[apple/xnu.git] / bsd / kern / kern_exec.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2013 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 * 
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 * 
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 * 
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 * 
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */
/* Copyright (c) 1995 NeXT Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved */
/*
 * Mach Operating System
 * Copyright (c) 1987 Carnegie-Mellon University
 * All rights reserved.  The CMU software License Agreement specifies
 * the terms and conditions for use and redistribution.
 */
 
/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1991, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      from: @(#)kern_exec.c   8.1 (Berkeley) 6/10/93
 */
/*
 * NOTICE: This file was modified by SPARTA, Inc. in 2005 to introduce
 * support for mandatory and extensible security protections.  This notice
 * is included in support of clause 2.2 (b) of the Apple Public License,
 * Version 2.0.
 */
#include <machine/reg.h>
#include <machine/cpu_capabilities.h>

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/proc_internal.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>
#include <sys/user.h>
#include <sys/socketvar.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/namei.h>
#include <sys/mount_internal.h>
#include <sys/vnode_internal.h>         
#include <sys/file_internal.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/uio_internal.h>
#include <sys/acct.h>
#include <sys/exec.h>
#include <sys/kdebug.h>
#include <sys/signal.h>
#include <sys/aio_kern.h>
#include <sys/sysproto.h>
#include <sys/persona.h>
#include <sys/reason.h>
#if SYSV_SHM
#include <sys/shm_internal.h>           /* shmexec() */
#endif
#include <sys/ubc_internal.h>           /* ubc_map() */
#include <sys/spawn.h>
#include <sys/spawn_internal.h>
#include <sys/process_policy.h>
#include <sys/codesign.h>
#include <sys/random.h>
#include <crypto/sha1.h>

#include <libkern/libkern.h>

#include <security/audit/audit.h>

#include <ipc/ipc_types.h>

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/port.h>
#include <mach/task.h>
#include <mach/task_access.h>
#include <mach/thread_act.h>
#include <mach/vm_map.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#include <mach/vm_param.h>

#include <kern/sched_prim.h> /* thread_wakeup() */
#include <kern/affinity.h>
#include <kern/assert.h>
#include <kern/task.h>
#include <kern/coalition.h>
#include <kern/policy_internal.h>
#include <kern/kalloc.h>

#if CONFIG_MACF
#include <security/mac.h>
#include <security/mac_mach_internal.h>
#endif

#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_protos.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_fault.h>
#include <vm/vm_pageout.h>

#include <kdp/kdp_dyld.h>

#include <machine/pal_routines.h>

#include <pexpert/pexpert.h>

#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
#include <sys/kern_memorystatus.h>
#endif

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
/* Do not include dtrace.h, it redefines kmem_[alloc/free] */
extern void dtrace_proc_exec(proc_t);
extern void (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr)(proc_t);

/*
 * Since dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr can be added/removed in dtrace_subr.c,
 * we will store its value before actually calling it.
 */
static void (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook)(proc_t) = NULL;

#include <sys/dtrace_ptss.h>
#endif

/* support for child creation in exec after vfork */
thread_t fork_create_child(task_t parent_task, coalition_t *parent_coalition, proc_t child_proc, int inherit_memory, int is64bit, int in_exec);
void vfork_exit(proc_t p, int rv);
extern void proc_apply_task_networkbg_internal(proc_t, thread_t);
extern void task_set_did_exec_flag(task_t task);
extern void task_clear_exec_copy_flag(task_t task);
proc_t proc_exec_switch_task(proc_t p, task_t old_task, task_t new_task, thread_t new_thread);
boolean_t task_is_active(task_t);
boolean_t thread_is_active(thread_t thread);
void thread_copy_resource_info(thread_t dst_thread, thread_t src_thread);
void *ipc_importance_exec_switch_task(task_t old_task, task_t new_task);
extern void ipc_importance_release(void *elem);

/*
 * Mach things for which prototypes are unavailable from Mach headers
 */
void            ipc_task_reset(
                        task_t          task);
void            ipc_thread_reset(
                        thread_t        thread);
kern_return_t ipc_object_copyin(
        ipc_space_t             space,
        mach_port_name_t        name,
        mach_msg_type_name_t    msgt_name,
        ipc_object_t            *objectp);
void ipc_port_release_send(ipc_port_t);

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
void task_importance_update_owner_info(task_t);
#endif

extern struct savearea *get_user_regs(thread_t);

__attribute__((noinline)) int __EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__(mach_port_t task_access_port, int32_t new_pid);

#include <kern/thread.h>
#include <kern/task.h>
#include <kern/ast.h>
#include <kern/mach_loader.h>
#include <kern/mach_fat.h>
#include <mach-o/fat.h>
#include <mach-o/loader.h>
#include <machine/vmparam.h>
#include <sys/imgact.h>

#include <sys/sdt.h>


/*
 * EAI_ITERLIMIT        The maximum number of times to iterate an image
 *                      activator in exec_activate_image() before treating
 *                      it as malformed/corrupt.
 */
#define EAI_ITERLIMIT           3

/*
 * For #! interpreter parsing
 */
#define IS_WHITESPACE(ch) ((ch == ' ') || (ch == '\t'))
#define IS_EOL(ch) ((ch == '#') || (ch == '\n'))

extern vm_map_t bsd_pageable_map;
extern const struct fileops vnops;

#define USER_ADDR_ALIGN(addr, val) \
        ( ( (user_addr_t)(addr) + (val) - 1) \
                & ~((val) - 1) )

struct image_params;    /* Forward */
static int exec_activate_image(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_copyout_strings(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t *stackp);
static int load_return_to_errno(load_return_t lrtn);
static int execargs_alloc(struct image_params *imgp);
static int execargs_free(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_check_permissions(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_extract_strings(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_add_apple_strings(struct image_params *imgp, const load_result_t *load_result);
static int exec_handle_sugid(struct image_params *imgp);
static int sugid_scripts = 0;
SYSCTL_INT (_kern, OID_AUTO, sugid_scripts, CTLFLAG_RW | CTLFLAG_LOCKED, &sugid_scripts, 0, "");
static kern_return_t create_unix_stack(vm_map_t map, load_result_t* load_result, proc_t p);
static int copyoutptr(user_addr_t ua, user_addr_t ptr, int ptr_size);
static void exec_resettextvp(proc_t, struct image_params *);
static int check_for_signature(proc_t, struct image_params *);
static void exec_prefault_data(proc_t, struct image_params *, load_result_t *);
static errno_t exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, boolean_t * portwatch_present, ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports);
static errno_t exec_handle_spawnattr_policy(proc_t p, int psa_apptype, uint64_t psa_qos_clamp, uint64_t psa_darwin_role,
                             ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports, int portwatch_count);

/*
 * exec_add_user_string
 *
 * Add the requested string to the string space area.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *           image parameter block
 *              user_addr_t                     string to add to strings area
 *              int                             segment from which string comes
 *              boolean_t                       TRUE if string contributes to NCARGS
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              !0                      Failure errno from copyinstr()
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (imgp->ip_strendp)      updated location of next add, if any
 *              (imgp->ip_strspace)     updated byte count of space remaining
 *              (imgp->ip_argspace) updated byte count of space in NCARGS
 */
static int
exec_add_user_string(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t str, int seg, boolean_t is_ncargs)
{
        int error = 0;
        
        do {
                size_t len = 0;
                int space;
                
                if (is_ncargs)
                        space = imgp->ip_argspace; /* by definition smaller than ip_strspace */
                else
                        space = imgp->ip_strspace;
                
                if (space <= 0) {
                        error = E2BIG;
                        break;
                }
                
                if (!UIO_SEG_IS_USER_SPACE(seg)) {
                        char *kstr = CAST_DOWN(char *,str);     /* SAFE */
                        error = copystr(kstr, imgp->ip_strendp, space, &len);
                } else  {
                        error = copyinstr(str, imgp->ip_strendp, space, &len);
                }

                imgp->ip_strendp += len;
                imgp->ip_strspace -= len;
                if (is_ncargs)
                        imgp->ip_argspace -= len;
                
        } while (error == ENAMETOOLONG);
        
        return error;
}

/*
 * dyld is now passed the executable path as a getenv-like variable
 * in the same fashion as the stack_guard and malloc_entropy keys.
 */
#define EXECUTABLE_KEY "executable_path="

/*
 * exec_save_path
 *
 * To support new app package launching for Mac OS X, the dyld needs the
 * first argument to execve() stored on the user stack.
 *
 * Save the executable path name at the bottom of the strings area and set
 * the argument vector pointer to the location following that to indicate
 * the start of the argument and environment tuples, setting the remaining
 * string space count to the size of the string area minus the path length.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *           image parameter block
 *              char *                          path used to invoke program
 *              int                             segment from which path comes
 *
 * Returns:     int                     0       Success
 *              EFAULT                          Bad address
 *      copy[in]str:EFAULT                      Bad address
 *      copy[in]str:ENAMETOOLONG                Filename too long
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (imgp->ip_strings)              saved path
 *              (imgp->ip_strspace)             space remaining in ip_strings
 *              (imgp->ip_strendp)              start of remaining copy area
 *              (imgp->ip_argspace)             space remaining of NCARGS
 *              (imgp->ip_applec)               Initial applev[0]
 *
 * Note:        We have to do this before the initial namei() since in the
 *              path contains symbolic links, namei() will overwrite the
 *              original path buffer contents.  If the last symbolic link
 *              resolved was a relative pathname, we would lose the original
 *              "path", which could be an absolute pathname. This might be
 *              unacceptable for dyld.
 */
static int
exec_save_path(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t path, int seg, const char **excpath)
{
        int error;
        size_t len;
        char *kpath;

        // imgp->ip_strings can come out of a cache, so we need to obliterate the
        // old path.
        memset(imgp->ip_strings, '\0', strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY) + MAXPATHLEN);

        len = MIN(MAXPATHLEN, imgp->ip_strspace);

        switch(seg) {
        case UIO_USERSPACE32:
        case UIO_USERSPACE64:   /* Same for copyin()... */
                error = copyinstr(path, imgp->ip_strings + strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY), len, &len);
                break;
        case UIO_SYSSPACE:
                kpath = CAST_DOWN(char *,path); /* SAFE */
                error = copystr(kpath, imgp->ip_strings + strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY), len, &len);
                break;
        default:
                error = EFAULT;
                break;
        }

        if (!error) {
                bcopy(EXECUTABLE_KEY, imgp->ip_strings, strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY));
                len += strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY);

                imgp->ip_strendp += len;
                imgp->ip_strspace -= len;

                if (excpath) {
                        *excpath = imgp->ip_strings + strlen(EXECUTABLE_KEY);
                }
        }

        return(error);
}

/*
 * exec_reset_save_path
 *
 * If we detect a shell script, we need to reset the string area
 * state so that the interpreter can be saved onto the stack.

 * Parameters;  struct image_params *           image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     int                     0       Success
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (imgp->ip_strings)              saved path
 *              (imgp->ip_strspace)             space remaining in ip_strings
 *              (imgp->ip_strendp)              start of remaining copy area
 *              (imgp->ip_argspace)             space remaining of NCARGS
 *
 */
static int
exec_reset_save_path(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        imgp->ip_strendp = imgp->ip_strings;
        imgp->ip_argspace = NCARGS;
        imgp->ip_strspace = ( NCARGS + PAGE_SIZE );

        return (0);
}

/*
 * exec_shell_imgact
 *
 * Image activator for interpreter scripts.  If the image begins with
 * the characters "#!", then it is an interpreter script.  Verify the
 * length of the script line indicating the interpreter is not in
 * excess of the maximum allowed size.  If this is the case, then
 * break out the arguments, if any, which are separated by white
 * space, and copy them into the argument save area as if they were
 * provided on the command line before all other arguments.  The line
 * ends when we encounter a comment character ('#') or newline.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1                      not an interpreter (keep looking)
 *              -3                      Success: interpreter: relookup
 *              >0                      Failure: interpreter: error number
 *
 * A return value other than -1 indicates subsequent image activators should
 * not be given the opportunity to attempt to activate the image.
 */
static int
exec_shell_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        char *vdata = imgp->ip_vdata;
        char *ihp;
        char *line_startp, *line_endp;
        char *interp;
        proc_t p;
        struct fileproc *fp;
        int fd;
        int error;

        /*
         * Make sure it's a shell script.  If we've already redirected
         * from an interpreted file once, don't do it again.
         */
        if (vdata[0] != '#' ||
            vdata[1] != '!' ||
            (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_INTERPRET) != 0) {
                return (-1);
        }

        if (imgp->ip_origcputype != 0) {
                /* Fat header previously matched, don't allow shell script inside */
                return (-1);
        }

        imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_INTERPRET;
        imgp->ip_interp_sugid_fd = -1;
        imgp->ip_interp_buffer[0] = '\0';

        /* Check to see if SUGID scripts are permitted.  If they aren't then
         * clear the SUGID bits.
         * imgp->ip_vattr is known to be valid.
         */
        if (sugid_scripts == 0) {
                imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode &= ~(VSUID | VSGID);
        }

        /* Try to find the first non-whitespace character */
        for( ihp = &vdata[2]; ihp < &vdata[IMG_SHSIZE]; ihp++ ) {
                if (IS_EOL(*ihp)) {
                        /* Did not find interpreter, "#!\n" */
                        return (ENOEXEC);
                } else if (IS_WHITESPACE(*ihp)) {
                        /* Whitespace, like "#!    /bin/sh\n", keep going. */
                } else {
                        /* Found start of interpreter */
                        break;
                }
        }

        if (ihp == &vdata[IMG_SHSIZE]) {
                /* All whitespace, like "#!           " */
                return (ENOEXEC);
        }

        line_startp = ihp;

        /* Try to find the end of the interpreter+args string */
        for ( ; ihp < &vdata[IMG_SHSIZE]; ihp++ ) {
                if (IS_EOL(*ihp)) {
                        /* Got it */
                        break;
                } else {
                        /* Still part of interpreter or args */
                }
        }

        if (ihp == &vdata[IMG_SHSIZE]) {
                /* A long line, like "#! blah blah blah" without end */
                return (ENOEXEC);
        }

        /* Backtrack until we find the last non-whitespace */
        while (IS_EOL(*ihp) || IS_WHITESPACE(*ihp)) {
                ihp--;
        }

        /* The character after the last non-whitespace is our logical end of line */
        line_endp = ihp + 1;

        /*
         * Now we have pointers to the usable part of:
         *
         * "#!  /usr/bin/int first    second   third    \n"
         *      ^ line_startp                       ^ line_endp
         */

        /* copy the interpreter name */
        interp = imgp->ip_interp_buffer;
        for ( ihp = line_startp; (ihp < line_endp) && !IS_WHITESPACE(*ihp); ihp++)
                *interp++ = *ihp;
        *interp = '\0';

        exec_reset_save_path(imgp);
        exec_save_path(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(imgp->ip_interp_buffer),
                                                        UIO_SYSSPACE, NULL);

        /* Copy the entire interpreter + args for later processing into argv[] */
        interp = imgp->ip_interp_buffer;
        for ( ihp = line_startp; (ihp < line_endp); ihp++)
                *interp++ = *ihp;
        *interp = '\0';

        /*
         * If we have a SUID oder SGID script, create a file descriptor
         * from the vnode and pass /dev/fd/%d instead of the actual
         * path name so that the script does not get opened twice
         */
        if (imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & (VSUID | VSGID)) {
                p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
                error = falloc(p, &fp, &fd, imgp->ip_vfs_context);
                if (error)
                        return(error);

                fp->f_fglob->fg_flag = FREAD;
                fp->f_fglob->fg_ops = &vnops;
                fp->f_fglob->fg_data = (caddr_t)imgp->ip_vp;
                
                proc_fdlock(p);
                procfdtbl_releasefd(p, fd, NULL);
                fp_drop(p, fd, fp, 1);
                proc_fdunlock(p);
                vnode_ref(imgp->ip_vp);

                imgp->ip_interp_sugid_fd = fd;
        }

        return (-3);
}



/*
 * exec_fat_imgact
 *
 * Image activator for fat 1.0 binaries.  If the binary is fat, then we
 * need to select an image from it internally, and make that the image
 * we are going to attempt to execute.  At present, this consists of
 * reloading the first page for the image with a first page from the
 * offset location indicated by the fat header.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1                      not a fat binary (keep looking)
 *              -2                      Success: encapsulated binary: reread
 *              >0                      Failure: error number
 *
 * Important:   This image activator is byte order neutral.
 *
 * Note:        A return value other than -1 indicates subsequent image
 *              activators should not be given the opportunity to attempt
 *              to activate the image.
 *
 *              If we find an encapsulated binary, we make no assertions
 *              about its  validity; instead, we leave that up to a rescan
 *              for an activator to claim it, and, if it is claimed by one,
 *              that activator is responsible for determining validity.
 */
static int
exec_fat_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        kauth_cred_t cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
        struct fat_header *fat_header = (struct fat_header *)imgp->ip_vdata;
        struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = NULL;
        struct fat_arch fat_arch;
        int resid, error;
        load_return_t lret;

        if (imgp->ip_origcputype != 0) {
                /* Fat header previously matched, don't allow another fat file inside */
                error = -1; /* not claimed */
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Make sure it's a fat binary */
        if (OSSwapBigToHostInt32(fat_header->magic) != FAT_MAGIC) {
                error = -1; /* not claimed */
                goto bad;
        }

        /* imgp->ip_vdata has PAGE_SIZE, zerofilled if the file is smaller */
        lret = fatfile_validate_fatarches((vm_offset_t)fat_header, PAGE_SIZE);
        if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(lret);
                goto bad;
        }

        /* If posix_spawn binprefs exist, respect those prefs. */
        psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
        if (psa != NULL && psa->psa_binprefs[0] != 0) {
                uint32_t pr = 0;

                /* Check each preference listed against all arches in header */
                for (pr = 0; pr < NBINPREFS; pr++) {
                        cpu_type_t pref = psa->psa_binprefs[pr];
                        if (pref == 0) {
                                /* No suitable arch in the pref list */
                                error = EBADARCH;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        if (pref == CPU_TYPE_ANY) {
                                /* Fall through to regular grading */
                                goto regular_grading;
                        }

                        lret = fatfile_getbestarch_for_cputype(pref,
                                                        (vm_offset_t)fat_header,
                                                        PAGE_SIZE,
                                                        &fat_arch);
                        if (lret == LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                                goto use_arch;
                        }
                }

                /* Requested binary preference was not honored */
                error = EBADEXEC;
                goto bad;
        }

regular_grading:
        /* Look up our preferred architecture in the fat file. */
        lret = fatfile_getbestarch((vm_offset_t)fat_header,
                                PAGE_SIZE,
                                &fat_arch);
        if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(lret);
                goto bad;
        }

use_arch:
        /* Read the Mach-O header out of fat_arch */
        error = vn_rdwr(UIO_READ, imgp->ip_vp, imgp->ip_vdata,
                        PAGE_SIZE, fat_arch.offset,
                        UIO_SYSSPACE, (IO_UNIT|IO_NODELOCKED),
                        cred, &resid, p);
        if (error) {
                goto bad;
        }

        if (resid) {
                memset(imgp->ip_vdata + (PAGE_SIZE - resid), 0x0, resid);
        }

        /* Success.  Indicate we have identified an encapsulated binary */
        error = -2;
        imgp->ip_arch_offset = (user_size_t)fat_arch.offset;
        imgp->ip_arch_size = (user_size_t)fat_arch.size;
        imgp->ip_origcputype = fat_arch.cputype;
        imgp->ip_origcpusubtype = fat_arch.cpusubtype;

bad:
        kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
        return (error);
}

static int
activate_exec_state(task_t task, proc_t p, thread_t thread, load_result_t *result)
{
        int ret;

        task_set_dyld_info(task, MACH_VM_MIN_ADDRESS, 0);
        if (result->is64bit) {
                task_set_64bit(task, TRUE);
                OSBitOrAtomic(P_LP64, &p->p_flag);
        } else {
                task_set_64bit(task, FALSE);
                OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_LP64), &p->p_flag);
        }

        ret = thread_state_initialize(thread);
        if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                return ret;
        }

        if (result->threadstate) {
                uint32_t *ts = result->threadstate;
                uint32_t total_size = result->threadstate_sz;

                while (total_size > 0) {
                        uint32_t flavor = *ts++;
                        uint32_t size = *ts++;

                        ret = thread_setstatus(thread, flavor, (thread_state_t)ts, size);
                        if (ret) {
                                return ret;
                        }
                        ts += size;
                        total_size -= (size + 2) * sizeof(uint32_t);
                }
        }

        thread_setentrypoint(thread, result->entry_point);

