]> git.saurik.com Git - apple/icu.git/blobdiff - icuSources/common/unorm.cpp
ICU-66108.tar.gz
[apple/icu.git] / icuSources / common / unorm.cpp
index c2e05253791a27f52083391946dadc011b945564..2d9f46052ffc43f3887307cd3ded0124368a2d13 100644 (file)
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+// © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
+// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
 /*
 ******************************************************************************
-* Copyright (c) 1996-2003, International Business Machines
+* Copyright (c) 1996-2014, International Business Machines
 * Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.
 ******************************************************************************
 * File unorm.cpp
 *                         instead of just wrappers around normlzr.cpp,
 *                         load unorm.dat, support Unicode 3.1 with
 *                         supplementary code points, etc.
+* 2009-nov..2010-jan  Markus Scherer  total rewrite, new Normalizer2 API & code
 */
 
 #include "unicode/utypes.h"
 
-// moved up to make unorm_cmpEquivFold work without normalization
-#include "unicode/ustring.h"
-#include "unormimp.h"
-#include "ustr_imp.h"
-
 #if !UCONFIG_NO_NORMALIZATION
 
 #include "unicode/udata.h"
-#include "unicode/uchar.h"
+#include "unicode/ustring.h"
 #include "unicode/uiter.h"
-#include "unicode/uniset.h"
-#include "unicode/usetiter.h"
 #include "unicode/unorm.h"
-#include "cmemory.h"
-#include "umutex.h"
-#include "utrie.h"
-#include "unicode/uset.h"
-
-/*
- * Status of tailored normalization
- *
- * This was done initially for investigation on Unicode public review issue 7
- * (http://www.unicode.org/review/). See Jitterbug 2481.
- * While the UTC at meeting #94 (2003mar) did not take up the issue, this is
- * a permanent feature in ICU 2.6 in support of IDNA which requires true
- * Unicode 3.2 normalization.
- * (NormalizationCorrections are rolled into IDNA mapping tables.)
- *
- * Tailored normalization as implemented here allows to "normalize less"
- * than full Unicode normalization would.
- * Based internally on a UnicodeSet of code points that are
- * "excluded from normalization", the normalization functions leave those
- * code points alone ("inert"). This means that tailored normalization
- * still transforms text into a canonically equivalent form.
- * It does not add decompositions to code points that do not have any or
- * change decomposition results.
- *
- * Any function that searches for a safe boundary has not been touched,
- * which means that these functions will be over-pessimistic when
- * exclusions are applied.
- * This should not matter because subsequent checks and normalizations
- * do apply the exclusions; only a little more of the text may be processed
- * than necessary under exclusions.
- *
- * Normalization exclusions have the following effect on excluded code points c:
- * - c is not decomposed
- * - c is not a composition target
- * - c does not combine forward or backward for composition
- *   except that this is not implemented for Jamo
- * - c is treated as having a combining class of 0
- */
-#define LENGTHOF(array) (sizeof(array)/sizeof((array)[0]))
-
-/*
- * This new implementation of the normalization code loads its data from
- * unorm.dat, which is generated with the gennorm tool.
- * The format of that file is described in unormimp.h .
- */
-
-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-enum {
-    _STACK_BUFFER_CAPACITY=100
-};
-
-/*
- * Constants for the bit fields in the options bit set parameter.
- * These need not be public.
- * A user only needs to know the currently assigned values.
- * The number and positions of reserved bits per field can remain private
- * and may change in future implementations.
- */
-enum {
-    _NORM_OPTIONS_NX_MASK=0x1f,
-    _NORM_OPTIONS_UNICODE_MASK=0xe0,
-    _NORM_OPTIONS_SETS_MASK=0xff,
-
-    _NORM_OPTIONS_UNICODE_SHIFT=5
-};
-
-static inline UBool
-isHangulWithoutJamoT(UChar c) {
-    c-=HANGUL_BASE;
-    return c<HANGUL_COUNT && c%JAMO_T_COUNT==0;
-}
-
-/* norm32 helpers */
-
-/* is this a norm32 with a regular index? */
-static inline UBool
-isNorm32Regular(uint32_t norm32) {
-    return norm32<_NORM_MIN_SPECIAL;
-}
-
-/* is this a norm32 with a special index for a lead surrogate? */
-static inline UBool
-isNorm32LeadSurrogate(uint32_t norm32) {
-    return _NORM_MIN_SPECIAL<=norm32 && norm32<_NORM_SURROGATES_TOP;
-}
-
-/* is this a norm32 with a special index for a Hangul syllable or a Jamo? */
-static inline UBool
-isNorm32HangulOrJamo(uint32_t norm32) {
-    return norm32>=_NORM_MIN_HANGUL;
-}
-
-/*
- * Given isNorm32HangulOrJamo(),
- * is this a Hangul syllable or a Jamo?
- */
-static inline UBool
-isHangulJamoNorm32HangulOrJamoL(uint32_t norm32) {
-    return norm32<_NORM_MIN_JAMO_V;
-}
-
-/*
- * Given norm32 for Jamo V or T,
- * is this a Jamo V?
