[apple/xnu.git] / bsd / kern / bsd_init.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2013 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
 * 
 * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
 * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
 * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
 * may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
 * unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
 * circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
 * terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
 * 
 * Please obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
 * 
 * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
 * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
 * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
 * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
 * limitations under the License.
 * 
 * @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
 * 
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993
 *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *      @(#)init_main.c 8.16 (Berkeley) 5/14/95
 */

/* 
 *
 * Mach Operating System
 * Copyright (c) 1987 Carnegie-Mellon University
 * All rights reserved.  The CMU software License Agreement specifies
 * the terms and conditions for use and redistribution.
 */
/*
 * NOTICE: This file was modified by McAfee Research in 2004 to introduce
 * support for mandatory and extensible security protections.  This notice
 * is included in support of clause 2.2 (b) of the Apple Public License,
 * Version 2.0.
 */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/filedesc.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/mount_internal.h>
#include <sys/proc_internal.h>
#include <sys/kauth.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/vnode_internal.h>
#include <sys/conf.h>
#include <sys/buf_internal.h>
#include <sys/clist.h>
#include <sys/user.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>

#include <security/audit/audit.h>

#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/dkstat.h>
#include <sys/codesign.h>

#include <kern/startup.h>
#include <kern/thread.h>
#include <kern/task.h>
#include <kern/ast.h>
#include <kern/kalloc.h>
#include <mach/mach_host.h>

#include <mach/vm_param.h>

#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>

#include <sys/ux_exception.h>   /* for ux_exception_port */

#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <mach/exception_types.h>
#include <dev/busvar.h>                 /* for pseudo_inits */
#include <sys/kdebug.h>

#include <mach/mach_types.h>
#include <mach/vm_prot.h>
#include <mach/semaphore.h>
#include <mach/sync_policy.h>
#include <kern/clock.h>
#include <mach/kern_return.h>
#include <mach/thread_act.h>            /* for thread_resume() */
#include <mach/task.h>                  /* for task_set_exception_ports() */
#include <sys/ux_exception.h>           /* for ux_handler() */
#include <sys/ubc_internal.h>           /* for ubc_init() */
#include <sys/mcache.h>                 /* for mcache_init() */
#include <sys/mbuf.h>                   /* for mbinit() */
#include <sys/event.h>                  /* for knote_init() */
#include <sys/kern_memorystatus.h>      /* for memorystatus_init() */
#include <sys/aio_kern.h>               /* for aio_init() */
#include <sys/semaphore.h>              /* for psem_cache_init() */
#include <net/dlil.h>                   /* for dlil_init() */
#include <net/kpi_protocol.h>           /* for proto_kpi_init() */
#include <net/iptap.h>                  /* for iptap_init() */
#include <sys/pipe.h>                   /* for pipeinit() */
#include <sys/socketvar.h>              /* for socketinit() */
#include <sys/protosw.h>                /* for domaininit() */
#include <kern/sched_prim.h>            /* for thread_wakeup() */
#include <net/if_ether.h>               /* for ether_family_init() */
#include <net/if_gif.h>                 /* for gif_init() */
#include <vm/vm_protos.h>               /* for vnode_pager_bootstrap() */
#include <miscfs/devfs/devfsdefs.h>     /* for devfs_kernel_mount() */
#include <mach/host_priv.h>             /* for host_set_exception_ports() */
#include <kern/host.h>                  /* for host_priv_self() */
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>                 /* for kmem_suballoc() */
#include <sys/semaphore.h>              /* for psem_lock_init() */
#include <sys/msgbuf.h>                 /* for log_setsize() */
#include <sys/tty.h>                    /* for tty_init() */
#include <sys/proc_uuid_policy.h>       /* proc_uuid_policy_init() */
#include <netinet/flow_divert.h>        /* flow_divert_init() */
#include <net/content_filter.h>         /* for cfil_init() */
#include <net/necp.h>                   /* for necp_init() */
#include <net/packet_mangler.h>         /* for pkt_mnglr_init() */
#include <net/if_utun.h>                /* for utun_register_control() */
#include <net/if_ipsec.h>       /* for ipsec_register_control() */
#include <net/net_str_id.h>             /* for net_str_id_init() */
#include <net/netsrc.h>                 /* for netsrc_init() */
#include <net/ntstat.h>                 /* for nstat_init() */
#include <netinet/tcp_cc.h>                     /* for tcp_cc_init() */
#include <kern/assert.h>                /* for assert() */
#include <sys/kern_overrides.h>         /* for init_system_override() */