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}


/*
 * Set p->p_comm and p->p_name to the name passed to exec
 */
static void
set_proc_name(struct image_params *imgp, proc_t p)
{
        int p_name_len = sizeof(p->p_name) - 1;

        if (imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen > p_name_len) {
                imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen = p_name_len;
        }

        bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, (caddr_t)p->p_name,
                (unsigned)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen);
        p->p_name[imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen] = '\0';

        if (imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen > MAXCOMLEN) {
                imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen = MAXCOMLEN;
        }

        bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, (caddr_t)p->p_comm,
                (unsigned)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen);
        p->p_comm[imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen] = '\0';
}

/*
 * exec_mach_imgact
 *
 * Image activator for mach-o 1.0 binaries.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1                      not a fat binary (keep looking)
 *              -2                      Success: encapsulated binary: reread
 *              >0                      Failure: error number
 *              EBADARCH                Mach-o binary, but with an unrecognized
 *                                      architecture
 *              ENOMEM                  No memory for child process after -
 *                                      can only happen after vfork()
 *
 * Important:   This image activator is NOT byte order neutral.
 *
 * Note:        A return value other than -1 indicates subsequent image
 *              activators should not be given the opportunity to attempt
 *              to activate the image.
 *
 * TODO:        More gracefully handle failures after vfork
 */
static int
exec_mach_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct mach_header *mach_header = (struct mach_header *)imgp->ip_vdata;
        proc_t                  p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int                     error = 0;
        task_t                  task;
        task_t                  new_task = NULL; /* protected by vfexec */
        thread_t                thread;
        struct uthread          *uthread;
        vm_map_t old_map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        vm_map_t map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        load_return_t           lret;
        load_result_t           load_result;
        struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = NULL;
        int                     spawn = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_SPAWN);
        int                     vfexec = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC);
        int                     exec = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_EXEC);
        os_reason_t             exec_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;

        /*
         * make sure it's a Mach-O 1.0 or Mach-O 2.0 binary; the difference
         * is a reserved field on the end, so for the most part, we can
         * treat them as if they were identical. Reverse-endian Mach-O
         * binaries are recognized but not compatible.
         */
        if ((mach_header->magic == MH_CIGAM) ||
            (mach_header->magic == MH_CIGAM_64)) {
                error = EBADARCH;
                goto bad;
        }

        if ((mach_header->magic != MH_MAGIC) &&
            (mach_header->magic != MH_MAGIC_64)) {
                error = -1;
                goto bad;
        }

        if (mach_header->filetype != MH_EXECUTE) {
                error = -1;
                goto bad;
        }

        if (imgp->ip_origcputype != 0) {
                /* Fat header previously had an idea about this thin file */
                if (imgp->ip_origcputype != mach_header->cputype ||
                        imgp->ip_origcpusubtype != mach_header->cpusubtype) {
                        error = EBADARCH;
                        goto bad;
                }
        } else {
                imgp->ip_origcputype = mach_header->cputype;
                imgp->ip_origcpusubtype = mach_header->cpusubtype;
        }

        task = current_task();
        thread = current_thread();
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(thread);

        if ((mach_header->cputype & CPU_ARCH_ABI64) == CPU_ARCH_ABI64)
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_IS_64BIT;

        /* If posix_spawn binprefs exist, respect those prefs. */
        psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
        if (psa != NULL && psa->psa_binprefs[0] != 0) {
                int pr = 0;
                for (pr = 0; pr < NBINPREFS; pr++) {
                        cpu_type_t pref = psa->psa_binprefs[pr];
                        if (pref == 0) {
                                /* No suitable arch in the pref list */
                                error = EBADARCH;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        if (pref == CPU_TYPE_ANY) {
                                /* Jump to regular grading */
                                goto grade;
                        }

                        if (pref == imgp->ip_origcputype) {
                                /* We have a match! */
                                goto grade;
                        }
                }
                error = EBADARCH;
                goto bad;
        }
grade:
        if (!grade_binary(imgp->ip_origcputype, imgp->ip_origcpusubtype & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_MASK)) {
                error = EBADARCH;
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Copy in arguments/environment from the old process */
        error = exec_extract_strings(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        AUDIT_ARG(argv, imgp->ip_startargv, imgp->ip_argc, 
            imgp->ip_endargv - imgp->ip_startargv);
        AUDIT_ARG(envv, imgp->ip_endargv, imgp->ip_envc,
            imgp->ip_endenvv - imgp->ip_endargv);

        /*
         * We are being called to activate an image subsequent to a vfork()
         * operation; in this case, we know that our task, thread, and
         * uthread are actually those of our parent, and our proc, which we
         * obtained indirectly from the image_params vfs_context_t, is the
         * new child process.
         */
        if (vfexec) {
                imgp->ip_new_thread = fork_create_child(task, NULL, p, FALSE, (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT), FALSE);
                /* task and thread ref returned, will be released in __mac_execve */
                if (imgp->ip_new_thread == NULL) {
                        error = ENOMEM;
                        goto bad;
                }
        }


        /* reset local idea of thread, uthread, task */
        thread = imgp->ip_new_thread;
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(thread);
        task = new_task = get_threadtask(thread);

        /*
         *      Load the Mach-O file.
         *
         * NOTE: An error after this point  indicates we have potentially
         * destroyed or overwritten some process state while attempting an
         * execve() following a vfork(), which is an unrecoverable condition.
         * We send the new process an immediate SIGKILL to avoid it executing
         * any instructions in the mutated address space. For true spawns,
         * this is not the case, and "too late" is still not too late to
         * return an error code to the parent process.
         */

        /*
         * Actually load the image file we previously decided to load.
         */
        lret = load_machfile(imgp, mach_header, thread, &map, &load_result);
        if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(lret);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_BAD_MACHO, 0, 0);
                if (lret == LOAD_BADMACHO_UPX) {
                        /* set anything that might be useful in the crash report */
                        set_proc_name(imgp, p);

                        exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_UPX);
                        exec_failure_reason->osr_flags |= OS_REASON_FLAG_GENERATE_CRASH_REPORT;
                        exec_failure_reason->osr_flags |= OS_REASON_FLAG_CONSISTENT_FAILURE;
                } else {
                        exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_BAD_MACHO);
                }

                goto badtoolate;
        }

        proc_lock(p);
        p->p_cputype = imgp->ip_origcputype;
        p->p_cpusubtype = imgp->ip_origcpusubtype;
        proc_unlock(p);

        vm_map_set_user_wire_limit(map, p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK].rlim_cur);

        /* 
         * Set code-signing flags if this binary is signed, or if parent has
         * requested them on exec.
         */
        if (load_result.csflags & CS_VALID) {
                imgp->ip_csflags |= load_result.csflags & 
                        (CS_VALID|CS_SIGNED|CS_DEV_CODE|
                         CS_HARD|CS_KILL|CS_RESTRICT|CS_ENFORCEMENT|CS_REQUIRE_LV|
                         CS_ENTITLEMENTS_VALIDATED|CS_DYLD_PLATFORM|
                         CS_ENTITLEMENT_FLAGS|
                         CS_EXEC_SET_HARD|CS_EXEC_SET_KILL|CS_EXEC_SET_ENFORCEMENT);
        } else {
                imgp->ip_csflags &= ~CS_VALID;
        }

        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_HARD)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_HARD;
        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_KILL)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_KILL;
        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_ENFORCEMENT)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_ENFORCEMENT;
        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_INSTALLER)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_INSTALLER;

        /*
         * Set up the system reserved areas in the new address space.
         */
        vm_map_exec(map, task, load_result.is64bit, (void *)p->p_fd->fd_rdir, cpu_type());

        /*
         * Close file descriptors which specify close-on-exec.
         */
        fdexec(p, psa != NULL ? psa->psa_flags : 0);

        /*
         * deal with set[ug]id.
         */
        error = exec_handle_sugid(imgp);
        if (error) {
                vm_map_deallocate(map);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_SUGID_FAILURE, 0, 0);
                exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_SUGID_FAILURE);
                goto badtoolate;
        }

        /*
         * Commit to new map.
         *
         * Swap the new map for the old for target task, which consumes
         * our new map reference but each leaves us responsible for the
         * old_map reference.  That lets us get off the pmap associated
         * with it, and then we can release it.
         *
         * The map needs to be set on the target task which is different
         * than current task, thus swap_task_map is used instead of
         * vm_map_switch.
         */
        old_map = swap_task_map(task, thread, map);
        vm_map_deallocate(old_map);
        old_map = NULL;

        lret = activate_exec_state(task, p, thread, &load_result);
        if (lret != KERN_SUCCESS) {

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_ACTV_THREADSTATE, 0, 0);
                exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_ACTV_THREADSTATE);
                goto badtoolate;
        }

        /*
         * deal with voucher on exec-calling thread.
         */
        if (imgp->ip_new_thread == NULL)
                thread_set_mach_voucher(current_thread(), IPC_VOUCHER_NULL);

        /* Make sure we won't interrupt ourself signalling a partial process */
        if (!vfexec && !spawn && (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED))
                psignal(p, SIGTRAP);

        if (load_result.unixproc &&
                create_unix_stack(get_task_map(task),
                                  &load_result,
                                  p) != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(LOAD_NOSPACE);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_STACK_ALLOC, 0, 0);
                exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_STACK_ALLOC);
                goto badtoolate;
        }

        error = exec_add_apple_strings(imgp, &load_result);
        if (error) {

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_APPLE_STRING_INIT, 0, 0);
                exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_APPLE_STRING_INIT);
                goto badtoolate;
        }

        /* Switch to target task's map to copy out strings */
        old_map = vm_map_switch(get_task_map(task));

        if (load_result.unixproc) {
                user_addr_t     ap;

                /*
                 * Copy the strings area out into the new process address
                 * space.
                 */
                ap = p->user_stack;
                error = exec_copyout_strings(imgp, &ap);
                if (error) {
                        vm_map_switch(old_map);

                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_COPYOUT_STRINGS, 0, 0);
                        exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_COPYOUT_STRINGS);
                        goto badtoolate;
                }
                /* Set the stack */
                thread_setuserstack(thread, ap);
        }

        if (load_result.dynlinker) {
                uint64_t        ap;
                int                     new_ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;

                /* Adjust the stack */
                ap = thread_adjuserstack(thread, -new_ptr_size);
                error = copyoutptr(load_result.mach_header, ap, new_ptr_size);

                if (error) {
                        vm_map_switch(old_map);

                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_COPYOUT_DYNLINKER, 0, 0);
                        exec_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_COPYOUT_DYNLINKER);
                        goto badtoolate;
                }
                task_set_dyld_info(task, load_result.all_image_info_addr,
                    load_result.all_image_info_size);
        }

        /* Avoid immediate VM faults back into kernel */
        exec_prefault_data(p, imgp, &load_result);

        vm_map_switch(old_map);

        /* Stop profiling */
        stopprofclock(p);

        /*
         * Reset signal state.
         */
        execsigs(p, thread);

        /*
         * need to cancel async IO requests that can be cancelled and wait for those
         * already active.  MAY BLOCK!
         */
        _aio_exec( p );

#if SYSV_SHM
        /* FIXME: Till vmspace inherit is fixed: */
        if (!vfexec && p->vm_shm)
                shmexec(p);
#endif
#if SYSV_SEM
        /* Clean up the semaphores */
        semexit(p);
#endif

        /*
         * Remember file name for accounting.
         */
        p->p_acflag &= ~AFORK;

        set_proc_name(imgp, p);

#if CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY
        if (secluded_for_apps) {
                if (strncmp(p->p_name,
                            "Camera",
                            sizeof (p->p_name)) == 0 ||
#if 00
                    strncmp(p->p_name,
                            "camerad",
                            sizeof (p->p_name)) == 0 ||
#endif
                    strncmp(p->p_name,
                            "testCamera",
                            sizeof (p->p_name)) == 0) {
                        task_set_could_use_secluded_mem(task, TRUE);
                } else {
                        task_set_could_use_secluded_mem(task, FALSE);
                }
                if (strncmp(p->p_name,
                            "mediaserverd",
                            sizeof (p->p_name)) == 0) {
                        task_set_could_also_use_secluded_mem(task, TRUE);
                }
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_SECLUDED_MEMORY */

        pal_dbg_set_task_name( task );

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        /* 
         * Update the pid an proc name for importance base if any
         */
        task_importance_update_owner_info(task);
#endif

        memcpy(&p->p_uuid[0], &load_result.uuid[0], sizeof(p->p_uuid));

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        dtrace_proc_exec(p);
#endif

        if (kdebug_enable) {
                long dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4;

                /*
                 * Collect the pathname for tracing
                 */
                kdbg_trace_string(p, &dbg_arg1, &dbg_arg2, &dbg_arg3, &dbg_arg4);

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1(TRACE_DATA_EXEC | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                p->p_pid ,0,0,0, (uintptr_t)thread_tid(thread));
                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1(TRACE_STRING_EXEC | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4, (uintptr_t)thread_tid(thread));
        }

        /*
         * If posix_spawned with the START_SUSPENDED flag, stop the
         * process before it runs.
         */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
                if (psa->psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_START_SUSPENDED) {
                        proc_lock(p);
                        p->p_stat = SSTOP;
                        proc_unlock(p);
                        (void) task_suspend_internal(task);
                }
        }

        /*
         * mark as execed, wakeup the process that vforked (if any) and tell
         * it that it now has its own resources back
         */
        OSBitOrAtomic(P_EXEC, &p->p_flag);
        proc_resetregister(p);
        if (p->p_pptr && (p->p_lflag & P_LPPWAIT)) {
                proc_lock(p);
                p->p_lflag &= ~P_LPPWAIT;
                proc_unlock(p);
                wakeup((caddr_t)p->p_pptr);
        }

        /*
         * Pay for our earlier safety; deliver the delayed signals from
         * the incomplete vfexec process now that it's complete.
         */
        if (vfexec && (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED)) {
                psignal_vfork(p, new_task, thread, SIGTRAP);
        }

        goto done;

badtoolate:
        /* Don't allow child process to execute any instructions */
        if (!spawn) {
                if (vfexec) {
                        assert(exec_failure_reason != OS_REASON_NULL);
                        psignal_vfork_with_reason(p, new_task, thread, SIGKILL, exec_failure_reason);
                        exec_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;
                } else {
                        assert(exec_failure_reason != OS_REASON_NULL);
                        psignal_with_reason(p, SIGKILL, exec_failure_reason);
                        exec_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;

                        if (exec) {
                                /* Terminate the exec copy task */
                                task_terminate_internal(task);
                        }
                }

                /* We can't stop this system call at this point, so just pretend we succeeded */
                error = 0;
        } else {
                os_reason_free(exec_failure_reason);
                exec_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;
        }
        
done:
        if (!spawn) {
                /* notify only if it has not failed due to FP Key error */
                if ((p->p_lflag & P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL) == 0)
                        proc_knote(p, NOTE_EXEC);
        }

        if (load_result.threadstate) {
                kfree(load_result.threadstate, load_result.threadstate_sz);
                load_result.threadstate = NULL;
        }

bad:
        /* If we hit this, we likely would have leaked an exit reason */
        assert(exec_failure_reason == OS_REASON_NULL);
        return(error);
}




/*
 * Our image activator table; this is the table of the image types we are
 * capable of loading.  We list them in order of preference to ensure the
 * fastest image load speed.
 *
 * XXX hardcoded, for now; should use linker sets
 */
struct execsw {
        int (*ex_imgact)(struct image_params *);
        const char *ex_name;
} execsw[] = {
        { exec_mach_imgact,             "Mach-o Binary" },
        { exec_fat_imgact,              "Fat Binary" },
        { exec_shell_imgact,            "Interpreter Script" },
        { NULL, NULL}
};


/*
 * exec_activate_image
 *
 * Description: Iterate through the available image activators, and activate
 *              the image associated with the imgp structure.  We start with
 *              the
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   Image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EBADEXEC                The executable is corrupt/unknown
 *      execargs_alloc:EINVAL           Invalid argument
 *      execargs_alloc:EACCES           Permission denied
 *      execargs_alloc:EINTR            Interrupted function
 *      execargs_alloc:ENOMEM           Not enough space
 *      exec_save_path:EFAULT           Bad address
 *      exec_save_path:ENAMETOOLONG     Filename too long
 *      exec_check_permissions:EACCES   Permission denied
 *      exec_check_permissions:ENOEXEC  Executable file format error
 *      exec_check_permissions:ETXTBSY  Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      exec_check_permissions:???
 *      namei:???
 *      vn_rdwr:???                     [anything vn_rdwr can return]
 *      <ex_imgact>:???                 [anything an imgact can return]
 *      EDEADLK                         Process is being terminated
 */
static int
exec_activate_image(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct nameidata *ndp = NULL;
        const char *excpath;
        int error;
        int resid;
        int once = 1;   /* save SGUID-ness for interpreted files */
        int i;
        int itercount = 0;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);

        error = execargs_alloc(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;
        
        error = exec_save_path(imgp, imgp->ip_user_fname, imgp->ip_seg, &excpath);
        if (error) {
                goto bad_notrans;
        }

        /* Use excpath, which contains the copyin-ed exec path */
        DTRACE_PROC1(exec, uintptr_t, excpath);

        MALLOC(ndp, struct nameidata *, sizeof(*ndp), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
        if (ndp == NULL) {
                error = ENOMEM;
                goto bad_notrans;
        }

        NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF | AUDITVNPATH1,
                   UIO_SYSSPACE, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(excpath), imgp->ip_vfs_context);

again:
        error = namei(ndp);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;
        imgp->ip_ndp = ndp;     /* successful namei(); call nameidone() later */
        imgp->ip_vp = ndp->ni_vp;       /* if set, need to vnode_put() at some point */

        /*
         * Before we start the transition from binary A to binary B, make
         * sure another thread hasn't started exiting the process.  We grab
         * the proc lock to check p_lflag initially, and the transition
         * mechanism ensures that the value doesn't change after we release
         * the lock.
         */
        proc_lock(p);
        if (p->p_lflag & P_LEXIT) {
                error = EDEADLK;
                proc_unlock(p);
                goto bad_notrans;
        }
        error = proc_transstart(p, 1, 0);
        proc_unlock(p);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;

        error = exec_check_permissions(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        /* Copy; avoid invocation of an interpreter overwriting the original */
        if (once) {
                once = 0;
                *imgp->ip_origvattr = *imgp->ip_vattr;
        }

        error = vn_rdwr(UIO_READ, imgp->ip_vp, imgp->ip_vdata, PAGE_SIZE, 0,
                        UIO_SYSSPACE, IO_NODELOCKED,
                        vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context),
                        &resid, vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context));
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        if (resid) {
                memset(imgp->ip_vdata + (PAGE_SIZE - resid), 0x0, resid);
        }

encapsulated_binary:
        /* Limit the number of iterations we will attempt on each binary */
        if (++itercount > EAI_ITERLIMIT) {
                error = EBADEXEC;
                goto bad;
        }
        error = -1;
        for(i = 0; error == -1 && execsw[i].ex_imgact != NULL; i++) {

                error = (*execsw[i].ex_imgact)(imgp);

                switch (error) {
                /* case -1: not claimed: continue */
                case -2:                /* Encapsulated binary, imgp->ip_XXX set for next iteration */
                        goto encapsulated_binary;

                case -3:                /* Interpreter */
#if CONFIG_MACF
                        /*
                         * Copy the script label for later use. Note that
                         * the label can be different when the script is
                         * actually read by the interpreter.
                         */
                        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp)
                                mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
                        imgp->ip_scriptlabelp = mac_vnode_label_alloc();
                        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                break;
                        }
                        mac_vnode_label_copy(imgp->ip_vp->v_label,
                                             imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);

                        /*
                         * Take a ref of the script vnode for later use.
                         */
                        if (imgp->ip_scriptvp)
                                vnode_put(imgp->ip_scriptvp);
                        if (vnode_getwithref(imgp->ip_vp) == 0)
                                imgp->ip_scriptvp = imgp->ip_vp;
#endif

                        nameidone(ndp);

                        vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
                        imgp->ip_vp = NULL;     /* already put */
                        imgp->ip_ndp = NULL; /* already nameidone */

                        /* Use excpath, which exec_shell_imgact reset to the interpreter */
                        NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF,
                                   UIO_SYSSPACE, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(excpath), imgp->ip_vfs_context);