- */
-static inline UBool
-isJamoVTNorm32JamoV(uint32_t norm32) {
-    return norm32<_NORM_JAMO_V_TOP;
-}
-
-/* some prototypes ---------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-static const UChar *
-_findPreviousStarter(const UChar *start, const UChar *src,
-                     uint32_t ccOrQCMask, uint32_t decompQCMask, UChar minNoMaybe);
-
-static const UChar *
-_findNextStarter(const UChar *src, const UChar *limit,
-                 uint32_t qcMask, uint32_t decompQCMask, UChar minNoMaybe);
-
-static const UChar *
-_composePart(UChar *stackBuffer, UChar *&buffer, int32_t &bufferCapacity, int32_t &length,
-             const UChar *prevStarter, const UChar *src,
-             uint32_t qcMask, uint8_t &prevCC,
-             const UnicodeSet *nx,
-             UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
-
-/* load unorm.dat ----------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-#define DATA_NAME "unorm"
-#define DATA_TYPE "icu"
-
-static UDataMemory *normData=NULL;
-static UErrorCode dataErrorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-static int8_t haveNormData=0;
-
-static int32_t indexes[_NORM_INDEX_TOP]={ 0 };
-static UTrie normTrie={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 }, fcdTrie={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 }, auxTrie={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 };
-
-/*
- * pointers into the memory-mapped unorm.icu
- */
-static const uint16_t *extraData=NULL,
-                      *combiningTable=NULL,
-                      *canonStartSets=NULL;
-
-static uint8_t formatVersion[4]={ 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-static UBool formatVersion_2_1=FALSE, formatVersion_2_2=FALSE;
-
-/* the Unicode version of the normalization data */
-static UVersionInfo dataVersion={ 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-
-/* cache UnicodeSets for each combination of exclusion flags */
-static UnicodeSet *nxCache[_NORM_OPTIONS_SETS_MASK+1]={ NULL };
-
-U_CDECL_BEGIN
-
-UBool
-unorm_cleanup() {
-    int32_t i;
-
-    if(normData!=NULL) {
-        udata_close(normData);
-        normData=NULL;
-    }
-    dataErrorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    haveNormData=0;
-
-    for(i=0; i<(int32_t)LENGTHOF(nxCache); ++i) {
-        delete nxCache[i];
-    }
-    uprv_memset(nxCache, 0, sizeof(nxCache));
-
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-/* normTrie: 32-bit trie result may contain a special extraData index with the folding offset */
-static int32_t U_CALLCONV
-getFoldingNormOffset(uint32_t norm32) {
-    if(isNorm32LeadSurrogate(norm32)) {
-        return
-            UTRIE_BMP_INDEX_LENGTH+
-                (((int32_t)norm32>>(_NORM_EXTRA_SHIFT-UTRIE_SURROGATE_BLOCK_BITS))&
-                 (0x3ff<<UTRIE_SURROGATE_BLOCK_BITS));
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-/* fcdTrie: the folding offset is the lead FCD value itself */
-static int32_t U_CALLCONV
-getFoldingFCDOffset(uint32_t data) {
-    return (int32_t)data;
-}
-
-/* auxTrie: the folding offset is in bits 9..0 of the 16-bit trie result */
-static int32_t U_CALLCONV
-getFoldingAuxOffset(uint32_t data) {
-    return (int32_t)(data&_NORM_AUX_FNC_MASK)<<UTRIE_SURROGATE_BLOCK_BITS;
-}
-
-static UBool U_CALLCONV
-isAcceptable(void * /* context */,
-             const char * /* type */, const char * /* name */,
-             const UDataInfo *pInfo) {
-    if(
-        pInfo->size>=20 &&
-        pInfo->isBigEndian==U_IS_BIG_ENDIAN &&
-        pInfo->charsetFamily==U_CHARSET_FAMILY &&
-        pInfo->dataFormat[0]==0x4e &&   /* dataFormat="Norm" */
-        pInfo->dataFormat[1]==0x6f &&
-        pInfo->dataFormat[2]==0x72 &&
-        pInfo->dataFormat[3]==0x6d &&
-        pInfo->formatVersion[0]==2 &&
-        pInfo->formatVersion[2]==UTRIE_SHIFT &&
-        pInfo->formatVersion[3]==UTRIE_INDEX_SHIFT
-    ) {
-        uprv_memcpy(formatVersion, pInfo->formatVersion, 4);
-        uprv_memcpy(dataVersion, pInfo->dataVersion, 4);
-        return TRUE;
-    } else {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-static UBool U_CALLCONV
-_enumPropertyStartsRange(const void *context, UChar32 start, UChar32 /*limit*/, uint32_t /*value*/) {
-    /* add the start code point to the USet */
-    uset_add((USet *)context, start);
-    return TRUE;
-}
-
-U_CDECL_END
-
-static int8_t
-loadNormData(UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    /* load Unicode normalization data from file */
-
-    /*
-     * This lazy intialization with double-checked locking (without mutex protection for
-     * haveNormData==0) is transiently unsafe under certain circumstances.
-     * Check the readme and use u_init() if necessary.
-     *
-     * While u_init() initializes the main normalization data via this functions,
-     * it does not do so for exclusion sets (which are fully mutexed).
-     * This is because
-     * - there can be many exclusion sets
-     * - they are rarely used
-     * - they are not usually used in execution paths that are
-     *   as performance-sensitive as others
-     *   (e.g., IDNA takes more time than unorm_quickCheck() anyway)
-     */
-    if(haveNormData==0) {
-        UTrie _normTrie={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 }, _fcdTrie={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 }, _auxTrie={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 };
-        UDataMemory *data;
-        const int32_t *p=NULL;
-        const uint8_t *pb;
-
-        if(&errorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        /* open the data outside the mutex block */
-        data=udata_openChoice(NULL, DATA_TYPE, DATA_NAME, isAcceptable, NULL, &errorCode);
-        dataErrorCode=errorCode;
-        if(U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
-            return haveNormData=-1;
-        }
-
-        p=(const int32_t *)udata_getMemory(data);
-        pb=(const uint8_t *)(p+_NORM_INDEX_TOP);
-        utrie_unserialize(&_normTrie, pb, p[_NORM_INDEX_TRIE_SIZE], &errorCode);
-        _normTrie.getFoldingOffset=getFoldingNormOffset;
-
-        pb+=p[_NORM_INDEX_TRIE_SIZE]+p[_NORM_INDEX_UCHAR_COUNT]*2+p[_NORM_INDEX_COMBINE_DATA_COUNT]*2;
-        utrie_unserialize(&_fcdTrie, pb, p[_NORM_INDEX_FCD_TRIE_SIZE], &errorCode);
-        _fcdTrie.getFoldingOffset=getFoldingFCDOffset;
-
-        if(p[_NORM_INDEX_FCD_TRIE_SIZE]!=0) {
-            pb+=p[_NORM_INDEX_FCD_TRIE_SIZE];