#include <net/init.h>

#if CONFIG_MACF
#include <security/mac_framework.h>
#include <security/mac_internal.h>      /* mac_init_bsd() */
#include <security/mac_mach_internal.h> /* mac_update_task_label() */
#endif

#include <machine/exec.h>

#if NFSCLIENT
#include <sys/netboot.h>
#endif

#if CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
#include <sys/imageboot.h>
#endif

#if PFLOG
#include <net/if_pflog.h>
#endif

#include <pexpert/pexpert.h>
#include <machine/pal_routines.h>
#include <console/video_console.h>

void * get_user_regs(thread_t);         /* XXX kludge for <machine/thread.h> */
void IOKitInitializeTime(void);         /* XXX */
void IOSleep(unsigned int);             /* XXX */
void loopattach(void);                  /* XXX */

const char    copyright[] =
"Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993\n\t"
"The Regents of the University of California. "
"All rights reserved.\n\n";

/* Components of the first process -- never freed. */
struct  proc proc0;
struct  session session0;
struct  pgrp pgrp0;
struct  filedesc filedesc0;
struct  plimit limit0;
struct  pstats pstats0;
struct  sigacts sigacts0;
proc_t kernproc;
proc_t initproc;

long tk_cancc;
long tk_nin;
long tk_nout;
long tk_rawcc;

int lock_trace = 0;
/* Global variables to make pstat happy. We do swapping differently */
int nswdev, nswap;
int nswapmap;
void *swapmap;
struct swdevt swdevt[1];

dev_t   rootdev;                /* device of the root */
dev_t   dumpdev;                /* device to take dumps on */
long    dumplo;                 /* offset into dumpdev */
long    hostid;
char    hostname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
int             hostnamelen;
char    domainname[MAXDOMNAMELEN];
int             domainnamelen;

char rootdevice[16];    /* hfs device names have at least 9 chars */

#if  KMEMSTATS
struct  kmemstats kmemstats[M_LAST];
#endif

struct  vnode *rootvp;
int boothowto = RB_DEBUG;

extern kern_return_t IOFindBSDRoot(char *, unsigned int, dev_t *, u_int32_t *);
extern void IOSecureBSDRoot(const char * rootName);
extern kern_return_t IOKitBSDInit(void );
extern void kminit(void);
extern void file_lock_init(void);
extern void kmeminit(void);
extern void bsd_bufferinit(void);
extern void throttle_init(void);
extern void macx_init(void);
extern void acct_init(void);

extern int serverperfmode;
extern int ncl;

vm_map_t        bsd_pageable_map;
vm_map_t        mb_map;

static  int bsd_simul_execs;
static int bsd_pageable_map_size;
__private_extern__ int execargs_cache_size = 0;
__private_extern__ int execargs_free_count = 0;
__private_extern__ vm_offset_t * execargs_cache = NULL;

void bsd_exec_setup(int);

__private_extern__ int bootarg_vnode_cache_defeat = 0;

/*
 * Prevent kernel-based ASLR from being used, for testing.
 */
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
__private_extern__ int bootarg_disable_aslr = 0;
#endif

int     cmask = CMASK;
extern int customnbuf;

void bsd_init(void);
kern_return_t bsd_autoconf(void);
void bsd_utaskbootstrap(void);

static void parse_bsd_args(void);
extern task_t bsd_init_task;
extern char    init_task_failure_data[];
#if CONFIG_DEV_KMEM
extern void dev_kmem_init(void);
#endif
extern void time_zone_slock_init(void);
extern void select_wait_queue_init(void);
static void process_name(const char *, proc_t);

static void setconf(void);

#if SYSV_SHM
extern void sysv_shm_lock_init(void);
#endif
#if SYSV_SEM
extern void sysv_sem_lock_init(void);
#endif
#if SYSV_MSG
extern void sysv_msg_lock_init(void);
#endif

#if CONFIG_MACF
#if defined (__i386__) || defined (__x86_64__)
/* MACF policy_check configuration flags; see policy_check.c for details */
int policy_check_flags = 0;

extern int check_policy_init(int);
#endif
#endif  /* CONFIG_MACF */

/* If we are using CONFIG_DTRACE */
#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        extern void dtrace_postinit(void);
#endif

