1 // These options must match customrr2.m
5 $C{COMPILE} $DIR/customrr.m -fvisibility=default -o customrr.exe
6 $C{COMPILE} -bundle -bundle_loader customrr.exe $DIR/customrr-cat1.m -o customrr-cat1.bundle
7 $C{COMPILE} -bundle -bundle_loader customrr.exe $DIR/customrr-cat2.m -o customrr-cat2.bundle
14 #include <Foundation/NSObject.h>
18 static int Autoreleases;
19 static int RetainCounts;
20 static int PlusRetains;
21 static int PlusReleases;
22 static int PlusAutoreleases;
23 static int PlusRetainCounts;
25 static int AllocWithZones;
27 static int SubRetains;
28 static int SubReleases;
29 static int SubAutoreleases;
30 static int SubRetainCounts;
31 static int SubPlusRetains;
32 static int SubPlusReleases;
33 static int SubPlusAutoreleases;
34 static int SubPlusRetainCounts;
36 static int SubAllocWithZones;
40 static id imp_fn(id self, SEL _cmd __unused, ...)
46 static void zero(void) {
64 SubPlusAutoreleases = 0;
65 SubPlusRetainCounts = 0;
67 SubAllocWithZones = 0;
73 id HackRetain(id self, SEL _cmd __unused) { Retains++; return self; }
74 void HackRelease(id self __unused, SEL _cmd __unused) { Releases++; }
75 id HackAutorelease(id self, SEL _cmd __unused) { Autoreleases++; return self; }
76 NSUInteger HackRetainCount(id self __unused, SEL _cmd __unused) { RetainCounts++; return 1; }
77 id HackPlusRetain(id self, SEL _cmd __unused) { PlusRetains++; return self; }
78 void HackPlusRelease(id self __unused, SEL _cmd __unused) { PlusReleases++; }
79 id HackPlusAutorelease(id self, SEL _cmd __unused) { PlusAutoreleases++; return self; }
80 NSUInteger HackPlusRetainCount(id self __unused, SEL _cmd __unused) { PlusRetainCounts++; return 1; }
81 id HackAlloc(Class self, SEL _cmd __unused) { Allocs++; return class_createInstance(self, 0); }
82 id HackAllocWithZone(Class self, SEL _cmd __unused) { AllocWithZones++; return class_createInstance(self, 0); }
85 @interface OverridingSub : NSObject @end
86 @implementation OverridingSub
88 -(id) retain { SubRetains++; return self; }
89 +(id) retain { SubPlusRetains++; return self; }
90 -(oneway void) release { SubReleases++; }
91 +(oneway void) release { SubPlusReleases++; }
92 -(id) autorelease { SubAutoreleases++; return self; }
93 +(id) autorelease { SubPlusAutoreleases++; return self; }
94 -(NSUInteger) retainCount { SubRetainCounts++; return 1; }
95 +(NSUInteger) retainCount { SubPlusRetainCounts++; return 1; }
99 @interface OverridingASub : NSObject @end
100 @implementation OverridingASub
101 +(id) alloc { SubAllocs++; return class_createInstance(self, 0); }
104 @interface OverridingAWZSub : NSObject @end
105 @implementation OverridingAWZSub
106 +(id) allocWithZone:(NSZone * __unused)z { SubAllocWithZones++; return class_createInstance(self, 0); }
109 @interface OverridingAAWZSub : NSObject @end
110 @implementation OverridingAAWZSub
111 +(id) alloc { SubAllocs++; return class_createInstance(self, 0); }
112 +(id) allocWithZone:(NSZone * __unused)z { SubAllocWithZones++; return class_createInstance(self, 0); }
116 @interface InheritingSub : NSObject @end
117 @implementation InheritingSub @end
119 @interface InheritingSub2 : NSObject @end
120 @implementation InheritingSub2 @end
121 @interface InheritingSub2_2 : InheritingSub2 @end
122 @implementation InheritingSub2_2 @end
124 @interface InheritingSub3 : NSObject @end
125 @implementation InheritingSub3 @end
126 @interface InheritingSub3_2 : InheritingSub3 @end
127 @implementation InheritingSub3_2 @end
129 @interface InheritingSub4 : NSObject @end
130 @implementation InheritingSub4 @end
131 @interface InheritingSub4_2 : InheritingSub4 @end
132 @implementation InheritingSub4_2 @end
134 @interface InheritingSub5 : NSObject @end
135 @implementation InheritingSub5 @end
136 @interface InheritingSub5_2 : InheritingSub5 @end
137 @implementation InheritingSub5_2 @end
139 @interface InheritingSub6 : NSObject @end
140 @implementation InheritingSub6 @end
141 @interface InheritingSub6_2 : InheritingSub6 @end
142 @implementation InheritingSub6_2 @end
144 @interface InheritingSub7 : NSObject @end
145 @implementation InheritingSub7 @end
146 @interface InheritingSub7_2 : InheritingSub7 @end
147 @implementation InheritingSub7_2 @end
149 @interface InheritingSubCat : NSObject @end
150 @implementation InheritingSubCat @end
151 @interface InheritingSubCat_2 : InheritingSubCat @end
152 @implementation InheritingSubCat_2 @end
155 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubA1;
156 @interface UnrealizedSubA1 : NSObject @end
157 @implementation UnrealizedSubA1 @end
