[apple/xnu.git] / bsd / kern / kern_exec.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2007 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 * 
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 * 
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 * 
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 * 
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 */
/* Copyright (c) 1995 NeXT Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved */
/*
 * Mach Operating System
 * Copyright (c) 1987 Carnegie-Mellon University
 * All rights reserved.  The CMU software License Agreement specifies
 * the terms and conditions for use and redistribution.
 */
 
#include <cputypes.h>

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1991, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      from: @(#)kern_exec.c   8.1 (Berkeley) 6/10/93
 */
/*
 * NOTICE: This file was modified by SPARTA, Inc. in 2005 to introduce
 * support for mandatory and extensible security protections.  This notice
 * is included in support of clause 2.2 (b) of the Apple Public License,
 * Version 2.0.
 */
#include <machine/reg.h>

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/proc_internal.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>
#include <sys/user.h>
#include <sys/socketvar.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/namei.h>
#include <sys/mount_internal.h>
#include <sys/vnode_internal.h>         
#include <sys/file_internal.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/uio_internal.h>
#include <sys/acct.h>
#include <sys/exec.h>
#include <sys/kdebug.h>
#include <sys/signal.h>
#include <sys/aio_kern.h>
#include <sys/sysproto.h>
#if SYSV_SHM
#include <sys/shm_internal.h>           /* shmexec() */
#endif
#include <sys/ubc_internal.h>           /* ubc_map() */
#include <sys/spawn.h>
#include <sys/spawn_internal.h>
#include <sys/codesign.h>

#include <bsm/audit_kernel.h>

#include <ipc/ipc_types.h>

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/task.h>
#include <mach/thread_act.h>
#include <mach/vm_map.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#include <mach/vm_param.h>

#if CONFIG_MACF
#include <security/mac.h>
#include <security/mac_mach_internal.h>
#endif

#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_protos.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
/* Do not include dtrace.h, it redefines kmem_[alloc/free] */
extern void (*dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr)(proc_t);
extern void (*dtrace_helpers_cleanup)(proc_t);
extern void dtrace_lazy_dofs_destroy(proc_t);

#include <sys/dtrace_ptss.h>
#endif

/* support for child creation in exec after vfork */
thread_t fork_create_child(task_t parent_task, proc_t child_proc, int inherit_memory, int is64bit);
void vfork_exit(proc_t p, int rv);
int setsigvec(proc_t, int, struct __user_sigaction *);

/*
 * Mach things for which prototypes are unavailable from Mach headers
 */
void            ipc_task_reset(
                        task_t          task);
void            ipc_thread_reset(
                        thread_t        thread);
kern_return_t ipc_object_copyin(
        ipc_space_t             space,
        mach_port_name_t        name,
        mach_msg_type_name_t    msgt_name,
        ipc_object_t            *objectp);
void ipc_port_release_send(ipc_port_t);

extern struct savearea *get_user_regs(thread_t);


#include <kern/thread.h>
#include <kern/task.h>
#include <kern/ast.h>
#include <kern/mach_loader.h>
#include <mach-o/fat.h>
#include <mach-o/loader.h>
#include <machine/vmparam.h>
#include <sys/imgact.h>

#include <sys/sdt.h>


/*
 * SIZE_MAXPTR          The maximum size of a user space pointer, in bytes
 * SIZE_IMG_STRSPACE    The available string space, minus two pointers; we
 *                      define it interms of the maximum, since we don't
 *                      know the pointer size going in, until after we've
 *                      parsed the executable image.
 */
#define SIZE_MAXPTR             8                               /* 64 bits */
#define SIZE_IMG_STRSPACE       (NCARGS - 2 * SIZE_MAXPTR)

/*
 * EAI_ITERLIMIT        The maximum number of times to iterate an image
 *                      activator in exec_activate_image() before treating
 *                      it as malformed/corrupt.
 */
#define EAI_ITERLIMIT           10

extern vm_map_t bsd_pageable_map;
extern struct fileops vnops;

#define ROUND_PTR(type, addr)   \
        (type *)( ( (unsigned)(addr) + 16 - 1) \
                  & ~(16 - 1) )

struct image_params;    /* Forward */
static int exec_activate_image(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_copyout_strings(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t *stackp);
static int load_return_to_errno(load_return_t lrtn);
static int execargs_alloc(struct image_params *imgp);
static int execargs_free(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_check_permissions(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_extract_strings(struct image_params *imgp);
static int exec_handle_sugid(struct image_params *imgp);
static int sugid_scripts = 0;
SYSCTL_INT (_kern, OID_AUTO, sugid_scripts, CTLFLAG_RW, &sugid_scripts, 0, "");
static kern_return_t create_unix_stack(vm_map_t map, user_addr_t user_stack,
                                        int customstack, proc_t p);
static int copyoutptr(user_addr_t ua, user_addr_t ptr, int ptr_size);
static void exec_resettextvp(proc_t, struct image_params *);

/* We don't want this one exported */
__private_extern__
int  open1(vfs_context_t, struct nameidata *, int, struct vnode_attr *, register_t *);

/*
 * exec_add_string
 *
 * Add the requested string to the string space area.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *           image parameter block
 *              user_addr_t                     string to add to strings area
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              !0                      Failure errno from copyinstr()
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (imgp->ip_strendp)      updated location of next add, if any
 *              (imgp->ip_strspace)     updated byte count of space remaining
 */
static int
exec_add_string(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t str)
{
        int error = 0;

        do {
                size_t len = 0;
                if (imgp->ip_strspace <= 0) {
                        error = E2BIG;
                        break;
                }
                if (IS_UIO_SYS_SPACE(imgp->ip_seg)) {
                        char *kstr = CAST_DOWN(char *,str);     /* SAFE */
                        error = copystr(kstr, imgp->ip_strendp, imgp->ip_strspace, &len);
                } else  {
                        error = copyinstr(str, imgp->ip_strendp, imgp->ip_strspace,
                            &len);
                }
                imgp->ip_strendp += len;
                imgp->ip_strspace -= len;
        } while (error == ENAMETOOLONG);

        return error;
}

/*
 * exec_save_path
 *
 * To support new app package launching for Mac OS X, the dyld needs the
 * first argument to execve() stored on the user stack.
 *
 * Save the executable path name at the top of the strings area and set
 * the argument vector pointer to the location following that to indicate
 * the start of the argument and environment tuples, setting the remaining
 * string space count to the size of the string area minus the path length
 * and a reserve for two pointers.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *           image parameter block
 *              char *                          path used to invoke program
 *              int                             segment from which path comes
 *
 * Returns:     int                     0       Success
 *              EFAULT                          Bad address
 *      copy[in]str:EFAULT                      Bad address
 *      copy[in]str:ENAMETOOLONG                Filename too long
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (imgp->ip_strings)              saved path
 *              (imgp->ip_strspace)             space remaining in ip_strings
 *              (imgp->ip_argv)                 beginning of argument list
 *              (imgp->ip_strendp)              start of remaining copy area
 *
 * Note:        We have to do this before the initial namei() since in the
 *              path contains symbolic links, namei() will overwrite the
 *              original path buffer contents.  If the last symbolic link
 *              resolved was a relative pathname, we would lose the original
 *              "path", which could be an absolute pathname. This might be
 *              unacceptable for dyld.
 */
static int
exec_save_path(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t path, int seg)
{
        int error;
        size_t  len;
        char *kpath = CAST_DOWN(char *,path);   /* SAFE */

        imgp->ip_strendp = imgp->ip_strings;
        imgp->ip_strspace = SIZE_IMG_STRSPACE;

        len = MIN(MAXPATHLEN, imgp->ip_strspace);

        switch(seg) {
        case UIO_USERSPACE32:
        case UIO_USERSPACE64:   /* Same for copyin()... */
                error = copyinstr(path, imgp->ip_strings, len, &len);
                break;
        case UIO_SYSSPACE32:
                error = copystr(kpath, imgp->ip_strings, len, &len);
                break;
        default:
                error = EFAULT;
                break;
        }

        if (!error) {
                imgp->ip_strendp += len;
                imgp->ip_strspace -= len;
                imgp->ip_argv = imgp->ip_strendp;
        }

        return(error);
}

#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
/*
 * exec_powerpc32_imgact
 *
 * Implicitly invoke the PowerPC handler for a byte-swapped image magic
 * number.  This may happen either as a result of an attempt to invoke a
 * PowerPC image directly, or indirectly as the interpreter used in an
 * interpreter script.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1              not an PowerPC image (keep looking)
 *              -3              Success: exec_archhandler_ppc: relookup
 *              >0              Failure: exec_archhandler_ppc: error number
 *
 * Note:        This image activator does not handle the case of a direct
 *              invocation of the exec_archhandler_ppc, since in that case, the
 *              exec_archhandler_ppc itself is not a PowerPC binary; instead,
 *              binary image activators must recognize the exec_archhandler_ppc;
 *              This is managed in exec_check_permissions().
 *
 * Note:        This image activator is limited to 32 bit powerpc images;
 *              if support for 64 bit powerpc images is desired, it would
 *              be more in line with this design to write a separate 64 bit
 *              image activator.
 */
static int
exec_powerpc32_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct mach_header *mach_header = (struct mach_header *)imgp->ip_vdata;
        int error;
        size_t len = 0;

        /*
         * Make sure it's a PowerPC binary.  If we've already redirected
         * from an interpreted file once, don't do it again.
         */
        if (mach_header->magic != MH_CIGAM) {
                /*
                 * If it's a cross-architecture 64 bit binary, then claim
                 * it, but refuse to run it.
                 */
                if (mach_header->magic == MH_CIGAM_64)
                        return (EBADARCH);
                return (-1);
        }

        /* If there is no exec_archhandler_ppc, we can't run it */
        if (exec_archhandler_ppc.path[0] == 0)
                return (EBADARCH);

        /* Remember the type of the original file for later grading */
        if (!imgp->ip_origcputype) {
                imgp->ip_origcputype = 
                        OSSwapBigToHostInt32(mach_header->cputype);
                imgp->ip_origcpusubtype = 
                        OSSwapBigToHostInt32(mach_header->cpusubtype);
        }

        /*
         * The PowerPC flag will be set by the exec_check_permissions()
         * call anyway; however, we set this flag here so that the relookup
         * in execve() does not follow symbolic links, as a side effect.
         */
        imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_POWERPC;

        /* impute an interpreter */
        error = copystr(exec_archhandler_ppc.path, imgp->ip_interp_name,
                        IMG_SHSIZE, &len);
        if (error)
                return (error);

        /*
         * provide a replacement string for p->p_comm; we have to use an
         * an alternate buffer for this, rather than replacing it directly,
         * since the exec may fail and return to the parent.  In that case,
         * we would have erroneously changed the parent p->p_comm instead.
         */
        strlcpy(imgp->ip_p_comm, imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, MAXCOMLEN);

        return (-3);
}
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */


/*
 * exec_shell_imgact
 *
 * Image activator for interpreter scripts.  If the image begins with the
 * characters "#!", then it is an interpreter script.  Verify that we are
 * not already executing in PowerPC mode, and that the length of the script
 * line indicating the interpreter is not in excess of the maximum allowed
 * size.  If this is the case, then break out the arguments, if any, which
 * are separated by white space, and copy them into the argument save area
 * as if they were provided on the command line before all other arguments.
 * The line ends when we encounter a comment character ('#') or newline.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1                      not an interpreter (keep looking)
 *              -3                      Success: interpreter: relookup
 *              >0                      Failure: interpreter: error number
 *
 * A return value other than -1 indicates subsequent image activators should
 * not be given the opportunity to attempt to activate the image.
 */
static int
exec_shell_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        char *vdata = imgp->ip_vdata;
        char *ihp;
        char *line_endp;
        char *interp;
        char temp[16];
        proc_t p;
        struct fileproc *fp;
        int fd;
        int error;
        size_t len;