/*
 * Initialization code.
 * Called from cold start routine as
 * soon as a stack and segmentation
 * have been established.
 * Functions:
 *      turn on clock
 *      hand craft 0th process
 *      call all initialization routines
 *  hand craft 1st user process
 */

/*
 *      Sets the name for the given task.
 */
static void
process_name(const char *s, proc_t p)
{
        size_t length = strlen(s);

        bcopy(s, p->p_comm,
                length >= sizeof(p->p_comm) ? sizeof(p->p_comm) :
                        length + 1);
}

/* To allow these values to be patched, they're globals here */
#include <machine/vmparam.h>
struct rlimit vm_initial_limit_stack = { DFLSSIZ, MAXSSIZ - PAGE_MAX_SIZE };
struct rlimit vm_initial_limit_data = { DFLDSIZ, MAXDSIZ };
struct rlimit vm_initial_limit_core = { DFLCSIZ, MAXCSIZ };

extern thread_t cloneproc(task_t, coalition_t, proc_t, int, int);
extern int      (*mountroot)(void);

lck_grp_t * proc_lck_grp;
lck_grp_t * proc_slock_grp;
lck_grp_t * proc_fdmlock_grp;
lck_grp_t * proc_mlock_grp;
lck_grp_attr_t * proc_lck_grp_attr;
lck_attr_t * proc_lck_attr;
lck_mtx_t * proc_list_mlock;
lck_mtx_t * proc_klist_mlock;

extern lck_mtx_t * execargs_cache_lock;

/* hook called after root is mounted XXX temporary hack */
void (*mountroot_post_hook)(void);
void (*unmountroot_pre_hook)(void);

/*
 * This function is called very early on in the Mach startup, from the
 * function start_kernel_threads() in osfmk/kern/startup.c.  It's called
 * in the context of the current (startup) task using a call to the
 * function kernel_thread_create() to jump into start_kernel_threads().
 * Internally, kernel_thread_create() calls thread_create_internal(),
 * which calls uthread_alloc().  The function of uthread_alloc() is
 * normally to allocate a uthread structure, and fill out the uu_sigmask,
 * uu_context fields.  It skips filling these out in the case of the "task"
 * being "kernel_task", because the order of operation is inverted.  To
 * account for that, we need to manually fill in at least the contents
 * of the uu_context.vc_ucred field so that the uthread structure can be
 * used like any other.
 */

void
bsd_init(void)
{
        struct uthread *ut;
        unsigned int i;
        struct vfs_context context;
        kern_return_t   ret;
        struct ucred temp_cred;
        struct posix_cred temp_pcred;
#if NFSCLIENT || CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
        boolean_t       netboot = FALSE;
#endif

#define bsd_init_kprintf(x...) /* kprintf("bsd_init: " x) */

        throttle_init();

        printf(copyright);
        
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kmeminit\n");
        kmeminit();
        
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling parse_bsd_args\n");
        parse_bsd_args();

#if CONFIG_DEV_KMEM
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling dev_kmem_init\n");
        dev_kmem_init();
#endif

        /* Initialize kauth subsystem before instancing the first credential */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kauth_init\n");
        kauth_init();

        /* Initialize process and pgrp structures. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling procinit\n");
        procinit();

        /* Initialize the ttys (MUST be before kminit()/bsd_autoconf()!)*/
        tty_init();

        kernproc = &proc0;      /* implicitly bzero'ed */

        /* kernel_task->proc = kernproc; */
        set_bsdtask_info(kernel_task,(void *)kernproc);

        /* give kernproc a name */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling process_name\n");
        process_name("kernel_task", kernproc);

        /* allocate proc lock group attribute and group */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling lck_grp_attr_alloc_init\n");
        proc_lck_grp_attr= lck_grp_attr_alloc_init();

        proc_lck_grp = lck_grp_alloc_init("proc",  proc_lck_grp_attr);
#if CONFIG_FINE_LOCK_GROUPS
        proc_slock_grp = lck_grp_alloc_init("proc-slock",  proc_lck_grp_attr);
        proc_fdmlock_grp = lck_grp_alloc_init("proc-fdmlock",  proc_lck_grp_attr);
        proc_mlock_grp = lck_grp_alloc_init("proc-mlock",  proc_lck_grp_attr);
#endif
        /* Allocate proc lock attribute */
        proc_lck_attr = lck_attr_alloc_init();
#if 0
#if __PROC_INTERNAL_DEBUG
        lck_attr_setdebug(proc_lck_attr);
#endif
#endif