-            utrie_unserialize(&_auxTrie, pb, p[_NORM_INDEX_AUX_TRIE_SIZE], &errorCode);
-            _auxTrie.getFoldingOffset=getFoldingAuxOffset;
-        }
-
-        if(U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
-            dataErrorCode=errorCode;
-            udata_close(data);
-            return haveNormData=-1;
-        }
-
-        /* in the mutex block, set the data for this process */
-        umtx_lock(NULL);
-        if(normData==NULL) {
-            normData=data;
-            data=NULL;
-
-            uprv_memcpy(&indexes, p, sizeof(indexes));
-            uprv_memcpy(&normTrie, &_normTrie, sizeof(UTrie));
-            uprv_memcpy(&fcdTrie, &_fcdTrie, sizeof(UTrie));
-            uprv_memcpy(&auxTrie, &_auxTrie, sizeof(UTrie));
-        } else {
-            p=(const int32_t *)udata_getMemory(normData);
-        }
-        umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-        /* initialize some variables */
-        extraData=(uint16_t *)((uint8_t *)(p+_NORM_INDEX_TOP)+indexes[_NORM_INDEX_TRIE_SIZE]);
-        combiningTable=extraData+indexes[_NORM_INDEX_UCHAR_COUNT];
-        formatVersion_2_1=formatVersion[0]>2 || (formatVersion[0]==2 && formatVersion[1]>=1);
-        formatVersion_2_2=formatVersion[0]>2 || (formatVersion[0]==2 && formatVersion[1]>=2);
-        if(formatVersion_2_1) {
-            canonStartSets=combiningTable+
-                indexes[_NORM_INDEX_COMBINE_DATA_COUNT]+
-                (indexes[_NORM_INDEX_FCD_TRIE_SIZE]+indexes[_NORM_INDEX_AUX_TRIE_SIZE])/2;
-        }
-        haveNormData=1;
-
-        /* if a different thread set it first, then close the extra data */
-        if(data!=NULL) {
-            udata_close(data); /* NULL if it was set correctly */
-        }
-    }
-
-    return haveNormData;
-}
-
-static inline UBool
-_haveData(UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    if(haveNormData!=0) {
-        errorCode=dataErrorCode;
-        return (UBool)(haveNormData>0);
-    } else {
-        return (UBool)(loadNormData(errorCode)>0);
-    }
-}
-
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_haveData(UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    return _haveData(*pErrorCode);
-}
-
-U_CAPI const uint16_t * U_EXPORT2
-unorm_getFCDTrie(UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    if(_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return fcdTrie.index;
-    } else {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-/* data access primitives --------------------------------------------------- */
-
-static inline uint32_t
-_getNorm32(UChar c) {
-    return UTRIE_GET32_FROM_LEAD(&normTrie, c);
-}
-
-static inline uint32_t
-_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(uint32_t norm32, UChar c2) {
-    /*
-     * the surrogate index in norm32 stores only the number of the surrogate index block
-     * see gennorm/store.c/getFoldedNormValue()
-     */
-    norm32=
-        UTRIE_BMP_INDEX_LENGTH+
-            ((norm32>>(_NORM_EXTRA_SHIFT-UTRIE_SURROGATE_BLOCK_BITS))&
-             (0x3ff<<UTRIE_SURROGATE_BLOCK_BITS));
-    return UTRIE_GET32_FROM_OFFSET_TRAIL(&normTrie, norm32, c2);
-}
-
-/*
- * get a norm32 from text with complete code points
- * (like from decompositions)
- */
-static inline uint32_t
-_getNorm32(const UChar *p, uint32_t mask) {
-    uint32_t norm32=_getNorm32(*p);
-    if((norm32&mask) && isNorm32LeadSurrogate(norm32)) {
-        /* *p is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-        norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, *(p+1));
-    }
-    return norm32;
-}
-
-static inline uint16_t
-_getFCD16(UChar c) {
-    return UTRIE_GET16_FROM_LEAD(&fcdTrie, c);
-}
-
-static inline uint16_t
-_getFCD16FromSurrogatePair(uint16_t fcd16, UChar c2) {
-    /* the surrogate index in fcd16 is an absolute offset over the start of stage 1 */
-    return UTRIE_GET16_FROM_OFFSET_TRAIL(&fcdTrie, fcd16, c2);
-}
-
-static inline const uint16_t *
-_getExtraData(uint32_t norm32) {
-    return extraData+(norm32>>_NORM_EXTRA_SHIFT);
-}
-
-/* normalization exclusion sets --------------------------------------------- */
-
-/*
- * Normalization exclusion UnicodeSets are used for tailored normalization;
- * see the comment near the beginning of this file.
- *
- * By specifying one or several sets of code points,
- * those code points become inert for normalization.
- */
-
-static const UnicodeSet *
-internalGetNXHangul(UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    /* internal function, does not check for incoming U_FAILURE */
-
-    UBool isCached;
-
-    /* do this because double-checked locking is broken */
-    umtx_lock(NULL);
-    isCached=nxCache[UNORM_NX_HANGUL]!=NULL;
-    umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-    if(!isCached) {
-        UnicodeSet *set=new UnicodeSet(0xac00, 0xd7a3);
-        if(set==NULL) {
-            errorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        umtx_lock(NULL);
-        if(nxCache[UNORM_NX_HANGUL]==NULL) {
-            nxCache[UNORM_NX_HANGUL]=set;
-            set=NULL;
-        }
-        umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-        delete set;
-    }
-
-    return nxCache[UNORM_NX_HANGUL];
-}
-
-static const UnicodeSet *
-internalGetNXCJKCompat(UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    /* internal function, does not check for incoming U_FAILURE */
-
-    UBool isCached;
-
-    /* do this because double-checked locking is broken */
-    umtx_lock(NULL);
-    isCached=nxCache[UNORM_NX_CJK_COMPAT]!=NULL;
-    umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-    if(!isCached) {
-        /* build a set from [CJK Ideographs]&[has canonical decomposition] */
-        UnicodeSet *set, *hasDecomp;
-
-        set=new UnicodeSet(UNICODE_STRING("[:Ideographic:]", 15), errorCode);
-        if(set==NULL) {
-            errorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if(U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
-            delete set;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        /* start with an empty set for [has canonical decomposition] */
-        hasDecomp=new UnicodeSet();
-        if(hasDecomp==NULL) {
-            delete set;
-            errorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        /* iterate over all ideographs and remember which canonically decompose */
-        UnicodeSetIterator it(*set);
