3 # $FreeBSD: src/share/zoneinfo/europe,v 1.22 2001/04/06 16:46:52 wollman Exp $
5 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
9 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
10 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
12 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
14 # Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law@bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
15 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
20 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1991,
21 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
23 # Other sources occasionally used include:
25 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27 # which I found in the UCLA library.
29 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
30 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
31 # History of Summer Time
32 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
35 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
36 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
37 # Corrections are welcome!
41 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
42 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
43 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
44 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
45 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
46 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
47 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
50 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
51 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
53 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
54 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
55 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
56 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
58 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
59 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
60 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
61 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
62 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
63 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
65 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
66 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
68 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
69 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
70 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
71 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
75 ###############################################################################
77 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
79 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
81 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
82 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
83 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
86 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
87 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
88 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
89 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
90 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
91 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
92 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
94 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
95 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
96 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
98 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
100 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
102 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
103 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
104 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
105 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
106 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
107 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
108 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
109 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
110 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
111 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
112 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
113 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
114 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
115 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
116 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
117 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
118 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
119 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
120 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
121 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
123 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
124 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
125 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
127 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
128 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
129 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
130 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
131 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
132 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
133 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
134 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
135 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
137 # <a href="http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/05/18/x-timcrtcrt01011.html">
138 # Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18)
140 # A monument was erected in 1927 to Willett, in an open space in a 45-acre wood
141 # near Chiselhurst, Kent that was purchased by popular subscription and open
144 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
145 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
146 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
147 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
148 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
150 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
152 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
153 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
155 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
156 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
157 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
158 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
159 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
161 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
162 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
163 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
164 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
165 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
167 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
168 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
169 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
170 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
172 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
173 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
174 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
175 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
176 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
177 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
178 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
179 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
181 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
182 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
183 # which is to be introduced in May....
184 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
185 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
187 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
188 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
189 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
192 # Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19) described at length
193 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
194 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> has been updating
195 # and extending this list, which can be found in
196 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
197 # History of legal time in Britain
200 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
202 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
203 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
204 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
205 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
208 # From Paul Eggert (2000-02-17):
210 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
212 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
213 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
214 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
215 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
216 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
217 # It actually just had one transition.
218 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
219 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
220 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
221 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
222 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
224 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks:
225 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
226 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
227 # conform with Great Britain.
228 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
230 # The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
231 # we'll ignore it for now.
232 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
235 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
237 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
238 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
239 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
240 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
241 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
242 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
243 # and Frethun run in CT.
244 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
245 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
246 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
247 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
248 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
249 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
251 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
252 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
253 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
254 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
255 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
256 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
257 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
259 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
260 # Summer Time Act, 1916
261 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
262 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
263 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
264 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
265 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
266 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
267 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
268 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
269 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
270 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
271 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
272 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
273 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
274 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
275 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
276 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
277 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
278 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
279 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
280 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
281 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
282 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
283 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
284 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
285 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
286 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
287 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
288 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
289 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
290 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
291 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
292 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
293 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
294 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
295 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
296 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
297 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
298 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
299 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
300 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
301 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
302 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
303 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
304 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
305 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
306 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
307 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
308 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
309 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
310 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
311 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
312 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
313 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
314 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
315 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
316 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
317 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
318 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
319 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
320 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
321 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
322 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
323 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
324 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
325 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
327 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
328 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
329 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
330 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
332 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
333 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
335 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
338 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
341 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
342 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
343 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
345 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
346 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
347 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
348 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
350 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
353 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
354 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
356 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
357 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
358 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
359 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
360 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
362 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
363 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
364 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
365 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
366 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
367 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
369 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
370 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
371 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
372 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
375 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
376 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
377 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
378 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
379 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
382 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
383 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
384 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
385 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
386 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
387 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
388 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
389 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
390 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
391 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
392 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
393 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
396 ###############################################################################
400 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
401 # Common Market, etc.
