 +867,10 @@ grade:
         * NOTE: An error after this point  indicates we have potentially
         * destroyed or overwritten some process state while attempting an
         * execve() following a vfork(), which is an unrecoverable condition.
+        * We send the new process an immediate SIGKILL to avoid it executing
+        * any instructions in the mutated address space. For true spawns,
+        * this is not the case, and "too late" is still not too late to
+        * return an error code to the parent process.
         */
 
        /*
@@ -852,6 +883,11 @@ grade:
                goto badtoolate;
        }
 
+       proc_lock(p);
+       p->p_cputype = imgp->ip_origcputype;
+       p->p_cpusubtype = imgp->ip_origcpusubtype;
+       proc_unlock(p);
+
        vm_map_set_user_wire_limit(get_task_map(task), p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK].rlim_cur);
 
        /* 
@@ -861,7 +897,7 @@ grade:
        if (load_result.csflags & CS_VALID) {
                imgp->ip_csflags |= load_result.csflags & 
                        (CS_VALID|
-                        CS_HARD|CS_KILL|CS_ENFORCEMENT|
+                        CS_HARD|CS_KILL|CS_RESTRICT|CS_ENFORCEMENT|CS_REQUIRE_LV|CS_DYLD_PLATFORM|
                         CS_EXEC_SET_HARD|CS_EXEC_SET_KILL|CS_EXEC_SET_ENFORCEMENT);
        } else {
                imgp->ip_csflags &= ~CS_VALID;
@@ -873,6 +909,8 @@ grade:
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_KILL;
        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_ENFORCEMENT)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_ENFORCEMENT;
+       if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_INSTALLER)
+               imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_INSTALLER;
 
 
        /*
@@ -892,15 +930,20 @@ grade:
         * deal with set[ug]id.
         */
        error = exec_handle_sugid(imgp);
+       if (error) {
+               goto badtoolate;
+       }       
+
+       /*
+        * deal with voucher on exec-calling thread.
+        */
+       if (imgp->ip_new_thread == NULL)
+               thread_set_mach_voucher(current_thread(), IPC_VOUCHER_NULL);
 
        /* Make sure we won't interrupt ourself signalling a partial process */
        if (!vfexec && !spawn && (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED))
                psignal(p, SIGTRAP);
 
-       if (error) {
-               goto badtoolate;
-       }
-       
        if (load_result.unixproc &&
                create_unix_stack(get_task_map(task),
                                  &load_result,
@@ -940,8 +983,8 @@ grade:
                error = copyoutptr(load_result.mach_header, ap, new_ptr_size);
 
                if (error) {
-                       if (vfexec || spawn)
-                               vm_map_switch(old_map);
+                       if (vfexec || spawn)
+                               vm_map_switch(old_map);
                        goto badtoolate;
                }
                task_set_dyld_info(task, load_result.all_image_info_addr,
@@ -985,23 +1028,32 @@ grade:
         * Remember file name for accounting.
         */
        p->p_acflag &= ~AFORK;
-       /* If the translated name isn't NULL, then we want to use
-        * that translated name as the name we show as the "real" name.
-        * Otherwise, use the name passed into exec.
+
+       /*
+        * Set p->p_comm and p->p_name to the name passed to exec
         */
-       if (0 != imgp->ip_p_comm[0]) {
-               bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_p_comm, (caddr_t)p->p_comm,
-                       sizeof(p->p_comm));
-       } else {
-               if (imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen > MAXCOMLEN)
-                       imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen = MAXCOMLEN;
-               bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, (caddr_t)p->p_comm,
-                       (unsigned)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen);
-               p->p_comm[imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen] = '\0';
-       }
+       p_name_len = sizeof(p->p_name) - 1;
+       if(imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen > p_name_len)
+               imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen = p_name_len;
+       bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, (caddr_t)p->p_name,
+               (unsigned)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen);
+       p->p_name[imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen] = '\0';
+
+       if (imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen > MAXCOMLEN)
+               imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen = MAXCOMLEN;
+       bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, (caddr_t)p->p_comm,
+               (unsigned)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen);
+       p->p_comm[imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen] = '\0';
 
        pal_dbg_set_task_name( p->task );
 
+#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
+       /* 
+        * Update the pid an proc name for importance base if any
+        */
+       task_importance_update_owner_info(p->task);
+#endif
+
        memcpy(&p->p_uuid[0], &load_result.uuid[0], sizeof(p->p_uuid));
 
 // <rdar://6598155> dtrace code cleanup needed
@@ -1036,8 +1088,8 @@ grade:
         */
        proc_lock(p);
        if (p->p_dtrace_probes && dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr) {
-               (*dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr)(p);
-       }
+               (*dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr)(p);
+       }
        proc_unlock(p);
 #endif
 
@@ -1050,24 +1102,18 @@ grade:
                kdbg_trace_string(p, &dbg_arg1, &dbg_arg2, &dbg_arg3, &dbg_arg4);
 
                if (vfexec || spawn) {
-                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_DATA, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
+                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1(TRACE_DATA_EXEC | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        p->p_pid ,0,0,0, (uintptr_t)thread_tid(thread));
-                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_STRING, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
+                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1(TRACE_STRING_EXEC | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4, (uintptr_t)thread_tid(thread));
                } else {
-                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_DATA, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
+                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(TRACE_DATA_EXEC | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        p->p_pid ,0,0,0,0);
-                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_STRING, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
+                       KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(TRACE_STRING_EXEC | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4, 0);
                }
        }
 
-       /*
-        * Ensure the 'translated' and 'affinity' flags are cleared, since we
-        * no longer run PowerPC binaries.
-        */
-       OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)(P_TRANSLATED | P_AFFINITY)), &p->p_flag);
-
        /*
         * If posix_spawned with the START_SUSPENDED flag, stop the
         * process before it runs.
@@ -1078,19 +1124,10 @@ grade:
                        proc_lock(p);
                        p->p_stat = SSTOP;
                        proc_unlock(p);
-                       (void) task_suspend(p->task);
+                       (void) task_suspend_internal(p->task);
                }
        }
 
-       /*
-        * Apply the apptype state (which primes the task for importance donation)
-        * This must be done after the exec so that the child's thread is ready 
-        */
-       if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
-               psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
-               exec_handle_spawnattr_apptype(p, psa->psa_apptype);
-       }
-
        /*
         * mark as execed, wakeup the process that vforked (if any) and tell
         * it that it now has its own resources back
@@ -1112,17 +1149,32 @@ grade:
                psignal_vfork(p, new_task, thread, SIGTRAP);
        }
 
+       goto done;
+
 badtoolate:
-if (!spawn)
-       /* notify only if it has not failed due to FP Key error */
-       if ((p->p_lflag & P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL) == 0)
-               proc_knote(p, NOTE_EXEC);
+       /* Don't allow child process to execute any instructions */
+       if (!spawn) {
+               if (vfexec) {
+                       psignal_vfork(p, new_task, thread, SIGKILL);
+               } else {
+                       psignal(p, SIGKILL);
+               }
 