158 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubA2;
159 @interface UnrealizedSubA2 : NSObject @end
160 @implementation UnrealizedSubA2 @end
161 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubA3;
162 @interface UnrealizedSubA3 : NSObject @end
163 @implementation UnrealizedSubA3 @end
165 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubB1;
166 @interface UnrealizedSubB1 : NSObject @end
167 @implementation UnrealizedSubB1 @end
168 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubB2;
169 @interface UnrealizedSubB2 : NSObject @end
170 @implementation UnrealizedSubB2 @end
171 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubB3;
172 @interface UnrealizedSubB3 : NSObject @end
173 @implementation UnrealizedSubB3 @end
175 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubC1;
176 @interface UnrealizedSubC1 : NSObject @end
177 @implementation UnrealizedSubC1 @end
178 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubC2;
179 @interface UnrealizedSubC2 : NSObject @end
180 @implementation UnrealizedSubC2 @end
181 extern uintptr_t OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubC3;
182 @interface UnrealizedSubC3 : NSObject @end
183 @implementation UnrealizedSubC3 @end
186 int main(int argc __unused, char **argv)
188 objc_autoreleasePoolPush();
190 // Hack NSObject's RR methods.
191 // Don't use runtime functions to do this -
192 // we want the runtime to think that these are NSObject's real code
194 #if __has_feature(ptrauth_calls)
195 typedef IMP __ptrauth_objc_method_list_imp MethodListIMP;
197 typedef IMP MethodListIMP;
200 Class cls = [NSObject class];
201 IMP imp = class_getMethodImplementation(cls, @selector(retain));
202 MethodListIMP *m = (MethodListIMP *)
203 class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(retain));
204 testassert(m[2] == imp); // verify Method struct is as we expect
206 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(retain));
207 m[2] = (IMP)HackRetain;
208 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(release));
209 m[2] = (IMP)HackRelease;
210 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(autorelease));
211 m[2] = (IMP)HackAutorelease;
212 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(retainCount));
213 m[2] = (IMP)HackRetainCount;
214 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(retain));
215 m[2] = (IMP)HackPlusRetain;
216 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(release));
217 m[2] = (IMP)HackPlusRelease;
218 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(autorelease));
219 m[2] = (IMP)HackPlusAutorelease;
220 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(retainCount));
221 m[2] = (IMP)HackPlusRetainCount;
222 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(alloc));
223 m[2] = (IMP)HackAlloc;
224 m = (MethodListIMP *)class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(allocWithZone:));
225 m[2] = (IMP)HackAllocWithZone;
227 _objc_flush_caches(cls);
229 imp = class_getMethodImplementation(cls, @selector(retain));
230 testassert(imp == (IMP)HackRetain); // verify hack worked
233 Class cls = [NSObject class];
234 Class icl = [InheritingSub class];
235 Class ocl = [OverridingSub class];
237 Class oa1 = [OverridingASub class];
238 Class oa2 = [OverridingAWZSub class];
239 Class oa3 = [OverridingAAWZSub class];
241 NSObject *obj = [NSObject new];
242 InheritingSub *inh = [InheritingSub new];
243 OverridingSub *ovr = [OverridingSub new];
254 // vtable dispatch can introduce bypass just like the ARC entrypoints
256 testprintf("method dispatch does not bypass\n");
260 testassert(Retains == 1);
262 testassert(Releases == 1);
264 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
267 testassert(PlusRetains == 1);
269 testassert(PlusReleases == 1);
271 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 1);
274 testassert(Retains == 2);
276 testassert(Releases == 2);
278 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
281 testassert(PlusRetains == 2);
283 testassert(PlusReleases == 2);
285 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 2);
288 testassert(SubRetains == 1);
290 testassert(SubReleases == 1);
292 testassert(SubAutoreleases == 1);
295 testassert(SubPlusRetains == 1);
297 testassert(SubPlusReleases == 1);
299 testassert(SubPlusAutoreleases == 1);
301 [UnrealizedSubA1 retain];
302 testassert(PlusRetains == 3);
303 [UnrealizedSubA2 release];
304 testassert(PlusReleases == 3);
305 [UnrealizedSubA3 autorelease];
306 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 3);