                        proc_transend(p, 0);
                        goto again;

                default:
                        break;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Call out to allow 3rd party notification of exec. 
         * Ignore result of kauth_authorize_fileop call.
         */
        if (error == 0 && kauth_authorize_fileop_has_listeners()) {
                kauth_authorize_fileop(vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context),
                                        KAUTH_FILEOP_EXEC,
                                        (uintptr_t)ndp->ni_vp, 0);
        }
bad:
        proc_transend(p, 0);

bad_notrans:
        if (imgp->ip_strings)
                execargs_free(imgp);
        if (imgp->ip_ndp)
                nameidone(imgp->ip_ndp);
        if (ndp)
                FREE(ndp, M_TEMP);

        return (error);
}


/*
 * exec_handle_spawnattr_policy
 *
 * Description: Decode and apply the posix_spawn apptype, qos clamp, and watchport ports to the task.
 *
 * Parameters:  proc_t p                process to apply attributes to
 *              int psa_apptype         posix spawn attribute apptype
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 */
static errno_t
exec_handle_spawnattr_policy(proc_t p, int psa_apptype, uint64_t psa_qos_clamp, uint64_t psa_darwin_role,
                             ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports, int portwatch_count)
{
        int apptype     = TASK_APPTYPE_NONE;
        int qos_clamp   = THREAD_QOS_UNSPECIFIED;
        int role        = TASK_UNSPECIFIED;

        if ((psa_apptype & POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_MASK) != 0) {
                int proctype = psa_apptype & POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_MASK;

                switch(proctype) {
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_DAEMON_INTERACTIVE:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_DAEMON_INTERACTIVE;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_DAEMON_STANDARD:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_DAEMON_STANDARD;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_DAEMON_ADAPTIVE:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_DAEMON_ADAPTIVE;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_DAEMON_BACKGROUND:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_DAEMON_BACKGROUND;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_APP_DEFAULT:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_APP_DEFAULT;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_APP_TAL:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_APP_TAL;
                                break;
                        default:
                                apptype = TASK_APPTYPE_NONE;
                                /* TODO: Should an invalid value here fail the spawn? */
                                break;
                }
        }

        if (psa_qos_clamp != POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_NONE) {
                switch (psa_qos_clamp) {
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_UTILITY:
                                qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_UTILITY;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_BACKGROUND:
                                qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_BACKGROUND;
                                break;
                        case POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_CLAMP_MAINTENANCE:
                                qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_MAINTENANCE;
                                break;
                        default:
                                qos_clamp = THREAD_QOS_UNSPECIFIED;
                                /* TODO: Should an invalid value here fail the spawn? */
                                break;
                }
        }

        if (psa_darwin_role != PRIO_DARWIN_ROLE_DEFAULT) {
                proc_darwin_role_to_task_role(psa_darwin_role, &role);
        }

        if (apptype   != TASK_APPTYPE_NONE      ||
            qos_clamp != THREAD_QOS_UNSPECIFIED ||
            role      != TASK_UNSPECIFIED) {
                proc_set_task_spawnpolicy(p->task, apptype, qos_clamp, role,
                                          portwatch_ports, portwatch_count);
        }

        return (0);
}


/*
 * exec_handle_port_actions
 *
 * Description: Go through the _posix_port_actions_t contents, 
 *              calling task_set_special_port, task_set_exception_ports
 *              and/or audit_session_spawnjoin for the current task.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   Image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Failure
 *              ENOTSUP                 Illegal posix_spawn attr flag was set
 */
static errno_t
exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp, boolean_t * portwatch_present,
                         ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports)
{
        _posix_spawn_port_actions_t pacts = imgp->ip_px_spa;
#if CONFIG_AUDIT
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
#endif
        _ps_port_action_t *act = NULL;
        task_t task = get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread);
        ipc_port_t port = NULL;
        errno_t ret = 0;
        int i;
        kern_return_t kr;

        *portwatch_present = FALSE;

        for (i = 0; i < pacts->pspa_count; i++) {
                act = &pacts->pspa_actions[i];

                if (MACH_PORT_VALID(act->new_port)) {
                        kr = ipc_object_copyin(get_task_ipcspace(current_task()),
                                               act->new_port, MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND,
                                               (ipc_object_t *) &port);

                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                ret = EINVAL;
                                goto done;
                        }
                } else {
                        /* it's NULL or DEAD */
                        port = CAST_MACH_NAME_TO_PORT(act->new_port);
                }

                switch (act->port_type) {
                case PSPA_SPECIAL:
                        kr = task_set_special_port(task, act->which, port);

                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                ret = EINVAL;
                        break;

                case PSPA_EXCEPTION:
                        kr = task_set_exception_ports(task, act->mask, port,
                                                      act->behavior, act->flavor);
                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                ret = EINVAL;
                        break;
#if CONFIG_AUDIT
                case PSPA_AU_SESSION:
                        ret = audit_session_spawnjoin(p, task, port);
                        break;
#endif
                case PSPA_IMP_WATCHPORTS:
                        if (portwatch_ports != NULL && IPC_PORT_VALID(port)) {
                                *portwatch_present = TRUE;
                                /* hold on to this till end of spawn */
                                portwatch_ports[i] = port;
                        } else {
                                ipc_port_release_send(port);
                        }

                        break;
                default:
                        ret = EINVAL;
                        break;
                }

                if (ret) {
                        /* action failed, so release port resources */
                        ipc_port_release_send(port);
                        break;
                }
        }

done:
        if (0 != ret)
                DTRACE_PROC1(spawn__port__failure, mach_port_name_t, act->new_port);
        return (ret);
}

/*
 * exec_handle_file_actions
 *
 * Description: Go through the _posix_file_actions_t contents applying the
 *              open, close, and dup2 operations to the open file table for
 *              the current process.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   Image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              ???
 *
 * Note:        Actions are applied in the order specified, with the credential
 *              of the parent process.  This is done to permit the parent
 *              process to utilize POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS to drop privilege in
 *              the child following operations the child may in fact not be
 *              normally permitted to perform.
 */
static int
exec_handle_file_actions(struct image_params *imgp, short psa_flags)
{
        int error = 0;
        int action;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        _posix_spawn_file_actions_t px_sfap = imgp->ip_px_sfa;
        int ival[2];            /* dummy retval for system calls) */

        for (action = 0; action < px_sfap->psfa_act_count; action++) {
                _psfa_action_t *psfa = &px_sfap->psfa_act_acts[ action];

                switch(psfa->psfaa_type) {
                case PSFA_OPEN: {
                        /*
                         * Open is different, in that it requires the use of
                         * a path argument, which is normally copied in from
                         * user space; because of this, we have to support an
                         * open from kernel space that passes an address space
                         * context of UIO_SYSSPACE, and casts the address
                         * argument to a user_addr_t.
                         */
                        char *bufp = NULL;
                        struct vnode_attr *vap;
                        struct nameidata *ndp;
                        int mode = psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_mode;
                        struct dup2_args dup2a;
                        struct close_nocancel_args ca;
                        int origfd;

                        MALLOC(bufp, char *, sizeof(*vap) + sizeof(*ndp), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
                        if (bufp == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                break;
                        }

                        vap = (struct vnode_attr *) bufp;
                        ndp = (struct nameidata *) (bufp + sizeof(*vap));

                        VATTR_INIT(vap);
                        /* Mask off all but regular access permissions */
                        mode = ((mode &~ p->p_fd->fd_cmask) & ALLPERMS) & ~S_ISTXT;
                        VATTR_SET(vap, va_mode, mode & ACCESSPERMS);

                        NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_OPEN, FOLLOW | AUDITVNPATH1, UIO_SYSSPACE,
                               CAST_USER_ADDR_T(psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_path),
                               imgp->ip_vfs_context);

                        error = open1(imgp->ip_vfs_context, 
                                        ndp,
                                        psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_oflag,
                                        vap,
                                        fileproc_alloc_init, NULL,
                                        ival);

                        FREE(bufp, M_TEMP);

                        /*
                         * If there's an error, or we get the right fd by
                         * accident, then drop out here.  This is easier than
                         * reworking all the open code to preallocate fd
                         * slots, and internally taking one as an argument.
                         */
                        if (error || ival[0] == psfa->psfaa_filedes)
                                break;

                        origfd = ival[0];
                        /*
                         * If we didn't fall out from an error, we ended up
                         * with the wrong fd; so now we've got to try to dup2
                         * it to the right one.
                         */
                        dup2a.from = origfd;
                        dup2a.to = psfa->psfaa_filedes;

                        /*
                         * The dup2() system call implementation sets
                         * ival to newfd in the success case, but we
                         * can ignore that, since if we didn't get the
                         * fd we wanted, the error will stop us.
                         */
                        error = dup2(p, &dup2a, ival);
                        if (error)
                                break;

                        /*
                         * Finally, close the original fd.
                         */
                        ca.fd = origfd;

                        error = close_nocancel(p, &ca, ival);
                        }
                        break;

                case PSFA_DUP2: {
                        struct dup2_args dup2a;

                        dup2a.from = psfa->psfaa_filedes;
                        dup2a.to = psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_oflag;

                        /*
                         * The dup2() system call implementation sets
                         * ival to newfd in the success case, but we
                         * can ignore that, since if we didn't get the
                         * fd we wanted, the error will stop us.
                         */
                        error = dup2(p, &dup2a, ival);
                        }
                        break;

                case PSFA_CLOSE: {
                        struct close_nocancel_args ca;

                        ca.fd = psfa->psfaa_filedes;

                        error = close_nocancel(p, &ca, ival);
                        }
                        break;

                case PSFA_INHERIT: {
                        struct fcntl_nocancel_args fcntla;

                        /*
                         * Check to see if the descriptor exists, and
                         * ensure it's -not- marked as close-on-exec.
                         *
                         * Attempting to "inherit" a guarded fd will
                         * result in a error.
                         */
                        fcntla.fd = psfa->psfaa_filedes;
                        fcntla.cmd = F_GETFD;
                        if ((error = fcntl_nocancel(p, &fcntla, ival)) != 0)
                                break;

                        if ((ival[0] & FD_CLOEXEC) == FD_CLOEXEC) {
                                fcntla.fd = psfa->psfaa_filedes;
                                fcntla.cmd = F_SETFD;
                                fcntla.arg = ival[0] & ~FD_CLOEXEC;
                                error = fcntl_nocancel(p, &fcntla, ival);
                        }

                        }
                        break;

                default:
                        error = EINVAL;
                        break;
                }

                /* All file actions failures are considered fatal, per POSIX */

                if (error) {
                        if (PSFA_OPEN == psfa->psfaa_type) {
                                DTRACE_PROC1(spawn__open__failure, uintptr_t,
                                    psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_path);
                        } else {
                                DTRACE_PROC1(spawn__fd__failure, int, psfa->psfaa_filedes);
                        }
                        break;
                }
        }

        if (error != 0 || (psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_DEFAULT) == 0)
                return (error);

        /*
         * If POSIX_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_DEFAULT is set, behave (during
         * this spawn only) as if "close on exec" is the default
         * disposition of all pre-existing file descriptors.  In this case,
         * the list of file descriptors mentioned in the file actions
         * are the only ones that can be inherited, so mark them now.
         *
         * The actual closing part comes later, in fdexec().
         */
        proc_fdlock(p);
        for (action = 0; action < px_sfap->psfa_act_count; action++) {
                _psfa_action_t *psfa = &px_sfap->psfa_act_acts[action];
                int fd = psfa->psfaa_filedes;

                switch (psfa->psfaa_type) {
                case PSFA_DUP2:
                        fd = psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_oflag;
                        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
                case PSFA_OPEN:
                case PSFA_INHERIT:
                        *fdflags(p, fd) |= UF_INHERIT;
                        break;

                case PSFA_CLOSE:
                        break;
                }
        }
        proc_fdunlock(p);

        return (0);
}

#if CONFIG_MACF
/*
 * exec_spawnattr_getmacpolicyinfo
 */
void *
exec_spawnattr_getmacpolicyinfo(const void *macextensions, const char *policyname, size_t *lenp)
{
        const struct _posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions *psmx = macextensions;
        int i;

        if (psmx == NULL)
                return NULL;

        for (i = 0; i < psmx->psmx_count; i++) {
                const _ps_mac_policy_extension_t *extension = &psmx->psmx_extensions[i];
                if (strncmp(extension->policyname, policyname, sizeof(extension->policyname)) == 0) {
                        if (lenp != NULL)
                                *lenp = extension->datalen;
                        return extension->datap;
                }
        }

        if (lenp != NULL)
                *lenp = 0;
        return NULL;
}

static int
spawn_copyin_macpolicyinfo(const struct user__posix_spawn_args_desc *px_args, _posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t *psmxp)
{
        _posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t psmx = NULL;
        int error = 0;
        int copycnt = 0;
        int i = 0;

        *psmxp = NULL;

        if (px_args->mac_extensions_size < PS_MAC_EXTENSIONS_SIZE(1) ||
            px_args->mac_extensions_size > PAGE_SIZE) {
                error = EINVAL;
                goto bad;
        }

        MALLOC(psmx, _posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t, px_args->mac_extensions_size, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
        if ((error = copyin(px_args->mac_extensions, psmx, px_args->mac_extensions_size)) != 0)
                goto bad;

        if (PS_MAC_EXTENSIONS_SIZE(psmx->psmx_count) > px_args->mac_extensions_size) {
                error = EINVAL;
                goto bad;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < psmx->psmx_count; i++) {
                _ps_mac_policy_extension_t *extension = &psmx->psmx_extensions[i];
                if (extension->datalen == 0 || extension->datalen > PAGE_SIZE) {
                        error = EINVAL;
                        goto bad;
                }
        }

        for (copycnt = 0; copycnt < psmx->psmx_count; copycnt++) {
                _ps_mac_policy_extension_t *extension = &psmx->psmx_extensions[copycnt];
                void *data = NULL;

                MALLOC(data, void *, extension->datalen, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
                if ((error = copyin(extension->data, data, extension->datalen)) != 0) {
                        FREE(data, M_TEMP);
                        goto bad;
                }
                extension->datap = data;
        }

        *psmxp = psmx;
        return 0;

bad:
        if (psmx != NULL) {
                for (i = 0; i < copycnt; i++)
                        FREE(psmx->psmx_extensions[i].datap, M_TEMP);
                FREE(psmx, M_TEMP);
        }
        return error;
}

static void
spawn_free_macpolicyinfo(_posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t psmx)
{
        int i;

        if (psmx == NULL)
                return;
        for (i = 0; i < psmx->psmx_count; i++)
                FREE(psmx->psmx_extensions[i].datap, M_TEMP);
        FREE(psmx, M_TEMP);
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MACF */

#if CONFIG_COALITIONS
static inline void spawn_coalitions_release_all(coalition_t coal[COALITION_NUM_TYPES])
{
        for (int c = 0; c < COALITION_NUM_TYPES; c++) {
                if (coal[c]) {
                        coalition_remove_active(coal[c]);
                        coalition_release(coal[c]);
                }
        }
}
#endif

#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
static int spawn_validate_persona(struct _posix_spawn_persona_info *px_persona)
{
        int error = 0;
        struct persona *persona = NULL;
        int verify = px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_FLAGS_VERIFY;

        /*
         * TODO: rdar://problem/19981151
         * Add entitlement check!
         */
        if (!kauth_cred_issuser(kauth_cred_get()))
                return EPERM;

        persona = persona_lookup(px_persona->pspi_id);
        if (!persona) {
                error = ESRCH;
                goto out;
        }

        if (verify) {
                if (px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_UID) {
                        if (px_persona->pspi_uid != persona_get_uid(persona)) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
                if (px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_GID) {
                        if (px_persona->pspi_gid != persona_get_gid(persona)) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
                if (px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_GROUPS) {
                        int ngroups = 0;
                        gid_t groups[NGROUPS_MAX];

                        if (persona_get_groups(persona, &ngroups, groups,
                                               px_persona->pspi_ngroups) != 0) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto out;
                        }
                        if (ngroups != (int)px_persona->pspi_ngroups) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto out;
                        }
                        while (ngroups--) {
                                if (px_persona->pspi_groups[ngroups] != groups[ngroups]) {
                                        error = EINVAL;
                                        goto out;
                                }
                        }
                        if (px_persona->pspi_gmuid != persona_get_gmuid(persona)) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
        }

out:
        if (persona)
                persona_put(persona);

        return error;
}

static int spawn_persona_adopt(proc_t p, struct _posix_spawn_persona_info *px_persona)
{
        int ret;
        kauth_cred_t cred;
        struct persona *persona = NULL;
        int override = !!(px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_FLAGS_OVERRIDE);

        if (!override)
                return persona_proc_adopt_id(p, px_persona->pspi_id, NULL);

        /*
         * we want to spawn into the given persona, but we want to override
         * the kauth with a different UID/GID combo
         */
        persona = persona_lookup(px_persona->pspi_id);
        if (!persona)
                return ESRCH;

        cred = persona_get_cred(persona);
        if (!cred) {
                ret = EINVAL;
                goto out;
        }

        if (px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_UID) {
                cred = kauth_cred_setresuid(cred,
                                            px_persona->pspi_uid,
                                            px_persona->pspi_uid,
                                            px_persona->pspi_uid,
                                            KAUTH_UID_NONE);
        }

        if (px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_GID) {
                cred = kauth_cred_setresgid(cred,
                                            px_persona->pspi_gid,
                                            px_persona->pspi_gid,
                                            px_persona->pspi_gid);
        }

        if (px_persona->pspi_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_PERSONA_GROUPS) {
                cred = kauth_cred_setgroups(cred,
                                            px_persona->pspi_groups,
                                            px_persona->pspi_ngroups,
                                            px_persona->pspi_gmuid);
        }

        ret = persona_proc_adopt(p, persona, cred);

out:
        persona_put(persona);
        return ret;
}
#endif

/*
 * posix_spawn
 *
 * Parameters:  uap->pid                Pointer to pid return area
 *              uap->fname              File name to exec
 *              uap->argp               Argument list
 *              uap->envp               Environment list
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              ENOTSUP                 Not supported
 *              ENOEXEC                 Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:EINVAL      Invalid argument
 *      exec_activate_image:EACCES      Permission denied
 *      exec_activate_image:EINTR       Interrupted function
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOMEM      Not enough space
 *      exec_activate_image:EFAULT      Bad address
 *      exec_activate_image:ENAMETOOLONG        Filename too long
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOEXEC     Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:ETXTBSY     Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      exec_activate_image:EBADEXEC    The executable is corrupt/unknown
 *      exec_activate_image:???
 *      mac_execve_enter:???
 *
 * TODO:        Expect to need __mac_posix_spawn() at some point...
 *              Handle posix_spawnattr_t
 *              Handle posix_spawn_file_actions_t
 */
int
posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
{
        proc_t p = ap;          /* quiet bogus GCC vfork() warning */
        user_addr_t pid = uap->pid;
        int ival[2];            /* dummy retval for setpgid() */
        char *bufp = NULL; 
        struct image_params *imgp;
        struct vnode_attr *vap;
        struct vnode_attr *origvap;
        struct uthread  *uthread = 0;   /* compiler complains if not set to 0*/
        int error, sig;
        int is_64 = IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p);
        struct vfs_context context;
        struct user__posix_spawn_args_desc px_args;
        struct _posix_spawnattr px_sa;
        _posix_spawn_file_actions_t px_sfap = NULL;
        _posix_spawn_port_actions_t px_spap = NULL;
        struct __kern_sigaction vec;
        boolean_t spawn_no_exec = FALSE;
        boolean_t proc_transit_set = TRUE;
        boolean_t exec_done = FALSE;
        int portwatch_count = 0;
        ipc_port_t * portwatch_ports = NULL;
        vm_size_t px_sa_offset = offsetof(struct _posix_spawnattr, psa_ports);
        task_t new_task = NULL;
        boolean_t should_release_proc_ref = FALSE;
        void *inherit = NULL;
#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
        struct _posix_spawn_persona_info *px_persona = NULL;
#endif

        /*
         * Allocate a big chunk for locals instead of using stack since these  
         * structures are pretty big.
         */
        MALLOC(bufp, char *, (sizeof(*imgp) + sizeof(*vap) + sizeof(*origvap)), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
        imgp = (struct image_params *) bufp;
        if (bufp == NULL) {
                error = ENOMEM;
                goto bad;
        }
        vap = (struct vnode_attr *) (bufp + sizeof(*imgp));
        origvap = (struct vnode_attr *) (bufp + sizeof(*imgp) + sizeof(*vap));

        /* Initialize the common data in the image_params structure */
        imgp->ip_user_fname = uap->path;
        imgp->ip_user_argv = uap->argv;
        imgp->ip_user_envv = uap->envp;
        imgp->ip_vattr = vap;
        imgp->ip_origvattr = origvap;
        imgp->ip_vfs_context = &context;
        imgp->ip_flags = (is_64 ? IMGPF_WAS_64BIT : IMGPF_NONE);
        imgp->ip_seg = (is_64 ? UIO_USERSPACE64 : UIO_USERSPACE32);
        imgp->ip_mac_return = 0;
        imgp->ip_px_persona = NULL;
        imgp->ip_cs_error = OS_REASON_NULL;

        if (uap->adesc != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                if(is_64) {
                        error = copyin(uap->adesc, &px_args, sizeof(px_args));
                } else {
                        struct user32__posix_spawn_args_desc px_args32;

                        error = copyin(uap->adesc, &px_args32, sizeof(px_args32));