#if CONFIG_FINE_LOCK_GROUPS
        proc_list_mlock = lck_mtx_alloc_init(proc_mlock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        proc_klist_mlock = lck_mtx_alloc_init(proc_mlock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_mlock, proc_mlock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_fdmlock, proc_fdmlock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        lck_spin_init(&kernproc->p_slock, proc_slock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
#else
        proc_list_mlock = lck_mtx_alloc_init(proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        proc_klist_mlock = lck_mtx_alloc_init(proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_mlock, proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        lck_mtx_init(&kernproc->p_fdmlock, proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        lck_spin_init(&kernproc->p_slock, proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
#endif

        assert(bsd_simul_execs != 0);
        execargs_cache_lock = lck_mtx_alloc_init(proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
        execargs_cache_size = bsd_simul_execs;
        execargs_free_count = bsd_simul_execs;
        execargs_cache = (vm_offset_t *)kalloc(bsd_simul_execs * sizeof(vm_offset_t));
        bzero(execargs_cache, bsd_simul_execs * sizeof(vm_offset_t));
        
        if (current_task() != kernel_task)
                printf("bsd_init: We have a problem, "
                                "current task is not kernel task\n");
        
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling get_bsdthread_info\n");
        ut = (uthread_t)get_bsdthread_info(current_thread());

#if CONFIG_MACF
        /*
         * Initialize the MAC Framework
         */
        mac_policy_initbsd();
        kernproc->p_mac_enforce = 0;

#if defined (__i386__) || defined (__x86_64__)
        /*
         * We currently only support this on i386/x86_64, as that is the
         * only lock code we have instrumented so far.
         */
        check_policy_init(policy_check_flags);
#endif
#endif /* MAC */

        /* Initialize System Override call */
        init_system_override();

        /*
         * Create process 0.
         */
        proc_list_lock();
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&allproc, kernproc, p_list);
        kernproc->p_pgrp = &pgrp0;
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(PGRPHASH(0), &pgrp0, pg_hash);
        LIST_INIT(&pgrp0.pg_members);
#ifdef CONFIG_FINE_LOCK_GROUPS
        lck_mtx_init(&pgrp0.pg_mlock, proc_mlock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
#else
        lck_mtx_init(&pgrp0.pg_mlock, proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
#endif
        /* There is no other bsd thread this point and is safe without pgrp lock */
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&pgrp0.pg_members, kernproc, p_pglist);
        kernproc->p_listflag |= P_LIST_INPGRP;
        kernproc->p_pgrpid = 0;
        kernproc->p_uniqueid = 0;

        pgrp0.pg_session = &session0;
        pgrp0.pg_membercnt = 1;

        session0.s_count = 1;
        session0.s_leader = kernproc;
        session0.s_listflags = 0;
#ifdef CONFIG_FINE_LOCK_GROUPS
        lck_mtx_init(&session0.s_mlock, proc_mlock_grp, proc_lck_attr);
#else
        lck_mtx_init(&session0.s_mlock, proc_lck_grp, proc_lck_attr);
#endif
        LIST_INSERT_HEAD(SESSHASH(0), &session0, s_hash);
        proc_list_unlock();

#if CONFIG_LCTX
        kernproc->p_lctx = NULL;
#endif

        kernproc->task = kernel_task;
        
        kernproc->p_stat = SRUN;
        kernproc->p_flag = P_SYSTEM;
        kernproc->p_lflag = 0;
        kernproc->p_ladvflag = 0;
        
#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (bootarg_disable_aslr)
                kernproc->p_flag |= P_DISABLE_ASLR;
#endif

        kernproc->p_nice = NZERO;
        kernproc->p_pptr = kernproc;

        TAILQ_INIT(&kernproc->p_uthlist);
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&kernproc->p_uthlist, ut, uu_list);
        
        kernproc->sigwait = FALSE;
        kernproc->sigwait_thread = THREAD_NULL;
        kernproc->exit_thread = THREAD_NULL;
        kernproc->p_csflags = CS_VALID;