310 testprintf("objc_msgSend() does not bypass\n");
313 id (*retain_fn)(id, SEL) = (id(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend;
314 void (*release_fn)(id, SEL) = (void(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend;
315 id (*autorelease_fn)(id, SEL) = (id(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend;
317 retain_fn(obj, @selector(retain));
318 testassert(Retains == 1);
319 release_fn(obj, @selector(release));
320 testassert(Releases == 1);
321 autorelease_fn(obj, @selector(autorelease));
322 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
324 retain_fn(cls, @selector(retain));
325 testassert(PlusRetains == 1);
326 release_fn(cls, @selector(release));
327 testassert(PlusReleases == 1);
328 autorelease_fn(cls, @selector(autorelease));
329 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 1);
331 retain_fn(inh, @selector(retain));
332 testassert(Retains == 2);
333 release_fn(inh, @selector(release));
334 testassert(Releases == 2);
335 autorelease_fn(inh, @selector(autorelease));
336 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
338 retain_fn(icl, @selector(retain));
339 testassert(PlusRetains == 2);
340 release_fn(icl, @selector(release));
341 testassert(PlusReleases == 2);
342 autorelease_fn(icl, @selector(autorelease));
343 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 2);
345 retain_fn(ovr, @selector(retain));
346 testassert(SubRetains == 1);
347 release_fn(ovr, @selector(release));
348 testassert(SubReleases == 1);
349 autorelease_fn(ovr, @selector(autorelease));
350 testassert(SubAutoreleases == 1);
352 retain_fn(ocl, @selector(retain));
353 testassert(SubPlusRetains == 1);
354 release_fn(ocl, @selector(release));
355 testassert(SubPlusReleases == 1);
356 autorelease_fn(ocl, @selector(autorelease));
357 testassert(SubPlusAutoreleases == 1);
359 retain_fn((Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubB1, @selector(retain));
360 testassert(PlusRetains == 3);
361 release_fn((Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubB2, @selector(release));
362 testassert(PlusReleases == 3);
363 autorelease_fn((Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubB3, @selector(autorelease));
364 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 3);
367 testprintf("arc function bypasses instance but not class or override\n");
371 testassert(Retains == 0);
373 testassert(Releases == 0);
374 objc_autorelease(obj);
375 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
378 testassert(PlusRetains == 1);
380 testassert(PlusReleases == 1);
381 objc_autorelease(cls);
382 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 1);
385 testassert(Retains == 0);
387 testassert(Releases == 0);
388 objc_autorelease(inh);
389 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
392 testassert(PlusRetains == 2);
394 testassert(PlusReleases == 2);
395 objc_autorelease(icl);
396 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 2);
399 testassert(SubRetains == 1);
401 testassert(SubReleases == 1);
402 objc_autorelease(ovr);
403 testassert(SubAutoreleases == 1);
406 testassert(SubPlusRetains == 1);
408 testassert(SubPlusReleases == 1);
409 objc_autorelease(ocl);
410 testassert(SubPlusAutoreleases == 1);
412 objc_retain((Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubC1);
413 testassert(PlusRetains == 3);
414 objc_release((Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubC2);
415 testassert(PlusReleases == 3);
416 objc_autorelease((Class)&OBJC_CLASS_$_UnrealizedSubC3);
417 testassert(PlusAutoreleases == 3);
420 testprintf("unrelated addMethod does not clobber\n");
423 class_addMethod(cls, @selector(unrelatedMethod), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
426 testassert(Retains == 0);
428 testassert(Releases == 0);
429 objc_autorelease(obj);
430 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
433 testprintf("add class method does not clobber\n");
437 testassert(Retains == 0);
439 testassert(Releases == 0);
440 objc_autorelease(obj);
441 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
443 class_addMethod(object_getClass(cls), @selector(retain), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
446 testassert(Retains == 0);
448 testassert(Releases == 0);
449 objc_autorelease(obj);
450 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
453 testprintf("addMethod clobbers (InheritingSub2, retain)\n");
456 ccc = [InheritingSub2 class];
458 cc2 = [InheritingSub2_2 class];
462 testassert(Retains == 0);
464 testassert(Releases == 0);
465 objc_autorelease(ooo);