        /*
         * Make sure it's a shell script.  If we've already redirected
         * from an interpreted file once, don't do it again.
         *
         * Note: We disallow PowerPC, since the expectation is that we
         * may run a PowerPC interpreter, but not an interpret a PowerPC 
         * image.  This is consistent with historical behaviour.
         */
        if (vdata[0] != '#' ||
            vdata[1] != '!' ||
            (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_INTERPRET) != 0) {
                return (-1);
        }

#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
        if ((imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_POWERPC) != 0)
                  return (EBADARCH);
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */

        imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_INTERPRET;

        /* Check to see if SUGID scripts are permitted.  If they aren't then
         * clear the SUGID bits.
         * imgp->ip_vattr is known to be valid.
         */
        if (sugid_scripts == 0) {
           imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode &= ~(VSUID | VSGID);
        }

        /* Find the nominal end of the interpreter line */
        for( ihp = &vdata[2]; *ihp != '\n' && *ihp != '#'; ihp++) {
                if (ihp >= &vdata[IMG_SHSIZE])
                        return (ENOEXEC);
        }

        line_endp = ihp;
        ihp = &vdata[2];
        /* Skip over leading spaces - until the interpreter name */
        while ( ihp < line_endp && ((*ihp == ' ') || (*ihp == '\t')))
                ihp++;

        /*
         * Find the last non-whitespace character before the end of line or
         * the beginning of a comment; this is our new end of line.
         */
        for (;line_endp > ihp && ((*line_endp == ' ') || (*line_endp == '\t')); line_endp--)
                continue;

        /* Empty? */
        if (line_endp == ihp)
                return (ENOEXEC);

        /* copy the interpreter name */
        interp = imgp->ip_interp_name;
        while ((ihp < line_endp) && (*ihp != ' ') && (*ihp != '\t'))
                *interp++ = *ihp++;
        *interp = '\0';

        exec_save_path(imgp, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(imgp->ip_interp_name),
                                                        UIO_SYSSPACE32);

        ihp = &vdata[2];
        while (ihp < line_endp) {
                /* Skip leading whitespace before each argument */
                while ((*ihp == ' ') || (*ihp == '\t'))
                        ihp++;

                if (ihp >= line_endp)
                        break;

                /* We have an argument; copy it */
                while ((ihp < line_endp) && (*ihp != ' ') && (*ihp != '\t')) {  
                        *imgp->ip_strendp++ = *ihp++;
                        imgp->ip_strspace--;
                }
                *imgp->ip_strendp++ = 0;
                imgp->ip_strspace--;
                imgp->ip_argc++;
        }

        /*
         * If we have a SUID oder SGID script, create a file descriptor
         * from the vnode and pass /dev/fd/%d instead of the actual
         * path name so that the script does not get opened twice
         */
        if (imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & (VSUID | VSGID)) {
                p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
                error = falloc(p, &fp, &fd, imgp->ip_vfs_context);
                if (error)
                        return(error);

                fp->f_fglob->fg_flag = FREAD;
                fp->f_fglob->fg_type = DTYPE_VNODE;
                fp->f_fglob->fg_ops = &vnops;
                fp->f_fglob->fg_data = (caddr_t)imgp->ip_vp;
                
                proc_fdlock(p);
                procfdtbl_releasefd(p, fd, NULL);
                fp_drop(p, fd, fp, 1);
                proc_fdunlock(p);
                vnode_ref(imgp->ip_vp);

                snprintf(temp, sizeof(temp), "/dev/fd/%d", fd);
                error = copyoutstr(temp, imgp->ip_user_fname, sizeof(temp), &len);
                if (error)
                        return(error);
        }

        return (-3);
}



/*
 * exec_fat_imgact
 *
 * Image activator for fat 1.0 binaries.  If the binary is fat, then we
 * need to select an image from it internally, and make that the image
 * we are going to attempt to execute.  At present, this consists of
 * reloading the first page for the image with a first page from the
 * offset location indicated by the fat header.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1                      not a fat binary (keep looking)
 *              -2                      Success: encapsulated binary: reread
 *              >0                      Failure: error number
 *
 * Important:   This image activator is byte order neutral.
 *
 * Note:        A return value other than -1 indicates subsequent image
 *              activators should not be given the opportunity to attempt
 *              to activate the image.
 *
 *              If we find an encapsulated binary, we make no assertions
 *              about its  validity; instead, we leave that up to a rescan
 *              for an activator to claim it, and, if it is claimed by one,
 *              that activator is responsible for determining validity.
 */
static int
exec_fat_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        kauth_cred_t cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
        struct fat_header *fat_header = (struct fat_header *)imgp->ip_vdata;
        struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = NULL;
        struct fat_arch fat_arch;
        int resid, error;
        load_return_t lret;

        /* Make sure it's a fat binary */
        if ((fat_header->magic != FAT_MAGIC) &&
            (fat_header->magic != FAT_CIGAM)) {
                error = -1;
                goto bad;
        }

        /* If posix_spawn binprefs exist, respect those prefs. */
        psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
        if (psa != NULL && psa->psa_binprefs[0] != 0) {
                struct fat_arch *arches = (struct fat_arch *) (fat_header + 1);
                int nfat_arch = 0, pr = 0, f = 0;

                nfat_arch = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(fat_header->nfat_arch);
                /* Check each preference listed against all arches in header */
                for (pr = 0; pr < NBINPREFS; pr++) {
                        cpu_type_t pref = psa->psa_binprefs[pr];
                        if (pref == 0) {
                                /* No suitable arch in the pref list */
                                error = EBADARCH;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        if (pref == CPU_TYPE_ANY) {
                                /* Fall through to regular grading */
                                break;
                        }

                        for (f = 0; f < nfat_arch; f++) {
                                cpu_type_t archtype = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
                                                arches[f].cputype);
                                cpu_type_t archsubtype = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
                                                arches[f].cpusubtype) & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_MASK;
                                if (pref == archtype &&
                                        grade_binary(archtype, archsubtype)) {
                                        /* We have a winner! */
                                        fat_arch.cputype = archtype; 
                                        fat_arch.cpusubtype = archsubtype; 
                                        fat_arch.offset = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
                                                        arches[f].offset);
                                        fat_arch.size = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
                                                        arches[f].size);
                                        fat_arch.align = OSSwapBigToHostInt32(
                                                        arches[f].align);
                                        goto use_arch;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        /* Look up our preferred architecture in the fat file. */
        lret = fatfile_getarch_affinity(imgp->ip_vp,
                                        (vm_offset_t)fat_header,
                                        &fat_arch,
                                        (p->p_flag & P_AFFINITY));
        if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(lret);
                goto bad;
        }

use_arch:
        /* Read the Mach-O header out of fat_arch */
        error = vn_rdwr(UIO_READ, imgp->ip_vp, imgp->ip_vdata,
                        PAGE_SIZE, fat_arch.offset,
                        UIO_SYSSPACE32, (IO_UNIT|IO_NODELOCKED),
                        cred, &resid, p);
        if (error) {
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Did we read a complete header? */
        if (resid) {
                error = EBADEXEC;
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Success.  Indicate we have identified an encapsulated binary */
        error = -2;
        imgp->ip_arch_offset = (user_size_t)fat_arch.offset;
        imgp->ip_arch_size = (user_size_t)fat_arch.size;

bad:
        kauth_cred_unref(&cred);
        return (error);
}

/*
 * exec_mach_imgact
 *
 * Image activator for mach-o 1.0 binaries.
 *
 * Parameters;  struct image_params *   image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     -1                      not a fat binary (keep looking)
 *              -2                      Success: encapsulated binary: reread
 *              >0                      Failure: error number
 *              EBADARCH                Mach-o binary, but with an unrecognized
 *                                      architecture
 *              ENOMEM                  No memory for child process after -
 *                                      can only happen after vfork()
 *
 * Important:   This image activator is NOT byte order neutral.
 *
 * Note:        A return value other than -1 indicates subsequent image
 *              activators should not be given the opportunity to attempt
 *              to activate the image.
 *
 * TODO:        More gracefully handle failures after vfork
 */
static int
exec_mach_imgact(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct mach_header *mach_header = (struct mach_header *)imgp->ip_vdata;
        proc_t                  p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int                     error = 0;
        int                     vfexec = 0;
        task_t                  task;
        task_t                  new_task = NULL; /* protected by vfexec */
        thread_t                thread;
        struct uthread          *uthread;
        vm_map_t old_map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        vm_map_t map;
        load_return_t           lret;
        load_result_t           load_result;
        struct _posix_spawnattr *psa = NULL;

        /*
         * make sure it's a Mach-O 1.0 or Mach-O 2.0 binary; the difference
         * is a reserved field on the end, so for the most part, we can
         * treat them as if they were identical.
         */
        if ((mach_header->magic != MH_MAGIC) &&
            (mach_header->magic != MH_MAGIC_64)) {
                error = -1;
                goto bad;
        }

        switch (mach_header->filetype) {
        case MH_DYLIB:
        case MH_BUNDLE:
                error = -1;
                goto bad;
        }

        if (!imgp->ip_origcputype) {
                imgp->ip_origcputype = mach_header->cputype;
                imgp->ip_origcpusubtype = mach_header->cpusubtype;
        }

        task = current_task();
        thread = current_thread();
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(thread);

        if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK)
                vfexec = 1;      /* Mark in exec */

        if ((mach_header->cputype & CPU_ARCH_ABI64) == CPU_ARCH_ABI64)
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_IS_64BIT;

        /* If posix_spawn binprefs exist, respect those prefs. */
        psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
        if (psa != NULL && psa->psa_binprefs[0] != 0) {
                int pr = 0;
                for (pr = 0; pr < NBINPREFS; pr++) {
                        cpu_type_t pref = psa->psa_binprefs[pr];
                        if (pref == 0) {
                                /* No suitable arch in the pref list */
                                error = EBADARCH;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        if (pref == CPU_TYPE_ANY) {
                                /* Jump to regular grading */
                                goto grade;
                        }

                        if (pref == imgp->ip_origcputype) {
                                /* We have a match! */
                                goto grade;
                        }
                }
                error = EBADARCH;
                goto bad;
        }
grade:
        if (!grade_binary(imgp->ip_origcputype & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_LIB64, 
                                imgp->ip_origcpusubtype & ~CPU_SUBTYPE_MASK)) {
                error = EBADARCH;
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Copy in arguments/environment from the old process */
        error = exec_extract_strings(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        /*
         * Hack for binary compatability; put three NULs on the end of the
         * string area, and round it up to the next word boundary.  This
         * ensures padding with NULs to the boundary.
         */
        imgp->ip_strendp[0] = 0;
        imgp->ip_strendp[1] = 0;
        imgp->ip_strendp[2] = 0;
        imgp->ip_strendp += (((imgp->ip_strendp - imgp->ip_strings) + NBPW-1) & ~(NBPW-1));