                        /*
                         * Convert arguments descriptor from external 32 bit
                         * representation to internal 64 bit representation
                         */
                        px_args.attr_size = px_args32.attr_size;
                        px_args.attrp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.attrp);
                        px_args.file_actions_size = px_args32.file_actions_size;
                        px_args.file_actions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.file_actions);
                        px_args.port_actions_size = px_args32.port_actions_size;
                        px_args.port_actions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.port_actions);
                        px_args.mac_extensions_size = px_args32.mac_extensions_size;
                        px_args.mac_extensions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.mac_extensions);
                        px_args.coal_info_size = px_args32.coal_info_size;
                        px_args.coal_info = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.coal_info);
                        px_args.persona_info_size = px_args32.persona_info_size;
                        px_args.persona_info = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.persona_info);
                }
                if (error)
                        goto bad;

                if (px_args.attr_size != 0) {
                        /* 
                         * We are not copying the port_actions pointer, 
                         * because we already have it from px_args. 
                         * This is a bit fragile: <rdar://problem/16427422>
                         */

                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.attrp, &px_sa, px_sa_offset) != 0)) 
                        goto bad;
                
                        bzero( (void *)( (unsigned long) &px_sa + px_sa_offset), sizeof(px_sa) - px_sa_offset );        

                        imgp->ip_px_sa = &px_sa;
                }
                if (px_args.file_actions_size != 0) {
                        /* Limit file_actions to allowed number of open files */
                        int maxfa = (p->p_limit ? p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE].rlim_cur : NOFILE);
                        if (px_args.file_actions_size < PSF_ACTIONS_SIZE(1) ||
                                px_args.file_actions_size > PSF_ACTIONS_SIZE(maxfa)) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        MALLOC(px_sfap, _posix_spawn_file_actions_t, px_args.file_actions_size, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
                        if (px_sfap == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_px_sfa = px_sfap;

                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.file_actions, px_sfap, 
                                                        px_args.file_actions_size)) != 0)
                                goto bad;

                        /* Verify that the action count matches the struct size */
                        if (PSF_ACTIONS_SIZE(px_sfap->psfa_act_count) != px_args.file_actions_size) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                }
                if (px_args.port_actions_size != 0) {
                        /* Limit port_actions to one page of data */
                        if (px_args.port_actions_size < PS_PORT_ACTIONS_SIZE(1) ||
                                px_args.port_actions_size > PAGE_SIZE) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        MALLOC(px_spap, _posix_spawn_port_actions_t, 
                                        px_args.port_actions_size, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
                        if (px_spap == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_px_spa = px_spap;

                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.port_actions, px_spap, 
                                                        px_args.port_actions_size)) != 0)
                                goto bad;

                        /* Verify that the action count matches the struct size */
                        if (PS_PORT_ACTIONS_SIZE(px_spap->pspa_count) != px_args.port_actions_size) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                }
#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
                /* copy in the persona info */
                if (px_args.persona_info_size != 0 && px_args.persona_info != 0) {
                        /* for now, we need the exact same struct in user space */
                        if (px_args.persona_info_size != sizeof(*px_persona)) {
                                error = ERANGE;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        MALLOC(px_persona, struct _posix_spawn_persona_info *, px_args.persona_info_size, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK|M_ZERO);
                        if (px_persona == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_px_persona = px_persona;

                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.persona_info, px_persona,
                                            px_args.persona_info_size)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                        if ((error = spawn_validate_persona(px_persona)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }
#endif
#if CONFIG_MACF
                if (px_args.mac_extensions_size != 0) {
                        if ((error = spawn_copyin_macpolicyinfo(&px_args, (_posix_spawn_mac_policy_extensions_t *)&imgp->ip_px_smpx)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }
#endif /* CONFIG_MACF */
        }

        /* set uthread to parent */
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());

        /*
         * <rdar://6640530>; this does not result in a behaviour change
         * relative to Leopard, so there should not be any existing code
         * which depends on it.
         */
        if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK) {
            error = EINVAL;
            goto bad;
        }

        /*
         * If we don't have the extension flag that turns "posix_spawn()"
         * into "execve() with options", then we will be creating a new
         * process which does not inherit memory from the parent process,
         * which is one of the most expensive things about using fork()
         * and execve().
         */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa == NULL || !(px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETEXEC)){

                /* Set the new task's coalition, if it is requested.  */
                coalition_t coal[COALITION_NUM_TYPES] = { COALITION_NULL };
#if CONFIG_COALITIONS
                int i, ncoals;
                kern_return_t kr = KERN_SUCCESS;
                struct _posix_spawn_coalition_info coal_info;
                int coal_role[COALITION_NUM_TYPES];

                if (imgp->ip_px_sa == NULL || !px_args.coal_info)
                        goto do_fork1;

                memset(&coal_info, 0, sizeof(coal_info));

                if (px_args.coal_info_size > sizeof(coal_info))
                        px_args.coal_info_size = sizeof(coal_info);
                error = copyin(px_args.coal_info,
                               &coal_info, px_args.coal_info_size);
                if (error != 0)
                        goto bad;

                ncoals = 0;
                for (i = 0; i < COALITION_NUM_TYPES; i++) {
                        uint64_t cid = coal_info.psci_info[i].psci_id;
                        if (cid != 0) {
                                /*
                                 * don't allow tasks which are not in a
                                 * privileged coalition to spawn processes
                                 * into coalitions other than their own
                                 */
                                if (!task_is_in_privileged_coalition(p->task, i)) {
                                        coal_dbg("ERROR: %d not in privilegd "
                                                 "coalition of type %d",
                                                 p->p_pid, i);
                                        spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
                                        error = EPERM;
                                        goto bad;
                                }

                                coal_dbg("searching for coalition id:%llu", cid);
                                /*
                                 * take a reference and activation on the
                                 * coalition to guard against free-while-spawn
                                 * races
                                 */
                                coal[i] = coalition_find_and_activate_by_id(cid);
                                if (coal[i] == COALITION_NULL) {
                                        coal_dbg("could not find coalition id:%llu "
                                                 "(perhaps it has been terminated or reaped)", cid);
                                        /*
                                         * release any other coalition's we
                                         * may have a reference to
                                         */
                                        spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
                                        error = ESRCH;
                                        goto bad;
                                }
                                if (coalition_type(coal[i]) != i) {
                                        coal_dbg("coalition with id:%lld is not of type:%d"
                                                 " (it's type:%d)", cid, i, coalition_type(coal[i]));
                                        error = ESRCH;
                                        goto bad;
                                }
                                coal_role[i] = coal_info.psci_info[i].psci_role;
                                ncoals++;
                        }
                }
                if (ncoals < COALITION_NUM_TYPES) {
                        /*
                         * If the user is attempting to spawn into a subset of
                         * the known coalition types, then make sure they have
                         * _at_least_ specified a resource coalition. If not,
                         * the following fork1() call will implicitly force an
                         * inheritance from 'p' and won't actually spawn the
                         * new task into the coalitions the user specified.
                         * (also the call to coalitions_set_roles will panic)
                         */
                        if (coal[COALITION_TYPE_RESOURCE] == COALITION_NULL) {
                                spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                }
do_fork1:
#endif /* CONFIG_COALITIONS */

                /*
                 * note that this will implicitly inherit the
                 * caller's persona (if it exists)
                 */
                error = fork1(p, &imgp->ip_new_thread, PROC_CREATE_SPAWN, coal);
                /* returns a thread and task reference */

                if (error == 0) {
                        new_task = get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                }
#if CONFIG_COALITIONS
                /* set the roles of this task within each given coalition */
                if (error == 0) {
                        kr = coalitions_set_roles(coal, get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread), coal_role);
                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
                                error = EINVAL;
                }

                /* drop our references and activations - fork1() now holds them */
                spawn_coalitions_release_all(coal);
#endif /* CONFIG_COALITIONS */
                if (error != 0) {
                        goto bad;
                }
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_SPAWN;  /* spawn w/o exec */
                spawn_no_exec = TRUE;           /* used in later tests */

#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
                /*
                 * If the parent isn't in a persona (launchd), and
                 * hasn't specified a new persona for the process,
                 * then we'll put the process into the system persona
                 *
                 * TODO: this will have to be re-worked because as of
                 *       now, without any launchd adoption, the resulting
                 *       xpcproxy process will not have sufficient
                 *       privileges to setuid/gid.
                 */
#if 0
                if (!proc_has_persona(p) && imgp->ip_px_persona == NULL) {
                        MALLOC(px_persona, struct _posix_spawn_persona_info *,
                               sizeof(*px_persona), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK|M_ZERO);
                        if (px_persona == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        px_persona->pspi_id = persona_get_id(g_system_persona);
                        imgp->ip_px_persona = px_persona;
                }
#endif /* 0 */
#endif /* CONFIG_PERSONAS */
        } else {
                /*
                 * For execve case, create a new task and thread
                 * which points to current_proc. The current_proc will point
                 * to the new task after image activation and proc ref drain.
                 *
                 * proc (current_proc) <-----  old_task (current_task)
                 *  ^ |                                ^
                 *  | |                                |
                 *  | ----------------------------------
                 *  |
                 *  --------- new_task (task marked as TF_EXEC_COPY)
                 *
                 * After image activation, the proc will point to the new task
                 * and would look like following.
                 *
                 * proc (current_proc)  <-----  old_task (current_task, marked as TPF_DID_EXEC)
                 *  ^ |
                 *  | |
                 *  | ----------> new_task
                 *  |               |
                 *  -----------------
                 *
                 * During exec any transition from new_task -> proc is fine, but don't allow
                 * transition from proc->task, since it will modify old_task.
                 */
                imgp->ip_new_thread = fork_create_child(current_task(),
                                        NULL, p, FALSE, p->p_flag & P_LP64, TRUE);
                /* task and thread ref returned by fork_create_child */
                if (imgp->ip_new_thread == NULL) {
                        error = ENOMEM;
                        goto bad;
                }

                new_task = get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_EXEC;
        }

        if (spawn_no_exec) {
                p = (proc_t)get_bsdthreadtask_info(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                
                /*
                 * We had to wait until this point before firing the
                 * proc:::create probe, otherwise p would not point to the
                 * child process.
                 */
                DTRACE_PROC1(create, proc_t, p);
        }
        assert(p != NULL);

        context.vc_thread = imgp->ip_new_thread;
        context.vc_ucred = p->p_ucred;  /* XXX must NOT be kauth_cred_get() */

        /*
         * Post fdcopy(), pre exec_handle_sugid() - this is where we want
         * to handle the file_actions.  Since vfork() also ends up setting
         * us into the parent process group, and saved off the signal flags,
         * this is also where we want to handle the spawn flags.
         */

        /* Has spawn file actions? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sfa != NULL) {
                /*
                 * The POSIX_SPAWN_CLOEXEC_DEFAULT flag
                 * is handled in exec_handle_file_actions().
                 */
                if ((error = exec_handle_file_actions(imgp,
                    imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL ? px_sa.psa_flags : 0)) != 0)
                        goto bad;
        }

        /* Has spawn port actions? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_spa != NULL) {
                boolean_t is_adaptive = FALSE;
                boolean_t portwatch_present = FALSE;

                /* Will this process become adaptive? The apptype isn't ready yet, so we can't look there. */
                if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL && px_sa.psa_apptype == POSIX_SPAWN_PROC_TYPE_DAEMON_ADAPTIVE)
                        is_adaptive = TRUE;

                /*
                 * portwatch only:
                 * Allocate a place to store the ports we want to bind to the new task
                 * We can't bind them until after the apptype is set.
                 */
                if (px_spap->pspa_count != 0 && is_adaptive) {
                        portwatch_count = px_spap->pspa_count;
                        MALLOC(portwatch_ports, ipc_port_t *, (sizeof(ipc_port_t) * portwatch_count), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
                } else {
                        portwatch_ports = NULL;
                }

                if ((error = exec_handle_port_actions(imgp, &portwatch_present, portwatch_ports)) != 0)
                        goto bad;

                if (portwatch_present == FALSE && portwatch_ports != NULL) {
                        FREE(portwatch_ports, M_TEMP);
                        portwatch_ports = NULL;
                        portwatch_count = 0;
                }
        }

        /* Has spawn attr? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                /*
                 * Set the process group ID of the child process; this has
                 * to happen before the image activation.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP) {
                        struct setpgid_args spga;
                        spga.pid = p->p_pid;
                        spga.pgid = px_sa.psa_pgroup;
                        /*
                         * Effectively, call setpgid() system call; works
                         * because there are no pointer arguments.
                         */
                        if((error = setpgid(p, &spga, ival)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }

                /*
                 * Reset UID/GID to parent's RUID/RGID; This works only
                 * because the operation occurs *after* the vfork() and
                 * before the call to exec_handle_sugid() by the image
                 * activator called from exec_activate_image().  POSIX
                 * requires that any setuid/setgid bits on the process
                 * image will take precedence over the spawn attributes
                 * (re)setting them.
                 *
                 * Modifications to p_ucred must be guarded using the
                 * proc's ucred lock. This prevents others from accessing
                 * a garbage credential.
                 */
                while (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS) {
                        kauth_cred_t my_cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
                        kauth_cred_t my_new_cred = kauth_cred_setuidgid(my_cred, kauth_cred_getruid(my_cred), kauth_cred_getrgid(my_cred));

                        if (my_cred == my_new_cred) {
                                kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
                                break;
                        }

                        /* update cred on proc */
                        proc_ucred_lock(p);

                        if (p->p_ucred != my_cred) {
                                proc_ucred_unlock(p);
                                kauth_cred_unref(&my_new_cred);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* donate cred reference on my_new_cred to p->p_ucred */
                        p->p_ucred = my_new_cred;
                        PROC_UPDATE_CREDS_ONPROC(p);
                        proc_ucred_unlock(p);

                        /* drop additional reference that was taken on the previous cred */
                        kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
                }

#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
                if (spawn_no_exec && imgp->ip_px_persona != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * If we were asked to spawn a process into a new persona,
                         * do the credential switch now (which may override the UID/GID
                         * inherit done just above). It's important to do this switch
                         * before image activation both for reasons stated above, and
                         * to ensure that the new persona has access to the image/file
                         * being executed.
                         */
                        error = spawn_persona_adopt(p, imgp->ip_px_persona);
                        if (error != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }
#endif /* CONFIG_PERSONAS */
#if !SECURE_KERNEL
                /*
                 * Disable ASLR for the spawned process.
                 *
                 * But only do so if we are not embedded + RELEASE.
                 * While embedded allows for a boot-arg (-disable_aslr)
                 * to deal with this (which itself is only honored on
                 * DEVELOPMENT or DEBUG builds of xnu), it is often
                 * useful or necessary to disable ASLR on a per-process
                 * basis for unit testing and debugging.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & _POSIX_SPAWN_DISABLE_ASLR)
                        OSBitOrAtomic(P_DISABLE_ASLR, &p->p_flag);
#endif /* !SECURE_KERNEL */

                /*
                 * Forcibly disallow execution from data pages for the spawned process
                 * even if it would otherwise be permitted by the architecture default.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & _POSIX_SPAWN_ALLOW_DATA_EXEC)
                        imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_ALLOW_DATA_EXEC;
        }

        /*
         * Disable ASLR during image activation.  This occurs either if the
         * _POSIX_SPAWN_DISABLE_ASLR attribute was found above or if
         * P_DISABLE_ASLR was inherited from the parent process.
         */
        if (p->p_flag & P_DISABLE_ASLR)
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_DISABLE_ASLR;

        /* 
         * Clear transition flag so we won't hang if exec_activate_image() causes
         * an automount (and launchd does a proc sysctl to service it).
         *
         * <rdar://problem/6848672>, <rdar://problem/5959568>.
         */
        if (spawn_no_exec) {
                proc_transend(p, 0);
                proc_transit_set = 0;
        }

#if MAC_SPAWN   /* XXX */
        if (uap->mac_p != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                error = mac_execve_enter(uap->mac_p, imgp);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
        }
#endif

        /*
         * Activate the image
         */
        error = exec_activate_image(imgp);
        
        if (error == 0 && !spawn_no_exec) {
                p = proc_exec_switch_task(p, current_task(), new_task, imgp->ip_new_thread);
                /* proc ref returned */
                should_release_proc_ref = TRUE;
        }

        if (error == 0) {
                /* process completed the exec */
                exec_done = TRUE;
        } else if (error == -1) {
                /* Image not claimed by any activator? */
                error = ENOEXEC;
        }

        /*
         * If we have a spawn attr, and it contains signal related flags,
         * the we need to process them in the "context" of the new child
         * process, so we have to process it following image activation,
         * prior to making the thread runnable in user space.  This is
         * necessitated by some signal information being per-thread rather
         * than per-process, and we don't have the new allocation in hand
         * until after the image is activated.
         */
        if (!error && imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                thread_t child_thread = imgp->ip_new_thread;
                uthread_t child_uthread = get_bsdthread_info(child_thread);

                /*
                 * Mask a list of signals, instead of them being unmasked, if
                 * they were unmasked in the parent; note that some signals
                 * are not maskable.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK)
                        child_uthread->uu_sigmask = (px_sa.psa_sigmask & ~sigcantmask);
                /*
                 * Default a list of signals instead of ignoring them, if
                 * they were ignored in the parent.  Note that we pass
                 * spawn_no_exec to setsigvec() to indicate that we called
                 * fork1() and therefore do not need to call proc_signalstart()
                 * internally.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF) {
                        vec.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
                        vec.sa_tramp = 0;
                        vec.sa_mask = 0;
                        vec.sa_flags = 0;
                        for (sig = 1; sig < NSIG; sig++)
                                if (px_sa.psa_sigdefault & (1 << (sig-1))) {
                                        error = setsigvec(p, child_thread, sig, &vec, spawn_no_exec);
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Activate the CPU usage monitor, if requested. This is done via a task-wide, per-thread CPU
                 * usage limit, which will generate a resource exceeded exception if any one thread exceeds the
                 * limit.
                 *
                 * Userland gives us interval in seconds, and the kernel SPI expects nanoseconds.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_cpumonitor_percent != 0) {
                        /*
                         * Always treat a CPU monitor activation coming from spawn as entitled. Requiring
                         * an entitlement to configure the monitor a certain way seems silly, since
                         * whomever is turning it on could just as easily choose not to do so.
                         */
                        error = proc_set_task_ruse_cpu(p->task,
                                        TASK_POLICY_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTE_NOTIFY_EXC,
                                        px_sa.psa_cpumonitor_percent,
                                        px_sa.psa_cpumonitor_interval * NSEC_PER_SEC,
                                        0, TRUE);
                }
        }

bad:

        if (error == 0) {
                /* reset delay idle sleep status if set */
                if ((p->p_flag & P_DELAYIDLESLEEP) == P_DELAYIDLESLEEP)
                        OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_DELAYIDLESLEEP), &p->p_flag);
                /* upon  successful spawn, re/set the proc control state */
                if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                        switch (px_sa.psa_pcontrol) {
                                case POSIX_SPAWN_PCONTROL_THROTTLE:
                                        p->p_pcaction = P_PCTHROTTLE;
                                        break;
                                case POSIX_SPAWN_PCONTROL_SUSPEND:
                                        p->p_pcaction = P_PCSUSP;
                                        break;
                                case POSIX_SPAWN_PCONTROL_KILL:
                                        p->p_pcaction = P_PCKILL;
                                        break;
                                case POSIX_SPAWN_PCONTROL_NONE:
                                default:
                                        p->p_pcaction = 0;
                                        break;
                        };
                }
                exec_resettextvp(p, imgp);
                
#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
                /* Has jetsam attributes? */
                if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL && (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_SET)) {
                        /*
                         * With 2-level high-water-mark support, POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND is no
                         * longer relevant, as background limits are described via the inactive limit slots.
                         * At the kernel layer, the flag is ignored.
                         *
                         * That said, however, if the POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND is passed in,
                         * we attempt to mimic previous behavior by forcing the BG limit data into the
                         * inactive/non-fatal mode and force the active slots to hold system_wide/fatal mode.
                         * The kernel layer will flag this mapping.
                         */
                        if (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND) {
                                memorystatus_update(p, px_sa.psa_priority, 0,
                                            (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_USE_EFFECTIVE_PRIORITY),
                                            TRUE,
                                            -1, TRUE,
                                            px_sa.psa_memlimit_inactive, FALSE,
                                            (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND));
                        } else {
                                memorystatus_update(p, px_sa.psa_priority, 0,
                                            (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_USE_EFFECTIVE_PRIORITY),
                                            TRUE,
                                            px_sa.psa_memlimit_active,
                                            (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_MEMLIMIT_ACTIVE_FATAL),
                                            px_sa.psa_memlimit_inactive,
                                            (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_MEMLIMIT_INACTIVE_FATAL),
                                            (px_sa.psa_jetsam_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_JETSAM_HIWATER_BACKGROUND));
                        }