        /*
         * Create credential.  This also Initializes the audit information.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bzero\n");
        bzero(&temp_cred, sizeof(temp_cred));
        bzero(&temp_pcred, sizeof(temp_pcred));
        temp_pcred.cr_ngroups = 1;
        /* kern_proc, shouldn't call up to DS for group membership */
        temp_pcred.cr_flags = CRF_NOMEMBERD;
        temp_cred.cr_audit.as_aia_p = audit_default_aia_p;
        
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kauth_cred_create\n");
        /*
         * We have to label the temp cred before we create from it to
         * properly set cr_ngroups, or the create will fail.
         */
        posix_cred_label(&temp_cred, &temp_pcred);
        kernproc->p_ucred = kauth_cred_create(&temp_cred); 

        /* update cred on proc */
        PROC_UPDATE_CREDS_ONPROC(kernproc);

        /* give the (already exisiting) initial thread a reference on it */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling kauth_cred_ref\n");
        kauth_cred_ref(kernproc->p_ucred);
        ut->uu_context.vc_ucred = kernproc->p_ucred;
        ut->uu_context.vc_thread = current_thread();

        TAILQ_INIT(&kernproc->p_aio_activeq);
        TAILQ_INIT(&kernproc->p_aio_doneq);
        kernproc->p_aio_total_count = 0;
        kernproc->p_aio_active_count = 0;

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling file_lock_init\n");
        file_lock_init();

#if CONFIG_MACF
        mac_cred_label_associate_kernel(kernproc->p_ucred);
#endif

        /* Create the file descriptor table. */
        kernproc->p_fd = &filedesc0;
        filedesc0.fd_cmask = cmask;
        filedesc0.fd_knlistsize = -1;
        filedesc0.fd_knlist = NULL;
        filedesc0.fd_knhash = NULL;
        filedesc0.fd_knhashmask = 0;

        /* Create the limits structures. */
        kernproc->p_limit = &limit0;
        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(kernproc->p_rlimit)/sizeof(kernproc->p_rlimit[0]); i++)
                limit0.pl_rlimit[i].rlim_cur = 
                        limit0.pl_rlimit[i].rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE].rlim_cur = NOFILE;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_cur = maxprocperuid;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_max = maxproc;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK] = vm_initial_limit_stack;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA] = vm_initial_limit_data;
        limit0.pl_rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE] = vm_initial_limit_core;
        limit0.pl_refcnt = 1;

        kernproc->p_stats = &pstats0;
        kernproc->p_sigacts = &sigacts0;

        /*
         * Charge root for one process: launchd.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling chgproccnt\n");
        (void)chgproccnt(0, 1);

        /*
         *      Allocate a kernel submap for pageable memory
         *      for temporary copying (execve()).
         */
        {
                vm_offset_t     minimum;

                bsd_init_kprintf("calling kmem_suballoc\n");
                assert(bsd_pageable_map_size != 0);
                ret = kmem_suballoc(kernel_map,
                                &minimum,
                                (vm_size_t)bsd_pageable_map_size,
                                TRUE,
                                VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE,
                                &bsd_pageable_map);
                if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) 
                        panic("bsd_init: Failed to allocate bsd pageable map");
        }

        /*
         * Initialize buffers and hash links for buffers
         *
         * SIDE EFFECT: Starts a thread for bcleanbuf_thread(), so must
         *              happen after a credential has been associated with
         *              the kernel task.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bsd_bufferinit\n");
        bsd_bufferinit();

        /* Initialize the execve() semaphore */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling semaphore_create\n");

        if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS)
                panic("bsd_init: Failed to create execve semaphore");

        /*
         * Initialize the calendar.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling IOKitInitializeTime\n");
        IOKitInitializeTime();

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling ubc_init\n");
        ubc_init();

        /*
         * Initialize device-switches.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling devsw_init() \n");
        devsw_init();

        /* Initialize the file systems. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling vfsinit\n");
        vfsinit();

#if CONFIG_PROC_UUID_POLICY
        /* Initial proc_uuid_policy subsystem */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling proc_uuid_policy_init()\n");
        proc_uuid_policy_init();
#endif

#if SOCKETS
        /* Initialize per-CPU cache allocator */
        mcache_init();

        /* Initialize mbuf's. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling mbinit\n");
        mbinit();
        net_str_id_init(); /* for mbuf tags */
#endif /* SOCKETS */

        /*
         * Initializes security event auditing.
         * XXX: Should/could this occur later?
         */
#if CONFIG_AUDIT
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling audit_init\n");
        audit_init();  
#endif