#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
        /*
         * XXX
         *
         * Should be factored out; this is here because we might be getting
         * invoked this way as the result of a shell script, and the check
         * in exec_check_permissions() is not interior to the jump back up
         * to the "encapsulated_binary:" label in exec_activate_image().
         */
        if (imgp->ip_vattr->va_fsid == exec_archhandler_ppc.fsid &&
                imgp->ip_vattr->va_fileid == (uint64_t)((u_long)exec_archhandler_ppc.fileid)) {
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_POWERPC;
        }
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */

        if (vfexec) {
                imgp->ip_vfork_thread = fork_create_child(task, p, FALSE, (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT));
                if (imgp->ip_vfork_thread == NULL) {
                        error = ENOMEM;
                        goto bad;
                }
                /* reset local idea of thread, uthread, task */
                thread = imgp->ip_vfork_thread;
                uthread = get_bsdthread_info(thread);
                task = new_task = get_threadtask(thread);
                map = get_task_map(task);
        } else {
                map = VM_MAP_NULL;
        }

        /*
         * We set these flags here; this is OK, since if we fail after
         * this point, we have already destroyed the parent process anyway.
         */
        if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) {
                task_set_64bit(task, TRUE);
                OSBitOrAtomic(P_LP64, (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);
        } else {
                task_set_64bit(task, FALSE);
                OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_LP64), (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);
        }

        /*
         *      Load the Mach-O file.
         */

        /*
         * NOTE: An error after this point  indicates we have potentially
         * destroyed or overwrote some process state while attempting an
         * execve() following a vfork(), which is an unrecoverable condition.
         */

        /*
         * We reset the task to 64-bit (or not) here.  It may have picked up
         * a new map, and we need that to reflect its true 64-bit nature.
         */

        task_set_64bit(task, 
                       ((imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) == IMGPF_IS_64BIT));

        /*
         * Actually load the image file we previously decided to load.
         */
        lret = load_machfile(imgp, mach_header, thread, map, &load_result);

        if (lret != LOAD_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(lret);
                goto badtoolate;
        }

        vm_map_set_user_wire_limit(get_task_map(task), p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK].rlim_cur);

        /* 
         * Set code-signing flags if this binary is signed, or if parent has
         * requested them on exec.
         */
        if (load_result.csflags & CS_VALID) {
                imgp->ip_csflags |= load_result.csflags &
                        (CS_VALID|
                         CS_HARD|CS_KILL|CS_EXEC_SET_HARD|CS_EXEC_SET_KILL);
        } else {
                imgp->ip_csflags &= ~CS_VALID;
        }

        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_HARD)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_HARD;
        if (p->p_csflags & CS_EXEC_SET_KILL)
                imgp->ip_csflags |= CS_KILL;


        /*
         * Set up the system reserved areas in the new address space.
         */
        vm_map_exec(get_task_map(task),
                    task,
                    (void *) p->p_fd->fd_rdir,
#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
                    imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_POWERPC ?
                    CPU_TYPE_POWERPC :
#endif
                    cpu_type());
        
        /*
         * Close file descriptors
         * which specify close-on-exec.
         */
        fdexec(p);

        /*
         * deal with set[ug]id.
         */
        error = exec_handle_sugid(imgp);

        if (!vfexec && (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED))
                psignal(p, SIGTRAP);

        if (error) {
                goto badtoolate;
        }
        
#if CONFIG_MACF
        /* Determine if the map will allow VM_PROT_COPY */
        error = mac_proc_check_map_prot_copy_allow(p);
        vm_map_set_prot_copy_allow(get_task_map(task), 
                                   error ? FALSE : TRUE);
#endif  

        if (load_result.unixproc &&
                create_unix_stack(get_task_map(task),
                                  load_result.user_stack,
                                  load_result.customstack,
                                  p) != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                error = load_return_to_errno(LOAD_NOSPACE);
                goto badtoolate;
        }

        if (vfexec) {
                old_map = vm_map_switch(get_task_map(task));
        }

        if (load_result.unixproc) {
                user_addr_t     ap;

                /*
                 * Copy the strings area out into the new process address
                 * space.
                 */
                ap = p->user_stack;
                error = exec_copyout_strings(imgp, &ap);
                if (error) {
                        if (vfexec)
                                vm_map_switch(old_map);
                        goto badtoolate;
                }
                /* Set the stack */
                thread_setuserstack(thread, ap);
        }
        
        if (load_result.dynlinker) {
                uint64_t        ap;

                /* Adjust the stack */
                if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) {
                        ap = thread_adjuserstack(thread, -8);
                        error = copyoutptr(load_result.mach_header, ap, 8);
                } else {
                        ap = thread_adjuserstack(thread, -4);
                        error = suword(ap, load_result.mach_header);
                }
                if (error) {
                        if (vfexec)
                                vm_map_switch(old_map);
                        goto badtoolate;
                }
        }

        if (vfexec) {
                vm_map_switch(old_map);
        }
        /* Set the entry point */
        thread_setentrypoint(thread, load_result.entry_point);

        /* Stop profiling */
        stopprofclock(p);

        /*
         * Reset signal state.
         */
        execsigs(p, thread);

        /*
         * need to cancel async IO requests that can be cancelled and wait for those
         * already active.  MAY BLOCK!
         */
        _aio_exec( p );

#if SYSV_SHM
        /* FIXME: Till vmspace inherit is fixed: */
        if (!vfexec && p->vm_shm)
                shmexec(p);
#endif
#if SYSV_SEM
        /* Clean up the semaphores */
        semexit(p);
#endif

        /*
         * Remember file name for accounting.
         */
        p->p_acflag &= ~AFORK;
        /* If the translated name isn't NULL, then we want to use
         * that translated name as the name we show as the "real" name.
         * Otherwise, use the name passed into exec.
         */
        if (0 != imgp->ip_p_comm[0]) {
                bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_p_comm, (caddr_t)p->p_comm,
                        sizeof(p->p_comm));
        } else {
                if (imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen > MAXCOMLEN)
                        imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen = MAXCOMLEN;
                bcopy((caddr_t)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameptr, (caddr_t)p->p_comm,
                        (unsigned)imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen);
                p->p_comm[imgp->ip_ndp->ni_cnd.cn_namelen] = '\0';
        }

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        /*
         * Invalidate any predicate evaluation already cached for this thread by DTrace.
         * That's because we've just stored to p_comm and DTrace refers to that when it
         * evaluates the "execname" special variable. uid and gid may have changed as well.
         */
        dtrace_set_thread_predcache(current_thread(), 0);

        /*
         * Free any outstanding lazy dof entries. It is imperative we
         * always call dtrace_lazy_dofs_destroy, rather than null check
         * and call if !NULL. If we NULL test, during lazy dof faulting
         * we can race with the faulting code and proceed from here to
         * beyond the helpers cleanup. The lazy dof faulting will then
         * install new helpers which no longer belong to this process!
         */
        dtrace_lazy_dofs_destroy(p);


        /*
         * Clean up any DTrace helpers for the process.
         */
        if (p->p_dtrace_helpers != NULL && dtrace_helpers_cleanup) {
                (*dtrace_helpers_cleanup)(p);
        }
        
        /*
         * Cleanup the DTrace provider associated with this process.
         */
        proc_lock(p);
        if (p->p_dtrace_probes && dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr) {
                (*dtrace_fasttrap_exec_ptr)(p);
        }
        proc_unlock(p);
#endif

        if (kdebug_enable) {
                long dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4;

                /*
                 * Collect the pathname for tracing
                 */
                kdbg_trace_string(p, &dbg_arg1, &dbg_arg2, &dbg_arg3, &dbg_arg4);

                if (vfexec) {
                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_DATA, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        p->p_pid ,0,0,0, (unsigned int)thread);
                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT1((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_STRING, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4, (unsigned int)thread);
                } else {
                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_DATA, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        p->p_pid ,0,0,0,0);
                        KERNEL_DEBUG_CONSTANT((TRACEDBG_CODE(DBG_TRACE_STRING, 2)) | DBG_FUNC_NONE,
                                        dbg_arg1, dbg_arg2, dbg_arg3, dbg_arg4, 0);
                }
        }

#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
        /*
         * Mark the process as powerpc or not.  If powerpc, set the affinity
         * flag, which will be used for grading binaries in future exec's
         * from the process.
         */
        if (((imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_POWERPC) != 0))
                OSBitOrAtomic(P_TRANSLATED, (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);
        else
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */
                OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_TRANSLATED), (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);
        OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_AFFINITY), (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);

        /*
         * If posix_spawned with the START_SUSPENDED flag, stop the
         * process before it runs.
         */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                psa = (struct _posix_spawnattr *) imgp->ip_px_sa;
                if (psa->psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_START_SUSPENDED) {
                        proc_lock(p);
                        p->p_stat = SSTOP;
                        proc_unlock(p);
                        (void) task_suspend(p->task);
                }
        }

        /*
         * mark as execed, wakeup the process that vforked (if any) and tell
         * it that it now has it's own resources back
         */
        OSBitOrAtomic(P_EXEC, (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);
        if (p->p_pptr && (p->p_lflag & P_LPPWAIT)) {
                proc_lock(p);
                p->p_lflag &= ~P_LPPWAIT;
                proc_unlock(p);
                wakeup((caddr_t)p->p_pptr);
        }

        if (vfexec && (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED)) {
                psignal_vfork(p, new_task, thread, SIGTRAP);
        }

badtoolate:
        proc_knote(p, NOTE_EXEC);

        if (vfexec) {
                task_deallocate(new_task);
                thread_deallocate(thread);
                if (error)
                        error = 0;
        }

bad:
        return(error);
}




/*
 * Our image activator table; this is the table of the image types we are
 * capable of loading.  We list them in order of preference to ensure the
 * fastest image load speed.
 *
 * XXX hardcoded, for now; should use linker sets
 */
struct execsw {
        int (*ex_imgact)(struct image_params *);
        const char *ex_name;
} execsw[] = {
        { exec_mach_imgact,             "Mach-o Binary" },
        { exec_fat_imgact,              "Fat Binary" },
#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
        { exec_powerpc32_imgact,        "PowerPC binary" },
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */
        { exec_shell_imgact,            "Interpreter Script" },
        { NULL, NULL}
};


/*
 * exec_activate_image
 *
 * Description: Iterate through the available image activators, and activate
 *              the image associated with the imgp structure.  We start with
 *              the
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   Image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EBADEXEC                The executable is corrupt/unknown
 *      execargs_alloc:EINVAL           Invalid argument
 *      execargs_alloc:EACCES           Permission denied
 *      execargs_alloc:EINTR            Interrupted function
 *      execargs_alloc:ENOMEM           Not enough space
 *      exec_save_path:EFAULT           Bad address
 *      exec_save_path:ENAMETOOLONG     Filename too long
 *      exec_check_permissions:EACCES   Permission denied
 *      exec_check_permissions:ENOEXEC  Executable file format error
 *      exec_check_permissions:ETXTBSY  Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      exec_check_permissions:???
 *      namei:???
 *      vn_rdwr:???                     [anything vn_rdwr can return]
 *      <ex_imgact>:???                 [anything an imgact can return]
 */
static int
exec_activate_image(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct nameidata nd;
        int error;
        int resid;
        int once = 1;   /* save SGUID-ness for interpreted files */
        int i;
        int iterlimit = EAI_ITERLIMIT;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);

        error = execargs_alloc(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad;
        