                }
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS */
        }

        /*
         * If we successfully called fork1(), we always need to do this;
         * we identify this case by noting the IMGPF_SPAWN flag.  This is
         * because we come back from that call with signals blocked in the
         * child, and we have to unblock them, but we want to wait until
         * after we've performed any spawn actions.  This has to happen
         * before check_for_signature(), which uses psignal.
         */
        if (spawn_no_exec) {
                if (proc_transit_set)
                        proc_transend(p, 0);

                /*
                 * Drop the signal lock on the child which was taken on our
                 * behalf by forkproc()/cloneproc() to prevent signals being
                 * received by the child in a partially constructed state.
                 */
                proc_signalend(p, 0);

                /* flag the 'fork' has occurred */
                proc_knote(p->p_pptr, NOTE_FORK | p->p_pid);
                /* then flag exec has occurred */
                /* notify only if it has not failed due to FP Key error */
                if ((p->p_lflag & P_LTERM_DECRYPTFAIL) == 0)
                        proc_knote(p, NOTE_EXEC);
        }

        if (error == 0) {
                /*
                 * We need to initialize the bank context behind the protection of
                 * the proc_trans lock to prevent a race with exit. We can't do this during
                 * exec_activate_image because task_bank_init checks entitlements that
                 * aren't loaded until subsequent calls (including exec_resettextvp).
                 */
                error = proc_transstart(p, 0, 0);

                if (error == 0) {
                        task_bank_init(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
                        proc_transend(p, 0);
                }
        }

        /* Inherit task role from old task to new task for exec */
        if (error == 0 && !spawn_no_exec) {
                proc_inherit_task_role(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread), current_task());
        }

        /*
         * Apply the spawnattr policy, apptype (which primes the task for importance donation),
         * and bind any portwatch ports to the new task.
         * This must be done after the exec so that the child's thread is ready,
         * and after the in transit state has been released, because priority is
         * dropped here so we need to be prepared for a potentially long preemption interval
         *
         * TODO: Consider splitting this up into separate phases
         */
        if (error == 0 && imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;

                exec_handle_spawnattr_policy(p, psa->psa_apptype, psa->psa_qos_clamp, psa->psa_darwin_role,
                                              portwatch_ports, portwatch_count);
        }

        /*
         * Need to transfer pending watch port boosts to the new task while still making
         * sure that the old task remains in the importance linkage. Create an importance
         * linkage from old task to new task, then switch the task importance base
         * of old task and new task. After the switch the port watch boost will be
         * boosting the new task and new task will be donating importance to old task.
         */
        if (error == 0 && task_did_exec(current_task())) {
                inherit = ipc_importance_exec_switch_task(current_task(), get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
        }

        /* Apply the main thread qos */
        if (error == 0) {
                thread_t main_thread = imgp->ip_new_thread;

                task_set_main_thread_qos(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread), main_thread);
        }

        /*
         * Release any ports we kept around for binding to the new task
         * We need to release the rights even if the posix_spawn has failed.
         */
        if (portwatch_ports != NULL) {
                for (int i = 0; i < portwatch_count; i++) {
                        ipc_port_t port = NULL;
                        if ((port = portwatch_ports[i]) != NULL) {
                                ipc_port_release_send(port);
                        }
                }
                FREE(portwatch_ports, M_TEMP);
                portwatch_ports = NULL;
                portwatch_count = 0;
        }

        /*
         * We have to delay operations which might throw a signal until after
         * the signals have been unblocked; however, we want that to happen
         * after exec_resettextvp() so that the textvp is correct when they
         * fire.
         */
        if (error == 0) {
                error = check_for_signature(p, imgp);

                /*
                 * Pay for our earlier safety; deliver the delayed signals from
                 * the incomplete spawn process now that it's complete.
                 */
                if (imgp != NULL && spawn_no_exec && (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED)) {
                        psignal_vfork(p, p->task, imgp->ip_new_thread, SIGTRAP);
                }

                if (error == 0 && !spawn_no_exec)
                        KDBG(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC,BSD_PROC_EXEC),
                             p->p_pid);
        }


        if (imgp != NULL) {
                if (imgp->ip_vp)
                        vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
                if (imgp->ip_scriptvp)
                        vnode_put(imgp->ip_scriptvp);
                if (imgp->ip_strings)
                        execargs_free(imgp);
                if (imgp->ip_px_sfa != NULL)
                        FREE(imgp->ip_px_sfa, M_TEMP);
                if (imgp->ip_px_spa != NULL)
                        FREE(imgp->ip_px_spa, M_TEMP);
#if CONFIG_PERSONAS
                if (imgp->ip_px_persona != NULL)
                        FREE(imgp->ip_px_persona, M_TEMP);
#endif
#if CONFIG_MACF
                if (imgp->ip_px_smpx != NULL)
                        spawn_free_macpolicyinfo(imgp->ip_px_smpx);
                if (imgp->ip_execlabelp)
                        mac_cred_label_free(imgp->ip_execlabelp);
                if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp)
                        mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
                if (imgp->ip_cs_error != OS_REASON_NULL) {
                        os_reason_free(imgp->ip_cs_error);
                        imgp->ip_cs_error = OS_REASON_NULL;
                }
#endif
        }

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        if (spawn_no_exec) {
                /*
                 * In the original DTrace reference implementation,
                 * posix_spawn() was a libc routine that just
                 * did vfork(2) then exec(2).  Thus the proc::: probes
                 * are very fork/exec oriented.  The details of this
                 * in-kernel implementation of posix_spawn() is different
                 * (while producing the same process-observable effects)
                 * particularly w.r.t. errors, and which thread/process
                 * is constructing what on behalf of whom.
                 */
                if (error) {
                        DTRACE_PROC1(spawn__failure, int, error);
                } else {
                        DTRACE_PROC(spawn__success);
                        /*
                         * Some DTrace scripts, e.g. newproc.d in
                         * /usr/bin, rely on the the 'exec-success'
                         * probe being fired in the child after the
                         * new process image has been constructed
                         * in order to determine the associated pid.
                         *
                         * So, even though the parent built the image
                         * here, for compatibility, mark the new thread
                         * so 'exec-success' fires on it as it leaves
                         * the kernel.
                         */
                        dtrace_thread_didexec(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                }
        } else {
                if (error) {
                        DTRACE_PROC1(exec__failure, int, error);
                } else {
                        DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);
                }
        }

        if ((dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook = dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr) != NULL) {
                (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook)(p);
        }
#endif
        /*
         * exec-success dtrace probe fired, clear bsd_info from
         * old task if it did exec.
         */
        if (task_did_exec(current_task())) {
                set_bsdtask_info(current_task(), NULL);
        }

        /* clear bsd_info from new task and terminate it if exec failed  */
        if (new_task != NULL && task_is_exec_copy(new_task)) {
                set_bsdtask_info(new_task, NULL);
                task_terminate_internal(new_task);
        }

        /* Return to both the parent and the child? */
        if (imgp != NULL && spawn_no_exec) {
                /*
                 * If the parent wants the pid, copy it out
                 */
                if (pid != USER_ADDR_NULL)
                        (void)suword(pid, p->p_pid);
                retval[0] = error;

                /*
                 * If we had an error, perform an internal reap ; this is
                 * entirely safe, as we have a real process backing us.
                 */
                if (error) {
                        proc_list_lock();
                        p->p_listflag |= P_LIST_DEADPARENT;
                        proc_list_unlock();
                        proc_lock(p);
                        /* make sure no one else has killed it off... */
                        if (p->p_stat != SZOMB && p->exit_thread == NULL) {
                                p->exit_thread = current_thread();
                                proc_unlock(p);
                                exit1(p, 1, (int *)NULL);
                        } else {
                                /* someone is doing it for us; just skip it */
                                proc_unlock(p);
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * Do not terminate the current task, if proc_exec_switch_task did not
         * switch the tasks, terminating the current task without the switch would
         * result in loosing the SIGKILL status.
         */
        if (task_did_exec(current_task())) {
                /* Terminate the current task, since exec will start in new task */
                task_terminate_internal(current_task());
        }

        /* Release the thread ref returned by fork_create_child/fork1 */
        if (imgp != NULL && imgp->ip_new_thread) {
                /* wake up the new thread */
                task_clear_return_wait(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
                thread_deallocate(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                imgp->ip_new_thread = NULL;
        }

        /* Release the ref returned by fork_create_child/fork1 */
        if (new_task) {
                task_deallocate(new_task);
                new_task = NULL;
        }

        if (should_release_proc_ref) {
                proc_rele(p);
        }

        if (bufp != NULL) {
                FREE(bufp, M_TEMP);
        }

        if (inherit != NULL) {
                ipc_importance_release(inherit);
        }
        
        return(error);
}

/*
 * proc_exec_switch_task
 *
 * Parameters:  p                       proc
 *              old_task                task before exec
 *              new_task                task after exec
 *              new_thread              thread in new task
 *
 * Returns: proc.
 *
 * Note: The function will switch the task pointer of proc
 * from old task to new task. The switch needs to happen
 * after draining all proc refs and inside a proc translock.
 * In the case of failure to switch the task, which might happen
 * if the process received a SIGKILL or jetsam killed it, it will make
 * sure that the new tasks terminates. User proc ref returned
 * to caller.
 *
 * This function is called after point of no return, in the case
 * failure to switch, it will terminate the new task and swallow the
 * error and let the terminated process complete exec and die.
 */
proc_t
proc_exec_switch_task(proc_t p, task_t old_task, task_t new_task, thread_t new_thread)
{
        int error = 0;
        boolean_t task_active;
        boolean_t proc_active;
        boolean_t thread_active;
        thread_t old_thread = current_thread();

        /*
         * Switch the task pointer of proc to new task.
         * Before switching the task, wait for proc_refdrain.
         * After the switch happens, the proc can disappear,
         * take a ref before it disappears.
         */
        p = proc_refdrain_with_refwait(p, TRUE);
        /* extra proc ref returned to the caller */

        assert(get_threadtask(new_thread) == new_task);
        task_active = task_is_active(new_task);

        /* Take the proc_translock to change the task ptr */
        proc_lock(p);
        proc_active = !(p->p_lflag & P_LEXIT);

        /* Check if the current thread is not aborted due to SIGKILL */
        thread_active = thread_is_active(old_thread);

        /*
         * Do not switch the task if the new task or proc is already terminated
         * as a result of error in exec past point of no return
         */
        if (proc_active && task_active && thread_active) {
                error = proc_transstart(p, 1, 0);
                if (error == 0) {
                        uthread_t new_uthread = get_bsdthread_info(new_thread);
                        uthread_t old_uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());

                        /*
                         * bsd_info of old_task will get cleared in execve and posix_spawn
                         * after firing exec-success/error dtrace probe.
                         */
                        p->task = new_task;

                        /* Copy the signal state, dtrace state and set bsd ast on new thread */
                        act_set_astbsd(new_thread);
                        new_uthread->uu_siglist = old_uthread->uu_siglist;
                        new_uthread->uu_sigwait = old_uthread->uu_sigwait;
                        new_uthread->uu_sigmask = old_uthread->uu_sigmask;
                        new_uthread->uu_oldmask = old_uthread->uu_oldmask;
                        new_uthread->uu_vforkmask = old_uthread->uu_vforkmask;
                        new_uthread->uu_exit_reason = old_uthread->uu_exit_reason;
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                        new_uthread->t_dtrace_sig = old_uthread->t_dtrace_sig;
                        new_uthread->t_dtrace_stop = old_uthread->t_dtrace_stop;
                        new_uthread->t_dtrace_resumepid = old_uthread->t_dtrace_resumepid;
                        assert(new_uthread->t_dtrace_scratch == NULL);
                        new_uthread->t_dtrace_scratch = old_uthread->t_dtrace_scratch;

                        old_uthread->t_dtrace_sig = 0;
                        old_uthread->t_dtrace_stop = 0;
                        old_uthread->t_dtrace_resumepid = 0;
                        old_uthread->t_dtrace_scratch = NULL;
#endif
                        /* Copy the resource accounting info */
                        thread_copy_resource_info(new_thread, current_thread());

                        /* Clear the exit reason and signal state on old thread */
                        old_uthread->uu_exit_reason = NULL;
                        old_uthread->uu_siglist = 0;

                        /* Add the new uthread to proc uthlist and remove the old one */
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&p->p_uthlist, new_uthread, uu_list);
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&p->p_uthlist, old_uthread, uu_list);

                        task_set_did_exec_flag(old_task);
                        task_clear_exec_copy_flag(new_task);

                        proc_transend(p, 1);
                }
        }

        proc_unlock(p);
        proc_refwake(p);

        if (error != 0 || !task_active || !proc_active || !thread_active) {
                task_terminate_internal(new_task);
        }

        return p;
}

/*
 * execve
 *
 * Parameters:  uap->fname              File name to exec
 *              uap->argp               Argument list
 *              uap->envp               Environment list
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *      __mac_execve:EINVAL             Invalid argument
 *      __mac_execve:ENOTSUP            Invalid argument
 *      __mac_execve:EACCES             Permission denied
 *      __mac_execve:EINTR              Interrupted function
 *      __mac_execve:ENOMEM             Not enough space
 *      __mac_execve:EFAULT             Bad address
 *      __mac_execve:ENAMETOOLONG       Filename too long
 *      __mac_execve:ENOEXEC            Executable file format error
 *      __mac_execve:ETXTBSY            Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      __mac_execve:???
 *
 * TODO:        Dynamic linker header address on stack is copied via suword()
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
int
execve(proc_t p, struct execve_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
{
        struct __mac_execve_args muap;
        int err;

        memoryshot(VM_EXECVE, DBG_FUNC_NONE);

        muap.fname = uap->fname;
        muap.argp = uap->argp;
        muap.envp = uap->envp;
        muap.mac_p = USER_ADDR_NULL;
        err = __mac_execve(p, &muap, retval);

        return(err);
}

/*
 * __mac_execve
 *
 * Parameters:  uap->fname              File name to exec
 *              uap->argp               Argument list
 *              uap->envp               Environment list
 *              uap->mac_p              MAC label supplied by caller
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              ENOTSUP                 Not supported
 *              ENOEXEC                 Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:EINVAL      Invalid argument
 *      exec_activate_image:EACCES      Permission denied
 *      exec_activate_image:EINTR       Interrupted function
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOMEM      Not enough space
 *      exec_activate_image:EFAULT      Bad address
 *      exec_activate_image:ENAMETOOLONG        Filename too long
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOEXEC     Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:ETXTBSY     Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      exec_activate_image:EBADEXEC    The executable is corrupt/unknown
 *      exec_activate_image:???
 *      mac_execve_enter:???
 *
 * TODO:        Dynamic linker header address on stack is copied via suword()
 */
int
__mac_execve(proc_t p, struct __mac_execve_args *uap, int32_t *retval)
{
        char *bufp = NULL; 
        struct image_params *imgp;
        struct vnode_attr *vap;
        struct vnode_attr *origvap;
        int error;
        int is_64 = IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p);
        struct vfs_context context;
        struct uthread  *uthread;
        task_t new_task = NULL;
        boolean_t should_release_proc_ref = FALSE;
        boolean_t exec_done = FALSE;
        boolean_t in_vfexec = FALSE;
        void *inherit = NULL;

        context.vc_thread = current_thread();
        context.vc_ucred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);      /* XXX must NOT be kauth_cred_get() */

        /* Allocate a big chunk for locals instead of using stack since these  
         * structures a pretty big.
         */
        MALLOC(bufp, char *, (sizeof(*imgp) + sizeof(*vap) + sizeof(*origvap)), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
        imgp = (struct image_params *) bufp;
        if (bufp == NULL) {
                error = ENOMEM;
                goto exit_with_error;
        }
        vap = (struct vnode_attr *) (bufp + sizeof(*imgp));
        origvap = (struct vnode_attr *) (bufp + sizeof(*imgp) + sizeof(*vap));
        
        /* Initialize the common data in the image_params structure */
        imgp->ip_user_fname = uap->fname;
        imgp->ip_user_argv = uap->argp;
        imgp->ip_user_envv = uap->envp;
        imgp->ip_vattr = vap;
        imgp->ip_origvattr = origvap;
        imgp->ip_vfs_context = &context;
        imgp->ip_flags = (is_64 ? IMGPF_WAS_64BIT : IMGPF_NONE) | ((p->p_flag & P_DISABLE_ASLR) ? IMGPF_DISABLE_ASLR : IMGPF_NONE);
        imgp->ip_seg = (is_64 ? UIO_USERSPACE64 : UIO_USERSPACE32);
        imgp->ip_mac_return = 0;
        imgp->ip_cs_error = OS_REASON_NULL;

        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());
        if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK) {
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC;
                in_vfexec = TRUE;
        } else {
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_EXEC;

                /*
                 * For execve case, create a new task and thread
                 * which points to current_proc. The current_proc will point
                 * to the new task after image activation and proc ref drain.
                 *
                 * proc (current_proc) <-----  old_task (current_task)
                 *  ^ |                                ^
                 *  | |                                |
                 *  | ----------------------------------
                 *  |
                 *  --------- new_task (task marked as TF_EXEC_COPY)
                 *
                 * After image activation, the proc will point to the new task
                 * and would look like following.
                 *
                 * proc (current_proc)  <-----  old_task (current_task, marked as TPF_DID_EXEC)
                 *  ^ |
                 *  | |
                 *  | ----------> new_task
                 *  |               |
                 *  -----------------
                 *
                 * During exec any transition from new_task -> proc is fine, but don't allow
                 * transition from proc->task, since it will modify old_task.
                 */
                imgp->ip_new_thread = fork_create_child(current_task(),
                                        NULL, p, FALSE, p->p_flag & P_LP64, TRUE);
                /* task and thread ref returned by fork_create_child */
                if (imgp->ip_new_thread == NULL) {
                        error = ENOMEM;
                        goto exit_with_error;
                }

                new_task = get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                context.vc_thread = imgp->ip_new_thread;
        }

#if CONFIG_MACF
        if (uap->mac_p != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                error = mac_execve_enter(uap->mac_p, imgp);
                if (error) {
                        kauth_cred_unref(&context.vc_ucred);
                        goto exit_with_error;
                }
        }
#endif

        error = exec_activate_image(imgp);
        /* thread and task ref returned for vfexec case */

        if (imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) {
                /*
                 * task reference might be returned by exec_activate_image
                 * for vfexec.
                 */
                new_task = get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread);
        }

        if (!error && !in_vfexec) {
                p = proc_exec_switch_task(p, current_task(), new_task, imgp->ip_new_thread);
                /* proc ref returned */
                should_release_proc_ref = TRUE;
        }

        kauth_cred_unref(&context.vc_ucred);
        
        /* Image not claimed by any activator? */
        if (error == -1)
                error = ENOEXEC;

        if (!error) {
                exec_done = TRUE;
                assert(imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL);

                exec_resettextvp(p, imgp);
                error = check_for_signature(p, imgp);
        }       
        if (imgp->ip_vp != NULLVP)
                vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
        if (imgp->ip_scriptvp != NULLVP)
                vnode_put(imgp->ip_scriptvp);
        if (imgp->ip_strings)
                execargs_free(imgp);
#if CONFIG_MACF
        if (imgp->ip_execlabelp)
                mac_cred_label_free(imgp->ip_execlabelp);
        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp)
                mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
#endif
        if (imgp->ip_cs_error != OS_REASON_NULL) {
                os_reason_free(imgp->ip_cs_error);
                imgp->ip_cs_error = OS_REASON_NULL;
        }

        if (!error) {
                /*
                 * We need to initialize the bank context behind the protection of
                 * the proc_trans lock to prevent a race with exit. We can't do this during
                 * exec_activate_image because task_bank_init checks entitlements that
                 * aren't loaded until subsequent calls (including exec_resettextvp).
                 */
                error = proc_transstart(p, 0, 0);
        }

        if (!error) {
                task_bank_init(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
                proc_transend(p, 0);

                /* Sever any extant thread affinity */
                thread_affinity_exec(current_thread());

                /* Inherit task role from old task to new task for exec */
                if (!in_vfexec) {
                        proc_inherit_task_role(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread), current_task());
                }

                thread_t main_thread = imgp->ip_new_thread;

                task_set_main_thread_qos(new_task, main_thread);

                DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                if ((dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook = dtrace_proc_waitfor_exec_ptr) != NULL)
                        (*dtrace_proc_waitfor_hook)(p);
#endif

                if (in_vfexec) {
                        vfork_return(p, retval, p->p_pid);
                }
        } else {
                DTRACE_PROC1(exec__failure, int, error);
        }

exit_with_error:

        /*
         * exec-success dtrace probe fired, clear bsd_info from
         * old task if it did exec.
         */
        if (task_did_exec(current_task())) {
                set_bsdtask_info(current_task(), NULL);
        }

