-# $OpenBSD: europe,v 1.5 1997/01/14 04:36:52 millert Exp $
-# @(#)europe 7.42
+# @(#)europe 7.78
+
+# $FreeBSD: src/share/zoneinfo/europe,v 1.22 2001/04/06 16:46:52 wollman Exp $
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
#
-# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
-# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
+# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+#
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
#
-# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
-# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
-# I found in the UCLA library.
+# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+# which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
+# History of Summer Time
+# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
#
-# See the `africa' file for time zone naming and abbreviation conventions.
-#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
-# is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
-# Oxford University Press (1980).
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
###############################################################################
-# United Kingdom
-# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
+# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
#
# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
-# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
-# it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
-# famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
+# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
+# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
-# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
+# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
-# adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
+# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
+# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
+# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
-# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
-# in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
+# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
+# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
-# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
+# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
#
# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
-# transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
-# about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
+# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
+# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
-# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
+# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# See:
+# <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
+# Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
+# </a>
+# A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
+# near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
+# to the public.
# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
# politics making a fortune, not computing.
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
-#
-# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
-# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
-# (different from deciding to keep the status quo). According to the
-# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
-# and 1994 are:
-# Start End
-# 1993 28 March 24 October
-# 1994 27 March 23 October
-# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
-#
-# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
-# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
-# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
-#
-# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
-# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
-# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
-# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
-# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
-# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
-# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
-# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
-# an Order in Council (a Statutory Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
-# to specify the EC specified dates.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-18):
-#
-# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
-# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
-# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
-# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
-#
-# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
-# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
-# regarding double summer time.
-#
-# [two other similar questions omitted]
-#
-# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
-# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
-# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
-# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
-# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
-# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
-# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
-# Monday, 2nd April.'
-
# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-09-03):
-#
-# > # Current rules
-# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 BST
-# > Rule GB-Eire 1981 max - Oct Sun>=23 1:00s 0 GMT
-#
-# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
-# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
-# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
-# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
-# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
-# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
-# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
-# what will happen.
-#
-# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
-# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
-# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
-# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
-# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
-# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
-# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
-# be the end of it.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-22):
-#
-# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
-# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
-# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
-# summer months'.
-#
-# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
-# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
-#
-# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
-# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
-# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
-#
-# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
-# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
-#
-# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
-# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
-# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
-# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
-# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
-#
-# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
-# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
-#
-# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
-# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
-# was different.
-#
-# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
-# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-28):
-#
-# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
-# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
-#
-# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
-# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
-# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
-# Act 1916).... As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
-# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
-# sequence would have been:
-# Dublin London
-# 02:34 DST 02:59 BST
-# 02:35 DST 02:00 GMT
-# 02:59 DST 02:24 GMT
-# 02:25 GMT 02:25 GMT
-# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
-#
-# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
-# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
-# of the 1880 date in Shanks. The little bit of it that is repealed
-# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-10-29):
-#
-# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
-# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
-# ever since it first started in 1916.
-#
-# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
-# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
-#
-# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
-# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
-# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
-# and the table itself is also wrong. The correct date is 13 April.
-# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
-# except for wartime double summer time.
-#
-# As evidence I would cite:
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
-#
-# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
-# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
-# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
-#
-# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
-#
-# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
-# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
-# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
-# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
-#
-# This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
-# Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
-# the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
-# The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
-# so approved.
-#
-# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
-# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
-#
-# This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
-# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
-# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
-#
-# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
-# [SR&O == Statutory Regulation and Order]
-#
-# These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
-# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
-# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
-# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
-# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
-#
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-# 1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
-#
-# This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
-# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
-#
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-# 1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
-#
-# This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
-# the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
-# second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
-# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
-# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
-# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
-# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
-# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
-# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
-# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
-# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
-# England and Wales were indivisible.
-#
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-# 1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
-#
-# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
-# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
-#
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-# 1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
-#
-# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
-# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
-# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
-#
-# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
-# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
-#
-# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
-#
-# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
-# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
-# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
-# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
-# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
-# measures saying it didn't.
-#
-# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
-#
-# This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
-# henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
-#
-# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
-# date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
-# when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
-# after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
-# 1 hour.
-#
-# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
-# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
-# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
-#
-# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
-# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
-# to 01:00 GMT.)
-#
-# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutory Instrument]
-#
-# This specifies dates of:
-# Start End
-# 1993 28 March 24 October
-# 1994 27 March 23 October
-# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT....