        /*
         * XXXAUDIT: Note: the double copyin introduces an audit
         * race.  To correct this race, we must use a single
         * copyin(), e.g. by passing a flag to namei to indicate an
         * external path buffer is being used.
         */
        error = exec_save_path(imgp, imgp->ip_user_fname, imgp->ip_seg);
        if (error) {
                goto bad_notrans;
        }

        DTRACE_PROC1(exec, uintptr_t, imgp->ip_strings);

        NDINIT(&nd, LOOKUP, FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF | AUDITVNPATH1,
                imgp->ip_seg, imgp->ip_user_fname, imgp->ip_vfs_context);

again:
        error = namei(&nd);
        if (error)
                goto bad_notrans;
        imgp->ip_ndp = &nd;     /* successful namei(); call nameidone() later */
        imgp->ip_vp = nd.ni_vp; /* if set, need to vnode_put() at some point */

        proc_transstart(p, 0);

        error = exec_check_permissions(imgp);
        if (error)
                goto bad;

        /* Copy; avoid invocation of an interpreter overwriting the original */
        if (once) {
                once = 0;
                *imgp->ip_origvattr = *imgp->ip_vattr;
        }

        error = vn_rdwr(UIO_READ, imgp->ip_vp, imgp->ip_vdata, PAGE_SIZE, 0,
                        UIO_SYSSPACE32, IO_NODELOCKED,
                        vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context),
                        &resid, vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context));
        if (error)
                goto bad;
                
encapsulated_binary:
        /* Limit the number of iterations we will attempt on each binary */
        if (--iterlimit == 0) {
                error = EBADEXEC;
                goto bad;
        }
        error = -1;
        for(i = 0; error == -1 && execsw[i].ex_imgact != NULL; i++) {

                error = (*execsw[i].ex_imgact)(imgp);

                switch (error) {
                /* case -1: not claimed: continue */
                case -2:                /* Encapsulated binary */
                        goto encapsulated_binary;

                case -3:                /* Interpreter */
#if CONFIG_MACF
                        /*
                         * Copy the script label for later use. Note that
                         * the label can be different when the script is
                         * actually read by the interpreter.
                         */
                        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp)
                                mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
                        imgp->ip_scriptlabelp = mac_vnode_label_alloc();
                        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                break;
                        }
                        mac_vnode_label_copy(imgp->ip_vp->v_label,
                                    imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
#endif
                        vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
                        imgp->ip_vp = NULL;     /* already put */
                        nd.ni_cnd.cn_nameiop = LOOKUP;
                        nd.ni_cnd.cn_flags = (nd.ni_cnd.cn_flags & HASBUF) |
                                                (FOLLOW | LOCKLEAF);

#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
                        /*
                         * PowerPC does not follow symlinks because the
                         * code which sets exec_archhandler_ppc.fsid and
                         * exec_archhandler_ppc.fileid doesn't follow them.
                         */
                        if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_POWERPC)
                                nd.ni_cnd.cn_flags &= ~FOLLOW;
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */

                        nd.ni_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE32;
                        nd.ni_dirp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(imgp->ip_interp_name);
                        proc_transend(p, 0);
                        goto again;

                default:
                        break;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Call out to allow 3rd party notification of exec. 
         * Ignore result of kauth_authorize_fileop call.
         */
        if (error == 0 && kauth_authorize_fileop_has_listeners()) {
                kauth_authorize_fileop(vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context),
                                        KAUTH_FILEOP_EXEC,
                                        (uintptr_t)nd.ni_vp, 0);
        }

bad:
        proc_transend(p, 0);

bad_notrans:
        if (imgp->ip_strings)
                execargs_free(imgp);
        if (imgp->ip_ndp)
                nameidone(imgp->ip_ndp);

        return (error);
}

/*
 * exec_handle_port_actions
 *
 * Description: Go through the _posix_port_actions_t contents, 
 *              calling task_set_special_port and task_set_exception_ports
 *              for the current task.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   Image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              KERN_FAILURE            Failure
 */
static int
exec_handle_port_actions(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        _posix_spawn_port_actions_t pacts = imgp->ip_px_spa;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        _ps_port_action_t *act = NULL;
        task_t task = p->task;
        ipc_port_t port = NULL;
        kern_return_t ret = KERN_SUCCESS;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < pacts->pspa_count; i++) {
                act = &pacts->pspa_actions[i];

                ret = ipc_object_copyin(get_task_ipcspace(current_task()),
                                (mach_port_name_t) act->new_port,
                                MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND,
                                (ipc_object_t *) &port);

                if (ret)                        
                        return ret;

                switch (act->port_type) {
                        case PSPA_SPECIAL:
                                ret = task_set_special_port(task, 
                                                act->which, 
                                                port);
                                break;
                        case PSPA_EXCEPTION:
                                ret = task_set_exception_ports(task, 
                                                act->mask,
                                                port, 
                                                act->behavior, 
                                                act->flavor);
                                break;
                        default:
                                ret = KERN_FAILURE;
                }
                /* action failed, so release port resources */
                if (ret) { 
                        ipc_port_release_send(port);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        return ret;
}

/*
 * exec_handle_file_actions
 *
 * Description: Go through the _posix_file_actions_t contents applying the
 *              open, close, and dup2 operations to the open file table for
 *              the current process.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   Image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              ???
 *
 * Note:        Actions are applied in the order specified, with the credential
 *              of the parent process.  This is done to permit the parent
 *              process to utilize POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS to drop privilege in
 *              the child following operations the child may in fact not be
 *              normally permitted to perform.
 */
static int
exec_handle_file_actions(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        int error = 0;
        int action;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        _posix_spawn_file_actions_t px_sfap = imgp->ip_px_sfa;
        register_t ival[2];             /* dummy retval for system calls) */

        for (action = 0; action < px_sfap->psfa_act_count; action++) {
                _psfa_action_t *psfa = &px_sfap->psfa_act_acts[ action];

                switch(psfa->psfaa_type) {
                case PSFA_OPEN: {
                        /*
                         * Open is different, in that it requires the use of
                         * a path argument, which is normally copied in from
                         * user space; because of this, we have to support an
                         * open from kernel space that passes an address space
                         * context oof UIO_SYSSPACE, and casts the address
                         * argument to a user_addr_t.
                         */
                        struct vnode_attr va;
                        struct nameidata nd;
                        int mode = psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_mode;
                        struct dup2_args dup2a;
                        struct close_nocancel_args ca;
                        int origfd;

                        VATTR_INIT(&va);
                        /* Mask off all but regular access permissions */
                        mode = ((mode &~ p->p_fd->fd_cmask) & ALLPERMS) & ~S_ISTXT;
                        VATTR_SET(&va, va_mode, mode & ACCESSPERMS);

                        NDINIT(&nd, LOOKUP, FOLLOW | AUDITVNPATH1, UIO_SYSSPACE,
                               CAST_USER_ADDR_T(psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_path),
                               imgp->ip_vfs_context);

                        error = open1(imgp->ip_vfs_context, 
                                        &nd,
                                        psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_oflag,
                                        &va,
                                        ival);

                        /*
                         * If there's an error, or we get the right fd by
                         * accident, then drop out here.  This is easier that
                         * rearchitecting all the open code to preallocate fd
                         * slots, and internally taking one as an argument.
                         */
                        if (error || ival[0] == psfa->psfaa_filedes)
                                break;

                        origfd = ival[0];
                        /*
                         * If we didn't fall out from an error, we ended up
                         * with the wrong fd; so now we've got to try to dup2
                         * it to the right one.
                         */
                        dup2a.from = origfd;
                        dup2a.to = psfa->psfaa_filedes;

                        /*
                         * The dup2() system call implementation sets
                         * ival to newfd in the success case, but we
                         * can ignore that, since if we didn't get the
                         * fd we wanted, the error will stop us.
                         */
                        error = dup2(p, &dup2a, ival);
                        if (error)
                                break;

                        /*
                         * Finally, close the original fd.
                         */
                        ca.fd = origfd;

                        error = close_nocancel(p, &ca, ival);
                        }
                        break;

                case PSFA_DUP2: {
                        struct dup2_args dup2a;

                        dup2a.from = psfa->psfaa_filedes;
                        dup2a.to = psfa->psfaa_openargs.psfao_oflag;

                        /*
                         * The dup2() system call implementation sets
                         * ival to newfd in the success case, but we
                         * can ignore that, since if we didn't get the
                         * fd we wanted, the error will stop us.
                         */
                        error = dup2(p, &dup2a, ival);
                        }
                        break;

                case PSFA_CLOSE: {
                        struct close_nocancel_args ca;

                        ca.fd = psfa->psfaa_filedes;

                        error = close_nocancel(p, &ca, ival);
                        }
                        break;

                default:
                        error = EINVAL;
                        break;
                }
                /* All file actions failures are considered fatal, per POSIX */
                if (error)
                        break;
        }

        return (error);
}


/*
 * posix_spawn
 *
 * Parameters:  uap->pid                Pointer to pid return area
 *              uap->fname              File name to exec
 *              uap->argp               Argument list
 *              uap->envp               Environment list
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              ENOTSUP                 Not supported
 *              ENOEXEC                 Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:EINVAL      Invalid argument
 *      exec_activate_image:EACCES      Permission denied
 *      exec_activate_image:EINTR       Interrupted function
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOMEM      Not enough space
 *      exec_activate_image:EFAULT      Bad address
 *      exec_activate_image:ENAMETOOLONG        Filename too long
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOEXEC     Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:ETXTBSY     Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      exec_activate_image:EBADEXEC    The executable is corrupt/unknown
 *      exec_activate_image:???
 *      mac_execve_enter:???
 *
 * TODO:        More gracefully handle failures after vfork
 *              Expect to need __mac_posix_spawn() at some point...
 *              Handle posix_spawnattr_t
 *              Handle posix_spawn_file_actions_t
 */
int
posix_spawn(proc_t ap, struct posix_spawn_args *uap, register_t *retval)
{
        proc_t p = ap;          /* quiet bogus GCC vfork() warning */
        user_addr_t pid = uap->pid;
        register_t ival[2];             /* dummy retval for vfork() */
        struct image_params image_params, *imgp;
        struct vnode_attr va;
        struct vnode_attr origva;
        struct uthread  *uthread = 0;   /* compiler complains if not set to 0*/
        int error, sig;
        task_t  task;
        int numthreads;
        char alt_p_comm[sizeof(p->p_comm)] = {0};       /* for PowerPC */
        int is_64 = IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p);
        int undo_vfork = 0;
        struct vfs_context context;
        struct user__posix_spawn_args_desc px_args;
        struct _posix_spawnattr px_sa;
        _posix_spawn_file_actions_t px_sfap = NULL;
        _posix_spawn_port_actions_t px_spap = NULL;
        struct __user_sigaction vec;

        imgp = &image_params;