-        UChar32 start, end;
-        uint32_t norm32;
-
-        while(it.nextRange() && !it.isString()) {
-            start=it.getCodepoint();
-            end=it.getCodepointEnd();
-            while(start<=end) {
-                UTRIE_GET32(&normTrie, start, norm32);
-                if(norm32&_NORM_QC_NFD) {
-                    hasDecomp->add(start);
-                }
-                ++start;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* hasDecomp now contains all ideographs that decompose canonically */
-
-        umtx_lock(NULL);
-        if(nxCache[UNORM_NX_CJK_COMPAT]==NULL) {
-            nxCache[UNORM_NX_CJK_COMPAT]=hasDecomp;
-            hasDecomp=NULL;
-        }
-        umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-        delete hasDecomp;
-        delete set;
-    }
-
-    return nxCache[UNORM_NX_CJK_COMPAT];
-}
-
-static const UnicodeSet *
-internalGetNXUnicode(uint32_t options, UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    /* internal function, does not check for incoming U_FAILURE */
-    options&=_NORM_OPTIONS_UNICODE_MASK;
-    if(options==0) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    UBool isCached;
-
-    /* do this because double-checked locking is broken */
-    umtx_lock(NULL);
-    isCached=nxCache[options]!=NULL;
-    umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-    if(!isCached) {
-        /* build a set with all code points that were not designated by the specified Unicode version */
-        UnicodeSet *set;
-
-        switch(options) {
-        case UNORM_UNICODE_3_2:
-            set=new UnicodeSet(UNICODE_STRING("[:^Age=3.2:]", 12), errorCode);
-            break;
-        default:
-            errorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        if(set==NULL) {
-            errorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if(U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
-            delete set;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        umtx_lock(NULL);
-        if(nxCache[options]==NULL) {
-            nxCache[options]=set;
-            set=NULL;
-        }
-        umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-        delete set;
-    }
-
-    return nxCache[options];
-}
-
-/* Get a decomposition exclusion set. The data must be loaded. */
-static const UnicodeSet *
-internalGetNX(int32_t options, UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    options&=_NORM_OPTIONS_SETS_MASK;
-
-    UBool isCached;
-
-    /* do this because double-checked locking is broken */
-    umtx_lock(NULL);
-    isCached=nxCache[options]!=NULL;
-    umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-    if(!isCached) {
-        /* return basic sets */
-        if(options==UNORM_NX_HANGUL) {
-            return internalGetNXHangul(errorCode);
-        }
-        if(options==UNORM_NX_CJK_COMPAT) {
-            return internalGetNXCJKCompat(errorCode);
-        }
-        if((options&_NORM_OPTIONS_UNICODE_MASK)!=0 && (options&_NORM_OPTIONS_NX_MASK)==0) {
-            return internalGetNXUnicode(options, errorCode);
-        }
-
-        /* build a set from multiple subsets */
-        UnicodeSet *set;
-        const UnicodeSet *other;
-
-        set=new UnicodeSet();
-        if(set==NULL) {
-            errorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        if((options&UNORM_NX_HANGUL)!=0 && NULL!=(other=internalGetNXHangul(errorCode))) {
-            set->addAll(*other);
-        }
-        if((options&UNORM_NX_CJK_COMPAT)!=0 && NULL!=(other=internalGetNXCJKCompat(errorCode))) {
-            set->addAll(*other);
-        }
-        if((options&_NORM_OPTIONS_UNICODE_MASK)!=0 && NULL!=(other=internalGetNXUnicode(options, errorCode))) {
-            set->addAll(*other);
-        }
-
-        if(U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
-            delete set;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-
-        umtx_lock(NULL);
-        if(nxCache[options]==NULL) {
-            nxCache[options]=set;
-            set=NULL;
-        }
-        umtx_unlock(NULL);
-
-        delete set;
-    }
-
-    return nxCache[options];
-}
-
-static inline const UnicodeSet *
-getNX(int32_t options, UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    if(U_FAILURE(errorCode) || (options&=_NORM_OPTIONS_SETS_MASK)==0) {
-        /* incoming failure, or no decomposition exclusions requested */
-        return NULL;
-    } else {
-        return internalGetNX(options, errorCode);
-    }
-}
-
-static inline UBool
-nx_contains(const UnicodeSet *nx, UChar32 c) {
-    return nx!=NULL && nx->contains(c);
-}
-
-static inline UBool
-nx_contains(const UnicodeSet *nx, UChar c, UChar c2) {
-    return nx!=NULL && nx->contains(c2==0 ? c : U16_GET_SUPPLEMENTARY(c, c2));
-}
-
-/* other normalization primitives ------------------------------------------- */
-
-/* get the canonical or compatibility decomposition for one character */
-static inline const UChar *
-_decompose(uint32_t norm32, uint32_t qcMask, int32_t &length,
-           uint8_t &cc, uint8_t &trailCC) {
-    const UChar *p=(const UChar *)_getExtraData(norm32);
-    length=*p++;
-
-    if((norm32&qcMask&_NORM_QC_NFKD)!=0 && length>=0x100) {
-        /* use compatibility decomposition, skip canonical data */
-        p+=((length>>7)&1)+(length&_NORM_DECOMP_LENGTH_MASK);
-        length>>=8;
-    }
-
-    if(length&_NORM_DECOMP_FLAG_LENGTH_HAS_CC) {
-        /* get the lead and trail cc's */
-        UChar bothCCs=*p++;
-        cc=(uint8_t)(bothCCs>>8);
-        trailCC=(uint8_t)bothCCs;
-    } else {
-        /* lead and trail cc's are both 0 */
-        cc=trailCC=0;
-    }
-
-    length&=_NORM_DECOMP_LENGTH_MASK;
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* get the canonical decomposition for one character */
-static inline const UChar *
-_decompose(uint32_t norm32, int32_t &length,
-           uint8_t &cc, uint8_t &trailCC) {
-    const UChar *p=(const UChar *)_getExtraData(norm32);
-    length=*p++;
-
-    if(length&_NORM_DECOMP_FLAG_LENGTH_HAS_CC) {
-        /* get the lead and trail cc's */
-        UChar bothCCs=*p++;
-        cc=(uint8_t)(bothCCs>>8);
-        trailCC=(uint8_t)bothCCs;
-    } else {
-        /* lead and trail cc's are both 0 */
-        cc=trailCC=0;
-    }
-
-    length&=_NORM_DECOMP_LENGTH_MASK;
-    return p;
-}
-
-/**
- * Get the canonical decomposition for one code point.