-#
-# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
-#
-# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
-# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
-# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
-# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
-# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
-#
-# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
-# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
-# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
-# throughout the UK.
-#
-# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
-#
-# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
-# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
-# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
-# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-05-29):
-# I have now got a copy of the British Standard Time Act 1968.
-# It says (S4(2)) that it expires at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971 unless
-# an Order in Council was passed in Parliament to make the Act permanent.
-# No Order was passed, so 02:00 1971-10-31 it is...
-#
-# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
-# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
-# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
-# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
-# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
-# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
-# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
-# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
-# summer time in 1968....
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1993-11-18)
-#
-# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
-# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
-# all the Acts.
-#
-# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
-#
-# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
-# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
-# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
-# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
-#
-# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
-# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
-# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
-# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
-# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
-# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
-# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
-# again so they leave it out.
-#
-# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
-# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
-# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
-# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
-#
-# Peter Ilieve peter@memex.co.uk
-#
-#
-# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
-# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
-# ## Lines like this are comments.
-# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
-# ## Control lines are of the form
-# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
-# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
-# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
-# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
-# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
-# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
-# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
-# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
-# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
-# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
-# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
-#
-# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
-#
-# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
-# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
-# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1916
-# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
-#
-# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
-# # unknown Order or Orders ???
-# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
-# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
-# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
-# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
-# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
-# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1922
-# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
-# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
-# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
-#
-# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
-# 1939 3 April 3 November
-# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
-# 1940 4 feb 0 none
-# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
-# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
-# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
-# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
-# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
-# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
-# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
-# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
-# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
-#
-# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1946 3 April 1 October
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1947
-# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
-# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
-# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
-# # Unknown Order ???
-# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
-# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
-# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
-# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
-# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
-# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
-# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
-# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
-#
-# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
-#
-# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
-# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
-# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
-# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
-# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
-# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
-# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
-# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
-# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
-# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
-# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
-# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
-# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
-# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
-# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
-# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
-# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
-# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
-# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
-# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1972
-# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
-#
-# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
-# # First EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
-# 1981 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
-# 1982 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
-# # Second EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
-# 1983 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
-# 1984 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
-# 1985 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
-# # Third EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
-# 1986 30 Mar 26 Oct fixed
-# 1987 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
-# 1988 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
-# # Fourth EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
-# 1989 26 Mar 29 Oct fixed
-# # Fifth EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
-# 1990 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
-# 1991 31 Mar 27 Oct fixed
-# 1992 29 Mar 25 Oct fixed
-# # Sixth EC Directive
-# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
-# 1993 28 Mar 24 Oct fixed
-# 1994 27 Mar 23 Oct fixed
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-08-18):
-# I now have the text of the 7th EC directive on summer time arrangements
-# (94/21/EC), which was approved on 30 May....
-# The major changes from existing practice are that 1995 will be the last year
-# that the UK and Eire finish on a different date from everyone else,
-# and the common end date from 1996 onwards will be the last Sunday in October.
-# Year Start End End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
-# (rule) (last Sun) (last Sun) (4th Sun)
-# 1995 26 March 24 September 22 October
-# 1996 31 March 27 October
-# 1997 30 March 26 October
-#
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-01):
-# The final piece of the legislative jigsaw for summer time in the UK for
-# 1995-97 is now in place. The Summer Time Order 1994 (SI 1994/2798)
-# came into force on 16 November. It restates the dates from the EC
-# seventh Summer Time Directive....
-#
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-04-20):
-# Proposals for the eighth directive were supposed to have been produced
-# by the Commission by 1 Jan 96. They have not yet appeared (I asked just
-# before Easter).
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-03-28):
-# The [GB-Eire] end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule
-# of Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
-# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
-# when 29 October was used. That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
-# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
-# directive for just this year. I don't have the text of the 5th EC
-# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
-# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
-# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
-
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
-#
-# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
-# Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
-# 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
-# Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
-# (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
-# Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
-# since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
-# points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
-# Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
-#
-# Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
-# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
+# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
+# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
+# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
+# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
+# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
+# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
+# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
+# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
+# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+
+# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
+# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
+# which is to be introduced in May....
+# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
+# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
+# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
+# so we use `BDST'.
+
+# Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
+# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
+# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
+# and extending this list, which can be found in
+# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
+# History of legal time in Britain
+# </a> (2000-02-12).
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
+#
+# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
+# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
+# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
+# </a>.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-02-17):
+#
+# For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
+#
+# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
+# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
# It actually just had one transition.
-# * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
+# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
#
-# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
-# we'll ignore them for now.
+# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
-# to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
+# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
# conform with Great Britain.
+# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
+#
+# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
+# we'll ignore it for now.
# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
#
#
# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
+# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
+# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
+# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
+# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
+# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
+# and Frethun run in CT.
+# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
+# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
+# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
+# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
+# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
+# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
+
# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# 1916 to 1925--irregular
+# Summer Time Act, 1916
Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
+Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1925
Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
-Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
+Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
+Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
+# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
+# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
-# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
-Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr 2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
-Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul 15 1:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
+Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
+Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
+Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
+Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1947
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
-# So much for double saving time. 1948 and 1949, irregular.
+# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1948 1949 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 GMT
+Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
-Rule GB-Eire 1950 1953 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
-# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
-Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
+Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
+Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
+# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
+# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+# (no summer time)
+# The Summer Time Act, 1972
Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
-Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
-# 1981 on
+# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
+# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
+# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
+Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EU GMT/BST
Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
- -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00 # Irish Summer Time
+ -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EU GMT/BST
Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
- -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 3:00
+ -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
+# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
+# <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
+# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
+# </a>
# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman says 1941 DST was only from Feb 25 to Oct 5; go with Shanks.
Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
-Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
+Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
-# Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
-# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
-# My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
-Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 DS
+Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
+#
Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1984 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
- 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1985 Mar 31 1:00
- 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1991
+ 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Andorra
# Belarus
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
- 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
+ 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
+ 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
2:00 Russia EE%sT
# Belgium
-# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
+# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
+# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
+# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
+# pp 8-9.
+# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
+# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
+# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
+# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
+# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# From Whitman:
+Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1919 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
-# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
-Rule Belgium 1920 1921 - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
+Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
-Rule Belgium 1922 1928 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
+Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
+# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
+# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
+# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
+# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1929 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:20 - LMT 1880
- 0:17:20 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
- 0:00 - WET 1914 Aug 4
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Mar 1 23:00
- 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 Feb 24 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
+Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
+ 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
+ 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
+ 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
+ 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
- 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
- 1:00 - CET 1983
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
+# see Yugoslavia
# Bulgaria
+#
+# From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
+# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Croatia
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Zagreb 1:03:52 - LMT 1884
- 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
- 1:00 - CET 1983
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
+# see Yugosloavia
# Czech Republic
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Denmark
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
+# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
+Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
-2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
-2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
-1:00 EU EG%sT
Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
-3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
-3:00 EU WG%sT
-Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
+Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
-4:00 Thule A%sT
# Estonia
# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
# summer time next spring.''
+
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
+# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
+# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
+# </a>
+# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
+#
+# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
+# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
+# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
+
+# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
+# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
+# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
+# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
+# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
+# after that.
+
+# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
+# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
+ 2:00 - EET
# Finland
-# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
#
# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
2:00 EU EE%sT
# France
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
-# French Revolutionary calendar used 1792-09-22 - 1805-12-31.
+
+# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
+#
+# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
+# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
+#
+# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
+# Paris, 1991
+#
+# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
+# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
+
+
#
# Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
-# From Shanks (1991):
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
+Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
+# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
+# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
+# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
-# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
-# but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
-Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 DS
-Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1942 only - Mar 8 0:00 2:00 DS
+# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
+# that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
+# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
+# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
+# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
+Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
+# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
+# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
+# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
+Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 DS
-Rule France 1943 only - Nov 4 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 DS
+Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
+Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
+Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 DS
+Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
-Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1976 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
+# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
+Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
+Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
- 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
- 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14
+Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
+ 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
+# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
+ 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
+# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
+# go with Shanks.
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
- 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+ 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Germany
+# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
+# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
+# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
+#
+# <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
+# Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
+# </a>
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 DS
-Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
+# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
+# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
+# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
+Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
+Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
-Rule Germany 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 DS
+# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
+# go with Shanks.
+Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2:00 EU EE%sT
# Hungary
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
# might mean something else (???).
#
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
-# Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
+# Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
0:00 - GMT
# Italy
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
+# called ``Palermo Time'' (+0053) and ``Cagliari Time'' (+0038).
+# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
+# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
+# so record only the time in Rome.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
-# <URL:http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html> (1996-03-14) (`FP'
-# below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute publication.
-# When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
+# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
+# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
+# </a>
+# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
+# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
#
# year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
# Latvia
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks. They contradict
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
-# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
-# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
+
+# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
+
+# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
+# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
+# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
+# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
+#
+# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
+# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
+#
+# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
+# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
+#
+# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
+# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
+# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
+# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
+# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
+# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
+#
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
+# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
+# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+
+# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
+# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
+# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
+# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
+
+# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
+# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
+# </a>
+# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
+# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
+# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
+# clocks one hour in the spring....