        /* clear bsd_info from new task and terminate it if exec failed  */
        if (new_task != NULL && task_is_exec_copy(new_task)) {
                set_bsdtask_info(new_task, NULL);
                task_terminate_internal(new_task);
        }

        /*
         * Need to transfer pending watch port boosts to the new task while still making
         * sure that the old task remains in the importance linkage. Create an importance
         * linkage from old task to new task, then switch the task importance base
         * of old task and new task. After the switch the port watch boost will be
         * boosting the new task and new task will be donating importance to old task.
         */
        if (error == 0 && task_did_exec(current_task())) {
                inherit = ipc_importance_exec_switch_task(current_task(), get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
        }

        if (imgp != NULL) {
                /*
                 * Do not terminate the current task, if proc_exec_switch_task did not
                 * switch the tasks, terminating the current task without the switch would
                 * result in loosing the SIGKILL status.
                 */
                if (task_did_exec(current_task())) {
                        /* Terminate the current task, since exec will start in new task */
                        task_terminate_internal(current_task());
                }

                /* Release the thread ref returned by fork_create_child */
                if (imgp->ip_new_thread) {
                        /* wake up the new exec thread */
                        task_clear_return_wait(get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread));
                        thread_deallocate(imgp->ip_new_thread);
                        imgp->ip_new_thread = NULL;
                }
        }

        /* Release the ref returned by fork_create_child */
        if (new_task) {
                task_deallocate(new_task);
                new_task = NULL;
        }

        if (should_release_proc_ref) {
                proc_rele(p);
        }

        if (bufp != NULL) {
                FREE(bufp, M_TEMP);
        }

        if (inherit != NULL) {
                ipc_importance_release(inherit);
        }
        
        return(error);
}


/*
 * copyinptr
 *
 * Description: Copy a pointer in from user space to a user_addr_t in kernel
 *              space, based on 32/64 bitness of the user space
 *
 * Parameters:  froma                   User space address
 *              toptr                   Address of kernel space user_addr_t
 *              ptr_size                4/8, based on 'froma' address space
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EFAULT                  Bad 'froma'
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              *ptr_size               Modified
 */
static int
copyinptr(user_addr_t froma, user_addr_t *toptr, int ptr_size)
{
        int error;

        if (ptr_size == 4) {
                /* 64 bit value containing 32 bit address */
                unsigned int i;

                error = copyin(froma, &i, 4);
                *toptr = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(i);   /* SAFE */
        } else {
                error = copyin(froma, toptr, 8);
        }
        return (error);
}


/*
 * copyoutptr
 *
 * Description: Copy a pointer out from a user_addr_t in kernel space to
 *              user space, based on 32/64 bitness of the user space
 *
 * Parameters:  ua                      User space address to copy to
 *              ptr                     Address of kernel space user_addr_t
 *              ptr_size                4/8, based on 'ua' address space
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EFAULT                  Bad 'ua'
 *
 */
static int
copyoutptr(user_addr_t ua, user_addr_t ptr, int ptr_size)
{
        int error;

        if (ptr_size == 4) {
                /* 64 bit value containing 32 bit address */
                unsigned int i = CAST_DOWN_EXPLICIT(unsigned int,ua);   /* SAFE */

                error = copyout(&i, ptr, 4);
        } else {
                error = copyout(&ua, ptr, 8);
        }
        return (error);
}


/*
 * exec_copyout_strings
 *
 * Copy out the strings segment to user space.  The strings segment is put
 * on a preinitialized stack frame.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *              int *                   a pointer to the stack offset variable
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              !0                      Faiure: errno
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (*stackp)               The stack offset, modified
 *
 * Note:        The strings segment layout is backward, from the beginning
 *              of the top of the stack to consume the minimal amount of
 *              space possible; the returned stack pointer points to the
 *              end of the area consumed (stacks grow downward).
 *
 *              argc is an int; arg[i] are pointers; env[i] are pointers;
 *              the 0's are (void *)NULL's
 *
 * The stack frame layout is:
 *
 *      +-------------+ <- p->user_stack
 *      |     16b     |
 *      +-------------+
 *      | STRING AREA |
 *      |      :      |
 *      |      :      |
 *      |      :      |
 *      +- -- -- -- --+
 *      |  PATH AREA  |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |      0      |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |  applev[n]  |
 *      +-------------+
 *             :
 *             :
 *      +-------------+
 *      |  applev[1]  |
 *      +-------------+
 *      | exec_path / |
 *      |  applev[0]  |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |      0      |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |    env[n]   |
 *      +-------------+
 *             :
 *             :
 *      +-------------+
 *      |    env[0]   |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |      0      |
 *      +-------------+
 *      | arg[argc-1] |
 *      +-------------+
 *             :
 *             :
 *      +-------------+
 *      |    arg[0]   |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |     argc    |
 * sp-> +-------------+
 *
 * Although technically a part of the STRING AREA, we treat the PATH AREA as
 * a separate entity.  This allows us to align the beginning of the PATH AREA
 * to a pointer boundary so that the exec_path, env[i], and argv[i] pointers
 * which preceed it on the stack are properly aligned.
 */

static int
exec_copyout_strings(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t *stackp)
{
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int     ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;
        int     ptr_area_size;
        void *ptr_buffer_start, *ptr_buffer;
        int string_size;

        user_addr_t     string_area;    /* *argv[], *env[] */
        user_addr_t     ptr_area;       /* argv[], env[], applev[] */
        user_addr_t argc_area;  /* argc */
        user_addr_t     stack;
        int error;

        unsigned i;
        struct copyout_desc {
                char    *start_string;
                int             count;
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                user_addr_t     *dtrace_cookie;
#endif
                boolean_t       null_term;
        } descriptors[] = {
                {
                        .start_string = imgp->ip_startargv,
                        .count = imgp->ip_argc,
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                        .dtrace_cookie = &p->p_dtrace_argv,
#endif
                        .null_term = TRUE
                },
                {
                        .start_string = imgp->ip_endargv,
                        .count = imgp->ip_envc,
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                        .dtrace_cookie = &p->p_dtrace_envp,
#endif
                        .null_term = TRUE
                },
                {
                        .start_string = imgp->ip_strings,
                        .count = 1,
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                        .dtrace_cookie = NULL,
#endif
                        .null_term = FALSE
                },
                {
                        .start_string = imgp->ip_endenvv,
                        .count = imgp->ip_applec - 1, /* exec_path handled above */
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                        .dtrace_cookie = NULL,
#endif
                        .null_term = TRUE
                }
        };

        stack = *stackp;

        /*
         * All previous contributors to the string area
         * should have aligned their sub-area
         */
        if (imgp->ip_strspace % ptr_size != 0) {
                error = EINVAL;
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Grow the stack down for the strings we've been building up */
        string_size = imgp->ip_strendp - imgp->ip_strings;
        stack -= string_size;
        string_area = stack;

        /*
         * Need room for one pointer for each string, plus
         * one for the NULLs terminating the argv, envv, and apple areas.
         */
        ptr_area_size = (imgp->ip_argc + imgp->ip_envc + imgp->ip_applec + 3) *
            ptr_size;
        stack -= ptr_area_size;
        ptr_area = stack;

        /* We'll construct all the pointer arrays in our string buffer,
         * which we already know is aligned properly, and ip_argspace
         * was used to verify we have enough space.
         */
        ptr_buffer_start = ptr_buffer = (void *)imgp->ip_strendp;

        /*
         * Need room for pointer-aligned argc slot.
         */
        stack -= ptr_size;
        argc_area = stack;

        /*
         * Record the size of the arguments area so that sysctl_procargs()
         * can return the argument area without having to parse the arguments.
         */
        proc_lock(p);
        p->p_argc = imgp->ip_argc;
        p->p_argslen = (int)(*stackp - string_area);
        proc_unlock(p);

        /* Return the initial stack address: the location of argc */
        *stackp = stack;

        /*
         * Copy out the entire strings area.
         */
        error = copyout(imgp->ip_strings, string_area,
                                                   string_size);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(descriptors)/sizeof(descriptors[0]); i++) {
                char *cur_string = descriptors[i].start_string;
                int j;

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                if (descriptors[i].dtrace_cookie) {
                        proc_lock(p);
                        *descriptors[i].dtrace_cookie = ptr_area + ((uintptr_t)ptr_buffer - (uintptr_t)ptr_buffer_start); /* dtrace convenience */
                        proc_unlock(p);
                }
#endif /* CONFIG_DTRACE */

                /*
                 * For each segment (argv, envv, applev), copy as many pointers as requested
                 * to our pointer buffer.
                 */
                for (j = 0; j < descriptors[i].count; j++) {
                        user_addr_t cur_address = string_area + (cur_string - imgp->ip_strings);
                        
                        /* Copy out the pointer to the current string. Alignment has been verified  */
                        if (ptr_size == 8) {
                                *(uint64_t *)ptr_buffer = (uint64_t)cur_address;
                        } else {
                                *(uint32_t *)ptr_buffer = (uint32_t)cur_address;
                        }
                        
                        ptr_buffer = (void *)((uintptr_t)ptr_buffer + ptr_size);
                        cur_string += strlen(cur_string) + 1; /* Only a NUL between strings in the same area */
                }

                if (descriptors[i].null_term) {
                        if (ptr_size == 8) {
                                *(uint64_t *)ptr_buffer = 0ULL;
                        } else {
                                *(uint32_t *)ptr_buffer = 0;
                        }
                        
                        ptr_buffer = (void *)((uintptr_t)ptr_buffer + ptr_size);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Copy out all our pointer arrays in bulk.
         */
        error = copyout(ptr_buffer_start, ptr_area,
                                        ptr_area_size);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        /* argc (int32, stored in a ptr_size area) */
        error = copyoutptr((user_addr_t)imgp->ip_argc, argc_area, ptr_size);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

bad:
        return(error);
}


/*
 * exec_extract_strings
 *
 * Copy arguments and environment from user space into work area; we may
 * have already copied some early arguments into the work area, and if
 * so, any arguments opied in are appended to those already there.
 * This function is the primary manipulator of ip_argspace, since
 * these are the arguments the client of execve(2) knows about. After
 * each argv[]/envv[] string is copied, we charge the string length
 * and argv[]/envv[] pointer slot to ip_argspace, so that we can
 * full preflight the arg list size.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              !0                      Failure: errno
 *
 * Implicit returns;
 *              (imgp->ip_argc)         Count of arguments, updated
 *              (imgp->ip_envc)         Count of environment strings, updated
 *              (imgp->ip_argspace)     Count of remaining of NCARGS
 *              (imgp->ip_interp_buffer)        Interpreter and args (mutated in place)
 *
 *
 * Note:        The argument and environment vectors are user space pointers
 *              to arrays of user space pointers.
 */
static int
exec_extract_strings(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        int error = 0;
        int     ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_WAS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;
        int new_ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;
        user_addr_t     argv = imgp->ip_user_argv;
        user_addr_t     envv = imgp->ip_user_envv;

        /*
         * Adjust space reserved for the path name by however much padding it
         * needs. Doing this here since we didn't know if this would be a 32- 
         * or 64-bit process back in exec_save_path.
         */
        while (imgp->ip_strspace % new_ptr_size != 0) {
                *imgp->ip_strendp++ = '\0';
                imgp->ip_strspace--;
                /* imgp->ip_argspace--; not counted towards exec args total */
        }

        /*
         * From now on, we start attributing string space to ip_argspace
         */
        imgp->ip_startargv = imgp->ip_strendp;
        imgp->ip_argc = 0;

        if((imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_INTERPRET) != 0) {
                user_addr_t     arg;
                char *argstart, *ch;

                /* First, the arguments in the "#!" string are tokenized and extracted. */
                argstart = imgp->ip_interp_buffer;
                while (argstart) {
                        ch = argstart;
                        while (*ch && !IS_WHITESPACE(*ch)) {
                                ch++;
                        }

                        if (*ch == '\0') {
                                /* last argument, no need to NUL-terminate */
                                error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(argstart), UIO_SYSSPACE, TRUE);
                                argstart = NULL;
                        } else {
                                /* NUL-terminate */
                                *ch = '\0';
                                error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(argstart), UIO_SYSSPACE, TRUE);

                                /*
                                 * Find the next string. We know spaces at the end of the string have already
                                 * been stripped.
                                 */
                                argstart = ch + 1;
                                while (IS_WHITESPACE(*argstart)) {
                                        argstart++;
                                }
                        }

                        /* Error-check, regardless of whether this is the last interpreter arg or not */
                        if (error)
                                goto bad;
                        if (imgp->ip_argspace < new_ptr_size) {
                                error = E2BIG;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_argspace -= new_ptr_size; /* to hold argv[] entry */
                        imgp->ip_argc++;
                }

                if (argv != 0LL) {
                        /*
                         * If we are running an interpreter, replace the av[0] that was
                         * passed to execve() with the path name that was
                         * passed to execve() for interpreters which do not use the PATH
                         * to locate their script arguments.
                         */
                        error = copyinptr(argv, &arg, ptr_size);
                        if (error)
                                goto bad;
                        if (arg != 0LL) {
                                argv += ptr_size; /* consume without using */
                        }
                }

                if (imgp->ip_interp_sugid_fd != -1) {
                        char temp[19]; /* "/dev/fd/" + 10 digits + NUL */
                        snprintf(temp, sizeof(temp), "/dev/fd/%d", imgp->ip_interp_sugid_fd);
                        error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(temp), UIO_SYSSPACE, TRUE);
                } else {
                        error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, imgp->ip_user_fname, imgp->ip_seg, TRUE);
                }
                
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
                if (imgp->ip_argspace < new_ptr_size) {
                        error = E2BIG;
                        goto bad;
                }
                imgp->ip_argspace -= new_ptr_size; /* to hold argv[] entry */
                imgp->ip_argc++;
        }

        while (argv != 0LL) {
                user_addr_t     arg;

                error = copyinptr(argv, &arg, ptr_size);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;

                if (arg == 0LL) {
                        break;
                }

                argv += ptr_size;

                /*
                * av[n...] = arg[n]
                */
                error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, arg, imgp->ip_seg, TRUE);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
                if (imgp->ip_argspace < new_ptr_size) {
                        error = E2BIG;
                        goto bad;
                }
                imgp->ip_argspace -= new_ptr_size; /* to hold argv[] entry */
                imgp->ip_argc++;
        }        

        /* Save space for argv[] NULL terminator */
        if (imgp->ip_argspace < new_ptr_size) {
                error = E2BIG;
                goto bad;
        }
        imgp->ip_argspace -= new_ptr_size;
        
        /* Note where the args ends and env begins. */
        imgp->ip_endargv = imgp->ip_strendp;
        imgp->ip_envc = 0;

        /* Now, get the environment */
        while (envv != 0LL) {
                user_addr_t     env;

                error = copyinptr(envv, &env, ptr_size);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;

                envv += ptr_size;
                if (env == 0LL) {
                        break;
                }
                /*
                * av[n...] = env[n]
                */
                error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, env, imgp->ip_seg, TRUE);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
                if (imgp->ip_argspace < new_ptr_size) {
                        error = E2BIG;
                        goto bad;
                }
                imgp->ip_argspace -= new_ptr_size; /* to hold envv[] entry */
                imgp->ip_envc++;
        }

        /* Save space for envv[] NULL terminator */
        if (imgp->ip_argspace < new_ptr_size) {
                error = E2BIG;
                goto bad;
        }
        imgp->ip_argspace -= new_ptr_size;

        /* Align the tail of the combined argv+envv area */
        while (imgp->ip_strspace % new_ptr_size != 0) {
                if (imgp->ip_argspace < 1) {
                        error = E2BIG;
                        goto bad;
                }
                *imgp->ip_strendp++ = '\0';
                imgp->ip_strspace--;
                imgp->ip_argspace--;
        }
        
        /* Note where the envv ends and applev begins. */
        imgp->ip_endenvv = imgp->ip_strendp;

        /*
         * From now on, we are no longer charging argument
         * space to ip_argspace.
         */

bad:
        return error;
}

/*
 * Libc has an 8-element array set up for stack guard values.  It only fills
 * in one of those entries, and both gcc and llvm seem to use only a single
 * 8-byte guard.  Until somebody needs more than an 8-byte guard value, don't
 * do the work to construct them.
 */
#define GUARD_VALUES 1
#define GUARD_KEY "stack_guard="

/*
 * System malloc needs some entropy when it is initialized.
 */
#define ENTROPY_VALUES 2
#define ENTROPY_KEY "malloc_entropy="

/*
 * System malloc engages nanozone for UIAPP.
 */
#define NANO_ENGAGE_KEY "MallocNanoZone=1"

#define PFZ_KEY "pfz="
extern user32_addr_t commpage_text32_location;
extern user64_addr_t commpage_text64_location;

#define MAIN_STACK_VALUES 4
#define MAIN_STACK_KEY "main_stack="

#define HEX_STR_LEN 18 // 64-bit hex value "0x0123456701234567"

static int
exec_add_entropy_key(struct image_params *imgp,
                     const char *key,
                     int values,
                     boolean_t embedNUL)
{
        const int limit = 8;
        uint64_t entropy[limit];
        char str[strlen(key) + (HEX_STR_LEN + 1) * limit + 1];
        if (values > limit) {
                values = limit;
        }

    read_random(entropy, sizeof(entropy[0]) * values);

        if (embedNUL) {
                entropy[0] &= ~(0xffull << 8);
        }

        int len = snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "%s0x%llx", key, entropy[0]);
        int remaining = sizeof(str) - len;
        for (int i = 1; i < values && remaining > 0; ++i) {
                int start = sizeof(str) - remaining;
                len = snprintf(&str[start], remaining, ",0x%llx", entropy[i]);
                remaining -= len;
        }

        return exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(str), UIO_SYSSPACE, FALSE);
}

/*
 * Build up the contents of the apple[] string vector
 */
static int
exec_add_apple_strings(struct image_params *imgp,
                       const load_result_t *load_result)
{
        int error;
        int img_ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;

        /* exec_save_path stored the first string */
        imgp->ip_applec = 1;

        /* adding the pfz string */
        {
                char pfz_string[strlen(PFZ_KEY) + HEX_STR_LEN + 1];

                if (img_ptr_size == 8) {
                        snprintf(pfz_string, sizeof(pfz_string), PFZ_KEY "0x%llx", commpage_text64_location);
                } else {
                        snprintf(pfz_string, sizeof(pfz_string), PFZ_KEY "0x%x", commpage_text32_location);
                }
                error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(pfz_string), UIO_SYSSPACE, FALSE);
                if (error) {
                        goto bad;
                }
                imgp->ip_applec++;
        }

        /* adding the NANO_ENGAGE_KEY key */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa) {
                int proc_flags = (((struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa)->psa_flags);

                if ((proc_flags & _POSIX_SPAWN_NANO_ALLOCATOR) == _POSIX_SPAWN_NANO_ALLOCATOR) {
                        const char *nano_string = NANO_ENGAGE_KEY;
                        error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(nano_string), UIO_SYSSPACE, FALSE);
                        if (error){
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_applec++;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Supply libc with a collection of random values to use when
         * implementing -fstack-protector.
         *
         * (The first random string always contains an embedded NUL so that
         * __stack_chk_guard also protects against C string vulnerabilities)
         */
        error = exec_add_entropy_key(imgp, GUARD_KEY, GUARD_VALUES, TRUE);
        if (error) {
                goto bad;
        }
        imgp->ip_applec++;

        /*
         * Supply libc with entropy for system malloc.
         */
        error = exec_add_entropy_key(imgp, ENTROPY_KEY, ENTROPY_VALUES, FALSE);
        if (error) {
                goto bad;
        }
        imgp->ip_applec++;

        /* 
         * Add MAIN_STACK_KEY: Supplies the address and size of the main thread's
         * stack if it was allocated by the kernel.
         *
         * The guard page is not included in this stack size as libpthread
         * expects to add it back in after receiving this value.
         */
        if (load_result->unixproc) {
                char stack_string[strlen(MAIN_STACK_KEY) + (HEX_STR_LEN + 1) * MAIN_STACK_VALUES + 1];
                snprintf(stack_string, sizeof(stack_string),
                         MAIN_STACK_KEY "0x%llx,0x%llx,0x%llx,0x%llx",
                         (uint64_t)load_result->user_stack,
                         (uint64_t)load_result->user_stack_size,
                         (uint64_t)load_result->user_stack_alloc,
                         (uint64_t)load_result->user_stack_alloc_size);
                error = exec_add_user_string(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(stack_string), UIO_SYSSPACE, FALSE);
                if (error) {
                        goto bad;
                }
                imgp->ip_applec++;
        }

        /* Align the tail of the combined applev area */
        while (imgp->ip_strspace % img_ptr_size != 0) {
                *imgp->ip_strendp++ = '\0';
                imgp->ip_strspace--;
        }

bad:
        return error;
}

#define unix_stack_size(p)      (p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK].rlim_cur)