-       if (vfexec || spawn) {
+               /* We can't stop this system call at this point, so just pretend we succeeded */
+               error = 0;
+       }
+       
+done:
+       if (!spawn) {
+               /* notify only if it has not failed due to FP Key error */
+               if ((p->p_lflag & P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL) == 0)
+                       proc_knote(p, NOTE_EXEC);
+       }
+
+       /* Drop extra references for cases where we don't expect the caller to clean up */
+       if (vfexec || (spawn && error == 0)) {
                task_deallocate(new_task);
                thread_deallocate(thread);
-               if (error)
-                       error = 0;
        }
 
 bad:
@@ -1178,35 +1230,42 @@ struct execsw {
 static int
 exec_activate_image(struct image_params *imgp)
 {
-       struct nameidata nd;
+       struct nameidata *ndp = NULL;
+       const char *excpath;
        int error;
        int resid;
        int once = 1;   /* save SGUID-ness for interpreted files */
        int i;
-       int iterlimit = EAI_ITERLIMIT;
+       int itercount = 0;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
 
        error = execargs_alloc(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;
        
-       error = exec_save_path(imgp, imgp->ip_user_fname, imgp->ip_seg);
+       error = exec_save_path(imgp, imgp->ip_user_fname, imgp->ip_seg, &excpath);
        if (error) {
                goto bad_notrans;
        }
 
-       /* Use imgp->ip_strings, which contains the copyin-ed exec path */
-       DTRACE_PROC1(exec, uintptr_t, imgp->ip_strings);
+       /* Use excpath, which contains the copyin-ed exec path */
+       DTRACE_PROC1(exec, uintptr_t, excpath);
+
+       MALLOC(ndp, struct nameidata *, sizeof(*ndp), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
+       if (ndp == NULL) {
+               error = ENOMEM;
+               goto bad_notrans;
+       }
 
-       NDINIT(&nd, LOOKUP, OP_LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF | AUDITVNPATH1,
-                  UIO_SYSSPACE, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(imgp->ip_strings), imgp->ip_vfs_context);
+       NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF | AUDITVNPATH1,
+                  UIO_SYSSPACE, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(excpath), imgp->ip_vfs_context);
 
 again:
-       error = namei(&nd);
+       error = namei(ndp);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;
-       imgp->ip_ndp = &nd;     /* successful namei(); call nameidone() later */
-       imgp->ip_vp = nd.ni_vp; /* if set, need to vnode_put() at some point */
+       imgp->ip_ndp = ndp;     /* successful namei(); call nameidone() later */
+       imgp->ip_vp = ndp->ni_vp;       /* if set, need to vnode_put() at some point */
 
        /*
         * Before we start the transition from binary A to binary B, make
@@ -1220,7 +1279,7 @@ again:
                proc_unlock(p);
                goto bad_notrans;
        }
-       error = proc_transstart(p, 1);
+       error = proc_transstart(p, 1, 0);
        proc_unlock(p);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;
@@ -1241,10 +1300,14 @@ again:
                        &resid, vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context));
        if (error)
                goto bad;
-               
+
+       if (resid) {
+               memset(imgp->ip_vdata + (PAGE_SIZE - resid), 0x0, resid);
+       }
+
 encapsulated_binary:
        /* Limit the number of iterations we will attempt on each binary */
-       if (--iterlimit == 0) {
+       if (++itercount > EAI_ITERLIMIT) {
                error = EBADEXEC;
                goto bad;
        }
@@ -1255,7 +1318,7 @@ encapsulated_binary:
 
                switch (error) {
                /* case -1: not claimed: continue */
-               case -2:                /* Encapsulated binary */
+               case -2:                /* Encapsulated binary, imgp->ip_XXX set for next iteration */
                        goto encapsulated_binary;
 
                case -3:                /* Interpreter */
@@ -1284,15 +1347,15 @@ encapsulated_binary:
                                imgp->ip_scriptvp = imgp->ip_vp;
 #endif
 
-                       nameidone(&nd);
+                       nameidone(ndp);
 
                        vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
                        imgp->ip_vp = NULL;     /* already put */
                        imgp->ip_ndp = NULL; /* already nameidone */
 
-                       /* Use imgp->ip_strings, which exec_shell_imgact reset to the interpreter */
-                       NDINIT(&nd, LOOKUP, OP_LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF,
-                                  UIO_SYSSPACE, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(imgp->ip_strings), imgp->ip_vfs_context);
+                       /* Use excpath, which exec_shell_imgact reset to the interpreter */
+                       NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF,
+                                  UIO_SYSSPACE, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(excpath), imgp->ip_vfs_context);
 
                        proc_transend(p, 0);
                        goto again;
@@ -1309,7 +1372,7 @@ encapsulated_binary:
        if (error == 0 && kauth_authorize_fileop_has_listeners()) {
                kauth_authorize_fileop(vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context),
                                        KAUTH_FILEOP_EXEC,
-                                       (uintptr_t)nd.ni_vp, 0);
+                                       (uintptr_t)ndp->ni_vp, 0);
        }
 
 bad:
@@ -1320,15 +1383,17 @@ bad_notrans:
                execargs_free(imgp);
        if (imgp->ip_ndp)
                nameidone(imgp->ip_ndp);
+       if (ndp)
+               FREE(ndp, M_TEMP);
 
        return (error);
 }
 
 
 /*
- * exec_handle_spawnattr_apptype
+ * exec_handle_spawnattr_policy
  *
- * Description: Decode and apply the posix_spawn apptype to the task.
+ * Description: Decode and apply the posix_spawn apptype, qos clamp, and watchport ports to the task.
  *
  * Parameters:  proc_t p                process to apply attributes to
  *              int psa_apptype         posix spawn attribute apptype
@@ -1336,10 +1401,14 @@ bad_notrans:
  * Returns:     0                       Success
  */
 static errno_t
-exec_handle_spawnattr_apptype(proc_t p, int psa_apptype)
+exec_handle_spawnattr_policy(proc_t p, int psa_apptype, uint64_t psa_qos_clamp, uint64_t psa_darwin_role,
+                             ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports, int portwatch_count)
 {
+       int apptype     = TASK_APPTYPE_NONE;
+       int qos_clamp   = THREAD_QOS_UNSPECIFIED;
+       int role        = TASK_UNSPECIFIED;
+
        if ((psa_apptype & POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_MASK) != 0) {
-               int apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_NONE;
                int proctype = psa_apptype & POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_MASK;
 
                switch(proctype) {
@@ -1363,13 +1432,38 @@ exec_handle_spawnattr_apptype(proc_t p, int psa_apptype)
                                break;
                        default:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_NONE;
+                               /* TODO: Should an invalid value here fail the spawn? */
                                break;
                }
+       }
 
-               proc_set_task_apptype(p->task, apptype);
+       if (psa_qos_clamp != POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_NONE) {
+               switch (psa_qos_clamp) {
+                       case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_UTILITY:
+                               qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_UTILITY;
+                               break;
+                       case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_BACKGROUND:
+                               qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_BACKGROUND;
+                               break;
+                       case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_MAINTENANCE:
+                               qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_MAINTENANCE;
+                               break;
+                       default:
+                               qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_UNSPECIFIED;
+                               /* TODO: Should an invalid value here fail the spawn? */
+                               break;
+               }
+       }
 