        /* Initialize kqueues */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling knote_init\n");
        knote_init();

        /* Initialize for async IO */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling aio_init\n");
        aio_init();

        /* Initialize pipes */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling pipeinit\n");
        pipeinit();

        /* Initialize SysV shm subsystem locks; the subsystem proper is
         * initialized through a sysctl.
         */
#if SYSV_SHM
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling sysv_shm_lock_init\n");
        sysv_shm_lock_init();
#endif
#if SYSV_SEM
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling sysv_sem_lock_init\n");
        sysv_sem_lock_init();
#endif
#if SYSV_MSG
        bsd_init_kprintf("sysv_msg_lock_init\n");
        sysv_msg_lock_init();
#endif
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling pshm_lock_init\n");
        pshm_lock_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling psem_lock_init\n");
        psem_lock_init();

        pthread_init();
        /* POSIX Shm and Sem */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling pshm_cache_init\n");
        pshm_cache_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling psem_cache_init\n");
        psem_cache_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling time_zone_slock_init\n");
        time_zone_slock_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling select_wait_queue_init\n");
        select_wait_queue_init();

        /*
         * Initialize protocols.  Block reception of incoming packets
         * until everything is ready.
         */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling sysctl_register_fixed\n");
        sysctl_register_fixed(); 
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling sysctl_mib_init\n");
        sysctl_mib_init();
#if NETWORKING
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling dlil_init\n");
        dlil_init();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling proto_kpi_init\n");
        proto_kpi_init();
#endif /* NETWORKING */
#if SOCKETS
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling socketinit\n");
        socketinit();
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling domaininit\n");
        domaininit();
        iptap_init();
#if FLOW_DIVERT
        flow_divert_init();
#endif  /* FLOW_DIVERT */
#endif /* SOCKETS */

        kernproc->p_fd->fd_cdir = NULL;
        kernproc->p_fd->fd_rdir = NULL;

#if CONFIG_FREEZE
#ifndef CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
    #error "CONFIG_FREEZE defined without matching CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS"
#endif
        /* Initialise background freezing */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling memorystatus_freeze_init\n");
        memorystatus_freeze_init();
#endif

#if CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS
        /* Initialize kernel memory status notifications */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling memorystatus_init\n");
        memorystatus_init();
#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORYSTATUS */

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling macx_init\n");
        macx_init();

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling acct_init\n");
        acct_init();

#ifdef GPROF
        /* Initialize kernel profiling. */
        kmstartup();
#endif

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bsd_autoconf\n");
        bsd_autoconf();

#if CONFIG_DTRACE
        dtrace_postinit();
#endif

        /*
         * We attach the loopback interface *way* down here to ensure
         * it happens after autoconf(), otherwise it becomes the
         * "primary" interface.
         */
#include <loop.h>
#if NLOOP > 0
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling loopattach\n");
        loopattach();                   /* XXX */
#endif
#if NGIF
        /* Initialize gif interface (after lo0) */
        gif_init();
#endif

#if PFLOG
        /* Initialize packet filter log interface */
        pfloginit();
#endif /* PFLOG */

#if NETHER > 0
        /* Register the built-in dlil ethernet interface family */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling ether_family_init\n");
        ether_family_init();
#endif /* ETHER */

#if NETWORKING
        /* Call any kext code that wants to run just after network init */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling net_init_run\n");
        net_init_run();
        
#if CONTENT_FILTER
        cfil_init();
#endif

#if PACKET_MANGLER
        pkt_mnglr_init();
#endif  

#if NECP
        /* Initialize Network Extension Control Policies */
        necp_init();
#endif
        
        /* register user tunnel kernel control handler */
        utun_register_control();
#if IPSEC
        ipsec_register_control();
#endif /* IPSEC */
        netsrc_init();
        nstat_init();
        tcp_cc_init();
#endif /* NETWORKING */

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling vnode_pager_bootstrap\n");
        vnode_pager_bootstrap();

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling inittodr\n");
        inittodr(0);