/*
 * exec_check_permissions
 *
 * Description: Verify that the file that is being attempted to be executed
 *              is in fact allowed to be executed based on it POSIX file
 *              permissions and other access control criteria
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EACCES                  Permission denied
 *              ENOEXEC                 Executable file format error
 *              ETXTBSY                 Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      vnode_getattr:???
 *      vnode_authorize:???
 */
static int
exec_check_permissions(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct vnode *vp = imgp->ip_vp;
        struct vnode_attr *vap = imgp->ip_vattr;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int error;
        kauth_action_t action;

        /* Only allow execution of regular files */
        if (!vnode_isreg(vp))
                return (EACCES);
        
        /* Get the file attributes that we will be using here and elsewhere */
        VATTR_INIT(vap);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_uid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_gid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_mode);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_fsid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_fileid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_data_size);
        if ((error = vnode_getattr(vp, vap, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                return (error);

        /*
         * Ensure that at least one execute bit is on - otherwise root
         * will always succeed, and we don't want to happen unless the
         * file really is executable.
         */
        if (!vfs_authopaque(vnode_mount(vp)) && ((vap->va_mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)) == 0))
                return (EACCES);

        /* Disallow zero length files */
        if (vap->va_data_size == 0)
                return (ENOEXEC);

        imgp->ip_arch_offset = (user_size_t)0;
        imgp->ip_arch_size = vap->va_data_size;

        /* Disable setuid-ness for traced programs or if MNT_NOSUID */
        if ((vp->v_mount->mnt_flag & MNT_NOSUID) || (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED))
                vap->va_mode &= ~(VSUID | VSGID);

        /*
         * Disable _POSIX_SPAWN_ALLOW_DATA_EXEC and _POSIX_SPAWN_DISABLE_ASLR
         * flags for setuid/setgid binaries.
         */
        if (vap->va_mode & (VSUID | VSGID))
                imgp->ip_flags &= ~(IMGPF_ALLOW_DATA_EXEC | IMGPF_DISABLE_ASLR);

#if CONFIG_MACF
        error = mac_vnode_check_exec(imgp->ip_vfs_context, vp, imgp);
        if (error)
                return (error);
#endif

        /* Check for execute permission */
        action = KAUTH_VNODE_EXECUTE;
        /* Traced images must also be readable */
        if (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED)
                action |= KAUTH_VNODE_READ_DATA;
        if ((error = vnode_authorize(vp, NULL, action, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                return (error);

#if 0
        /* Don't let it run if anyone had it open for writing */
        vnode_lock(vp);
        if (vp->v_writecount) {
                panic("going to return ETXTBSY %x", vp);
                vnode_unlock(vp);
                return (ETXTBSY);
        }
        vnode_unlock(vp);
#endif


        /* XXX May want to indicate to underlying FS that vnode is open */

        return (error);
}


/*
 * exec_handle_sugid
 *
 * Initially clear the P_SUGID in the process flags; if an SUGID process is
 * exec'ing a non-SUGID image, then  this is the point of no return.
 *
 * If the image being activated is SUGID, then replace the credential with a
 * copy, disable tracing (unless the tracing process is root), reset the
 * mach task port to revoke it, set the P_SUGID bit,
 *
 * If the saved user and group ID will be changing, then make sure it happens
 * to a new credential, rather than a shared one.
 *
 * Set the security token (this is probably obsolete, given that the token
 * should not technically be separate from the credential itself).
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     void                    No failure indication
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              <process credential>    Potentially modified/replaced
 *              <task port>             Potentially revoked
 *              <process flags>         P_SUGID bit potentially modified
 *              <security token>        Potentially modified
 */
static int
exec_handle_sugid(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        proc_t                  p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        kauth_cred_t            cred = vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        kauth_cred_t            my_cred, my_new_cred;
        int                     i;
        int                     leave_sugid_clear = 0;
        int                     mac_reset_ipc = 0;
        int                     error = 0;
        task_t                  task = NULL;
#if CONFIG_MACF
        int                     mac_transition, disjoint_cred = 0;
        int             label_update_return = 0;

        /*
         * Determine whether a call to update the MAC label will result in the
         * credential changing.
         *
         * Note:        MAC policies which do not actually end up modifying
         *              the label subsequently are strongly encouraged to
         *              return 0 for this check, since a non-zero answer will
         *              slow down the exec fast path for normal binaries.
         */
        mac_transition = mac_cred_check_label_update_execve(
                                                        imgp->ip_vfs_context,
                                                        imgp->ip_vp,
                                                        imgp->ip_arch_offset,
                                                        imgp->ip_scriptvp,
                                                        imgp->ip_scriptlabelp,
                                                        imgp->ip_execlabelp,
                                                        p,
                                                        imgp->ip_px_smpx);
#endif

        OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_SUGID), &p->p_flag);

        /*
         * Order of the following is important; group checks must go last,
         * as we use the success of the 'ismember' check combined with the
         * failure of the explicit match to indicate that we will be setting
         * the egid of the process even though the new process did not
         * require VSUID/VSGID bits in order for it to set the new group as
         * its egid.
         *
         * Note:        Technically, by this we are implying a call to
         *              setegid() in the new process, rather than implying
         *              it used its VSGID bit to set the effective group,
         *              even though there is no code in that process to make
         *              such a call.
         */
        if (((imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSUID) != 0 &&
             kauth_cred_getuid(cred) != imgp->ip_origvattr->va_uid) ||
            ((imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSGID) != 0 &&
                 ((kauth_cred_ismember_gid(cred, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid, &leave_sugid_clear) || !leave_sugid_clear) ||
                 (kauth_cred_getgid(cred) != imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid)))) {

#if CONFIG_MACF
/* label for MAC transition and neither VSUID nor VSGID */
handle_mac_transition:
#endif

                /*
                 * Replace the credential with a copy of itself if euid or
                 * egid change.
                 *
                 * Note:        setuid binaries will automatically opt out of
                 *              group resolver participation as a side effect
                 *              of this operation.  This is an intentional
                 *              part of the security model, which requires a
                 *              participating credential be established by
                 *              escalating privilege, setting up all other
                 *              aspects of the credential including whether
                 *              or not to participate in external group
                 *              membership resolution, then dropping their
                 *              effective privilege to that of the desired
                 *              final credential state.
                 *
                 * Modifications to p_ucred must be guarded using the
                 * proc's ucred lock. This prevents others from accessing
                 * a garbage credential.
                 */
                while (imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSUID) {
                        my_cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
                        my_new_cred = kauth_cred_setresuid(my_cred, KAUTH_UID_NONE, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_uid, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_uid, KAUTH_UID_NONE);

                        if (my_new_cred == my_cred) {
                                kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
                                break;
                        }

                        /* update cred on proc */
                        proc_ucred_lock(p);

                        if (p->p_ucred != my_cred) {
                                proc_ucred_unlock(p);
                                kauth_cred_unref(&my_new_cred);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* donate cred reference on my_new_cred to p->p_ucred */
                        p->p_ucred = my_new_cred;
                        PROC_UPDATE_CREDS_ONPROC(p);
                        proc_ucred_unlock(p);

                        /* drop additional reference that was taken on the previous cred */
                        kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);

                        break;
                }

                while (imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSGID) {
                        my_cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
                        my_new_cred = kauth_cred_setresgid(my_cred, KAUTH_GID_NONE, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid);

                        if (my_new_cred == my_cred) {
                                kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
                                break;
                        }

                        /* update cred on proc */
                        proc_ucred_lock(p);

                        if (p->p_ucred != my_cred) {
                                proc_ucred_unlock(p);
                                kauth_cred_unref(&my_new_cred);
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* donate cred reference on my_new_cred to p->p_ucred */
                        p->p_ucred = my_new_cred;
                        PROC_UPDATE_CREDS_ONPROC(p);
                        proc_ucred_unlock(p);

                        /* drop additional reference that was taken on the previous cred */
                        kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);

                        break;
                }

#if CONFIG_MACF
                /* 
                 * If a policy has indicated that it will transition the label,
                 * before making the call into the MAC policies, get a new
                 * duplicate credential, so they can modify it without
                 * modifying any others sharing it.
                 */
                if (mac_transition) { 
                        /*
                         * This hook may generate upcalls that require
                         * importance donation from the kernel.
                         * (23925818)
                         */
                        thread_t thread = current_thread();
                        thread_enable_send_importance(thread, TRUE);
                        kauth_proc_label_update_execve(p,
                                                imgp->ip_vfs_context,
                                                imgp->ip_vp, 
                                                imgp->ip_arch_offset,
                                                imgp->ip_scriptvp,
                                                imgp->ip_scriptlabelp,
                                                imgp->ip_execlabelp,
                                                &imgp->ip_csflags,
                                                imgp->ip_px_smpx,
                                                &disjoint_cred, /* will be non zero if disjoint */
                                                &label_update_return);
                        thread_enable_send_importance(thread, FALSE);

                        if (disjoint_cred) {
                                /*
                                 * If updating the MAC label resulted in a
                                 * disjoint credential, flag that we need to
                                 * set the P_SUGID bit.  This protects
                                 * against debuggers being attached by an
                                 * insufficiently privileged process onto the
                                 * result of a transition to a more privileged
                                 * credential.
                                 */
                                leave_sugid_clear = 0;
                        }
                        
                        imgp->ip_mac_return = label_update_return;
                }
                
                mac_reset_ipc = mac_proc_check_inherit_ipc_ports(p, p->p_textvp, p->p_textoff, imgp->ip_vp, imgp->ip_arch_offset, imgp->ip_scriptvp);

#endif  /* CONFIG_MACF */

                /*
                 * If 'leave_sugid_clear' is non-zero, then we passed the
                 * VSUID and MACF checks, and successfully determined that
                 * the previous cred was a member of the VSGID group, but
                 * that it was not the default at the time of the execve,
                 * and that the post-labelling credential was not disjoint.
                 * So we don't set the P_SUGID or reset mach ports and fds 
                 * on the basis of simply running this code.
                 */
                if (mac_reset_ipc || !leave_sugid_clear) {
                        /*
                         * Have mach reset the task and thread ports.
                         * We don't want anyone who had the ports before
                         * a setuid exec to be able to access/control the
                         * task/thread after.
                         */
                        ipc_task_reset((imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) ?
                                        get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread) : p->task);
                        ipc_thread_reset((imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) ?
                                         imgp->ip_new_thread : current_thread());
                }

                if (!leave_sugid_clear) {
                        /*
                         * Flag the process as setuid.
                         */
                        OSBitOrAtomic(P_SUGID, &p->p_flag);

                        /*
                         * Radar 2261856; setuid security hole fix
                         * XXX For setuid processes, attempt to ensure that
                         * stdin, stdout, and stderr are already allocated.
                         * We do not want userland to accidentally allocate
                         * descriptors in this range which has implied meaning
                         * to libc.
                         */
                        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

                                if (p->p_fd->fd_ofiles[i] != NULL)
                                        continue;

                                /*
                                 * Do the kernel equivalent of
                                 *
                                 *      if i == 0
                                 *              (void) open("/dev/null", O_RDONLY);
                                 *      else 
                                 *              (void) open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY);
                                 */

                                struct fileproc *fp;
                                int indx;
                                int flag;
                                struct nameidata *ndp = NULL;

                                if (i == 0)
                                        flag = FREAD;
                                else 
                                        flag = FWRITE;

                                if ((error = falloc(p,
                                    &fp, &indx, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                                        continue;

                                MALLOC(ndp, struct nameidata *, sizeof(*ndp), M_TEMP, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
                                if (ndp == NULL) {
                                        fp_free(p, indx, fp);
                                        error = ENOMEM;
                                        break;
                                }

                                NDINIT(ndp, LOOKUP, OP_OPEN, FOLLOW, UIO_SYSSPACE,
                                    CAST_USER_ADDR_T("/dev/null"),
                                    imgp->ip_vfs_context);

                                if ((error = vn_open(ndp, flag, 0)) != 0) {
                                        fp_free(p, indx, fp);
                                        FREE(ndp, M_TEMP);
                                        break;
                                }

                                struct fileglob *fg = fp->f_fglob;

                                fg->fg_flag = flag;
                                fg->fg_ops = &vnops;
                                fg->fg_data = ndp->ni_vp;

                                vnode_put(ndp->ni_vp);

                                proc_fdlock(p);
                                procfdtbl_releasefd(p, indx, NULL);
                                fp_drop(p, indx, fp, 1);
                                proc_fdunlock(p);

                                FREE(ndp, M_TEMP);
                        }
                }
        }
#if CONFIG_MACF
        else {
                /*
                 * We are here because we were told that the MAC label will
                 * be transitioned, and the binary is not VSUID or VSGID; to
                 * deal with this case, we could either duplicate a lot of
                 * code, or we can indicate we want to default the P_SUGID
                 * bit clear and jump back up.
                 */
                if (mac_transition) {
                        leave_sugid_clear = 1;
                        goto handle_mac_transition;
                }
        }

#endif  /* CONFIG_MACF */

        /*
         * Implement the semantic where the effective user and group become
         * the saved user and group in exec'ed programs.
         *
         * Modifications to p_ucred must be guarded using the
         * proc's ucred lock. This prevents others from accessing
         * a garbage credential.
         */
        for (;;) {
                my_cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
                my_new_cred = kauth_cred_setsvuidgid(my_cred, kauth_cred_getuid(my_cred),  kauth_cred_getgid(my_cred));

                if (my_new_cred == my_cred) {
                        kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
                        break;
                }

                /* update cred on proc */
                proc_ucred_lock(p);

                if (p->p_ucred != my_cred) {
                        proc_ucred_unlock(p);
                        kauth_cred_unref(&my_new_cred);
                        continue;
                }

                /* donate cred reference on my_new_cred to p->p_ucred */
                p->p_ucred = my_new_cred;
                PROC_UPDATE_CREDS_ONPROC(p);
                proc_ucred_unlock(p);

                /* drop additional reference that was taken on the previous cred */
                kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);

                break;
        }


        /* Update the process' identity version and set the security token */
        p->p_idversion++;

        if (imgp->ip_new_thread != NULL) {
                task = get_threadtask(imgp->ip_new_thread);
        } else {
                task = p->task;
        }
        set_security_token_task_internal(p, task);

        return(error);
}


/*
 * create_unix_stack
 *
 * Description: Set the user stack address for the process to the provided
 *              address.  If a custom stack was not set as a result of the
 *              load process (i.e. as specified by the image file for the
 *              executable), then allocate the stack in the provided map and
 *              set up appropriate guard pages for enforcing administrative
 *              limits on stack growth, if they end up being needed.
 *
 * Parameters:  p                       Process to set stack on
 *              load_result             Information from mach-o load commands
 *              map                     Address map in which to allocate the new stack
 *
 * Returns:     KERN_SUCCESS            Stack successfully created
 *              !KERN_SUCCESS           Mach failure code
 */
static kern_return_t
create_unix_stack(vm_map_t map, load_result_t* load_result, 
                        proc_t p)
{
        mach_vm_size_t          size, prot_size;
        mach_vm_offset_t        addr, prot_addr;
        kern_return_t           kr;

        mach_vm_address_t       user_stack = load_result->user_stack;
        
        proc_lock(p);
        p->user_stack = user_stack;
        proc_unlock(p);

        if (load_result->user_stack_alloc_size > 0) {
                /*
                 * Allocate enough space for the maximum stack size we
                 * will ever authorize and an extra page to act as
                 * a guard page for stack overflows. For default stacks,
                 * vm_initial_limit_stack takes care of the extra guard page.
                 * Otherwise we must allocate it ourselves.
                 */
                if (mach_vm_round_page_overflow(load_result->user_stack_alloc_size, &size)) {
                        return KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
                }
                addr = mach_vm_trunc_page(load_result->user_stack - size);
                kr = mach_vm_allocate(map, &addr, size,
                                      VM_MAKE_TAG(VM_MEMORY_STACK) |
                                      VM_FLAGS_FIXED);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        // Can't allocate at default location, try anywhere
                        addr = 0;
                        kr = mach_vm_allocate(map, &addr, size,
                                              VM_MAKE_TAG(VM_MEMORY_STACK) |
                                              VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
                        if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                                return kr;
                        }

                        user_stack = addr + size;
                        load_result->user_stack = user_stack;

                        proc_lock(p);
                        p->user_stack = user_stack;
                        proc_unlock(p);
                }

                load_result->user_stack_alloc = addr;

                /*
                 * And prevent access to what's above the current stack
                 * size limit for this process.
                 */
                if (load_result->user_stack_size == 0) {
                        load_result->user_stack_size = unix_stack_size(p);
                        prot_size = mach_vm_trunc_page(size - load_result->user_stack_size);
                } else {
                        prot_size = PAGE_SIZE;
                }

                prot_addr = addr;
                kr = mach_vm_protect(map,
                                     prot_addr,
                                     prot_size,
                                     FALSE,
                                     VM_PROT_NONE);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        (void)mach_vm_deallocate(map, addr, size);
                        return kr;
                }
        }

        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

#include <sys/reboot.h>

/*
 * load_init_program_at_path
 *
 * Description: Load the "init" program; in most cases, this will be "launchd"
 *
 * Parameters:  p                       Process to call execve() to create
 *                                      the "init" program
 *              scratch_addr            Page in p, scratch space
 *              path                    NULL terminated path
 *
 * Returns:     KERN_SUCCESS            Success
 *              !KERN_SUCCESS           See execve/mac_execve for error codes
 *
 * Notes:       The process that is passed in is the first manufactured
 *              process on the system, and gets here via bsd_ast() firing
 *              for the first time.  This is done to ensure that bsd_init()
 *              has run to completion.
 *
 *              The address map of the first manufactured process matches the
 *              word width of the kernel. Once the self-exec completes, the
 *              initproc might be different.
 */
static int
load_init_program_at_path(proc_t p, user_addr_t scratch_addr, const char* path)
{
        int retval[2];
        int error;
        struct execve_args init_exec_args;
        user_addr_t argv0 = USER_ADDR_NULL, argv1 = USER_ADDR_NULL;

        /*
         * Validate inputs and pre-conditions
         */
        assert(p);
        assert(scratch_addr);
        assert(path);

        /*
         * Copy out program name.
         */
        size_t path_length = strlen(path) + 1;
        argv0 = scratch_addr;
        error = copyout(path, argv0, path_length);
        if (error)
                return error;

        scratch_addr = USER_ADDR_ALIGN(scratch_addr + path_length, sizeof(user_addr_t));

        /*
         * Put out first (and only) argument, similarly.
         * Assumes everything fits in a page as allocated above.
         */
        if (boothowto & RB_SINGLE) {
                const char *init_args = "-s";
                size_t init_args_length = strlen(init_args)+1;

                argv1 = scratch_addr;
                error = copyout(init_args, argv1, init_args_length);
                if (error)
                        return error;

                scratch_addr = USER_ADDR_ALIGN(scratch_addr + init_args_length, sizeof(user_addr_t));
        }

        if (proc_is64bit(p)) {
                user64_addr_t argv64bit[3];

                argv64bit[0] = argv0;
                argv64bit[1] = argv1;
                argv64bit[2] = USER_ADDR_NULL;

                error = copyout(argv64bit, scratch_addr, sizeof(argv64bit));
                if (error)
                        return error;
        } else {
                user32_addr_t argv32bit[3];

                argv32bit[0] = (user32_addr_t)argv0;
                argv32bit[1] = (user32_addr_t)argv1;
                argv32bit[2] = USER_ADDR_NULL;

                error = copyout(argv32bit, scratch_addr, sizeof(argv32bit));
                if (error)
                        return error;
        }

        /*
         * Set up argument block for fake call to execve.
         */
        init_exec_args.fname = argv0;
        init_exec_args.argp = scratch_addr;
        init_exec_args.envp = USER_ADDR_NULL;

        /*
         * So that init task is set with uid,gid 0 token
         */
        set_security_token(p);

        return execve(p, &init_exec_args, retval);
}

static const char * init_programs[] = {
#if DEBUG
        "/usr/local/sbin/launchd.debug",
#endif
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        "/usr/local/sbin/launchd.development",
#endif
        "/sbin/launchd",
};

/*
 * load_init_program
 *
 * Description: Load the "init" program; in most cases, this will be "launchd"
 *
 * Parameters:  p                       Process to call execve() to create
 *                                      the "init" program
 *
 * Returns:     (void)
 *
 * Notes:       The process that is passed in is the first manufactured
 *              process on the system, and gets here via bsd_ast() firing
 *              for the first time.  This is done to ensure that bsd_init()
 *              has run to completion.
 *
 *              In DEBUG & DEVELOPMENT builds, the launchdsuffix boot-arg
 *              may be used to select a specific launchd executable. As with
 *              the kcsuffix boot-arg, setting launchdsuffix to "" or "release"
 *              will force /sbin/launchd to be selected.
 *
 *              Search order by build:
 *
 * DEBUG        DEVELOPMENT     RELEASE         PATH
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * 1            1               NA              /usr/local/sbin/launchd.$LAUNCHDSUFFIX
 * 2            NA              NA              /usr/local/sbin/launchd.debug
 * 3            2               NA              /usr/local/sbin/launchd.development
 * 4            3               1               /sbin/launchd
 */
void
load_init_program(proc_t p)
{
        uint32_t i;
        int error;
        vm_map_t map = current_map();
        mach_vm_offset_t scratch_addr = 0;
        mach_vm_size_t map_page_size = vm_map_page_size(map);