-               /* TODO: Should an invalid value here fail the spawn? */
-               return (0);
+       if (psa_darwin_role != PRIO_DARWIN_ROLE_DEFAULT) {
+               proc_darwin_role_to_task_role(psa_darwin_role, &role);
+       }
+
+       if (apptype   != TASK_APPTYPE_NONE      ||
+           qos_clamp != THREAD_QOS_UNSPECIFIED ||
+           role      != TASK_UNSPECIFIED) {
+               proc_set_task_spawnpolicy(p->task, apptype, qos_clamp, role,
+                                         portwatch_ports, portwatch_count);
        }
 
        return (0);
@@ -1391,7 +1485,7 @@ exec_handle_spawnattr_apptype(proc_t p, int psa_apptype)
  *             ENOTSUP                 Illegal posix_spawn attr flag was set
  */
 static errno_t
-exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags, int * need_portwatch, ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports)
+exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags, boolean_t * portwatch_present, ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports)
 {
        _posix_spawn_port_actions_t pacts = imgp->ip_px_spa;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
@@ -1401,8 +1495,7 @@ exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags, int * need_
        errno_t ret = 0;
        int i;
 
-       if (need_portwatch != NULL)
-               *need_portwatch  = 0;
+       *portwatch_present = FALSE;
 
        for (i = 0; i < pacts->pspa_count; i++) {
                act = &pacts->pspa_actions[i];
@@ -1440,8 +1533,7 @@ exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags, int * need_
 #endif
                case PSPA_IMP_WATCHPORTS:
                        if (portwatch_ports != NULL) {
-                               if (need_portwatch != NULL)
-                                       *need_portwatch  = 1;
+                               *portwatch_present = TRUE;
                                /* hold on to this till end of spawn */
                                portwatch_ports[i] = port;
                                ret = 0;
@@ -1507,29 +1599,41 @@ exec_handle_file_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags)
                         * context of UIO_SYSSPACE, and casts the address
                         * argument to a user_addr_t.
                         */
-                       struct vnode_attr va;
-                       struct nameidata nd;
+                       char *bufp = NULL;
+                       struct vnode_attr *vap;
+                       struct nameidata *ndp;
                        int mode = psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_mode;
                        struct dup2_args dup2a;
                        struct close_nocancel_args ca;
                        int origfd;
 
-                       VATTR_INIT(&va);
+                       MALLOC(bufp, char *, sizeof(*vap) + sizeof(*ndp), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
+                       if (bufp == NULL) {
+                               error = ENOMEM;
+                               break;
+                       }
+
+                       vap = (struct vnode_attr *) bufp;
+                       ndp = (struct nameidata *) (bufp + sizeof(*vap));
+
+                       VATTR_INIT(vap);
                        /* Mask off all but regular access permissions */
                        mode = ((mode &~ p->p_fd->fd_cmask) & ALLPERMS) & ~S_ISTXT;
-                       VATTR_SET(&va, va_mode, mode & ACCESSPERMS);
+                       VATTR_SET(vap, va_mode, mode & ACCESSPERMS);
 
-                       NDINIT(&nd, LOOKUP, OP_OPEN, FOLLOW | AUDITVNPATH1, UIO_SYSSPACE,
+                       NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_OPEN, FOLLOW | AUDITVNPATH1, UIO_SYSSPACE,
                               CAST_USER_ADDR_T(psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_path),
                               imgp->ip_vfs_context);
 
                        error = open1(imgp->ip_vfs_context, 
-                                       &nd,
+                                       ndp,
                                        psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_oflag,
-                                       &va,
+                                       vap,
                                        fileproc_alloc_init, NULL,
                                        ival);
 
+                       FREE(bufp, M_TEMP);
+
                        /*
                         * If there's an error, or we get the right fd by
                         * accident, then drop out here.  This is easier than
@@ -1767,6 +1871,62 @@ spawn_free_macpolicyinfo(_posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t psmx)
 }
 #endif /* CONFIG_MACF */
 
+#if CONFIG_COALITIONS
+static inline void spawn_coalitions_release_all(coalition_t coal[COALITION_NUM_TYPES])
+{
+       for (int c = 0; c < COALITION_NUM_TYPES; c++) {
+               if (coal[c]) {
+                       coalition_remove_active(coal[c]);
+                       coalition_release(coal[c]);
+               }
+       }
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+proc_set_return_wait(proc_t p)
+{
+       proc_lock(p);
+       p->p_lflag |= P_LRETURNWAIT;
+       proc_unlock(p);
+}
+
+void
+proc_clear_return_wait(proc_t p, thread_t child_thread)
+{
+       proc_lock(p);
+
+       p->p_lflag &= ~P_LRETURNWAIT;
+       if (p->p_lflag & P_LRETURNWAITER) {
+               wakeup(&p->p_lflag);
+       }
+
+       proc_unlock(p);
+
+       (void)thread_resume(child_thread);
+}
+
+void
+proc_wait_to_return()
+{
+       proc_t  p;
+
+       p = current_proc();
+       proc_lock(p);
+
+       if (p->p_lflag & P_LRETURNWAIT) {
+               p->p_lflag |= P_LRETURNWAITER;
+               do {
+                       msleep(&p->p_lflag, &p->p_mlock, 0,
+                               "thread_check_setup_complete", NULL);
+               } while (p->p_lflag & P_LRETURNWAIT);
+               p->p_lflag &= ~P_LRETURNWAITER;
+       }
+
+       proc_unlock(p);
+       thread_bootstrap_return();
+}
+
 /*
  * posix_spawn
  *
@@ -1807,7 +1967,6 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
        struct vnode_attr *origvap;
        struct uthread  *uthread = 0;   /* compiler complains if not set to 0*/
        int error, sig;
-       char alt_p_comm[sizeof(p->p_comm)] = {0};       /* for PowerPC */
        int is_64 = IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p);
        struct vfs_context context;
        struct user__posix_spawn_args_desc px_args;
@@ -1818,7 +1977,7 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
        boolean_t spawn_no_exec = FALSE;
        boolean_t proc_transit_set = TRUE;
        boolean_t exec_done = FALSE;
-       int need_portwatch = 0, portwatch_count = 0;
+       int portwatch_count = 0;
        ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports = NULL;
        vm_size_t px_sa_offset = offsetof(struct _posix_spawnattr, psa_ports); 
 
@@ -1843,8 +2002,9 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
        imgp->ip_origvattr = origvap;
        imgp->ip_vfs_context = &context;
        imgp->ip_flags = (is_64 ? IMGPF_WAS_64BIT : IMGPF_NONE);
-       imgp->ip_p_comm = alt_p_comm;           /* for PowerPC */
        imgp->ip_seg = (is_64 ? UIO_USERSPACE64 : UIO_USERSPACE32);
+       imgp->ip_mac_return = 0;
+       imgp->ip_reserved = NULL;
 
        if (uap->adesc != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                if(is_64) {
@@ -1866,6 +2026,10 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                        px_args.port_actions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.port_actions);
                        px_args.mac_extensions_size = px_args32.mac_extensions_size;
                        px_args.mac_extensions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.mac_extensions);
+                       px_args.coal_info_size = px_args32.coal_info_size;
+                       px_args.coal_info = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.coal_info);
+                       px_args.reserved = 0;
+                       px_args.reserved_size = 0;
                }
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
@@ -1874,8 +2038,8 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                        /* 
                         * We are not copying the port_actions pointer, 
                         * because we already have it from px_args. 
+                        * This is a bit fragile: <rdar://problem/16427422>
                         */
-                        
 