        /* Mount the root file system. */
        while( TRUE) {
                int err;

                bsd_init_kprintf("calling setconf\n");
                setconf();
#if NFSCLIENT
                netboot = (mountroot == netboot_mountroot);
#endif

                bsd_init_kprintf("vfs_mountroot\n");
                if (0 == (err = vfs_mountroot()))
                        break;
                rootdevice[0] = '\0';
#if NFSCLIENT
                if (netboot) {
                        PE_display_icon( 0, "noroot");  /* XXX a netboot-specific icon would be nicer */
                        vc_progress_set(FALSE, 0);
                        for (i=1; 1; i*=2) {
                                printf("bsd_init: failed to mount network root, error %d, %s\n",
                                        err, PE_boot_args());
                                printf("We are hanging here...\n");
                                IOSleep(i*60*1000);
                        }
                        /*NOTREACHED*/
                }
#endif
                printf("cannot mount root, errno = %d\n", err);
                boothowto |= RB_ASKNAME;
        }

        IOSecureBSDRoot(rootdevice);

        context.vc_thread = current_thread();
        context.vc_ucred = kernproc->p_ucred;
        mountlist.tqh_first->mnt_flag |= MNT_ROOTFS;

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling VFS_ROOT\n");
        /* Get the vnode for '/'.  Set fdp->fd_fd.fd_cdir to reference it. */
        if (VFS_ROOT(mountlist.tqh_first, &rootvnode, &context))
                panic("bsd_init: cannot find root vnode: %s", PE_boot_args());
        rootvnode->v_flag |= VROOT;
        (void)vnode_ref(rootvnode);
        (void)vnode_put(rootvnode);
        filedesc0.fd_cdir = rootvnode;

#if NFSCLIENT
        if (netboot) {
                int err;

                netboot = TRUE;
                /* post mount setup */
                if ((err = netboot_setup()) != 0) {
                        PE_display_icon( 0, "noroot");  /* XXX a netboot-specific icon would be nicer */
                        vc_progress_set(FALSE, 0);
                        for (i=1; 1; i*=2) {
                                printf("bsd_init: NetBoot could not find root, error %d: %s\n",
                                        err, PE_boot_args());
                                printf("We are hanging here...\n");
                                IOSleep(i*60*1000);
                        }
                        /*NOTREACHED*/
                }
        }
#endif
        

#if CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT
        /*
         * See if a system disk image is present. If so, mount it and
         * switch the root vnode to point to it
         */ 
        if (netboot == FALSE && imageboot_needed()) {
                /* 
                 * An image was found.  No turning back: we're booted
                 * with a kernel from the disk image.
                 */
                imageboot_setup(); 
        }
#endif /* CONFIG_IMAGEBOOT */
  
        /* set initial time; all other resource data is  already zero'ed */
        microtime_with_abstime(&kernproc->p_start, &kernproc->p_stats->ps_start);

#if DEVFS
        {
            char mounthere[] = "/dev";  /* !const because of internal casting */

            bsd_init_kprintf("calling devfs_kernel_mount\n");
            devfs_kernel_mount(mounthere);
        }
#endif /* DEVFS */
        
        /* Initialize signal state for process 0. */
        bsd_init_kprintf("calling siginit\n");
        siginit(kernproc);

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling bsd_utaskbootstrap\n");
        bsd_utaskbootstrap();

#if defined(__LP64__)
        kernproc->p_flag |= P_LP64;
#endif

        pal_kernel_announce();

        bsd_init_kprintf("calling mountroot_post_hook\n");

        /* invoke post-root-mount hook */
        if (mountroot_post_hook != NULL)
                mountroot_post_hook();

#if 0 /* not yet */
        consider_zone_gc(FALSE);
#endif

        bsd_init_kprintf("done\n");
}

void
bsdinit_task(void)
{
        proc_t p = current_proc();
        struct uthread *ut;
        thread_t thread;

        process_name("init", p);

        ux_handler_init();

        thread = current_thread();
        (void) host_set_exception_ports(host_priv_self(),
                                        EXC_MASK_ALL & ~(EXC_MASK_RPC_ALERT),//pilotfish (shark) needs this port
                                        (mach_port_t) ux_exception_port,
                                        EXCEPTION_DEFAULT| MACH_EXCEPTION_CODES,
                                        0);

        ut = (uthread_t)get_bsdthread_info(thread);

        bsd_init_task = get_threadtask(thread);
        init_task_failure_data[0] = 0;

#if CONFIG_MACF
        mac_cred_label_associate_user(p->p_ucred);
#endif
        load_init_program(p);
        lock_trace = 1;
}

kern_return_t
bsd_autoconf(void)
{
        kprintf("bsd_autoconf: calling kminit\n");
        kminit();