- * @param c code point
- * @param buffer out-only buffer for algorithmic decompositions of Hangul
- * @param length out-only, takes the length of the decomposition, if any
- * @return pointer to decomposition, or 0 if none
- * @internal
- */
-static const UChar *
-_decompose(UChar32 c, UChar buffer[4], int32_t &length) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
-
-    UTRIE_GET32(&normTrie, c, norm32);
-    if(norm32&_NORM_QC_NFD) {
-        if(isNorm32HangulOrJamo(norm32)) {
-            /* Hangul syllable: decompose algorithmically */
-            UChar c2;
-
-            c-=HANGUL_BASE;
-
-            c2=(UChar)(c%JAMO_T_COUNT);
-            c/=JAMO_T_COUNT;
-            if(c2>0) {
-                buffer[2]=(UChar)(JAMO_T_BASE+c2);
-                length=3;
-            } else {
-                length=2;
-            }
-
-            buffer[1]=(UChar)(JAMO_V_BASE+c%JAMO_V_COUNT);
-            buffer[0]=(UChar)(JAMO_L_BASE+c/JAMO_V_COUNT);
-            return buffer;
-        } else {
-            /* normal decomposition */
-            uint8_t cc, trailCC;
-            return _decompose(norm32, length, cc, trailCC);
-        }
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
+#include "unicode/unorm2.h"
+#include "normalizer2impl.h"
+#include "unormimp.h"
+#include "uprops.h"
+#include "ustr_imp.h"
 
-/*
- * get the combining class of (c, c2)=*p++
- * before: p<limit  after: p<=limit
- * if only one code unit is used, then c2==0
- */
-static inline uint8_t
-_getNextCC(const UChar *&p, const UChar *limit, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
+U_NAMESPACE_USE
 
-    c=*p++;
-    norm32=_getNorm32(c);
-    if((norm32&_NORM_CC_MASK)==0) {
-        c2=0;
-        return 0;
-    } else {
-        if(!isNorm32LeadSurrogate(norm32)) {
-            c2=0;
-        } else {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-            if(p!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*p)) {
-                ++p;
-                norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-            } else {
-                c2=0;
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
+/* quick check functions ---------------------------------------------------- */
 
-        return (uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-    }
+U_CAPI UNormalizationCheckResult U_EXPORT2
+unorm_quickCheck(const UChar *src,
+                 int32_t srcLength, 
+                 UNormalizationMode mode,
+                 UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    return unorm2_quickCheck((const UNormalizer2 *)n2, src, srcLength, pErrorCode);
 }
 
-/*
- * read backwards and get norm32
- * return 0 if the character is <minC
- * if c2!=0 then (c2, c) is a surrogate pair (reversed - c2 is first surrogate but read second!)
- */
-static inline uint32_t
-_getPrevNorm32(const UChar *start, const UChar *&src,
-               uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask,
-               UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
-
-    c=*--src;
-    c2=0;
-
-    /* check for a surrogate before getting norm32 to see if we need to predecrement further */
-    if(c<minC) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if(!UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
-        return _getNorm32(c);
-    } else if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c)) {
-        /* unpaired first surrogate */
-        return 0;
-    } else if(src!=start && UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c2=*(src-1))) {
-        --src;
-        norm32=_getNorm32(c2);
-
-        if((norm32&mask)==0) {
-            /* all surrogate pairs with this lead surrogate have only irrelevant data */
-            return 0;
-        } else {
-            /* norm32 must be a surrogate special */
-            return _getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c);
-        }
+U_CAPI UNormalizationCheckResult U_EXPORT2
+unorm_quickCheckWithOptions(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, 
+                            UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+                            UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    if(options&UNORM_UNICODE_3_2) {
+        FilteredNormalizer2 fn2(*n2, *uniset_getUnicode32Instance(*pErrorCode));
+        return unorm2_quickCheck(
+            reinterpret_cast<const UNormalizer2 *>(static_cast<Normalizer2 *>(&fn2)),
+            src, srcLength, pErrorCode);
     } else {
-        /* unpaired second surrogate */
-        c2=0;
-        return 0;
+        return unorm2_quickCheck((const UNormalizer2 *)n2, src, srcLength, pErrorCode);
     }
 }
 
-/*
- * get the combining class of (c, c2)=*--p
- * before: start<p  after: start<=p
- */
-static inline uint8_t
-_getPrevCC(const UChar *start, const UChar *&p) {
-    UChar c, c2;
-
-    return (uint8_t)(_getPrevNorm32(start, p, _NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC, _NORM_CC_MASK, c, c2)>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-}
-
-/*
- * is this a safe boundary character for NF*D?
- * (lead cc==0)
- */
-static inline UBool
-_isNFDSafe(uint32_t norm32, uint32_t ccOrQCMask, uint32_t decompQCMask) {
-    if((norm32&ccOrQCMask)==0) {
-        return TRUE; /* cc==0 and no decomposition: this is NF*D safe */
-    }
-
-    /* inspect its decomposition - maybe a Hangul but not a surrogate here */
-    if(isNorm32Regular(norm32) && (norm32&decompQCMask)!=0) {
-        int32_t length;
-        uint8_t cc, trailCC;
-
-        /* decomposes, get everything from the variable-length extra data */
-        _decompose(norm32, decompQCMask, length, cc, trailCC);
-        return cc==0;
-    } else {
-        /* no decomposition (or Hangul), test the cc directly */
-        return (norm32&_NORM_CC_MASK)==0;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * is this (or does its decomposition begin with) a "true starter"?
- * (cc==0 and NF*C_YES)
- */
-static inline UBool
-_isTrueStarter(uint32_t norm32, uint32_t ccOrQCMask, uint32_t decompQCMask) {
-    if((norm32&ccOrQCMask)==0) {
-        return TRUE; /* this is a true starter (could be Hangul or Jamo L) */
-    }
-
-    /* inspect its decomposition - not a Hangul or a surrogate here */
-    if((norm32&decompQCMask)!=0) {
-        const UChar *p;
-        int32_t length;
-        uint8_t cc, trailCC;
-
-        /* decomposes, get everything from the variable-length extra data */
-        p=_decompose(norm32, decompQCMask, length, cc, trailCC);
-        if(cc==0) {
-            uint32_t qcMask=ccOrQCMask&_NORM_QC_MASK;
-
-            /* does it begin with NFC_YES? */
-            if((_getNorm32(p, qcMask)&qcMask)==0) {
-                /* yes, the decomposition begins with a true starter */
-                return TRUE;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-/* uchar.h */
-U_CAPI uint8_t U_EXPORT2
-u_getCombiningClass(UChar32 c) {
-    UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    if(_haveData(errorCode)) {
-        uint32_t norm32;
-
-        UTRIE_GET32(&normTrie, c, norm32);
-        return (uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_internalIsFullCompositionExclusion(UChar32 c) {
-    UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    if(_haveData(errorCode) && formatVersion_2_1) {
-        uint16_t aux;
-
-        UTRIE_GET16(&auxTrie, c, aux);
-        return (UBool)((aux&_NORM_AUX_COMP_EX_MASK)!=0);
-    } else {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_isCanonSafeStart(UChar32 c) {
-    UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    if(_haveData(errorCode) && formatVersion_2_1) {
-        uint16_t aux;
-
-        UTRIE_GET16(&auxTrie, c, aux);
-        return (UBool)((aux&_NORM_AUX_UNSAFE_MASK)==0);
-    } else {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-}
-
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_getCanonStartSet(UChar32 c, USerializedSet *fillSet) {
-    UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    if( fillSet!=NULL && (uint32_t)c<=0x10ffff &&
-        _haveData(errorCode) && canonStartSets!=NULL
-    ) {
-        const uint16_t *table;
-        int32_t i, start, limit;
-
-        /*
-         * binary search for c
-         *
-         * There are two search tables,
-         * one for BMP code points and one for supplementary ones.