                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.attrp, &px_sa, px_sa_offset) != 0)) 
                        goto bad;
@@ -1935,6 +2099,7 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                                goto bad;
                        }
                }
+
 #if CONFIG_MACF
                if (px_args.mac_extensions_size != 0) {
                        if ((error = spawn_copyin_macpolicyinfo(&px_args, (_posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t *)&imgp->ip_px_smpx)) != 0)
@@ -1964,15 +2129,123 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
         * and execve().
         */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa == NULL || !(px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETEXEC)){
-               if ((error = fork1(p, &imgp->ip_new_thread, PROC_CREATE_SPAWN)) != 0)
+
+               /* Set the new task's coalition, if it is requested.  */
+               coalition_t coal[COALITION_NUM_TYPES] = { COALITION_NULL };
+#if CONFIG_COALITIONS
+               int i, ncoals;
+               kern_return_t kr = KERN_SUCCESS;
+               struct _posix_spawn_coalition_info coal_info;
+               int coal_role[COALITION_NUM_TYPES];
+
+               if (imgp->ip_px_sa == NULL || !px_args.coal_info)
+                       goto do_fork1;
+
+               memset(&coal_info, 0, sizeof(coal_info));
+
+               if (px_args.coal_info_size > sizeof(coal_info))
+                       px_args.coal_info_size = sizeof(coal_info);
+               error = copyin(px_args.coal_info,
+                              &coal_info, px_args.coal_info_size);
+               if (error != 0)
                        goto bad;
+
+               ncoals = 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < COALITION_NUM_TYPES; i++) {
+                       uint64_t cid = coal_info.psci_info[i].psci_id;
+                       if (cid != 0) {
+                               /*
+                                * don't allow tasks which are not in a
+                                * privileged coalition to spawn processes
+                                * into coalitions other than their own
+                                */
+                               if (!task_is_in_privileged_coalition(p->task, i)) {
+                                       coal_dbg("ERROR: %d not in privilegd "
+                                                "coalition of type %d",
+                                                p->p_pid, i);
+                                       spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
+                                       error = EPERM;
+                                       goto bad;
+                               }
+
+                               coal_dbg("searching for coalition id:%llu", cid);
+                               /*
+                                * take a reference and activation on the
+                                * coalition to guard against free-while-spawn
+                                * races
+                                */
+                               coal[i] = coalition_find_and_activate_by_id(cid);
+                               if (coal[i] == COALITION_NULL) {
+                                       coal_dbg("could not find coalition id:%llu "
+                                                "(perhaps it has been terminated or reaped)", cid);
+                                       /*
+                                        * release any other coalition's we
+                                        * may have a reference to
+                                        */
+                                       spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
+                                       error = ESRCH;
+                                       goto bad;
+                               }
+                               if (coalition_type(coal[i]) != i) {
+                                       coal_dbg("coalition with id:%lld is not of type:%d"
+                                                " (it's type:%d)", cid, i, coalition_type(coal[i]));
+                                       error = ESRCH;
+                                       goto bad;
+                               }
+                               coal_role[i] = coal_info.psci_info[i].psci_role;
+                               ncoals++;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (ncoals < COALITION_NUM_TYPES) {
+                       /*
+                        * If the user is attempting to spawn into a subset of
+                        * the known coalition types, then make sure they have
+                        * _at_least_ specified a resource coalition. If not,
+                        * the following fork1() call will implicitly force an
+                        * inheritance from 'p' and won't actually spawn the
+                        * new task into the coalitions the user specified.
+                        * (also the call to coalitions_set_roles will panic)
+                        */
+                       if (coal[COALITION_TYPE_RESOURCE] == COALITION_NULL) {
+                               spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
+                               error = EINVAL;
+                               goto bad;
+                       }
+               }
+do_fork1:
+#endif /* CONFIG_COALITIONS */
+
+               error = fork1(p, &imgp->ip_new_thread, PROC_CREATE_SPAWN, coal);
+
+#if CONFIG_COALITIONS
+               /* set the roles of this task within each given coalition */
+               if (error == 0) {
+                       kr = coalitions_set_roles(coal, get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread), coal_role);
+                       if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
+                               error = EINVAL;
+               }
+
+               /* drop our references and activations - fork1() now holds them */
+               spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
+#endif /* CONFIG_COALITIONS */
+               if (error != 0) {
+                       goto bad;
+               }
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_SPAWN;  /* spawn w/o exec */
                spawn_no_exec = TRUE;           /* used in later tests */
-               DTRACE_PROC1(create, proc_t, p);
+
        }
 
-       if (spawn_no_exec)
+       if (spawn_no_exec) {
                p = (proc_t)get_bsdthreadtask_info(imgp->ip_new_thread);
+               
+               /*
+                * We had to wait until this point before firing the
+                * proc:::create probe, otherwise p would not point to the
+                * child process.
+                */
+               DTRACE_PROC1(create, proc_t, p);
+       }
        assert(p != NULL);
 
        /* By default, the thread everyone plays with is the parent */
@@ -2007,6 +2280,7 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
        /* Has spawn port actions? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_spa != NULL) {
                boolean_t is_adaptive = FALSE;
+               boolean_t portwatch_present = FALSE;
 
                /* Will this process become adaptive? The apptype isn't ready yet, so we can't look there. */
                if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL && px_sa.psa_apptype == POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_DAEMON_ADAPTIVE)
@@ -2025,8 +2299,14 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                }
 
                if ((error = exec_handle_port_actions(imgp,
-                   imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL ? px_sa.psa_flags : 0, &need_portwatch, portwatch_ports)) != 0) 
+                   imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL ? px_sa.psa_flags : 0, &portwatch_present, portwatch_ports)) != 0) 
                        goto bad;
+
+               if (portwatch_present == FALSE && portwatch_ports != NULL) {
+                       FREE(portwatch_ports, M_TEMP);
+                       portwatch_ports = NULL;
+                       portwatch_count = 0;
+               }
        }
 
        /* Has spawn attr? */
@@ -2070,16 +2350,20 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                        }
                }
 
+#if !SECURE_KERNEL
                /*
                 * Disable ASLR for the spawned process.
-                */
-               /*
-                * But only do so if we are not embedded; embedded allows for a
-                * boot-arg (-disable_aslr) to deal with this (which itself is
-                * only honored on DEVELOPMENT or DEBUG builds of xnu).
+                *
+                * But only do so if we are not embedded + RELEASE.
+                * While embedded allows for a boot-arg (-disable_aslr)
+                * to deal with this (which itself is only honored on
+                * DEVELOPMENT or DEBUG builds of xnu), it is often
+                * useful or necessary to disable ASLR on a per-process
+                * basis for unit testing and debugging.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & _POSIX_SPAWN_DISABLE_ASLR)
                        OSBitOrAtomic(P_DISABLE_ASLR, &p->p_flag);
+#endif /* !SECURE_KERNEL */
 