466 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
469 testassert(Retains == 0);
471 testassert(Releases == 0);
472 objc_autorelease(oo2);
473 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
475 class_addMethod(ccc, @selector(retain), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
478 testassert(Retains == 0);
479 testassert(Imps == 1);
481 testassert(Releases == 1);
482 objc_autorelease(ooo);
483 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
486 testassert(Retains == 0);
487 testassert(Imps == 2);
489 testassert(Releases == 2);
490 objc_autorelease(oo2);
491 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
494 testprintf("addMethod clobbers (InheritingSub3, release)\n");
497 ccc = [InheritingSub3 class];
499 cc2 = [InheritingSub3_2 class];
503 testassert(Retains == 0);
505 testassert(Releases == 0);
506 objc_autorelease(ooo);
507 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
510 testassert(Retains == 0);
512 testassert(Releases == 0);
513 objc_autorelease(oo2);
514 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
516 class_addMethod(ccc, @selector(release), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
519 testassert(Retains == 1);
521 testassert(Releases == 0);
522 testassert(Imps == 1);
523 objc_autorelease(ooo);
524 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
527 testassert(Retains == 2);
529 testassert(Releases == 0);
530 testassert(Imps == 2);
531 objc_autorelease(oo2);
532 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
535 testprintf("addMethod clobbers (InheritingSub4, autorelease)\n");
538 ccc = [InheritingSub4 class];
540 cc2 = [InheritingSub4_2 class];
544 testassert(Retains == 0);
546 testassert(Releases == 0);
547 objc_autorelease(ooo);
548 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
551 testassert(Retains == 0);
553 testassert(Releases == 0);
554 objc_autorelease(oo2);
555 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
557 class_addMethod(ccc, @selector(autorelease), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
560 testassert(Retains == 1);
562 testassert(Releases == 1);
563 objc_autorelease(ooo);
564 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
565 testassert(Imps == 1);
568 testassert(Retains == 2);
570 testassert(Releases == 2);
571 objc_autorelease(oo2);
572 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
573 testassert(Imps == 2);
576 testprintf("addMethod clobbers (InheritingSub5, retainCount)\n");
579 ccc = [InheritingSub5 class];
581 cc2 = [InheritingSub5_2 class];
585 testassert(Retains == 0);
587 testassert(Releases == 0);
588 objc_autorelease(ooo);
589 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
592 testassert(Retains == 0);
594 testassert(Releases == 0);
595 objc_autorelease(oo2);
596 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
598 class_addMethod(ccc, @selector(retainCount), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
601 testassert(Retains == 1);
603 testassert(Releases == 1);
604 objc_autorelease(ooo);
605 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
606 // no bypassing call for -retainCount
609 testassert(Retains == 2);
611 testassert(Releases == 2);
612 objc_autorelease(oo2);
613 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
614 // no bypassing call for -retainCount
617 testprintf("setSuperclass to clean super does not clobber (InheritingSub6)\n");
620 ccc = [InheritingSub6 class];
622 cc2 = [InheritingSub6_2 class];
626 testassert(Retains == 0);
628 testassert(Releases == 0);
629 objc_autorelease(ooo);
630 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
633 testassert(Retains == 0);
635 testassert(Releases == 0);
636 objc_autorelease(oo2);
637 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
639 class_setSuperclass(ccc, [InheritingSub class]);
642 testassert(Retains == 0);
644 testassert(Releases == 0);
645 objc_autorelease(ooo);
646 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
649 testassert(Retains == 0);
651 testassert(Releases == 0);
652 objc_autorelease(oo2);
653 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
656 testprintf("setSuperclass to dirty super clobbers (InheritingSub7)\n");
659 ccc = [InheritingSub7 class];
661 cc2 = [InheritingSub7_2 class];
665 testassert(Retains == 0);
667 testassert(Releases == 0);
668 objc_autorelease(ooo);
669 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
672 testassert(Retains == 0);
674 testassert(Releases == 0);
675 objc_autorelease(oo2);
676 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