        (void) mach_vm_allocate(map, &scratch_addr, map_page_size, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM
        (void) memorystatus_init_at_boot_snapshot();
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS && CONFIG_JETSAM */

#if DEBUG || DEVELOPMENT
        /* Check for boot-arg suffix first */
        char launchd_suffix[64];
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("launchdsuffix", launchd_suffix, sizeof(launchd_suffix))) {
                char launchd_path[128];
                boolean_t is_release_suffix = ((launchd_suffix[0] == 0) ||
                                               (strcmp(launchd_suffix, "release") == 0));

                if (is_release_suffix) {
                        error = load_init_program_at_path(p, (user_addr_t)scratch_addr, "/sbin/launchd");
                        if (!error)
                                return;

                        panic("Process 1 exec of launchd.release failed, errno %d", error);
                } else {
                        strlcpy(launchd_path, "/usr/local/sbin/launchd.", sizeof(launchd_path));
                        strlcat(launchd_path, launchd_suffix, sizeof(launchd_path));

                        /* All the error data is lost in the loop below, don't
                         * attempt to save it. */
                        if (!load_init_program_at_path(p, (user_addr_t)scratch_addr, launchd_path)) {
                                return;
                        }
                }
        }
#endif

        error = ENOENT;
        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(init_programs)/sizeof(init_programs[0]); i++) {
                error = load_init_program_at_path(p, (user_addr_t)scratch_addr, init_programs[i]);
                if (!error)
                        return;
        }

        panic("Process 1 exec of %s failed, errno %d", ((i == 0) ? "<null>" : init_programs[i-1]), error);
}

/*
 * load_return_to_errno
 *
 * Description: Convert a load_return_t (Mach error) to an errno (BSD error)
 *
 * Parameters:  lrtn                    Mach error number
 *
 * Returns:     (int)                   BSD error number
 *              0                       Success
 *              EBADARCH                Bad architecture
 *              EBADMACHO               Bad Mach object file
 *              ESHLIBVERS              Bad shared library version
 *              ENOMEM                  Out of memory/resource shortage
 *              EACCES                  Access denied
 *              ENOENT                  Entry not found (usually "file does
 *                                      does not exist")
 *              EIO                     An I/O error occurred
 *              EBADEXEC                The executable is corrupt/unknown
 */
static int 
load_return_to_errno(load_return_t lrtn)
{
        switch (lrtn) {
        case LOAD_SUCCESS:
                return 0;
        case LOAD_BADARCH:
                return EBADARCH;
        case LOAD_BADMACHO:
        case LOAD_BADMACHO_UPX:
                return EBADMACHO;
        case LOAD_SHLIB:
                return ESHLIBVERS;
        case LOAD_NOSPACE:
        case LOAD_RESOURCE:
                return ENOMEM;
        case LOAD_PROTECT:
                return EACCES;
        case LOAD_ENOENT:
                return ENOENT;
        case LOAD_IOERROR:
                return EIO;
        case LOAD_FAILURE:
        case LOAD_DECRYPTFAIL:
        default:
                return EBADEXEC;
        }
}

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/vm_prot.h>
#include <mach/semaphore.h>
#include <mach/sync_policy.h>
#include <kern/clock.h>
#include <mach/kern_return.h>

/*
 * execargs_alloc
 *
 * Description: Allocate the block of memory used by the execve arguments.
 *              At the same time, we allocate a page so that we can read in
 *              the first page of the image.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              EACCES                  Permission denied
 *              EINTR                   Interrupted function
 *              ENOMEM                  Not enough space
 *
 * Notes:       This is a temporary allocation into the kernel address space
 *              to enable us to copy arguments in from user space.  This is
 *              necessitated by not mapping the process calling execve() into
 *              the kernel address space during the execve() system call.
 *
 *              We assemble the argument and environment, etc., into this
 *              region before copying it as a single block into the child
 *              process address space (at the top or bottom of the stack,
 *              depending on which way the stack grows; see the function
 *              exec_copyout_strings() for details).
 *
 *              This ends up with a second (possibly unnecessary) copy compared
 *              with assembing the data directly into the child address space,
 *              instead, but since we cannot be guaranteed that the parent has
 *              not modified its environment, we can't really know that it's
 *              really a block there as well.
 */


static int execargs_waiters = 0;
lck_mtx_t *execargs_cache_lock;

static void
execargs_lock_lock(void) {
        lck_mtx_lock_spin(execargs_cache_lock);
}

static void
execargs_lock_unlock(void) {
        lck_mtx_unlock(execargs_cache_lock);
}

static wait_result_t
execargs_lock_sleep(void) {
        return(lck_mtx_sleep(execargs_cache_lock, LCK_SLEEP_DEFAULT, &execargs_free_count, THREAD_INTERRUPTIBLE));
}

static kern_return_t
execargs_purgeable_allocate(char **execarg_address) {
        kern_return_t kr = vm_allocate(bsd_pageable_map, (vm_offset_t *)execarg_address, BSD_PAGEABLE_SIZE_PER_EXEC, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE | VM_FLAGS_PURGABLE);
        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        return kr;
}

static kern_return_t
execargs_purgeable_reference(void *execarg_address) {
        int state = VM_PURGABLE_NONVOLATILE;
        kern_return_t kr = vm_purgable_control(bsd_pageable_map, (vm_offset_t) execarg_address, VM_PURGABLE_SET_STATE, &state);

        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);
        return kr;
}

static kern_return_t
execargs_purgeable_volatilize(void *execarg_address) {
        int state = VM_PURGABLE_VOLATILE | VM_PURGABLE_ORDERING_OBSOLETE;
        kern_return_t kr;
        kr = vm_purgable_control(bsd_pageable_map, (vm_offset_t) execarg_address, VM_PURGABLE_SET_STATE, &state);

        assert(kr == KERN_SUCCESS);

        return kr;
}

static void
execargs_wakeup_waiters(void) {
        thread_wakeup(&execargs_free_count);
}

static int
execargs_alloc(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        kern_return_t kret;
        wait_result_t res;
        int i, cache_index = -1;

        execargs_lock_lock();

        while (execargs_free_count == 0) {
                execargs_waiters++;
                res = execargs_lock_sleep();
                execargs_waiters--;
                if (res != THREAD_AWAKENED) {
                        execargs_lock_unlock();
                        return (EINTR);
                }
        }

        execargs_free_count--;

        for (i = 0; i < execargs_cache_size; i++) {
                vm_offset_t element = execargs_cache[i];
                if (element) {
                        cache_index = i;
                        imgp->ip_strings = (char *)(execargs_cache[i]);
                        execargs_cache[i] = 0;
                        break;
                }
        }

        assert(execargs_free_count >= 0);

        execargs_lock_unlock();
        
        if (cache_index == -1) {
                kret = execargs_purgeable_allocate(&imgp->ip_strings);
        }
        else
                kret = execargs_purgeable_reference(imgp->ip_strings);

        assert(kret == KERN_SUCCESS);
        if (kret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                return (ENOMEM);
        }

        /* last page used to read in file headers */
        imgp->ip_vdata = imgp->ip_strings + ( NCARGS + PAGE_SIZE );
        imgp->ip_strendp = imgp->ip_strings;
        imgp->ip_argspace = NCARGS;
        imgp->ip_strspace = ( NCARGS + PAGE_SIZE );

        return (0);
}

/*
 * execargs_free
 *
 * Description: Free the block of memory used by the execve arguments and the
 *              first page of the executable by a previous call to the function
 *              execargs_alloc().
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              EINTR                   Oeration interrupted
 */
static int
execargs_free(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        kern_return_t kret;
        int i;
        boolean_t needs_wakeup = FALSE;
        
        kret = execargs_purgeable_volatilize(imgp->ip_strings);

        execargs_lock_lock();
        execargs_free_count++;

        for (i = 0; i < execargs_cache_size; i++) {
                vm_offset_t element = execargs_cache[i];
                if (element == 0) {
                        execargs_cache[i] = (vm_offset_t) imgp->ip_strings;
                        imgp->ip_strings = NULL;
                        break;
                }
        }

        assert(imgp->ip_strings == NULL);

        if (execargs_waiters > 0)
                needs_wakeup = TRUE;
        
        execargs_lock_unlock();

        if (needs_wakeup == TRUE)
                execargs_wakeup_waiters();

        return ((kret == KERN_SUCCESS ? 0 : EINVAL));
}

static void
exec_resettextvp(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
{
        vnode_t vp;
        off_t offset;
        vnode_t tvp  = p->p_textvp;
        int ret;

        vp = imgp->ip_vp;
        offset = imgp->ip_arch_offset;

        if (vp == NULLVP)
                panic("exec_resettextvp: expected valid vp");

        ret = vnode_ref(vp);
        proc_lock(p);
        if (ret == 0) {
                p->p_textvp = vp;
                p->p_textoff = offset;
        } else {
                p->p_textvp = NULLVP;   /* this is paranoia */
                p->p_textoff = 0;
        }
        proc_unlock(p);

        if ( tvp != NULLVP) {
                if (vnode_getwithref(tvp) == 0) {
                        vnode_rele(tvp);
                        vnode_put(tvp);
                }
        }       

}

/*
 * If the process is not signed or if it contains entitlements, we
 * need to communicate through the task_access_port to taskgated.
 *
 * taskgated will provide a detached code signature if present, and
 * will enforce any restrictions on entitlements.
 */

static boolean_t
taskgated_required(proc_t p, boolean_t *require_success)
{
        size_t length;
        void *blob;
        int error;

        if (cs_debug > 2)
                csvnode_print_debug(p->p_textvp);

        const int can_skip_taskgated = csproc_get_platform_binary(p) && !csproc_get_platform_path(p);
        if (can_skip_taskgated) {
                if (cs_debug) printf("taskgated not required for: %s\n", p->p_name);
                *require_success = FALSE;
                return FALSE;
        }

        if ((p->p_csflags & CS_VALID) == 0) {
                *require_success = FALSE;
                return TRUE;
        }

        error = cs_entitlements_blob_get(p, &blob, &length);
        if (error == 0 && blob != NULL) {
                /*
                 * fatal on the desktop when entitlements are present,
                 * unless we started in single-user mode 
                 */
                if ((boothowto & RB_SINGLE) == 0)
                        *require_success = TRUE;
                /*
                 * Allow initproc to run without causing taskgated to launch
                 */
                if (p == initproc) {
                        *require_success = FALSE;
                        return FALSE;
                }

                if (cs_debug) printf("taskgated required for: %s\n", p->p_name);

                return TRUE;
        }

        *require_success = FALSE;
        return FALSE;
}

/*
 * __EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__
 * 
 * Description: Waits for the userspace daemon to respond to the request
 *              we made. Function declared non inline to be visible in
 *              stackshots and spindumps as well as debugging.
 */
__attribute__((noinline)) int 
__EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__(mach_port_t task_access_port, int32_t new_pid)
{
        return find_code_signature(task_access_port, new_pid);
}

static int
check_for_signature(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
{
        mach_port_t port = NULL;
        kern_return_t kr = KERN_FAILURE;
        int error = EACCES;
        boolean_t unexpected_failure = FALSE;
        unsigned char hash[SHA1_RESULTLEN];
        boolean_t require_success = FALSE;
        int spawn = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_SPAWN);
        int vfexec = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_VFORK_EXEC);
        os_reason_t signature_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;

        /*
         * Override inherited code signing flags with the
         * ones for the process that is being successfully
         * loaded
         */
        proc_lock(p);
        p->p_csflags = imgp->ip_csflags;
        proc_unlock(p);

        /* Set the switch_protect flag on the map */
        if(p->p_csflags & (CS_HARD|CS_KILL)) {
                vm_map_switch_protect(get_task_map(p->task), TRUE);
        }
        
        /*
         * image activation may be failed due to policy
         * which is unexpected but security framework does not
         * approve of exec, kill and return immediately.
         */
        if (imgp->ip_mac_return != 0) {

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_SECURITY_POLICY, 0, 0);
                signature_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_SECURITY_POLICY);
                error = imgp->ip_mac_return;
                unexpected_failure = TRUE;
                goto done;
        }

        if (imgp->ip_cs_error != OS_REASON_NULL) {
                signature_failure_reason = imgp->ip_cs_error;
                imgp->ip_cs_error = OS_REASON_NULL;
                error = EACCES;
                goto done;
        }

        /* check if callout to taskgated is needed */
        if (!taskgated_required(p, &require_success)) {
                error = 0;
                goto done;
        }

        kr = task_get_task_access_port(p->task, &port);
        if (KERN_SUCCESS != kr || !IPC_PORT_VALID(port)) {
                error = 0;
                if (require_success) {
                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                        p->p_pid, OS_REASON_CODESIGNING, CODESIGNING_EXIT_REASON_TASK_ACCESS_PORT, 0, 0);
                        signature_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_CODESIGNING, CODESIGNING_EXIT_REASON_TASK_ACCESS_PORT);
                        error = EACCES;
                }
                goto done;
        }

        /*
         * taskgated returns KERN_SUCCESS if it has completed its work
         * and the exec should continue, KERN_FAILURE if the exec should 
         * fail, or it may error out with different error code in an 
         * event of mig failure (e.g. process was signalled during the 
         * rpc call, taskgated died, mig server died etc.).
         */

        kr = __EXEC_WAITING_ON_TASKGATED_CODE_SIGNATURE_UPCALL__(port, p->p_pid);
        switch (kr) {
        case KERN_SUCCESS:
                error = 0;
                break;
        case KERN_FAILURE:
                error = EACCES;

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_CODESIGNING, CODESIGNING_EXIT_REASON_TASKGATED_INVALID_SIG, 0, 0);
                signature_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_CODESIGNING, CODESIGNING_EXIT_REASON_TASKGATED_INVALID_SIG);
                goto done;
        default:
                error = EACCES;

                KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT(BSDDBG_CODE(DBG_BSD_PROC, BSD_PROC_EXITREASON_CREATE) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                                p->p_pid, OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_TASKGATED_OTHER, 0, 0);
                signature_failure_reason = os_reason_create(OS_REASON_EXEC, EXEC_EXIT_REASON_TASKGATED_OTHER);
                unexpected_failure = TRUE;
                goto done;
        }

        /* Only do this if exec_resettextvp() did not fail */
        if (p->p_textvp != NULLVP) {
                /*
                 * If there's a new code directory, mark this process
                 * as signed.
                 */
                if (0 == ubc_cs_getcdhash(p->p_textvp, p->p_textoff, hash)) {
                        proc_lock(p);
                        p->p_csflags |= CS_VALID;
                        proc_unlock(p);
                }
        }

done:
        if (0 != error) {
                if (!unexpected_failure)
                        p->p_csflags |= CS_KILLED;
                /* make very sure execution fails */
                if (vfexec || spawn) {
                        assert(signature_failure_reason != OS_REASON_NULL);
                        psignal_vfork_with_reason(p, p->task, imgp->ip_new_thread,
                                        SIGKILL, signature_failure_reason);
                        signature_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;
                        error = 0;
                } else {
                        assert(signature_failure_reason != OS_REASON_NULL);
                        psignal_with_reason(p, SIGKILL, signature_failure_reason);
                        signature_failure_reason = OS_REASON_NULL;
                }
        }

        /* If we hit this, we likely would have leaked an exit reason */
        assert(signature_failure_reason == OS_REASON_NULL);
        return error;
}

/*
 * Typically as soon as we start executing this process, the
 * first instruction will trigger a VM fault to bring the text
 * pages (as executable) into the address space, followed soon
 * thereafter by dyld data structures (for dynamic executable).
 * To optimize this, as well as improve support for hardware
 * debuggers that can only access resident pages present
 * in the process' page tables, we prefault some pages if
 * possible. Errors are non-fatal.
 */
static void exec_prefault_data(proc_t p __unused, struct image_params *imgp, load_result_t *load_result)
{
        int ret;
        size_t expected_all_image_infos_size;

        /*
         * Prefault executable or dyld entry point.
         */
        vm_fault(current_map(),
                 vm_map_trunc_page(load_result->entry_point,
                                   vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                 VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE,
                 FALSE,
                 THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
        
        if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) {
                expected_all_image_infos_size = sizeof(struct user64_dyld_all_image_infos);
        } else {
                expected_all_image_infos_size = sizeof(struct user32_dyld_all_image_infos);
        }

        /* Decode dyld anchor structure from <mach-o/dyld_images.h> */
        if (load_result->dynlinker &&
                load_result->all_image_info_addr &&
                load_result->all_image_info_size >= expected_all_image_infos_size) {
                union {
                        struct user64_dyld_all_image_infos      infos64;
                        struct user32_dyld_all_image_infos      infos32;
                } all_image_infos;

                /*
                 * Pre-fault to avoid copyin() going through the trap handler
                 * and recovery path.
                 */
                vm_fault(current_map(),
                         vm_map_trunc_page(load_result->all_image_info_addr,
                                           vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                         VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE,
                         FALSE,
                         THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
                if ((load_result->all_image_info_addr & PAGE_MASK) + expected_all_image_infos_size > PAGE_SIZE) {
                        /* all_image_infos straddles a page */
                        vm_fault(current_map(),
                                 vm_map_trunc_page(load_result->all_image_info_addr + expected_all_image_infos_size - 1,
                                                   vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                                 VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE,
                                 FALSE,
                                 THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
                }

                ret = copyin(load_result->all_image_info_addr,
                                         &all_image_infos,
                                         expected_all_image_infos_size);
                if (ret == 0 && all_image_infos.infos32.version >= 9) {

                        user_addr_t notification_address;
                        user_addr_t dyld_image_address;
                        user_addr_t dyld_version_address;
                        user_addr_t dyld_all_image_infos_address;
                        user_addr_t dyld_slide_amount;

                        if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) {
                                notification_address = all_image_infos.infos64.notification;
                                dyld_image_address = all_image_infos.infos64.dyldImageLoadAddress;
                                dyld_version_address = all_image_infos.infos64.dyldVersion;
                                dyld_all_image_infos_address = all_image_infos.infos64.dyldAllImageInfosAddress;
                        } else {
                                notification_address = all_image_infos.infos32.notification;
                                dyld_image_address = all_image_infos.infos32.dyldImageLoadAddress;
                                dyld_version_address = all_image_infos.infos32.dyldVersion;
                                dyld_all_image_infos_address = all_image_infos.infos32.dyldAllImageInfosAddress;
                        }

                        /*
                         * dyld statically sets up the all_image_infos in its Mach-O
                         * binary at static link time, with pointers relative to its default
                         * load address. Since ASLR might slide dyld before its first
                         * instruction is executed, "dyld_slide_amount" tells us how far
                         * dyld was loaded compared to its default expected load address.
                         * All other pointers into dyld's image should be adjusted by this
                         * amount. At some point later, dyld will fix up pointers to take
                         * into account the slide, at which point the all_image_infos_address
                         * field in the structure will match the runtime load address, and
                         * "dyld_slide_amount" will be 0, if we were to consult it again.
                         */

                        dyld_slide_amount = load_result->all_image_info_addr - dyld_all_image_infos_address;

#if 0
                        kprintf("exec_prefault: 0x%016llx 0x%08x 0x%016llx 0x%016llx 0x%016llx 0x%016llx\n",
                                        (uint64_t)load_result->all_image_info_addr,
                                        all_image_infos.infos32.version,
                                        (uint64_t)notification_address,
                                        (uint64_t)dyld_image_address,
                                        (uint64_t)dyld_version_address,
                                        (uint64_t)dyld_all_image_infos_address);
#endif

                        vm_fault(current_map(),
                                 vm_map_trunc_page(notification_address + dyld_slide_amount,
                                                   vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                                 VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE,
                                 FALSE,
                                 THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
                        vm_fault(current_map(),
                                 vm_map_trunc_page(dyld_image_address + dyld_slide_amount,
                                                   vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                                 VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE,
                                 FALSE,
                                 THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
                        vm_fault(current_map(),
                                 vm_map_trunc_page(dyld_version_address + dyld_slide_amount,
                                                   vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                                 VM_PROT_READ,
                                 FALSE,
                                 THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
                        vm_fault(current_map(),
                                 vm_map_trunc_page(dyld_all_image_infos_address + dyld_slide_amount,
                                                   vm_map_page_mask(current_map())),
                                 VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE,
                                 FALSE,
                                 THREAD_UNINT, NULL, 0);
                }
        }
}