                /*
                 * Forcibly disallow execution from data pages for the spawned process
@@ -2120,7 +2404,7 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
         * Activate the image
         */
        error = exec_activate_image(imgp);
-
+       
        if (error == 0) {
                /* process completed the exec */
                exec_done = TRUE;
@@ -2189,56 +2473,17 @@ posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                         * Always treat a CPU monitor activation coming from spawn as entitled. Requiring
                         * an entitlement to configure the monitor a certain way seems silly, since
                         * whomever is turning it on could just as easily choose not to do so.
-                        *
-                        * XXX - Ignore the parameters that we get from userland. The spawnattr method of
-                        * activating the monitor always gets the system default parameters. Once we have
-                        * an explicit spawn SPI for configuring the defaults, we can revert this to
-                        * respect the params passed in from userland.
                         */
                        error = proc_set_task_ruse_cpu(p->task,
                                        TASK_POLICY_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTE_NOTIFY_EXC,
-                                       PROC_POLICY_CPUMON_DEFAULTS, 0,
+                                       px_sa.psa_cpumonitor_percent,
+                                       px_sa.psa_cpumonitor_interval * NSEC_PER_SEC,
                                        0, TRUE);
                }
        }
 
 bad:
 
-       if (portwatch_ports != NULL) {
-               int needboost = 0;
-
-               /*
-                * Mark the ports as destined to be handed off to the new task, and
-                * transfer any boosts to the new task.
-                * We need to release the rights even if the posix_spawn has failed.
-                */
-               if (need_portwatch != 0) {
-                       for (int i = 0; i < portwatch_count; i++) {
-                               ipc_port_t port = NULL;
-                               
-                               if ((port = portwatch_ports[i]) != NULL) {
-                                       int boost = 0;
-                                       if (error == 0)
-                                               task_add_importance_watchport(p->task, p->p_pid, port, &boost);
-                                       ipc_port_release_send(port);
-                                       needboost += boost;
-                               }
-                       }
-               }
-
-               if (needboost != 0) {                   
-                       /*
-                        * Apply the boost count found on the ports, which will keep the
-                        * newly created process out of background until it handles the incoming messages.
-                        */
-                       task_hold_multiple_assertion(p->task, needboost);
-               }
-
-               FREE(portwatch_ports, M_TEMP);
-               portwatch_ports = NULL;
-               portwatch_count = 0;
-       }
-
        if (error == 0) {
                /* reset delay idle sleep status if set */
                if ((p->p_flag & P_DELAYIDLESLEEP) == P_DELAYIDLESLEEP)
@@ -2266,10 +2511,36 @@ bad:
 #if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM
                /* Has jetsam attributes? */
                if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL && (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_SET)) {
-                       memorystatus_update(p, px_sa.psa_priority, 0, (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_USE_EFFECTIVE_PRIORITY),
-                           TRUE, px_sa.psa_high_water_mark, (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND));
+                       /*
+                        * With 2-level high-water-mark support, POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND is no
+                        * longer relevant, as background limits are described via the inactive limit slots.
+                        * At the kernel layer, the flag is ignored.
+                        *
+                        * That said, however, if the POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND is passed in,
+                        * we attempt to mimic previous behavior by forcing the BG limit data into the
+                        * inactive/non-fatal mode and force the active slots to hold system_wide/fatal mode.
+                        * The kernel layer will flag this mapping.
+                        */
+                       if (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND) {
+                               memorystatus_update(p, px_sa.psa_priority, 0,
+                                           (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_USE_EFFECTIVE_PRIORITY),
+                                           TRUE,
+                                           -1, TRUE,
+                                           px_sa.psa_memlimit_inactive, FALSE,
+                                           (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND));
+                       } else {
+                               memorystatus_update(p, px_sa.psa_priority, 0,
+                                           (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_USE_EFFECTIVE_PRIORITY),
+                                           TRUE,
+                                           px_sa.psa_memlimit_active,
+                                           (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_MEMLIMIT_ACTIVE_FATAL),
+                                           px_sa.psa_memlimit_inactive,
+                                           (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_MEMLIMIT_INACTIVE_FATAL),
+                                           (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND));
+                       }
+
                }
-#endif
+#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM*/
        }
 
        /*
@@ -2297,6 +2568,51 @@ bad:
                /* notify only if it has not failed due to FP Key error */
                if ((p->p_lflag & P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL) == 0)
                        proc_knote(p, NOTE_EXEC);
+       } else if (error == 0) {
+               /* reset the importance attribute from our previous life */
+               task_importance_reset(p->task);
+
+               /* reset atm context from task */
+               task_atm_reset(p->task);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Apply the spawnattr policy, apptype (which primes the task for importance donation),
+        * and bind any portwatch ports to the new task.
+        * This must be done after the exec so that the child's thread is ready,
+        * and after the in transit state has been released, because priority is
+        * dropped here so we need to be prepared for a potentially long preemption interval
+        *
+        * TODO: Consider splitting this up into separate phases
+        */
+       if (error == 0 && imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
+               struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
+
+               exec_handle_spawnattr_policy(p, psa->psa_apptype, psa->psa_qos_clamp, psa->psa_darwin_role,
+                                             portwatch_ports, portwatch_count);
+       }
+
+       /* Apply the main thread qos */
+       if (error == 0) {
+               thread_t main_thread = (imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) ? imgp->ip_new_thread : current_thread();
+
+               task_set_main_thread_qos(p->task, main_thread);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Release any ports we kept around for binding to the new task
+        * We need to release the rights even if the posix_spawn has failed.
+        */
+       if (portwatch_ports != NULL) {
+               for (int i = 0; i < portwatch_count; i++) {
+                       ipc_port_t port = NULL;
+                       if ((port = portwatch_ports[i]) != NULL) {
+                               ipc_port_release_send(port);
+                       }
+               }
+               FREE(portwatch_ports, M_TEMP);
+               portwatch_ports = NULL;
+               portwatch_count = 0;
        }
 
        /*
@@ -2329,7 +2645,6 @@ bad:
                        FREE(imgp->ip_px_sfa, M_TEMP);
                if (imgp->ip_px_spa != NULL)
                        FREE(imgp->ip_px_spa, M_TEMP);
-               
 #if CONFIG_MACF
                if (imgp->ip_px_smpx != NULL)
                        spawn_free_macpolicyinfo(imgp->ip_px_smpx);
@@ -2377,6 +2692,9 @@ bad:
                        DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);
                }
        }
+
+       if ((dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook = dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr) != NULL)
+               (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook)(p);
 #endif
 