        /* Initialize the common data in the image_params structure */
        bzero(imgp, sizeof(*imgp));
        imgp->ip_user_fname = uap->path;
        imgp->ip_user_argv = uap->argv;
        imgp->ip_user_envv = uap->envp;
        imgp->ip_vattr = &va;
        imgp->ip_origvattr = &origva;
        imgp->ip_vfs_context = &context;
        imgp->ip_flags = (is_64 ? IMGPF_WAS_64BIT : IMGPF_NONE);
        imgp->ip_p_comm = alt_p_comm;           /* for PowerPC */
        imgp->ip_seg = (is_64 ? UIO_USERSPACE64 : UIO_USERSPACE32);

        if (uap->adesc != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                if(is_64) {
                        error = copyin(uap->adesc, &px_args, sizeof(px_args));
                } else {
                        struct _posix_spawn_args_desc px_args32;

                        error = copyin(uap->adesc, &px_args32, sizeof(px_args32));

                        /*
                         * Convert arguments descriptor from external 32 bit
                         * representation to internal 64 bit representation
                         */
                        px_args.attr_size = px_args32.attr_size;
                        px_args.attrp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.attrp);
                        px_args.file_actions_size = px_args32.file_actions_size;
                        px_args.file_actions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.file_actions);
                        px_args.port_actions_size = px_args32.port_actions_size;
                        px_args.port_actions = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(px_args32.port_actions);
                }
                if (error)
                        goto bad;

                if (px_args.attr_size != 0) {
                        /* 
                         * This could lose some of the port_actions pointer, 
                         * but we already have it from px_args. 
                         */
                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.attrp, &px_sa, sizeof(px_sa))) != 0)
                        goto bad;

                        imgp->ip_px_sa = &px_sa;
                }
                if (px_args.file_actions_size != 0) {
                        /* Limit file_actions to allowed number of open files */
                        int maxfa = (p->p_limit ? p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE].rlim_cur : NOFILE);
                        if (px_args.file_actions_size < PSF_ACTIONS_SIZE(1) ||
                                px_args.file_actions_size > PSF_ACTIONS_SIZE(maxfa)) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        MALLOC(px_sfap, _posix_spawn_file_actions_t, px_args.file_actions_size, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
                        if (px_sfap == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_px_sfa = px_sfap;

                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.file_actions, px_sfap, 
                                                        px_args.file_actions_size)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }
                if (px_args.port_actions_size != 0) {
                        /* Limit port_actions to one page of data */
                        if (px_args.port_actions_size < PS_PORT_ACTIONS_SIZE(1) ||
                                px_args.port_actions_size > PAGE_SIZE) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }

                        MALLOC(px_spap, _posix_spawn_port_actions_t, 
                                        px_args.port_actions_size, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
                        if (px_spap == NULL) {
                                error = ENOMEM;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        imgp->ip_px_spa = px_spap;

                        if ((error = copyin(px_args.port_actions, px_spap, 
                                                        px_args.port_actions_size)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }
        }

        if (imgp->ip_px_sa == NULL || !(px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETEXEC)){
                if ((error = vfork(p, NULL, ival)) != 0)
                        goto bad;
                undo_vfork = 1;
        }

        /* "reenter the kernel" on a new vfork()'ed process */
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());
        if (undo_vfork)
                p = uthread->uu_proc;

        context.vc_thread = current_thread();
        context.vc_ucred = p->p_ucred;  /* XXX must NOT be kauth_cred_get() */

        /*
         * Post fdcopy(), pre exec_handle_sugid() - this is where we want
         * to handle the file_actions.  Since vfork() also ends up setting
         * us into the parent process group, and saved off the signal flags,
         * this is also where we want to handle the spawn flags.
         */
        /* Has spawn file actions? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sfa != NULL &&
            (error = exec_handle_file_actions(imgp)) != 0) {
                goto bad;
        }

        /* Has spawn port actions? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_spa != NULL) { 
                /* Only allowed when not under vfork */
                if (!(px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETEXEC)) {
                        error = ENOTSUP;
                        goto bad;
                }
                if((error = exec_handle_port_actions(imgp)) != 0) 
                        goto bad;
        }

        /* Has spawn attr? */
        if (imgp->ip_px_sa != NULL) {
                /* Set the process group ID of the child process */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP) {
                        struct setpgid_args spga;
                        spga.pid = p->p_pid;
                        spga.pgid = px_sa.psa_pgroup;
                        /*
                         * Effectively, call setpgid() system call; works
                         * because there are no pointer arguments.
                         */
                        if((error = setpgid(p, &spga, ival)) != 0)
                                goto bad;
                }
                /*
                 * Reset UID/GID to parent's RUID/RGID; This works only
                 * because the operation occurs *after* the vfork() and
                 * before the call to exec_handle_sugid() by the image
                 * activator called from exec_activate_image().
                 *
                 * The use of p_ucred is safe, since we are acting on the
                 * new process, and it has no threads other than the one
                 * we are creating for it.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS) {
                        kauth_cred_t my_cred = p->p_ucred;
                        kauth_cred_t my_new_cred = kauth_cred_setuidgid(my_cred, my_cred->cr_ruid, my_cred->cr_rgid);
                        if (my_new_cred != my_cred)
                                p->p_ucred = my_new_cred;
                }
                /*
                 * Mask a list of signals, instead of them being unmasked, if
                 * they were unmasked in the parent; note that some signals
                 * are not maskable.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK)
                        uthread->uu_sigmask = (px_sa.psa_sigmask & ~sigcantmask);
                /*
                 * Default a list of signals instead of ignoring them, if
                 * they were ignored in the parent.
                 */
                if (px_sa.psa_flags & POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF) {
                        vec.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
                        vec.sa_tramp = 0;
                        vec.sa_mask = 0;
                        vec.sa_flags = 0;
                        for (sig = 0; sig < NSIG; sig++)
                                if (px_sa.psa_sigdefault && 1 << sig) {
                                        error = setsigvec(p, sig, &vec);
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * XXXAUDIT: Currently, we only audit the pathname of the binary.
         * There may also be poor interaction with dyld.
         */

        task = current_task();

        /* If we're not in vfork, don't permit a mutithreaded task to exec */
        if (!(uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK)) {
                if (task != kernel_task) { 
                        numthreads = get_task_numacts(task);
                        if (numthreads <= 0 ) {
                                error = EINVAL;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        if (numthreads > 1) {
                                error = ENOTSUP;
                                goto bad;
                        }
                }
        }

#if MAC_SPAWN   /* XXX */
        if (uap->mac_p != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                error = mac_execve_enter(uap->mac_p, imgp);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
        }
#endif

        if ((error = exec_activate_image(imgp)) != 0) 
                goto bad;
bad:
        /* Image not claimed by any activator? */
        if (error == -1)
                error = ENOEXEC;
        if (error == 0) {
                exec_resettextvp(p, imgp);
        }       
        if (imgp->ip_vp)
                vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
        if (imgp->ip_strings)
                execargs_free(imgp);
        if (imgp->ip_px_sfa != NULL)
                FREE(imgp->ip_px_sfa, M_TEMP);
        if (imgp->ip_px_spa != NULL)
                FREE(imgp->ip_px_spa, M_TEMP);

#if CONFIG_MACF
        if (imgp->ip_execlabelp)
                mac_cred_label_free(imgp->ip_execlabelp);
        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp)
                mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
#endif
        if (undo_vfork) {
                if (error) {
                        DTRACE_PROC1(exec__failure, int, error);
                        vfork_exit(p, W_EXITCODE(-1, 0));
                } else {
                        DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);
                }
                /*
                 * Returning to the parent process...
                 *
                 * If the parent wants the pid, copy it out
                 */
                if (pid != USER_ADDR_NULL)
                        (void)suword(pid, p->p_pid);
                retval[0] = error;
                /*
                 * Override inherited code signing flags with the
                 * ones for the process that is being successfully
                 * loaded
                 */
                proc_lock(p);
                p->p_csflags = imgp->ip_csflags;
                proc_unlock(p);
                vfork_return(p, NULL, error);
                (void)thread_resume(imgp->ip_vfork_thread);
        }

        if (!error) {
                /*
                 * Override inherited code signing flags with the
                 * ones for the process that is being successfully
                 * loaded
                 */
                proc_lock(p);
                p->p_csflags = imgp->ip_csflags;
                proc_unlock(p);
                DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);
        } else {
                DTRACE_PROC1(exec__failure, int, error);
        }

        return(error);
}


/*
 * execve
 *
 * Parameters:  uap->fname              File name to exec
 *              uap->argp               Argument list
 *              uap->envp               Environment list
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *      __mac_execve:EINVAL             Invalid argument
 *      __mac_execve:ENOTSUP            Invalid argument
 *      __mac_execve:EACCES             Permission denied
 *      __mac_execve:EINTR              Interrupted function
 *      __mac_execve:ENOMEM             Not enough space
 *      __mac_execve:EFAULT             Bad address
 *      __mac_execve:ENAMETOOLONG       Filename too long
 *      __mac_execve:ENOEXEC            Executable file format error
 *      __mac_execve:ETXTBSY            Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      __mac_execve:???
 *
 * TODO:        Dynamic linker header address on stack is copied via suword()
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
int
execve(proc_t p, struct execve_args *uap, register_t *retval)
{
        struct __mac_execve_args muap;
        int err;

        muap.fname = uap->fname;
        muap.argp = uap->argp;
        muap.envp = uap->envp;
        muap.mac_p = USER_ADDR_NULL;
        err = __mac_execve(p, &muap, retval);

        return(err);
}

/*
 * __mac_execve
 *
 * Parameters:  uap->fname              File name to exec
 *              uap->argp               Argument list
 *              uap->envp               Environment list
 *              uap->mac_p              MAC label supplied by caller
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              ENOTSUP                 Not supported
 *              ENOEXEC                 Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:EINVAL      Invalid argument
 *      exec_activate_image:EACCES      Permission denied
 *      exec_activate_image:EINTR       Interrupted function
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOMEM      Not enough space
 *      exec_activate_image:EFAULT      Bad address
 *      exec_activate_image:ENAMETOOLONG        Filename too long
 *      exec_activate_image:ENOEXEC     Executable file format error
 *      exec_activate_image:ETXTBSY     Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      exec_activate_image:EBADEXEC    The executable is corrupt/unknown
 *      exec_activate_image:???
 *      mac_execve_enter:???
 *
 * TODO:        Dynamic linker header address on stack is copied via suword()
 */
int
__mac_execve(proc_t p, struct __mac_execve_args *uap, register_t *retval)
{
        struct image_params image_params, *imgp;
        struct vnode_attr va;
        struct vnode_attr origva;
        struct uthread          *uthread;
        int error;
        task_t  task;
        int numthreads;
        char alt_p_comm[sizeof(p->p_comm)] = {0};       /* for PowerPC */
        int is_64 = IS_64BIT_PROCESS(p);
        struct vfs_context context;

        context.vc_thread = current_thread();
        context.vc_ucred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);      /* XXX must NOT be kauth_cred_get() */

        imgp = &image_params;