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
+# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
+# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
+# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
+# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
+# appears that they will not do so....
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Latvia 1992 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Latvia 1992 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 8
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 Latvia EE%sT
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+ 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+ 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
+ 2:00 - EET 2001
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Liechtenstein
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Lithuania
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
+# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+
+# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
+# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
+# to be valid here starting from October 31,
+# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
+# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
+# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
+# already done by Estonia.
+
+# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
+# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
-# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
+ 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
+ 2:00 - EET
# Luxembourg
# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Macedonia
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Skopje 1:25:44 - LMT 1884
- 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
- 1:00 - CET 1983
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
+# see Yugoslavia
# Malta
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Moldova
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
+# A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
+# Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
+# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
+# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
+# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
+# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
+# But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
+# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
+
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
+Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
+ 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+ 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+ 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
+ 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
+ 2:00 - EET 1991
+ 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
+# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Monaco
# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
# Netherlands
# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
+# The data before 1945 is taken from
+# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
-Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
+Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
-# Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
+Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 AMT
+Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
-Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
+Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
-# Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
+Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
- 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
+ 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 17 0:00
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Norway
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
-# Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
-Rule Norway 1935 only - Aug 11 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
-# 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
+# Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
+# 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
-#
-# Svalbard
+
+# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
-#
-# Jan Mayen
# From Whitman:
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
- 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT
+ 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
-# <URL:http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml>
-# (1995-09-24) says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
+# <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
+# http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
+# </a>
+# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
# Stick with W-Eur for now.
+#
+# From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
+# According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
+# follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
+# worth further discussion.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
+# Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
+# or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
+# EU rules in 1999.
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
# Portugal
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
#
# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
+# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
+# Go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 DS
+Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 DS
+Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 DS
+Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
0:00 EU WE%sT
# Romania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
+# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
+# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
+# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
+# the same year as Bulgaria.
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Russia
-# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
-# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
-# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
-# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
-# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
-# reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days
-# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
-# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
-#
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
-# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
-# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
+# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
-# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
+# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
+# Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
#
# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
#
+# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
+# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
+# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
+# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
+# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
+#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
- 2:00 Poland CET 1946
+ 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
-# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
2:00 Russia EE%sT
Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
- 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
+ 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
-Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
- 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
- 4:00 Russia SAM%sT
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
+Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
+ 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
+ 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+ 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
+ 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
+ 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
-Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
+Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
+ 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
6:00 Russia OMS%sT
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
+ 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
- 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
6:00 Russia NOV%sT
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
+ 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
7:00 Russia KRA%sT
Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
- 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
- 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
+ 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+ 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
8:00 Russia IRK%sT
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
+ 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
9:00 Russia YAK%sT
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
- 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
- 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
+ 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
10:00 Russia VLA%sT
Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
+ 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
11:00 Russia MAG%sT
# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
-Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
+Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
+ 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
12:00 Russia PET%sT
Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
- 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 13:00 Russia ANA%sT
+ 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
+ 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
+ 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
# Slovakia
Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
# Slovenia
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Ljubljana 0:58:04 - LMT 1884
- 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
- 1:00 - CET 1983
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
+# see Yugoslavia
# Spain
-# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
-Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 DS
+Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 DS
+Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
# Sweden
-
-# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) <URL:news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>:
-#
-# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden
-# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
-# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
-# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
-# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
-#
-# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
-# they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712
-# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
-# year!...
-#
-# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
-# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
-#
-# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
-# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
-# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
-# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
-
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Switzerland
-# From Howse (1988), p 82:
+# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks:
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-# Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
# Ukraine
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
-Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
-Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
-Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
-Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
-Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
-Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
-Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
-Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
-Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
-Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
-Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
-Rule Crimea 1996 max - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
-Rule Crimea 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
- 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
+ 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
+ 1:00 - CET 1940
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
+ 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
+# Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
+ 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
+ 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
- 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
+ 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
- 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
- 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD
+# Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+ 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
+ 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
+ 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
# Yugoslavia
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
- 1:00 - CET 1983
+# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
+# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
+# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+ 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
1:00 EU CE%sT
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
###############################################################################
# ...
# Monaco: has same DST as France.
# ...
-
-# ...
-# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
-# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
-# ...
-# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
-# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
-# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
-# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
-# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
-# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
-# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
-# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
-# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
-#
-# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
-# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
-# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.
projects / apple / system_cmds.git / blobdiff