678 class_setSuperclass(ccc, [OverridingSub class]);
681 testassert(SubRetains == 1);
683 testassert(SubReleases == 1);
684 objc_autorelease(ooo);
685 testassert(SubAutoreleases == 1);
688 testassert(SubRetains == 2);
690 testassert(SubReleases == 2);
691 objc_autorelease(oo2);
692 testassert(SubAutoreleases == 2);
695 testprintf("category replacement of unrelated method does not clobber (InheritingSubCat)\n");
698 ccc = [InheritingSubCat class];
700 cc2 = [InheritingSubCat_2 class];
704 testassert(Retains == 0);
706 testassert(Releases == 0);
707 objc_autorelease(ooo);
708 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
711 testassert(Retains == 0);
713 testassert(Releases == 0);
714 objc_autorelease(oo2);
715 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
717 dlh = dlopen("customrr-cat1.bundle", RTLD_LAZY);
721 testassert(Retains == 0);
723 testassert(Releases == 0);
724 objc_autorelease(ooo);
725 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
728 testassert(Retains == 0);
730 testassert(Releases == 0);
731 objc_autorelease(oo2);
732 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
735 testprintf("category replacement clobbers (InheritingSubCat)\n");
738 ccc = [InheritingSubCat class];
740 cc2 = [InheritingSubCat_2 class];
744 testassert(Retains == 0);
746 testassert(Releases == 0);
747 objc_autorelease(ooo);
748 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
751 testassert(Retains == 0);
753 testassert(Releases == 0);
754 objc_autorelease(oo2);
755 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
757 dlh = dlopen("customrr-cat2.bundle", RTLD_LAZY);
761 testassert(Retains == 1);
763 testassert(Releases == 1);
764 objc_autorelease(ooo);
765 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
768 testassert(Retains == 2);
770 testassert(Releases == 2);
771 objc_autorelease(oo2);
772 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
775 testprintf("allocateClassPair with clean super does not clobber\n");
779 testassert(Retains == 0);
781 testassert(Releases == 0);
782 objc_autorelease(inh);
783 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
785 ccc = objc_allocateClassPair([InheritingSub class], "CleanClassPair", 0);
786 objc_registerClassPair(ccc);
790 testassert(Retains == 0);
792 testassert(Releases == 0);
793 objc_autorelease(inh);
794 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
797 testassert(Retains == 0);
799 testassert(Releases == 0);
800 objc_autorelease(ooo);
801 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
804 testprintf("allocateClassPair with clobbered super clobbers\n");
807 ccc = objc_allocateClassPair([OverridingSub class], "DirtyClassPair", 0);
808 objc_registerClassPair(ccc);
812 testassert(SubRetains == 1);
814 testassert(SubReleases == 1);
815 objc_autorelease(ooo);
816 testassert(SubAutoreleases == 1);
819 testprintf("allocateClassPair with clean super and override clobbers\n");
822 ccc = objc_allocateClassPair([InheritingSub class], "Dirty2ClassPair", 0);
823 class_addMethod(ccc, @selector(autorelease), (IMP)imp_fn, "");
824 objc_registerClassPair(ccc);
828 testassert(Retains == 1);
830 testassert(Releases == 1);
831 objc_autorelease(ooo);
832 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
833 testassert(Imps == 1);
836 // method_setImplementation and method_exchangeImplementations only
837 // clobber when manipulating NSObject. We can only test one at a time.
838 // To test both, we need two tests: customrr and customrr2.
840 // These tests also check recursive clobber.
842 #if TEST_EXCHANGEIMPLEMENTATIONS
843 testprintf("exchangeImplementations clobbers (recursive)\n");
845 testprintf("setImplementation clobbers (recursive)\n");
850 testassert(Retains == 0);
852 testassert(Releases == 0);
853 objc_autorelease(obj);
854 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
857 testassert(Retains == 0);
859 testassert(Releases == 0);
860 objc_autorelease(inh);
861 testassert(Autoreleases == 0);
863 Method meth = class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(retainCount));
865 #if TEST_EXCHANGEIMPLEMENTATIONS
866 method_exchangeImplementations(meth, meth);
868 method_setImplementation(meth, (IMP)imp_fn);
872 testassert(Retains == 1);
874 testassert(Releases == 1);
875 objc_autorelease(obj);
876 testassert(Autoreleases == 1);
879 testassert(Retains == 2);
881 testassert(Releases == 2);
882 objc_autorelease(inh);
883 testassert(Autoreleases == 2);
886 // do not add more tests here - the recursive test must be LAST
888 succeed(basename(argv[0]));