403 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
404 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
405 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
406 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
407 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
408 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
409 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
410 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
411 # <a href="http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/2000/en_300L0084.html"
412 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
413 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
416 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
417 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
418 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
419 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
420 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
421 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
422 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
424 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
425 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
426 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
427 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
428 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
429 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
430 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
431 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
432 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
433 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
434 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
435 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
436 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
437 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
438 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
439 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
440 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
441 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
442 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
444 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
445 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
446 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
447 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
448 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
449 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
450 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
452 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
453 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
454 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
455 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
456 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
457 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
458 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
459 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
460 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
461 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
462 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
463 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
464 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
465 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
466 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
467 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
468 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
469 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
470 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
472 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
473 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
474 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
475 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
476 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
478 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
480 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
481 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
482 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
483 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
484 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
486 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
487 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
489 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
490 # The official German names ... are
492 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
493 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
495 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
496 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
497 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
499 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
500 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
502 # D-38023 Braunschweig
503 # phone: +49 531 592-0
505 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
506 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
507 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
509 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
510 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
514 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
515 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
516 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
517 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
518 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
519 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
520 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
521 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
522 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
523 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
524 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
525 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
526 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
527 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
528 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
529 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
530 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
531 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
532 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
533 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
534 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
535 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
536 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
537 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
538 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
539 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
540 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
541 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
542 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
543 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
547 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
548 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
549 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
550 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
554 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
555 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
556 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
557 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
558 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
559 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
560 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
561 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
562 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
563 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
564 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
565 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
566 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
567 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
568 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
572 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
573 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
574 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
575 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
576 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
578 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
579 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
580 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
581 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
582 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
587 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
588 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
589 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
590 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
591 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
593 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
594 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
595 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
596 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
597 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
599 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
600 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
601 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
602 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
603 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
604 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
605 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
606 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
607 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
608 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
609 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
610 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
611 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
612 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
613 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
614 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
615 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
616 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
617 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
619 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
620 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
621 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
622 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
623 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
624 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
625 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
626 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
627 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
628 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
629 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
630 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
631 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
632 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
633 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
634 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
635 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
636 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
637 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
638 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
639 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
640 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
641 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
642 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
643 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
644 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
645 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
646 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
649 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
654 # From Plamen Simenov <P.Simeonov@cnsys.bg> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
655 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
656 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
657 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
659 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
660 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
661 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
662 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
663 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
664 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
665 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
666 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
667 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
668 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
669 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
670 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
671 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
672 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
673 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
680 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
681 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
682 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
683 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
684 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
685 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
686 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
687 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
688 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
689 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
690 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
691 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
692 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
695 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
696 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
697 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
698 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
699 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
700 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
701 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
702 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
703 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
704 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
705 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
706 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
707 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
708 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
709 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
711 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
713 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
714 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
715 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
716 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
717 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
719 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
723 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
724 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
725 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
726 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
727 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
728 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
731 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
732 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
733 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
735 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
736 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
737 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
738 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
740 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
741 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
743 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
747 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
748 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
749 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
750 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
752 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
753 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
754 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
755 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
756 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
757 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
758 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
759 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
760 # summer time next spring.''
762 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
763 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
764 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
766 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
767 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
769 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
770 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
771 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
773 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
774 # via Steffen Thorsen:
775 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
776 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
777 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
778 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
779 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
782 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
783 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
784 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
785 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
787 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
788 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
789 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
790 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
791 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
792 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
793 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
794 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
795 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
796 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
797 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
798 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
803 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
804 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
805 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
807 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
808 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
809 # Go with Strang instead.
811 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
812 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
813 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
814 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
815 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
816 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
817 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
822 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
824 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
825 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
827 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
830 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
831 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
835 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
836 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
837 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
838 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
839 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
840 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
844 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
846 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
847 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
848 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
849 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
850 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
851 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
855 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
857 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
858 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
859 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
860 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
864 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
867 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
868 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
869 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
870 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks writes
871 # that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
872 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
873 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
874 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
875 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
876 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
877 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
878 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
879 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
880 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
881 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
882 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
883 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
884 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
885 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
886 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
887 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
888 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
889 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
890 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
891 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
892 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
893 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
894 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
895 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
896 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
897 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
898 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
899 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
900 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
902 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
903 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
904 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
905 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
907 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
908 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
909 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
914 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
915 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
916 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
918 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
919 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
922 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
923 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
924 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
925 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
926 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
927 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
928 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
929 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
930 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
932 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
934 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
936 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
937 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
938 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
940 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
941 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
942 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
943 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
947 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
948 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
949 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
954 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
955 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
956 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
957 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
958 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
959 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
960 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
961 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
962 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
963 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
964 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
965 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
966 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
967 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
968 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
969 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
970 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
971 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
972 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
973 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
974 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
975 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
976 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
977 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
978 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
979 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
980 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
981 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
982 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
983 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
984 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
985 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
989 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
990 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
991 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
992 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
993 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
994 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
995 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
996 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
997 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
998 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
999 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1000 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1001 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1002 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1003 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1004 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1005 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1006 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1007 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1008 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1009 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1010 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1011 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1012 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1013 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1014 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1015 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1020 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1021 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1024 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1027 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1028 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1029 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1030 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1032 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1033 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1034 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1035 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1038 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1039 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1040 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1041 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1042 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1043 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1044 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1045 # might mean something else (???).
1047 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-10-29):
1048 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1049 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1050 # Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1052 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1053 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1054 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1055 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1056 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1057 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1058 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1059 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1060 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1061 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1062 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1063 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1064 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1065 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1066 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1067 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1068 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1069 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1070 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1071 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1072 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1073 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1074 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1075 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1076 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1081 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1082 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1083 # called ``Palermo Time'' (+0053) and ``Cagliari Time'' (+0038).