        /* Return to both the parent and the child? */
@@ -2402,6 +2720,7 @@ bad:
                                p->exit_thread = current_thread();
                                proc_unlock(p);
                                exit1(p, 1, (int *)NULL);
+                               proc_clear_return_wait(p, imgp->ip_new_thread);
                                if (exec_done == FALSE) {
                                        task_deallocate(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
                                        thread_deallocate(imgp->ip_new_thread);
@@ -2409,6 +2728,7 @@ bad:
                        } else {
                                /* someone is doing it for us; just skip it */
                                proc_unlock(p);
+                               proc_clear_return_wait(p, imgp->ip_new_thread);
                        }
                } else {
 
@@ -2421,7 +2741,7 @@ bad:
                         * queue references on them, so we should be fine
                         * with the delayed resume of the thread here.
                         */
-                       (void)thread_resume(imgp->ip_new_thread);
+                       proc_clear_return_wait(p, imgp->ip_new_thread);
                }
        }
        if (bufp != NULL) {
@@ -2505,9 +2825,9 @@ __mac_execve(proc_t p, struct __mac_execve_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
        struct vnode_attr *vap;
        struct vnode_attr *origvap;
        int error;
-       char alt_p_comm[sizeof(p->p_comm)] = {0};       /* for PowerPC */
        int is_64 = IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p);
        struct vfs_context context;
+       struct uthread  *uthread;
 
        context.vc_thread = current_thread();
        context.vc_ucred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);      /* XXX must NOT be kauth_cred_get() */
@@ -2532,8 +2852,13 @@ __mac_execve(proc_t p, struct __mac_execve_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
        imgp->ip_origvattr = origvap;
        imgp->ip_vfs_context = &context;
        imgp->ip_flags = (is_64 ? IMGPF_WAS_64BIT : IMGPF_NONE) | ((p->p_flag & P_DISABLE_ASLR) ? IMGPF_DISABLE_ASLR : IMGPF_NONE);
-       imgp->ip_p_comm = alt_p_comm;           /* for PowerPC */
        imgp->ip_seg = (is_64 ? UIO_USERSPACE64 : UIO_USERSPACE32);
+       imgp->ip_mac_return = 0;
+
+       uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());
+       if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK) {
+               imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC;
+       }
 
 #if CONFIG_MACF
        if (uap->mac_p != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
@@ -2570,16 +2895,29 @@ __mac_execve(proc_t p, struct __mac_execve_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
                mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
 #endif
        if (!error) {
-               struct uthread  *uthread;
-
                /* Sever any extant thread affinity */
                thread_affinity_exec(current_thread());
 
+               thread_t main_thread = (imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) ? imgp->ip_new_thread : current_thread();          
+
+               task_set_main_thread_qos(p->task, main_thread);
+
+               /* reset task importance */
+               task_importance_reset(p->task);
+
+               /* reset atm context from task */
+               task_atm_reset(p->task);
+
                DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);
-               uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());
-               if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK) {
+
+#if CONFIG_DTRACE
+               if ((dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook = dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr) != NULL)
+                       (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook)(p);
+#endif
+
+               if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC) {
                        vfork_return(p, retval, p->p_pid);
-                       (void)thread_resume(imgp->ip_new_thread);
+                       proc_clear_return_wait(p, imgp->ip_new_thread);
                }
        } else {
                DTRACE_PROC1(exec__failure, int, error);
@@ -3227,17 +3565,17 @@ exec_add_apple_strings(struct image_params *imgp)
 
        /* adding the NANO_ENGAGE_KEY key */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa) {
-           int proc_type = (((struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa)->psa_apptype) & POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_MASK;
+               int proc_flags = (((struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa)->psa_flags);
 
-           if (proc_type == POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_APP_DEFAULT || proc_type == POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_APP_TAL) {
-               char uiapp_string[strlen(NANO_ENGAGE_KEY) + 1];
+               if ((proc_flags & _POSIX_SPAWN_NANO_ALLOCATOR) == _POSIX_SPAWN_NANO_ALLOCATOR) {
+                       char uiapp_string[strlen(NANO_ENGAGE_KEY) + 1];
 
-               snprintf(uiapp_string, sizeof(uiapp_string), NANO_ENGAGE_KEY);
-               error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(uiapp_string),UIO_SYSSPACE,FALSE);
-               if(error)
-                       goto bad;
-               imgp->ip_applec++;
-           }
+                       snprintf(uiapp_string, sizeof(uiapp_string), NANO_ENGAGE_KEY);
+                       error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(uiapp_string),UIO_SYSSPACE,FALSE);
+                       if (error)
+                               goto bad;
+                       imgp->ip_applec++;
+               }
        }
 
        /*
@@ -3419,9 +3757,11 @@ exec_handle_sugid(struct image_params *imgp)
        proc_t                  p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int                     i;
        int                     leave_sugid_clear = 0;
+       int                     mac_reset_ipc = 0;
        int                     error = 0;
 #if CONFIG_MACF
-       int                     mac_transition;
+       int                     mac_transition, disjoint_cred = 0;
+       int             label_update_return = 0;
 
        /*
         * Determine whether a call to update the MAC label will result in the
@@ -3435,6 +3775,7 @@ exec_handle_sugid(struct image_params *imgp)
        mac_transition = mac_cred_check_label_update_execve(
                                                        imgp->ip_vfs_context,
                                                        imgp->ip_vp,
+                                                       imgp->ip_arch_offset,
                                                        imgp->ip_scriptvp,
                                                        imgp->ip_scriptlabelp,
                                                        imgp->ip_execlabelp,
@@ -3504,14 +3845,19 @@ handle_mac_transition:
                 * modifying any others sharing it.
                 */
                if (mac_transition) { 
-                       kauth_cred_t    my_cred;
-                       if (kauth_proc_label_update_execve(p,
+                       kauth_proc_label_update_execve(p,
                                                imgp->ip_vfs_context,
                                                imgp->ip_vp, 
+                                               imgp->ip_arch_offset,
                                                imgp->ip_scriptvp,
                                                imgp->ip_scriptlabelp,
                                                imgp->ip_execlabelp,
-                                               imgp->ip_px_smpx)) {
+                                               &imgp->ip_csflags,
+                                               imgp->ip_px_smpx,
+                                               &disjoint_cred, /* will be non zero if disjoint */
+                                               &label_update_return);
+
+                       if (disjoint_cred) {
                                /*
                                 * If updating the MAC label resulted in a
                                 * disjoint credential, flag that we need to
@@ -3523,11 +3869,12 @@ handle_mac_transition:
                                 */
                                leave_sugid_clear = 0;
                        }
-
-                       my_cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
-                       mac_task_label_update_cred(my_cred, p->task);
-                       kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
+                       
+                       imgp->ip_mac_return = label_update_return;
                }
+               
+               mac_reset_ipc = mac_proc_check_inherit_ipc_ports(p, p->p_textvp, p->p_textoff, imgp->ip_vp, imgp->ip_arch_offset, imgp->ip_scriptvp);
+
 #endif /* CONFIG_MACF */
 