        /* 
         * Early startup for bsd pseudodevices.
         */
        {
            struct pseudo_init *pi;
        
            for (pi = pseudo_inits; pi->ps_func; pi++)
                (*pi->ps_func) (pi->ps_count);
        }

        return( IOKitBSDInit());
}


#include <sys/disklabel.h>  /* for MAXPARTITIONS */

static void
setconf(void)
{       
        u_int32_t       flags;
        kern_return_t   err;

        err = IOFindBSDRoot(rootdevice, sizeof(rootdevice), &rootdev, &flags);
        if( err) {
                printf("setconf: IOFindBSDRoot returned an error (%d);"
                        "setting rootdevice to 'sd0a'.\n", err); /* XXX DEBUG TEMP */
                rootdev = makedev( 6, 0 );
                strlcpy(rootdevice, "sd0a", sizeof(rootdevice));
                flags = 0;
        }

#if NFSCLIENT
        if( flags & 1 ) {
                /* network device */
                mountroot = netboot_mountroot;
        } else {
#endif
                /* otherwise have vfs determine root filesystem */
                mountroot = NULL;
#if NFSCLIENT
        }
#endif

}

void
bsd_utaskbootstrap(void)
{
        thread_t thread;
        struct uthread *ut;

        /*
         * Clone the bootstrap process from the kernel process, without
         * inheriting either task characteristics or memory from the kernel;
         */
        thread = cloneproc(TASK_NULL, COALITION_NULL, kernproc, FALSE, TRUE);

        /* Hold the reference as it will be dropped during shutdown */
        initproc = proc_find(1);                                
#if __PROC_INTERNAL_DEBUG
        if (initproc == PROC_NULL)
                panic("bsd_utaskbootstrap: initproc not set\n");
#endif
        /*
         * Since we aren't going back out the normal way to our parent,
         * we have to drop the transition locks explicitly.
         */
        proc_signalend(initproc, 0);
        proc_transend(initproc, 0);

        ut = (struct uthread *)get_bsdthread_info(thread);
        ut->uu_sigmask = 0;
        act_set_astbsd(thread);
        (void) thread_resume(thread);
}

static void
parse_bsd_args(void)
{
        char namep[16];
        int msgbuf;

        if ( PE_parse_boot_argn("-s", namep, sizeof (namep)))
                boothowto |= RB_SINGLE;

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-b", namep, sizeof (namep)))
                boothowto |= RB_NOBOOTRC;

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-x", namep, sizeof (namep))) /* safe boot */
                boothowto |= RB_SAFEBOOT;


        /* disable vnode_cache_is_authorized() by setting vnode_cache_defeat */
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-vnode_cache_defeat", namep, sizeof (namep)))
                bootarg_vnode_cache_defeat = 1;

#if DEVELOPMENT || DEBUG
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-disable_aslr", namep, sizeof (namep)))
                bootarg_disable_aslr = 1;
#endif

        PE_parse_boot_argn("ncl", &ncl, sizeof (ncl));
        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("nbuf", &max_nbuf_headers,
                                sizeof (max_nbuf_headers))) {
                customnbuf = 1;
        }

#if CONFIG_MACF
#if defined (__i386__) || defined (__x86_64__)
        PE_parse_boot_argn("policy_check", &policy_check_flags, sizeof (policy_check_flags));
#endif
#endif  /* CONFIG_MACF */

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("msgbuf", &msgbuf, sizeof (msgbuf))) {
                log_setsize(msgbuf);
        }

        if (PE_parse_boot_argn("-novfscache", namep, sizeof(namep))) {
                nc_disabled = 1;
        }
}

void
bsd_exec_setup(int scale)
{

        switch (scale) {
                case 0:
                case 1:
                        bsd_simul_execs = BSD_SIMUL_EXECS;
                        break;
                case 2:
                case 3:
                        bsd_simul_execs = 65;
                        break;
                case 4:
                case 5:
                        bsd_simul_execs = 129;
                        break;
                case 6:
                case 7:
                        bsd_simul_execs = 257;
                        break;
                default:
                        bsd_simul_execs = 513;
                        break;
                        
        }
        bsd_pageable_map_size = (bsd_simul_execs * BSD_PAGEABLE_SIZE_PER_EXEC);
}

#if !NFSCLIENT
int 
netboot_root(void);

int 
netboot_root(void)
{
        return(0);
}
#endif