        /* Initialize the common data in the image_params structure */
        bzero(imgp, sizeof(*imgp));
        imgp->ip_user_fname = uap->fname;
        imgp->ip_user_argv = uap->argp;
        imgp->ip_user_envv = uap->envp;
        imgp->ip_vattr = &va;
        imgp->ip_origvattr = &origva;
        imgp->ip_vfs_context = &context;
        imgp->ip_flags = (is_64 ? IMGPF_WAS_64BIT : IMGPF_NONE);
        imgp->ip_p_comm = alt_p_comm;           /* for PowerPC */
        imgp->ip_seg = (is_64 ? UIO_USERSPACE64 : UIO_USERSPACE32);

        /*
         * XXXAUDIT: Currently, we only audit the pathname of the binary.
         * There may also be poor interaction with dyld.
         */

        task = current_task();
        uthread = get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());

        /* If we're not in vfork, don't permit a mutithreaded task to exec */
        if (!(uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK)) {
                if (task != kernel_task) { 
                        proc_lock(p);
                        numthreads = get_task_numactivethreads(task);
                        if (numthreads <= 0 ) {
                                proc_unlock(p);
                                kauth_cred_unref(&context.vc_ucred);
                                return(EINVAL);
                        }
                        if (numthreads > 1) {
                                proc_unlock(p);
                                kauth_cred_unref(&context.vc_ucred);
                                return(ENOTSUP);
                        }
                        proc_unlock(p);
                }
        }

#if CONFIG_MACF
        if (uap->mac_p != USER_ADDR_NULL) {
                error = mac_execve_enter(uap->mac_p, imgp);
                if (error) {
                        kauth_cred_unref(&context.vc_ucred);
                        return (error);
                }
        }
#endif

        error = exec_activate_image(imgp);

        kauth_cred_unref(&context.vc_ucred);
        
        /* Image not claimed by any activator? */
        if (error == -1)
                error = ENOEXEC;

        if (error == 0) {
                exec_resettextvp(p, imgp);
        }       
        if (imgp->ip_vp != NULLVP)
                vnode_put(imgp->ip_vp);
        if (imgp->ip_strings)
                execargs_free(imgp);
#if CONFIG_MACF
        if (imgp->ip_execlabelp)
                mac_cred_label_free(imgp->ip_execlabelp);
        if (imgp->ip_scriptlabelp)
                mac_vnode_label_free(imgp->ip_scriptlabelp);
#endif
        if (!error) {
                /*
                 * Override inherited code signing flags with the
                 * ones for the process that is being successfully
                 * loaded
                 */
                proc_lock(p);
                p->p_csflags = imgp->ip_csflags;
                proc_unlock(p);
                DTRACE_PROC(exec__success);

                if (uthread->uu_flag & UT_VFORK) {
                        vfork_return(p, retval, p->p_pid);
                        (void)thread_resume(imgp->ip_vfork_thread);
                }
        } else {
                DTRACE_PROC1(exec__failure, int, error);
        }
        
        return(error);
}


/*
 * copyinptr
 *
 * Description: Copy a pointer in from user space to a user_addr_t in kernel
 *              space, based on 32/64 bitness of the user space
 *
 * Parameters:  froma                   User space address
 *              toptr                   Address of kernel space user_addr_t
 *              ptr_size                4/8, based on 'froma' address space
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EFAULT                  Bad 'froma'
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              *ptr_size               Modified
 */
static int
copyinptr(user_addr_t froma, user_addr_t *toptr, int ptr_size)
{
        int error;

        if (ptr_size == 4) {
                /* 64 bit value containing 32 bit address */
                unsigned int i;

                error = copyin(froma, &i, 4);
                *toptr = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(i);   /* SAFE */
        } else {
                error = copyin(froma, toptr, 8);
        }
        return (error);
}


/*
 * copyoutptr
 *
 * Description: Copy a pointer out from a user_addr_t in kernel space to
 *              user space, based on 32/64 bitness of the user space
 *
 * Parameters:  ua                      User space address to copy to
 *              ptr                     Address of kernel space user_addr_t
 *              ptr_size                4/8, based on 'ua' address space
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EFAULT                  Bad 'ua'
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              *ptr_size               Modified
 */
static int
copyoutptr(user_addr_t ua, user_addr_t ptr, int ptr_size)
{
        int error;

        if (ptr_size == 4) {
                /* 64 bit value containing 32 bit address */
                unsigned int i = CAST_DOWN(unsigned int,ua);    /* SAFE */

                error = copyout(&i, ptr, 4);
        } else {
                error = copyout(&ua, ptr, 8);
        }
        return (error);
}


/*
 * exec_copyout_strings
 *
 * Copy out the strings segment to user space.  The strings segment is put
 * on a preinitialized stack frame.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *              int *                   a pointer to the stack offset variable
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              !0                      Faiure: errno
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              (*stackp)               The stack offset, modified
 *
 * Note:        The strings segment layout is backward, from the beginning
 *              of the top of the stack to consume the minimal amount of
 *              space possible; the returned stack pointer points to the
 *              end of the area consumed (stacks grow upward).
 *
 *              argc is an int; arg[i] are pointers; env[i] are pointers;
 *              exec_path is a pointer; the 0's are (void *)NULL's
 *
 * The stack frame layout is:
 *
 *      +-------------+
 * sp-> |     argc    |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |    arg[0]   |
 *      +-------------+
 *             :
 *             :
 *      +-------------+
 *      | arg[argc-1] |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |      0      |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |    env[0]   |
 *      +-------------+
 *             :
 *             :
 *      +-------------+
 *      |    env[n]   |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |      0      |
 *      +-------------+
 *      |  exec_path  | In MacOS X PR2 Beaker2E the path passed to exec() is
 *      +-------------+ passed on the stack just after the trailing 0 of the
 *      |      0      | the envp[] array as a pointer to a string.
 *      +-------------+
 *      |  PATH AREA  |
 *      +-------------+
 *      | STRING AREA |
 *             :
 *             :
 *      |             | <- p->user_stack
 *      +-------------+
 *
 * Although technically a part of the STRING AREA, we treat the PATH AREA as
 * a separate entity.  This allows us to align the beginning of the PATH AREA
 * to a pointer boundary so that the exec_path, env[i], and argv[i] pointers
 * which preceed it on the stack are properly aligned.
 *
 * TODO:        argc copied with suword(), which takes a 64 bit address
 */
static int
exec_copyout_strings(struct image_params *imgp, user_addr_t *stackp)
{
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int     ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;
        char    *argv = imgp->ip_argv;  /* modifiable copy of argv */
        user_addr_t     string_area;    /* *argv[], *env[] */
        user_addr_t     path_area;      /* package launch path */
        user_addr_t     ptr_area;       /* argv[], env[], exec_path */
        user_addr_t     stack;
        int     stringc = imgp->ip_argc + imgp->ip_envc;
        int len;
        int error;
        int strspace;

        stack = *stackp;

        unsigned patharea_len = imgp->ip_argv - imgp->ip_strings;
        int envc_add = 0;
        
        /*
         * Set up pointers to the beginning of the string area, the beginning
         * of the path area, and the beginning of the pointer area (actually,
         * the location of argc, an int, which may be smaller than a pointer,
         * but we use ptr_size worth of space for it, for alignment).
         */
        string_area = stack - (((imgp->ip_strendp - imgp->ip_strings) + ptr_size-1) & ~(ptr_size-1)) - ptr_size;
        path_area = string_area - ((patharea_len + ptr_size-1) & ~(ptr_size-1));
        ptr_area = path_area - ((imgp->ip_argc + imgp->ip_envc + 4 + envc_add) * ptr_size) - ptr_size /*argc*/;

        /* Return the initial stack address: the location of argc */
        *stackp = ptr_area;

        /*
         * Record the size of the arguments area so that sysctl_procargs()
         * can return the argument area without having to parse the arguments.
         */
        proc_lock(p);
        p->p_argc = imgp->ip_argc;
        p->p_argslen = (int)(stack - path_area);
        proc_unlock(p);


        /*
         * Support for new app package launching for Mac OS X allocates
         * the "path" at the begining of the imgp->ip_strings buffer.
         * copy it just before the string area.
         */
        len = 0;
        error = copyoutstr(imgp->ip_strings, path_area,
                                                   patharea_len,
                                (size_t *)&len);
        if (error)
                goto bad;


        /* Save a NULL pointer below it */
        (void)copyoutptr(0LL, path_area - ptr_size, ptr_size);

        /* Save the pointer to "path" just below it */
        (void)copyoutptr(path_area, path_area - 2*ptr_size, ptr_size);

        /*
         * ptr_size for 2 NULL one each ofter arg[argc -1] and env[n]
         * ptr_size for argc
         * skip over saved path, ptr_size for pointer to path,
         * and ptr_size for the NULL after pointer to path.
         */

        /* argc (int32, stored in a ptr_size area) */
        (void)suword(ptr_area, imgp->ip_argc);
        ptr_area += sizeof(int);
        /* pad to ptr_size, if 64 bit image, to ensure user stack alignment */
        if (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_IS_64BIT) {
                (void)suword(ptr_area, 0);      /* int, not long: ignored */
                ptr_area += sizeof(int);
        }

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        p->p_dtrace_argv = ptr_area; /* user_addr_t &argv[0] for dtrace convenience */
#endif /* CONFIG_DTRACE */

        /*
         * We use (string_area - path_area) here rather than the more
         * intuitive (imgp->ip_argv - imgp->ip_strings) because we are
         * interested in the length of the PATH_AREA in user space,
         * rather than the actual length of the execution path, since
         * it includes alignment padding of the PATH_AREA + STRING_AREA
         * to a ptr_size boundary.
         */
        strspace = SIZE_IMG_STRSPACE - (string_area - path_area);
        for (;;) {
                if (stringc == imgp->ip_envc) {
                        /* argv[n] = NULL */
                        (void)copyoutptr(0LL, ptr_area, ptr_size);
                        ptr_area += ptr_size;
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
                        p->p_dtrace_envp = ptr_area; /* user_addr_t &env[0] for dtrace convenience */
#endif /* CONFIG_DTRACE */
                }
                if (--stringc < 0)
                        break;

                /* pointer: argv[n]/env[n] */
                (void)copyoutptr(string_area, ptr_area, ptr_size);

                /* string : argv[n][]/env[n][] */
                do {
                        if (strspace <= 0) {
                                error = E2BIG;
                                break;
                        }
                        error = copyoutstr(argv, string_area,
                                                (unsigned)strspace,
                                                (size_t *)&len);
                        string_area += len;
                        argv += len;
                        strspace -= len;
                } while (error == ENAMETOOLONG);
                if (error == EFAULT || error == E2BIG)
                        break;  /* bad stack - user's problem */
                ptr_area += ptr_size;
        }
        /* env[n] = NULL */
        (void)copyoutptr(0LL, ptr_area, ptr_size);

bad:
        return(error);
}


/*
 * exec_extract_strings
 *
 * Copy arguments and environment from user space into work area; we may
 * have already copied some early arguments into the work area, and if
 * so, any arguments opied in are appended to those already there.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              !0                      Failure: errno
 *
 * Implicit returns;
 *              (imgp->ip_argc)         Count of arguments, updated
 *              (imgp->ip_envc)         Count of environment strings, updated
 *
 *
 * Note:        The argument and environment vectors are user space pointers
 *              to arrays of user space pointers.
 */
static int
exec_extract_strings(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        int error = 0;
        int     ptr_size = (imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_WAS_64BIT) ? 8 : 4;
        user_addr_t     argv = imgp->ip_user_argv;
        user_addr_t     envv = imgp->ip_user_envv;