                /*
@@ -3539,17 +3886,19 @@ handle_mac_transition:
                 * So we don't set the P_SUGID or reset mach ports and fds 
                 * on the basis of simply running this code.
                 */
-               if (!leave_sugid_clear) {
+               if (mac_reset_ipc || !leave_sugid_clear) {
                        /*
-                        * Have mach reset the task and thread ports.
-                        * We don't want anyone who had the ports before
-                        * a setuid exec to be able to access/control the
-                        * task/thread after.
-                        */
+                        * Have mach reset the task and thread ports.
+                        * We don't want anyone who had the ports before
+                        * a setuid exec to be able to access/control the
+                        * task/thread after.
+                        */
                        ipc_task_reset(p->task);
                        ipc_thread_reset((imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) ?
                                         imgp->ip_new_thread : current_thread());
+               }
 
+               if (!leave_sugid_clear) {
                        /*
                         * Flag the process as setuid.
                         */
@@ -3580,6 +3929,7 @@ handle_mac_transition:
                                struct fileproc *fp;
                                int indx;
                                int flag;
+                               struct nameidata *ndp = NULL;
 
                                if (i == 0)
                                        flag = FREAD;
@@ -3590,13 +3940,17 @@ handle_mac_transition:
                                    &fp, &indx, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                                        continue;
 
-                               struct nameidata nd1;
+                               MALLOC(ndp, struct nameidata *, sizeof(*ndp), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
+                               if (ndp == NULL) {
+                                       error = ENOMEM;
+                                       break;
+                               }
 
-                               NDINIT(&nd1, LOOKUP, OP_OPEN, FOLLOW, UIO_SYSSPACE,
+                               NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_OPEN, FOLLOW, UIO_SYSSPACE,
                                    CAST_USER_ADDR_T("/dev/null"),
                                    imgp->ip_vfs_context);
 
-                               if ((error = vn_open(&nd1, flag, 0)) != 0) {
+                               if ((error = vn_open(ndp, flag, 0)) != 0) {
                                        fp_free(p, indx, fp);
                                        break;
                                }
@@ -3605,14 +3959,16 @@ handle_mac_transition:
 
                                fg->fg_flag = flag;
                                fg->fg_ops = &vnops;
-                               fg->fg_data = nd1.ni_vp;
+                               fg->fg_data = ndp->ni_vp;
 
-                               vnode_put(nd1.ni_vp);
+                               vnode_put(ndp->ni_vp);
 
                                proc_fdlock(p);
                                procfdtbl_releasefd(p, indx, NULL);
                                fp_drop(p, indx, fp, 1);
                                proc_fdunlock(p);
+
+                               FREE(ndp, M_TEMP);
                        }
                }
        }
@@ -3630,6 +3986,7 @@ handle_mac_transition:
                        goto handle_mac_transition;
                }
        }
+
 #endif /* CONFIG_MACF */
 
        /*
@@ -3737,66 +4094,68 @@ create_unix_stack(vm_map_t map, load_result_t* load_result,
 
 #include <sys/reboot.h>
 
-static char            init_program_name[128] = "/sbin/launchd";
-
-struct execve_args     init_exec_args;
-
 /*
- * load_init_program
+ * load_init_program_at_path
  *
  * Description:        Load the "init" program; in most cases, this will be "launchd"
  *
  * Parameters: p                       Process to call execve() to create
  *                                     the "init" program
+ *             scratch_addr            Page in p, scratch space
+ *             path                    NULL terminated path
  *
- * Returns:    (void)
+ * Returns:    KERN_SUCCESS            Success
+ *             !KERN_SUCCESS           See execve/mac_execve for error codes
  *
  * Notes:      The process that is passed in is the first manufactured
  *             process on the system, and gets here via bsd_ast() firing
  *             for the first time.  This is done to ensure that bsd_init()
  *             has run to completion.
+ *
+ *             The address map of the first manufactured process is 32 bit.
+ *             WHEN this becomes 64b, this code will fail; it needs to be
+ *             made 64b capable.
  */
-void
-load_init_program(proc_t p)
+static int
+load_init_program_at_path(proc_t p, user_addr_t scratch_addr, const char* path)
 {
-       vm_offset_t     init_addr;
-       int             argc = 0;
        uint32_t argv[3];
-       int                     error;
-       int             retval[2];
+       uint32_t argc = 0;
+       int retval[2];
+       struct execve_args init_exec_args;
 
        /*
-        * Copy out program name.
+        * Validate inputs and pre-conditions
         */
+       assert(p);
+       assert(scratch_addr);
+       assert(path);
 
-       init_addr = VM_MIN_ADDRESS;
-       (void) vm_allocate(current_map(), &init_addr, PAGE_SIZE,
-                               VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
-       if (init_addr == 0)
-               init_addr++;
+       if (IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p)) {
+               panic("Init against 64b primordial proc not implemented");
+       }
 
-       (void) copyout((caddr_t) init_program_name, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(init_addr),
-                       (unsigned) sizeof(init_program_name)+1);
+       /*
+        * Copy out program name.
+        */
+       size_t path_length = strlen(path) + 1;
+       (void) copyout(path, scratch_addr, path_length);
 
-       argv[argc++] = (uint32_t)init_addr;
-       init_addr += sizeof(init_program_name);
-       init_addr = (vm_offset_t)ROUND_PTR(char, init_addr);
+       argv[argc++] = (uint32_t)scratch_addr;
+       scratch_addr = USER_ADDR_ALIGN(scratch_addr + path_length, 16);
 
        /*
         * Put out first (and only) argument, similarly.
-        * Assumes everything fits in a page as allocated
-        * above.
+        * Assumes everything fits in a page as allocated above.
         */
        if (boothowto & RB_SINGLE) {
                const char *init_args = "-s";
+               size_t init_args_length = strlen(init_args)+1;
 
-               copyout(init_args, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(init_addr),
-                       strlen(init_args));
-
-               argv[argc++] = (uint32_t)init_addr;
-               init_addr += strlen(init_args);
-               init_addr = (vm_offset_t)ROUND_PTR(char, init_addr);
+               copyout(init_args, scratch_addr, init_args_length);
 
+               argv[argc++] = (uint32_t)scratch_addr;
+               scratch_addr = USER_ADDR_ALIGN(scratch_addr + init_args_length, 16);
        }
 
        /*
@@ -3807,27 +4166,113 @@ load_init_program(proc_t p)
        /*
         * Copy out the argument list.
         */
-       
-       (void) copyout((caddr_t) argv, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(init_addr),
-                       (unsigned) sizeof(argv));
+       (void) copyout(argv, scratch_addr, sizeof(argv));
 
        /*
         * Set up argument block for fake call to execve.
         */
-
        init_exec_args.fname = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(argv[0]);
-       init_exec_args.argp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T((char **)init_addr);
-       init_exec_args.envp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(0);
-       
+       init_exec_args.argp = scratch_addr;
+       init_exec_args.envp = USER_ADDR_NULL;
+
        /*
-        * So that mach_init task is set with uid,gid 0 token 
+        * So that init task is set with uid,gid 0 token
         */
        set_security_token(p);
 