1084 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1085 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1086 # so record only the time in Rome.
1088 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1089 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1090 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1091 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1093 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1094 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1096 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1097 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1098 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1099 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1100 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1101 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1102 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1103 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1104 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1105 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1106 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1107 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1108 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1109 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1110 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1111 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1113 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1114 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1115 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1116 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1117 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1118 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1119 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1120 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1121 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1122 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1123 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1124 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1125 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1126 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1127 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1128 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1129 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1130 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1131 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1132 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1133 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1134 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1135 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1136 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1137 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1138 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1139 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1140 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1141 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1142 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1143 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1144 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1145 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1146 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1147 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1149 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1151 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1152 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1153 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1154 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1155 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1158 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1159 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1163 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1165 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1166 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1167 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1168 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1170 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1171 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1172 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1173 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1174 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1176 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1177 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1178 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1179 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1180 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1181 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1183 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1184 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1185 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1186 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1187 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1188 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1189 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1190 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1191 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1192 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1194 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1195 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1196 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1198 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1199 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1200 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1201 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1202 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1204 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1205 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1207 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1208 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1209 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1210 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1211 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1212 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1213 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1214 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1215 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1216 # appears that they will not do so....
1218 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1219 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1220 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1221 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1222 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1223 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1224 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1225 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1226 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1227 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1228 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1230 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1231 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1232 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1233 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1234 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1239 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1240 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1246 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1247 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1248 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1250 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1251 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1252 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1254 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1255 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1256 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1257 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1258 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1259 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1260 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1261 # already done by Estonia.
1263 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1264 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1265 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1267 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1268 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1269 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1270 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1271 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1272 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1273 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1274 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1275 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1276 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1277 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1278 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1279 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1280 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1284 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1285 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1286 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1287 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1288 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1289 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1290 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1291 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1292 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1294 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1295 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1296 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1297 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1298 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1299 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1300 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1301 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1302 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1303 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1304 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1305 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1306 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1307 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1308 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1309 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1310 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1311 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1312 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1313 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1314 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1315 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1322 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1323 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1324 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1325 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1327 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1328 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1329 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1330 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1331 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1332 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1333 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1334 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1335 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1340 # From Paul Eggert (2001-02-11):
1341 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks, who writes that
1342 # Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1343 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1344 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1345 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1346 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1347 # But moldavizolit@tirastel.md and mk@tirastel.md separately reported via
1348 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1349 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1351 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1352 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1353 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1354 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1355 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1356 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1357 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1358 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1359 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1361 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1362 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1363 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1367 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1368 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1369 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1370 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1371 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1372 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1376 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1377 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1378 # The data before 1945 is taken from
1379 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1380 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1381 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1382 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1383 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1384 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1385 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1386 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 AMT
1387 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1388 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1389 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1390 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1391 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1392 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1393 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1394 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1395 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1396 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1397 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1398 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1399 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1400 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1401 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1403 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1404 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 17 0:00
1405 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1406 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1410 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1411 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1412 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1413 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1414 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1415 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1416 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1417 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1418 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1419 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1420 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1421 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1422 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1423 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1424 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1425 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1428 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1429 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1431 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1432 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1435 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1436 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1437 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1438 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1439 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1440 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1441 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1442 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1443 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1444 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1445 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1446 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1447 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1448 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1449 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1450 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1451 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1452 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1453 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1454 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1455 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1456 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1457 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1458 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1459 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1460 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1461 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1462 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1463 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1464 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1465 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1999
1466 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1467 # <a href="http://www.warsawvoice.com.pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1468 # http://www.warsawvoice.com/pl/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1470 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1471 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1473 # From Marcin.Kasperski@softax.com.pl (1999-06-10):
1474 # According to my colleagues someone recently decided, that Poland would
1475 # follow European Union regulations, so - I think - the matter is not
1476 # worth further discussion.