        /*
         * If the argument vector is NULL, this is the system startup
         * bootstrap from load_init_program(), and there's nothing to do
         */
        if (imgp->ip_user_argv == 0LL)
                goto bad;

        /* Now, get rest of arguments */

        /*
         * If we are running an interpreter, replace the av[0] that was
         * passed to execve() with the fully qualified path name that was
         * passed to execve() for interpreters which do not use the PATH
         * to locate their script arguments.
         */
        if((imgp->ip_flags & IMGPF_INTERPRET) != 0 && argv != 0LL) {
                user_addr_t     arg;

                error = copyinptr(argv, &arg, ptr_size);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
                if (arg != 0LL && arg != (user_addr_t)-1) {
                        argv += ptr_size;
                        error = exec_add_string(imgp, imgp->ip_user_fname);
                        if (error)
                                goto bad;
                        imgp->ip_argc++;
                }
        }

        while (argv != 0LL) {
                user_addr_t     arg;

                error = copyinptr(argv, &arg, ptr_size);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;

                argv += ptr_size;
                if (arg == 0LL) {
                        break;
                } else if (arg == (user_addr_t)-1) {
                        /* Um... why would it be -1? */
                        error = EFAULT;
                        goto bad;
                }
                /*
                * av[n...] = arg[n]
                */
                error = exec_add_string(imgp, arg);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
                imgp->ip_argc++;
        }        

        /* Now, get the environment */
        while (envv != 0LL) {
                user_addr_t     env;

                error = copyinptr(envv, &env, ptr_size);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;

                envv += ptr_size;
                if (env == 0LL) {
                        break;
                } else if (env == (user_addr_t)-1) {
                        error = EFAULT;
                        goto bad;
                }
                /*
                * av[n...] = env[n]
                */
                error = exec_add_string(imgp, env);
                if (error)
                        goto bad;
                imgp->ip_envc++;
        }
bad:
        return error;
}


#define unix_stack_size(p)      (p->p_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK].rlim_cur)

/*
 * exec_check_permissions
 *
 * Decription:  Verify that the file that is being attempted to be executed
 *              is in fact allowed to be executed based on it POSIX file
 *              permissions and other access control criteria
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EACCES                  Permission denied
 *              ENOEXEC                 Executable file format error
 *              ETXTBSY                 Text file busy [misuse of error code]
 *      vnode_getattr:???
 *      vnode_authorize:???
 */
static int
exec_check_permissions(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        struct vnode *vp = imgp->ip_vp;
        struct vnode_attr *vap = imgp->ip_vattr;
        proc_t p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int error;
        kauth_action_t action;

        /* Only allow execution of regular files */
        if (!vnode_isreg(vp))
                return (EACCES);
        
        /* Get the file attributes that we will be using here and elsewhere */
        VATTR_INIT(vap);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_uid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_gid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_mode);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_fsid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_fileid);
        VATTR_WANTED(vap, va_data_size);
        if ((error = vnode_getattr(vp, vap, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                return (error);

        /*
         * Ensure that at least one execute bit is on - otherwise root
         * will always succeed, and we don't want to happen unless the
         * file really is executable.
         */
        if ((vap->va_mode & (S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)) == 0)
                return (EACCES);

        /* Disallow zero length files */
        if (vap->va_data_size == 0)
                return (ENOEXEC);

        imgp->ip_arch_offset = (user_size_t)0;
        imgp->ip_arch_size = vap->va_data_size;

        /* Disable setuid-ness for traced programs or if MNT_NOSUID */
        if ((vp->v_mount->mnt_flag & MNT_NOSUID) || (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED)) {
                vap->va_mode &= ~(VSUID | VSGID);
#if CONFIG_MACF
                imgp->ip_no_trans = 1;
#endif
        }

#if CONFIG_MACF
        error = mac_vnode_check_exec(imgp->ip_vfs_context, vp, imgp);
        if (error)
                return (error);
#endif

        /* Check for execute permission */
        action = KAUTH_VNODE_EXECUTE;
        /* Traced images must also be readable */
        if (p->p_lflag & P_LTRACED)
                action |= KAUTH_VNODE_READ_DATA;
        if ((error = vnode_authorize(vp, NULL, action, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                return (error);

#if 0
        /* Don't let it run if anyone had it open for writing */
        vnode_lock(vp);
        if (vp->v_writecount) {
                panic("going to return ETXTBSY %x", vp);
                vnode_unlock(vp);
                return (ETXTBSY);
        }
        vnode_unlock(vp);
#endif


#ifdef IMGPF_POWERPC
        /*
         * If the file we are about to attempt to load is the exec_handler_ppc,
         * which is determined by matching the vattr fields against previously
         * cached values, then we set the PowerPC environment flag.
         */
        if (vap->va_fsid == exec_archhandler_ppc.fsid &&
                vap->va_fileid == (uint64_t)((u_long)exec_archhandler_ppc.fileid)) {
                imgp->ip_flags |= IMGPF_POWERPC;
        }
#endif  /* IMGPF_POWERPC */

        /* XXX May want to indicate to underlying FS that vnode is open */

        return (error);
}


/*
 * exec_handle_sugid
 *
 * Initially clear the P_SUGID in the process flags; if an SUGID process is
 * exec'ing a non-SUGID image, then  this is the point of no return.
 *
 * If the image being activated is SUGID, then replace the credential with a
 * copy, disable tracing (unless the tracing process is root), reset the
 * mach task port to revoke it, set the P_SUGID bit,
 *
 * If the saved user and group ID will be changing, then make sure it happens
 * to a new credential, rather than a shared one.
 *
 * Set the security token (this is probably obsolete, given that the token
 * should not technically be separate from the credential itself).
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     void                    No failure indication
 *
 * Implicit returns:
 *              <process credential>    Potentially modified/replaced
 *              <task port>             Potentially revoked
 *              <process flags>         P_SUGID bit potentially modified
 *              <security token>        Potentially modified
 */
static int
exec_handle_sugid(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        kauth_cred_t            cred = vfs_context_ucred(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        proc_t                  p = vfs_context_proc(imgp->ip_vfs_context);
        int                     i;
        int                     is_member = 0;
        int                     error = 0;
        struct vnode    *dev_null = NULLVP;
#if CONFIG_MACF
        kauth_cred_t    my_cred;
#endif

#if CONFIG_MACF
        int                     mac_transition;
        mac_transition = mac_cred_check_label_update_execve(imgp->ip_vfs_context, imgp->ip_vp,
            imgp->ip_scriptlabelp, imgp->ip_execlabelp, p);
#endif

        OSBitAndAtomic(~((uint32_t)P_SUGID), (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);

        /*
         * Order of the following is important; group checks must go last,
         * as we use the success of the 'is_member' check combined with the
         * failure of the explicit match to indicate that we will be setting
         * the egid of the process even though the new process did not
         * require VSUID/VSGID bits in order for it to set the new group as
         * its egid.
         *
         * Note:        Technically, by this we are implying a call to
         *              setegid() in the new process, rather than implying
         *              it used its VSGID bit to set the effective group,
         *              even though there is no code in that process to make
         *              such a call.
         */
        if (((imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSUID) != 0 &&
             kauth_cred_getuid(cred) != imgp->ip_origvattr->va_uid) ||
#if CONFIG_MACF
                mac_transition ||       /* A policy wants to transition */
#endif
            ((imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSGID) != 0 &&
                 ((kauth_cred_ismember_gid(cred, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid, &is_member) || !is_member) ||
                 (cred->cr_gid != imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid)))) {

                /*
                 * Replace the credential with a copy of itself if euid or
                 * egid change.
                 *
                 * Note:        setuid binaries will automatically opt out of
                 *              group resolver participation as a side effect
                 *              of this operation.  This is an intentional
                 *              part of the security model, which requires a
                 *              participating credential be established by
                 *              escalating privilege, setting up all other
                 *              aspects of the credential including whether
                 *              or not to participate in external group
                 *              membership resolution, then dropping their
                 *              effective privilege to that of the desired
                 *              final credential state.
                 */
                if (imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSUID) {
                        p->p_ucred  = kauth_cred_setresuid(p->p_ucred, KAUTH_UID_NONE, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_uid, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_uid, KAUTH_UID_NONE);
                }
                if (imgp->ip_origvattr->va_mode & VSGID) {
                        p->p_ucred = kauth_cred_setresgid(p->p_ucred, KAUTH_GID_NONE, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid, imgp->ip_origvattr->va_gid);
                }

#if CONFIG_MACF
                /* 
                 * XXXMAC: In FreeBSD, we set P_SUGID on a MAC transition
                 * to protect against debuggers being attached by an 
                 * insufficiently privileged process onto the result of
                 * a transition to a more privileged credential.  This is
                 * too conservative on FreeBSD, but we need to do
                 * something similar here, or risk vulnerability.
                 *
                 * Before we make the call into the MAC policies, get a new
                 * duplicate credential, so they can modify it without
                 * modifying any others sharing it.
                 */
                if (mac_transition && !imgp->ip_no_trans) { 
                        kauth_proc_label_update_execve(p,
                                imgp->ip_vfs_context,
                                imgp->ip_vp, 
                                imgp->ip_scriptlabelp, imgp->ip_execlabelp);

                        my_cred = kauth_cred_proc_ref(p);
                        mac_task_label_update_cred(my_cred, p->task);
                        kauth_cred_unref(&my_cred);
                }
#endif
                /*
                 * Have mach reset the task and thread ports.
                 * We don't want anyone who had the ports before
                 * a setuid exec to be able to access/control the
                 * task/thread after.
                 */
                if (current_task() == p->task) {
                        ipc_task_reset(p->task);
                        ipc_thread_reset(current_thread());
                }

                /*
                 * If 'is_member' is non-zero, then we passed the VSUID and
                 * MACF checks, and successfully determined that the previous
                 * cred was a member of the VSGID group, but that it was not
                 * the default at the time of the execve.  So we don't set the
                 * P_SUGID on the basis of simply running this code.
                 */
                if (!is_member)
                        OSBitOrAtomic(P_SUGID, (UInt32 *)&p->p_flag);

                /* Cache the vnode for /dev/null the first time around */
                if (dev_null == NULLVP) {
                        struct nameidata nd1;

                        NDINIT(&nd1, LOOKUP, FOLLOW, UIO_SYSSPACE32,
                            CAST_USER_ADDR_T("/dev/null"),
                            imgp->ip_vfs_context);

                        if ((error = vn_open(&nd1, FREAD, 0)) == 0) {
                                dev_null = nd1.ni_vp;
                                /*
                                 * vn_open returns with both a use_count
                                 * and an io_count on the found vnode
                                 * drop the io_count, but keep the use_count
                                 */
                                vnode_put(nd1.ni_vp);
                        }
                }

                /* Radar 2261856; setuid security hole fix */
                /* Patch from OpenBSD: A. Ramesh */
                /*
                 * XXX For setuid processes, attempt to ensure that
                 * stdin, stdout, and stderr are already allocated.
                 * We do not want userland to accidentally allocate
                 * descriptors in this range which has implied meaning
                 * to libc.
                 */
                if (dev_null != NULLVP) {
                        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                                struct fileproc *fp;
                                int indx;

                                if (p->p_fd->fd_ofiles[i] != NULL)
                                        continue;