-       error = execve(p,&init_exec_args,retval);
-       if (error)
-               panic("Process 1 exec of %s failed, errno %d",
-                     init_program_name, error);
+       return execve(p, &init_exec_args, retval);
+}
+
+static const char * init_programs[] = {
+#if DEBUG
+       "/usr/local/sbin/launchd.debug",
+#endif
+#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
+       /* Remove DEBUG conditional when <rdar://problem/17931977> is fixed */
+       "/usr/local/sbin/launchd.development",
+#endif
+       "/sbin/launchd",
+};
+
+/*
+ * load_init_program
+ *
+ * Description:        Load the "init" program; in most cases, this will be "launchd"
+ *
+ * Parameters: p                       Process to call execve() to create
+ *                                     the "init" program
+ *
+ * Returns:    (void)
+ *
+ * Notes:      The process that is passed in is the first manufactured
+ *             process on the system, and gets here via bsd_ast() firing
+ *             for the first time.  This is done to ensure that bsd_init()
+ *             has run to completion.
+ *
+ *             In DEBUG & DEVELOPMENT builds, the launchdsuffix boot-arg
+ *             may be used to select a specific launchd executable. As with
+ *             the kcsuffix boot-arg, setting launchdsuffix to "" or "release"
+ *             will force /sbin/launchd to be selected.
+ *
+ *             The DEBUG kernel will continue to check for a .development
+ *             version until <rdar://problem/17931977> is fixed.
+ *
+ *              Search order by build:
+ *
+ * DEBUG       DEVELOPMENT     RELEASE         PATH
+ * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * 1           1               NA              /usr/local/sbin/launchd.$LAUNCHDSUFFIX
+ * 2           NA              NA              /usr/local/sbin/launchd.debug
+ * 3           2               NA              /usr/local/sbin/launchd.development
+ * 4           3               1               /sbin/launchd
+ */
+void
+load_init_program(proc_t p)
+{
+       uint32_t i;
+       int error;
+       vm_offset_t scratch_addr = VM_MIN_ADDRESS;
+
+       (void) vm_allocate(current_map(), &scratch_addr, PAGE_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
+#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM
+       (void) memorystatus_init_at_boot_snapshot();
+#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM */
+
+#if DEBUG || DEVELOPMENT
+       /* Check for boot-arg suffix first */
+       char launchd_suffix[64];
+       if (PE_parse_boot_argn("launchdsuffix", launchd_suffix, sizeof(launchd_suffix))) {
+               char launchd_path[128];
+               boolean_t is_release_suffix = ((launchd_suffix[0] == 0) ||
+                                              (strcmp(launchd_suffix, "release") == 0));
+
+               if (is_release_suffix) {
+                       error = load_init_program_at_path(p, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(scratch_addr), "/sbin/launchd");
+                       if (!error)
+                               return;
+
+                       panic("Process 1 exec of launchd.release failed, errno %d", error);
+               } else {
+                       strlcpy(launchd_path, "/usr/local/sbin/launchd.", sizeof(launchd_path));
+                       strlcat(launchd_path, launchd_suffix, sizeof(launchd_path));
+
+                       /* All the error data is lost in the loop below, don't
+                        * attempt to save it. */
+                       if (!load_init_program_at_path(p, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(scratch_addr), launchd_path)) {
+                               return;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+#endif
+
+       error = ENOENT;
+       for (i = 0; i < sizeof(init_programs)/sizeof(init_programs[0]); i++) {
+               error = load_init_program_at_path(p, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(scratch_addr), init_programs[i]);
+               if (!error)
+                       return;
+       }
+
+       panic("Process 1 exec of %s failed, errno %d", ((i == 0) ? "<null>" : init_programs[i-1]), error);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4119,6 +4564,16 @@ taskgated_required(proc_t p, boolean_t *require_success)
        void *blob;
        int error;
 
+       if (cs_debug > 2)
+               csvnode_print_debug(p->p_textvp);
+
+       const int can_skip_taskgated = csproc_get_platform_binary(p) && !csproc_get_platform_path(p);
+       if (can_skip_taskgated) {
+               if (cs_debug) printf("taskgated not required for: %s\n", p->p_name);
+               *require_success = FALSE;
+               return FALSE;
+       }
+
        if ((p->p_csflags & CS_VALID) == 0) {
                *require_success = FALSE;
                return TRUE;
@@ -4126,14 +4581,41 @@ taskgated_required(proc_t p, boolean_t *require_success)
 
        error = cs_entitlements_blob_get(p, &blob, &length);
        if (error == 0 && blob != NULL) {
-               *require_success = TRUE; /* fatal on the desktop when entitlements are present */
+               /*
+                * fatal on the desktop when entitlements are present,
+                * unless we started in single-user mode 
+                */
+               if ((boothowto & RB_SINGLE) == 0)
+                       *require_success = TRUE;
+               /*
+                * Allow initproc to run without causing taskgated to launch
+                */
+               if (p == initproc) {
+                       *require_success = FALSE;
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               if (cs_debug) printf("taskgated required for: %s\n", p->p_name);
+
                return TRUE;
        }
 
        *require_success = FALSE;
-       return 0;
+       return FALSE;
 }
 
+/*
+ * __EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__
+ * 
+ * Description: Waits for the userspace daemon to respond to the request
+ *             we made. Function declared non inline to be visible in
+ *             stackshots and spindumps as well as debugging.
+ */
+__attribute__((noinline)) int 
+__EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__(mach_port_t task_access_port, int32_t new_pid)
+{
+       return find_code_signature(task_access_port, new_pid);
+}
 
 static int
 check_for_signature(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
@@ -4144,6 +4626,8 @@ check_for_signature(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
        boolean_t unexpected_failure = FALSE;
        unsigned char hash[SHA1_RESULTLEN];
        boolean_t require_success = FALSE;
+       int spawn = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_SPAWN);
+       int vfexec = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC);
 
        /*
         * Override inherited code signing flags with the
@@ -4158,6 +4642,17 @@ check_for_signature(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
        if(p->p_csflags & (CS_HARD|CS_KILL)) {
                vm_map_switch_protect(get_task_map(p->task), TRUE);
        }
+       
+       /*
+        * image activation may be failed due to policy
+        * which is unexpected but security framework does not
+        * approve of exec, kill and return immediately.
+        */
+       if (imgp->ip_mac_return != 0) {
+               error = imgp->ip_mac_return;
+               unexpected_failure = TRUE;
+               goto done;
+       }
 
        /* check if callout to taskgated is needed */
        if (!taskgated_required(p, &require_success)) {
@@ -4181,7 +4676,7 @@ check_for_signature(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
         * rpc call, taskgated died, mig server died etc.).
         */
 
-       kr = find_code_signature(port, p->p_pid);
+       kr = __EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__(port, p->p_pid);
        switch (kr) {
        case KERN_SUCCESS:
                error = 0;
@@ -4213,7 +4708,12 @@ done:
                if (!unexpected_failure)
                        p->p_csflags |= CS_KILLED;
                /* make very sure execution fails */
-               psignal(p, SIGKILL);
+               if (vfexec || spawn) {
+                       psignal_vfork(p, p->task, imgp->ip_new_thread, SIGKILL);
+                       error = 0;
+               } else {
+                       psignal(p, SIGKILL);
+               }
        }
        return error;
 }