-         * See unormimp.h for details.
-         */
-        if(c<=0xffff) {
-            table=canonStartSets+canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_SETS_LENGTH];
-            start=0;
-            limit=canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_BMP_TABLE_LENGTH];
-
-            /* each entry is a pair { c, result } */
-            while(start<limit-2) {
-                i=(uint16_t)(((start+limit)/4)*2); /* (start+limit)/2 and address pairs */
-                if(c<table[i]) {
-                    limit=i;
-                } else {
-                    start=i;
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* found? */
-            if(c==table[start]) {
-                i=table[start+1];
-                if((i&_NORM_CANON_SET_BMP_MASK)==_NORM_CANON_SET_BMP_IS_INDEX) {
-                    /* result 01xxxxxx xxxxxx contains index x to a USerializedSet */
-                    i&=(_NORM_MAX_CANON_SETS-1);
-                    return uset_getSerializedSet(fillSet,
-                                            canonStartSets+i,
-                                            canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_SETS_LENGTH]-i);
-                } else {
-                    /* other result values are BMP code points for single-code point sets */
-                    uset_setSerializedToOne(fillSet, (UChar32)i);
-                    return TRUE;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            uint16_t high, low, h;
-
-            table=canonStartSets+canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_SETS_LENGTH]+
-                                 canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_BMP_TABLE_LENGTH];
-            start=0;
-            limit=canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_SUPP_TABLE_LENGTH];
-
-            high=(uint16_t)(c>>16);
-            low=(uint16_t)c;
-
-            /* each entry is a triplet { high(c), low(c), result } */
-            while(start<limit-3) {
-                i=(uint16_t)(((start+limit)/6)*3); /* (start+limit)/2 and address triplets */
-                h=table[i]&0x1f; /* high word */
-                if(high<h || (high==h && low<table[i+1])) {
-                    limit=i;
-                } else {
-                    start=i;
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* found? */
-            h=table[start];
-            if(high==(h&0x1f) && low==table[start+1]) {
-                i=table[start+2];
-                if((h&0x8000)==0) {
-                    /* the result is an index to a USerializedSet */
-                    return uset_getSerializedSet(fillSet,
-                                            canonStartSets+i,
-                                            canonStartSets[_NORM_SET_INDEX_CANON_SETS_LENGTH]-i);
-                } else {
-                    /*
-                     * single-code point set {x} in
-                     * triplet { 100xxxxx 000hhhhh  llllllll llllllll  xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx }
-                     */
-                    i|=((int32_t)h&0x1f00)<<8; /* add high bits from high(c) */
-                    uset_setSerializedToOne(fillSet, (UChar32)i);
-                    return TRUE;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return FALSE; /* not found */
-}
-
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-u_getFC_NFKC_Closure(UChar32 c, UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity, UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    uint16_t aux;
-
-    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0)) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode) || !formatVersion_2_1) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    UTRIE_GET16(&auxTrie, c, aux);
-    aux&=_NORM_AUX_FNC_MASK;
-    if(aux!=0) {
-        const UChar *s;
-        int32_t length;
-
-        s=(const UChar *)(extraData+aux);
-        if(*s<0xff00) {
-            /* s points to the single-unit string */
-            length=1;
-        } else {
-            length=*s&0xff;
-            ++s;
-        }
-        if(0<length && length<=destCapacity) {
-            uprv_memcpy(dest, s, length*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-        }
-        return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, length, pErrorCode);
-    } else {
-        return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, 0, pErrorCode);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Is c an NF<mode>-skippable code point? See unormimp.h. */
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_isNFSkippable(UChar32 c, UNormalizationMode mode) {
-    UErrorCode errorCode;
-    uint32_t norm32, mask;
-    uint16_t aux, fcd;
-
-    errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    if(!_haveData(errorCode)) {
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    /* handle trivial cases; set the comparison mask for the normal ones */
-    switch(mode) {
-    case UNORM_NONE:
-        return TRUE;
-    case UNORM_NFD:
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKD:
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFKD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFC:
-    /* case UNORM_FCC: */
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_COMBINES_ANY|(_NORM_QC_NFC&_NORM_QC_ANY_NO);
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKC:
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_COMBINES_ANY|(_NORM_QC_NFKC&_NORM_QC_ANY_NO);
-        break;
-    case UNORM_FCD:
-        /* FCD: skippable if lead cc==0 and trail cc<=1 */
-        UTRIE_GET16(&fcdTrie, c, fcd);
-        return fcd<=1;
-    default:
-        return FALSE;
-    }
-
-    /* check conditions (a)..(e), see unormimp.h */
-    UTRIE_GET32(&normTrie, c, norm32);
-    if((norm32&mask)!=0) {
-        return FALSE; /* fails (a)..(e), not skippable */
-    }
-
-    if(mode<UNORM_NFC) {
-        return TRUE; /* NF*D, passed (a)..(c), is skippable */
-    }
-
-    /* NF*C/FCC, passed (a)..(e) */
-    if((norm32&_NORM_QC_NFD)==0) {
-        return TRUE; /* no canonical decomposition, is skippable */
-    }
-
-    /* check Hangul syllables algorithmically */
-    if(isNorm32HangulOrJamo(norm32)) {
-        /* Jamo passed (a)..(e) above, must be Hangul */
-        return !isHangulWithoutJamoT((UChar)c); /* LVT are skippable, LV are not */
-    }
-
-    /* if(mode<=UNORM_NFKC) { -- enable when implementing FCC */
-    /* NF*C, test (f) flag */
-    if(!formatVersion_2_2) {
-        return FALSE; /* no (f) data, say not skippable to be safe */
-    }
-
-    UTRIE_GET16(&auxTrie, c, aux);
-    return (aux&_NORM_AUX_NFC_SKIP_F_MASK)==0; /* TRUE=skippable if the (f) flag is not set */
-
-    /* } else { FCC, test fcd<=1 instead of the above } */
-}
-
-U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
-unorm_addPropertyStarts(USet *set, UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar c;
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* add the start code point of each same-value range of each trie */