                                if ((error = falloc(p, &fp, &indx, imgp->ip_vfs_context)) != 0)
                                        continue;

                                if ((error = vnode_ref_ext(dev_null, FREAD)) != 0) {
                                        fp_free(p, indx, fp);
                                        break;
                                }

                                fp->f_fglob->fg_flag = FREAD;
                                fp->f_fglob->fg_type = DTYPE_VNODE;
                                fp->f_fglob->fg_ops = &vnops;
                                fp->f_fglob->fg_data = (caddr_t)dev_null;
                                
                                proc_fdlock(p);
                                procfdtbl_releasefd(p, indx, NULL);
                                fp_drop(p, indx, fp, 1);
                                proc_fdunlock(p);
                        }
                        /*
                         * for now we need to drop the reference immediately
                         * since we don't have any mechanism in place to
                         * release it before starting to unmount "/dev"
                         * during a reboot/shutdown
                         */
                        vnode_rele(dev_null);
                        dev_null = NULLVP;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Implement the semantic where the effective user and group become
         * the saved user and group in exec'ed programs.
         */
        p->p_ucred = kauth_cred_setsvuidgid(p->p_ucred, kauth_cred_getuid(p->p_ucred),  p->p_ucred->cr_gid);
        
        /* Update the process' identity version and set the security token */
        p->p_idversion++;
        set_security_token(p);

        return(error);
}


/*
 * create_unix_stack
 *
 * Description: Set the user stack address for the process to the provided
 *              address.  If a custom stack was not set as a result of the
 *              load process (i.e. as specified by the image file for the
 *              executable), then allocate the stack in the provided map and
 *              set up appropriate guard pages for enforcing administrative
 *              limits on stack growth, if they end up being needed.
 *
 * Parameters:  p                       Process to set stack on
 *              user_stack              Address to set stack for process to
 *              customstack             FALSE if no custom stack in binary
 *              map                     Address map in which to allocate the
 *                                      new stack, if 'customstack' is FALSE
 *
 * Returns:     KERN_SUCCESS            Stack successfully created
 *              !KERN_SUCCESS           Mach failure code
 */
static kern_return_t
create_unix_stack(vm_map_t map, user_addr_t user_stack, int customstack,
                        proc_t p)
{
        mach_vm_size_t          size, prot_size;
        mach_vm_offset_t        addr, prot_addr;
        kern_return_t           kr;

        proc_lock(p);
        p->user_stack = user_stack;
        proc_unlock(p);

        if (!customstack) {
                /*
                 * Allocate enough space for the maximum stack size we
                 * will ever authorize and an extra page to act as
                 * a guard page for stack overflows.
                 */
                size = mach_vm_round_page(MAXSSIZ);
#if STACK_GROWTH_UP
                addr = mach_vm_trunc_page(user_stack);
#else   /* STACK_GROWTH_UP */
                addr = mach_vm_trunc_page(user_stack - size);
#endif  /* STACK_GROWTH_UP */
                kr = mach_vm_allocate(map, &addr, size,
                                        VM_MAKE_TAG(VM_MEMORY_STACK) |
                                      VM_FLAGS_FIXED);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        return kr;
                }
                /*
                 * And prevent access to what's above the current stack
                 * size limit for this process.
                 */
                prot_addr = addr;
#if STACK_GROWTH_UP
                prot_addr += unix_stack_size(p);
#endif /* STACK_GROWTH_UP */
                prot_addr = mach_vm_round_page(prot_addr);
                prot_size = mach_vm_trunc_page(size - unix_stack_size(p));
                kr = mach_vm_protect(map,
                                     prot_addr,
                                     prot_size,
                                     FALSE,
                                     VM_PROT_NONE);
                if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                        (void) mach_vm_deallocate(map, addr, size);
                        return kr;
                }
        }
        return KERN_SUCCESS;
}

#include <sys/reboot.h>

static char             init_program_name[128] = "/sbin/launchd";

struct execve_args      init_exec_args;

/*
 * load_init_program
 *
 * Description: Load the "init" program; in most cases, this will be "launchd"
 *
 * Parameters:  p                       Process to call execve() to create
 *                                      the "init" program
 *
 * Returns:     (void)
 *
 * Notes:       The process that is passed in is the first manufactured
 *              process on the system, and gets here via bsd_ast() firing
 *              for the first time.  This is done to ensure that bsd_init()
 *              has run to completion.
 */
void
load_init_program(proc_t p)
{
        vm_offset_t     init_addr;
        int             argc = 0;
        char            *argv[3];
        int                     error;
        register_t      retval[2];

        /*
         * Copy out program name.
         */

        init_addr = VM_MIN_ADDRESS;
        (void) vm_allocate(current_map(), &init_addr, PAGE_SIZE,
                                VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
        if (init_addr == 0)
                init_addr++;

        (void) copyout((caddr_t) init_program_name, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(init_addr),
                        (unsigned) sizeof(init_program_name)+1);

        argv[argc++] = (char *) init_addr;
        init_addr += sizeof(init_program_name);
        init_addr = (vm_offset_t)ROUND_PTR(char, init_addr);

        /*
         * Put out first (and only) argument, similarly.
         * Assumes everything fits in a page as allocated
         * above.
         */
        if (boothowto & RB_SINGLE) {
                const char *init_args = "-s";

                copyout(init_args, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(init_addr),
                        strlen(init_args));

                argv[argc++] = (char *)init_addr;
                init_addr += strlen(init_args);
                init_addr = (vm_offset_t)ROUND_PTR(char, init_addr);

        }

        /*
         * Null-end the argument list
         */
        argv[argc] = NULL;
        
        /*
         * Copy out the argument list.
         */
        
        (void) copyout((caddr_t) argv, CAST_USER_ADDR_T(init_addr),
                        (unsigned) sizeof(argv));

        /*
         * Set up argument block for fake call to execve.
         */

        init_exec_args.fname = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(argv[0]);
        init_exec_args.argp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T((char **)init_addr);
        init_exec_args.envp = CAST_USER_ADDR_T(0);
        
        /*
         * So that mach_init task is set with uid,gid 0 token 
         */
        set_security_token(p);

        error = execve(p,&init_exec_args,retval);
        if (error)
                panic("Process 1 exec of %s failed, errno %d\n",
                      init_program_name, error);
}

/*
 * load_return_to_errno
 *
 * Description: Convert a load_return_t (Mach error) to an errno (BSD error)
 *
 * Parameters:  lrtn                    Mach error number
 *
 * Returns:     (int)                   BSD error number
 *              0                       Success
 *              EBADARCH                Bad architecture
 *              EBADMACHO               Bad Mach object file
 *              ESHLIBVERS              Bad shared library version
 *              ENOMEM                  Out of memory/resource shortage
 *              EACCES                  Access denied
 *              ENOENT                  Entry not found (usually "file does
 *                                      does not exist")
 *              EIO                     An I/O error occurred
 *              EBADEXEC                The executable is corrupt/unknown
 */
static int 
load_return_to_errno(load_return_t lrtn)
{
        switch (lrtn) {
        case LOAD_SUCCESS:
                return 0;
        case LOAD_BADARCH:
                return EBADARCH;
        case LOAD_BADMACHO:
                return EBADMACHO;
        case LOAD_SHLIB:
                return ESHLIBVERS;
        case LOAD_NOSPACE:
        case LOAD_RESOURCE:
                return ENOMEM;
        case LOAD_PROTECT:
                return EACCES;
        case LOAD_ENOENT:
                return ENOENT;
        case LOAD_IOERROR:
                return EIO;
        case LOAD_FAILURE:
        default:
                return EBADEXEC;
        }
}

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/vm_prot.h>
#include <mach/semaphore.h>
#include <mach/sync_policy.h>
#include <kern/clock.h>
#include <mach/kern_return.h>

extern semaphore_t execve_semaphore;

/*
 * execargs_alloc
 *
 * Description: Allocate the block of memory used by the execve arguments.
 *              At the same time, we allocate a page so that we can read in
 *              the first page of the image.
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              EACCES                  Permission denied
 *              EINTR                   Interrupted function
 *              ENOMEM                  Not enough space
 *
 * Notes:       This is a temporary allocation into the kernel address space
 *              to enable us to copy arguments in from user space.  This is
 *              necessitated by not mapping the process calling execve() into
 *              the kernel address space during the execve() system call.
 *
 *              We assemble the argument and environment, etc., into this
 *              region before copying it as a single block into the child
 *              process address space (at the top or bottom of the stack,
 *              depending on which way the stack grows; see the function
 *              exec_copyout_strings() for details).
 *
 *              This ends up with a second (possibly unnecessary) copy compared
 *              with assembing the data directly into the child address space,
 *              instead, but since we cannot be guaranteed that the parent has
 *              not modified its environment, we can't really know that it's
 *              really a block there as well.
 */
static int
execargs_alloc(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        kern_return_t kret;

        kret = semaphore_wait(execve_semaphore);
        if (kret != KERN_SUCCESS)
                switch (kret) {
                default:
                        return (EINVAL);
                case KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS:
                case KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
                        return (EACCES);
                case KERN_ABORTED:
                case KERN_OPERATION_TIMED_OUT:
                        return (EINTR);
                }

        kret = kmem_alloc_pageable(bsd_pageable_map, (vm_offset_t *)&imgp->ip_strings, NCARGS + PAGE_SIZE);
        imgp->ip_vdata = imgp->ip_strings + NCARGS;
        if (kret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                semaphore_signal(execve_semaphore);
                return (ENOMEM);
        }
        return (0);
}

/*
 * execargs_free
 *
 * Description: Free the block of memory used by the execve arguments and the
 *              first page of the executable by a previous call to the function
 *              execargs_alloc().
 *
 * Parameters:  struct image_params *   the image parameter block
 *
 * Returns:     0                       Success
 *              EINVAL                  Invalid argument
 *              EINTR                   Oeration interrupted
 */
static int
execargs_free(struct image_params *imgp)
{
        kern_return_t kret;

        kmem_free(bsd_pageable_map, (vm_offset_t)imgp->ip_strings, NCARGS + PAGE_SIZE);
        imgp->ip_strings = NULL;

        kret = semaphore_signal(execve_semaphore);
        switch (kret) { 
        case KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS:
        case KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
                return (EINVAL);
        case KERN_ABORTED:
        case KERN_OPERATION_TIMED_OUT:
                return (EINTR);
        case KERN_SUCCESS:
                return(0);
        default:
                return (EINVAL);
        }
}

static void
exec_resettextvp(proc_t p, struct image_params *imgp)
{
        vnode_t vp;
        off_t offset;
        vnode_t tvp  = p->p_textvp;
        int ret;

        vp = imgp->ip_vp;
        offset = imgp->ip_arch_offset;

        if (vp == NULLVP)
                panic("exec_resettextvp: expected valid vp");

        ret = vnode_ref(vp);
        proc_lock(p);
        if (ret == 0) {
                p->p_textvp = vp;
                p->p_textoff = offset;
        } else {
                p->p_textvp = NULLVP;   /* this is paranoia */
                p->p_textoff = 0;
        }
        proc_unlock(p);

        if ( tvp != NULLVP) {
                if (vnode_getwithref(tvp) == 0) {
                        vnode_rele(tvp);
                        vnode_put(tvp);
                }
        }       

}