1478 # From Paul Eggert (1999-06-10):
1479 # Kasperski also writes that the government futzed with the rules in 1997
1480 # or 1998 but he doesn't remember the details. Assume they switched to
1486 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1487 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1488 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1490 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1491 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1492 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1494 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1495 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1496 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1497 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1498 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1499 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1500 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1502 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1503 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1504 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1506 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1507 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1508 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1509 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1510 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1511 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1512 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1513 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1514 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1515 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1516 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1517 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1518 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1519 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1520 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1521 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1522 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1523 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1524 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1525 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1526 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1527 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1528 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1529 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1530 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1531 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1533 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1534 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1535 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1536 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1537 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1538 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1539 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1540 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1541 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1542 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1543 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1544 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1545 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1546 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1547 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1548 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1549 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1550 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1551 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1552 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1553 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1554 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1555 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1556 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1557 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1558 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1559 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1560 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1561 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1562 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1563 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1564 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1565 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1566 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1567 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1568 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1569 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1570 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1571 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1572 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1573 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1575 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1576 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1577 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1578 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1579 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1580 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1582 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1583 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1584 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1585 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1590 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1591 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1592 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1593 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1594 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1595 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1597 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1598 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1599 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1600 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1601 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1602 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1603 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1604 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1605 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1606 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1607 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1608 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1609 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1610 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1611 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1612 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1613 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1618 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1619 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1620 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1621 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
1622 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1624 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
1625 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1626 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1627 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1628 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1630 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
1631 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1632 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1633 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1635 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1636 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1637 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1638 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1639 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1640 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1642 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1643 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1644 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1645 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1646 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1648 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
1649 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
1650 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1651 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
1652 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1653 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1654 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1656 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
1657 3:00 - KUYT 1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
1658 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1659 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1660 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1661 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
1662 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
1663 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
1664 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
1665 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1666 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1667 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
1668 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
1669 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
1670 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1671 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1673 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
1674 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1675 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1676 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1677 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1678 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
1679 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
1680 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1681 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1682 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # says Shanks
1684 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
1685 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1686 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1687 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1689 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
1690 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
1691 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
1692 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1693 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1695 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
1696 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
1697 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1698 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1700 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
1701 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
1702 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1703 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1705 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
1706 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
1707 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1708 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1710 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
1711 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
1712 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
1713 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1714 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1716 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
1717 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
1718 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
1719 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1720 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1724 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
1730 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1731 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
1732 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1733 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
1734 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1735 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1736 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1737 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1738 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
1739 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
1740 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1741 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
1742 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1743 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1744 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1745 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1746 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
1747 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1748 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1749 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
1750 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1751 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1752 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
1753 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1754 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
1755 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
1756 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
1757 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
1758 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
1759 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1760 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
1761 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
1762 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
1763 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
1764 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
1765 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1766 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
1767 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1768 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
1769 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
1770 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1771 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
1772 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1773 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1774 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
1775 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1776 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1777 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
1778 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1779 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
1780 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
1781 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1783 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
1784 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
1785 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
1787 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
1788 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
1791 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
1792 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
1793 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
1794 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
1796 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
1797 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
1800 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1801 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
1802 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
1803 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
1804 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
1810 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
1811 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
1812 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
1813 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1814 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
1815 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
1816 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
1818 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1819 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1820 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1821 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
1822 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
1823 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1828 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1829 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1830 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1831 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1832 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1833 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1834 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1835 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1836 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
1837 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
1838 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1839 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1840 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
1841 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
1842 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
1843 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
1844 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1845 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1846 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1847 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
1848 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1849 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1850 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1851 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
1852 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1853 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1854 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
1855 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1857 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
1858 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1859 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1860 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1861 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
1862 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
1863 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
1864 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
1865 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1866 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
1867 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1868 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1869 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1870 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1871 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1872 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
1873 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
1874 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
1875 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
1876 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1877 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
1878 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1879 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1880 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1881 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
1882 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
1883 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
1884 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
1885 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1887 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
1890 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1891 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
1892 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
1893 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
1894 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1895 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
1896 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
1897 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1898 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
1900 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
1902 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
1903 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
1905 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1906 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
1907 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
1908 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1909 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
1910 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
1912 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
1914 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
1915 # Zaporozh'ye has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
1916 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
1917 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
1918 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1919 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
1920 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
1921 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
1922 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
1924 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
1925 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
1926 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
1927 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1929 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
1930 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1931 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
1933 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-11-12):
1934 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
1935 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
1936 # Shanks says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
1937 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. For now, guess it changed in May.
1938 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
1939 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
1940 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
1941 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
1942 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
1943 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
1944 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
1945 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
1949 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1950 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1951 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1952 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
1953 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
1954 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
1955 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
1956 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
1957 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
1959 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
1960 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1961 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
1962 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
1964 ###############################################################################
1966 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
1967 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
1968 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
1970 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
1971 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
1972 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
1973 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
1974 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
1975 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
1978 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
1979 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
1980 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
1983 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
1984 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
1985 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
1986 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
1987 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
1989 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
1990 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
1991 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
1992 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
1994 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
1995 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
1997 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
1998 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
1999 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2002 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2003 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2006 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2007 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2008 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2010 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2011 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2012 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2013 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2014 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2015 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2018 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2019 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2020 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2021 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2022 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2023 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2024 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2025 # in advance of normal time.
2028 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2029 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2030 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2032 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2034 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2035 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2037 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
projects / apple / system_cmds.git / blob