-    utrie_enum(&normTrie, NULL, _enumPropertyStartsRange, set);
-    utrie_enum(&fcdTrie, NULL, _enumPropertyStartsRange, set);
-    if(formatVersion_2_1) {
-        utrie_enum(&auxTrie, NULL, _enumPropertyStartsRange, set);
-    }
-
-    /* add Hangul LV syllables and LV+1 because of skippables */
-    for(c=HANGUL_BASE; c<HANGUL_BASE+HANGUL_COUNT; c+=JAMO_T_COUNT) {
-        uset_add(set, c);
-        uset_add(set, c+1);
-    }
-    uset_add(set, HANGUL_BASE+HANGUL_COUNT); /* add Hangul+1 to continue with other properties */
-}
-
-/* reorder UTF-16 in-place -------------------------------------------------- */
-
-/*
- * simpler, single-character version of _mergeOrdered() -
- * bubble-insert one single code point into the preceding string
- * which is already canonically ordered
- * (c, c2) may or may not yet have been inserted at [current..p[
- *
- * it must be p=current+lengthof(c, c2) i.e. p=current+(c2==0 ? 1 : 2)
- *
- * before: [start..current[ is already ordered, and
- *         [current..p[     may or may not hold (c, c2) but
- *                          must be exactly the same length as (c, c2)
- * after: [start..p[ is ordered
- *
- * returns the trailing combining class
- */
-static uint8_t
-_insertOrdered(const UChar *start, UChar *current, UChar *p,
-               UChar c, UChar c2, uint8_t cc) {
-    const UChar *pBack, *pPreBack;
-    UChar *r;
-    uint8_t prevCC, trailCC=cc;
-
-    if(start<current && cc!=0) {
-        /* search for the insertion point where cc>=prevCC */
-        pPreBack=pBack=current;
-        prevCC=_getPrevCC(start, pPreBack);
-        if(cc<prevCC) {
-            /* this will be the last code point, so keep its cc */
-            trailCC=prevCC;
-            pBack=pPreBack;
-            while(start<pPreBack) {
-                prevCC=_getPrevCC(start, pPreBack);
-                if(cc>=prevCC) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                pBack=pPreBack;
-            }
-
-            /*
-             * this is where we are right now with all these pointers:
-             * [start..pPreBack[ 0..? code points that we can ignore
-             * [pPreBack..pBack[ 0..1 code points with prevCC<=cc
-             * [pBack..current[  0..n code points with >cc, move up to insert (c, c2)
-             * [current..p[         1 code point (c, c2) with cc
-             */
-
-            /* move the code units in between up */
-            r=p;
-            do {
-                *--r=*--current;
-            } while(pBack!=current);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* insert (c, c2) */
-    *current=c;
-    if(c2!=0) {
-        *(current+1)=c2;
-    }
-
-    /* we know the cc of the last code point */
-    return trailCC;
-}
-
-/*
- * merge two UTF-16 string parts together
- * to canonically order (order by combining classes) their concatenation
- *
- * the two strings may already be adjacent, so that the merging is done in-place
- * if the two strings are not adjacent, then the buffer holding the first one
- * must be large enough
- * the second string may or may not be ordered in itself
- *
- * before: [start..current[ is already ordered, and
- *         [next..limit[    may be ordered in itself, but
- *                          is not in relation to [start..current[
- * after: [start..current+(limit-next)[ is ordered
- *
- * the algorithm is a simple bubble-sort that takes the characters from *next++
- * and inserts them in correct combining class order into the preceding part
- * of the string
- *
- * since this function is called much less often than the single-code point
- * _insertOrdered(), it just uses that for easier maintenance
- * (see file version from before 2001aug31 for a more optimized version)
- *
- * returns the trailing combining class
- */
-static uint8_t
-_mergeOrdered(UChar *start, UChar *current,
-              const UChar *next, const UChar *limit, UBool isOrdered=TRUE) {
-    UChar *r;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    uint8_t cc, trailCC=0;
-    UBool adjacent;
-
-    adjacent= current==next;
-
-    if(start!=current || !isOrdered) {
-        while(next<limit) {
-            cc=_getNextCC(next, limit, c, c2);
-            if(cc==0) {
-                /* does not bubble back */
-                trailCC=0;
-                if(adjacent) {
-                    current=(UChar *)next;
-                } else {
-                    *current++=c;
-                    if(c2!=0) {
-                        *current++=c2;
-                    }
-                }
-                if(isOrdered) {
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    start=current;
-                }
-            } else {
-                r=current+(c2==0 ? 1 : 2);
-                trailCC=_insertOrdered(start, current, r, c, c2, cc);
-                current=r;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if(next==limit) {
-        /* we know the cc of the last code point */
-        return trailCC;
-    } else {
-        if(!adjacent) {
-            /* copy the second string part */
-            do {
-                *current++=*next++;
-            } while(next!=limit);
-            limit=current;
-        }
-        return _getPrevCC(start, limit);
-    }
-}
-
-/* quick check functions ---------------------------------------------------- */
-
-static UBool
-unorm_checkFCD(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, const UnicodeSet *nx) {
-    const UChar *limit;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    uint16_t fcd16;
-    int16_t prevCC, cc;
-
-    /* initialize */
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    if(srcLength>=0) {
-        /* string with length */
-        limit=src+srcLength;
-    } else /* srcLength==-1 */ {
-        /* zero-terminated string */
-        limit=NULL;
-    }
-
-    U_ALIGN_CODE(16);
-
-    for(;;) {
-        /* skip a run of code units below the minimum or with irrelevant data for the FCD check */
-        if(limit==NULL) {
-            for(;;) {
-                c=*src++;
-                if(c<_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC) {
-                    if(c==0) {
-                        return TRUE;
-                    }
-                    /*
-                     * delay _getFCD16(c) for any character <_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC
-                     * because chances are good that the next one will have
-                     * a leading cc of 0;
-                     * _getFCD16(-prevCC) is later called when necessary -
-                     * -c fits into int16_t because it is <_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC==0x300
-                     */
-                    prevCC=(int16_t)-c;
-                } else if((fcd16=_getFCD16(c))==0) {
-                    prevCC=0;
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            for(;;) {
-                if(src==limit) {
-                    return TRUE;
-                } else if((c=*src++)<_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC) {
-                    prevCC=(int16_t)-c;
-                } else if((fcd16=_getFCD16(c))==0) {
-                    prevCC=0;
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* check one above-minimum, relevant code unit */
-        if(UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c)) {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real fcd16 */
-            if(src!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*src)) {
-                ++src;
-                fcd16=_getFCD16FromSurrogatePair(fcd16, c2);
-            } else {
-                c2=0;
-                fcd16=0;
-            }
-        } else {
-            c2=0;
-        }
-
-        if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-            prevCC=0; /* excluded: fcd16==0 */
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * prevCC has values from the following ranges:
-         * 0..0xff - the previous trail combining class
-         * <0      - the negative value of the previous code unit;
-         *           that code unit was <_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC and its _getFCD16()
-         *           was deferred so that average text is checked faster
-         */
-
-        /* check the combining order */
-        cc=(int16_t)(fcd16>>8);
-        if(cc!=0) {
-            if(prevCC<0) {
-                /* the previous character was <_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC, we need to get its trail cc */
-                if(!nx_contains(nx, (UChar32)-prevCC)) {
-                    prevCC=(int16_t)(_getFCD16((UChar)-prevCC)&0xff);
-                } else {
-                    prevCC=0; /* excluded: fcd16==0 */
-                }
-            }
-
-            if(cc<prevCC) {
-                return FALSE;
-            }
-        }
-        prevCC=(int16_t)(fcd16&0xff);
-    }
-}
-
-static UNormalizationCheckResult
-_quickCheck(const UChar *src,
-            int32_t srcLength,
-            UNormalizationMode mode,
-            UBool allowMaybe,
-            const UnicodeSet *nx,
-            UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar stackBuffer[_STACK_BUFFER_CAPACITY];
-    UChar *buffer;
-    int32_t bufferCapacity;
-
-    const UChar *start, *limit;
-    uint32_t norm32, qcNorm32, ccOrQCMask, qcMask;
-    UChar c, c2, minNoMaybe;
-    uint8_t cc, prevCC;
-    UNormalizationCheckResult result;
-
-    /* check arguments */
-    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return UNORM_MAYBE;
-    }
-
-    if(src==NULL || srcLength<-1) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return UNORM_MAYBE;
-    }
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return UNORM_MAYBE;
-    }
-
-    /* check for a valid mode and set the quick check minimum and mask */
-    switch(mode) {
-    case UNORM_NFC:
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFC_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFC;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKC:
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKC_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFKC;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFD:
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFD_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKD:
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKD_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFKD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_FCD:
-        return unorm_checkFCD(src, srcLength, nx) ? UNORM_YES : UNORM_NO;
-    default:
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return UNORM_MAYBE;
-    }
-
-    /* initialize */
-    buffer=stackBuffer;
-    bufferCapacity=_STACK_BUFFER_CAPACITY;
-
-    ccOrQCMask=_NORM_CC_MASK|qcMask;
-    result=UNORM_YES;
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    start=src;
-    if(srcLength>=0) {
-        /* string with length */
-        limit=src+srcLength;
-    } else /* srcLength==-1 */ {
-        /* zero-terminated string */
-        limit=NULL;
-    }
-
-    U_ALIGN_CODE(16);
-
-    for(;;) {
-        /* skip a run of code units below the minimum or with irrelevant data for the quick check */
-        if(limit==NULL) {
-            for(;;) {
-                c=*src++;
-                if(c<minNoMaybe) {
-                    if(c==0) {
-                        goto endloop; /* break out of outer loop */
-                    }
-                } else if(((norm32=_getNorm32(c))&ccOrQCMask)!=0) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                prevCC=0;
-            }
-        } else {
-            for(;;) {
-                if(src==limit) {
-                    goto endloop; /* break out of outer loop */
-                } else if((c=*src++)>=minNoMaybe && ((norm32=_getNorm32(c))&ccOrQCMask)!=0) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                prevCC=0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* check one above-minimum, relevant code unit */
-        if(isNorm32LeadSurrogate(norm32)) {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-            if(src!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*src)) {
-                ++src;
-                norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-            } else {
-                c2=0;
-                norm32=0;
-            }
-        } else {
-            c2=0;
-        }
-
-        if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-            /* excluded: norm32==0 */
-            norm32=0;
-        }
-
-        /* check the combining order */
-        cc=(uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-        if(cc!=0 && cc<prevCC) {
-            result=UNORM_NO;
-            break;
-        }
-        prevCC=cc;
-
-        /* check for "no" or "maybe" quick check flags */
-        qcNorm32=norm32&qcMask;
-        if(qcNorm32&_NORM_QC_ANY_NO) {
-            result=UNORM_NO;
-            break;
-        } else if(qcNorm32!=0) {
-            /* "maybe" can only occur for NFC and NFKC */
-            if(allowMaybe) {
-                result=UNORM_MAYBE;
-            } else {
-                /* normalize a section around here to see if it is really normalized or not */
-                const UChar *prevStarter;
-                uint32_t decompQCMask;
-                int32_t length;
-
-                decompQCMask=(qcMask<<2)&0xf; /* decomposition quick check mask */
-
-                /* find the previous starter */
-                prevStarter=src-1; /* set prevStarter to the beginning of the current character */
-                if(UTF_IS_TRAIL(*prevStarter)) {
-                    --prevStarter; /* safe because unpaired surrogates do not result in "maybe" */
-                }
-                prevStarter=_findPreviousStarter(start, prevStarter, ccOrQCMask, decompQCMask, minNoMaybe);
-
-                /* find the next true starter in [src..limit[ - modifies src to point to the next starter */
-                src=_findNextStarter(src, limit, qcMask, decompQCMask, minNoMaybe);
-
-                /* decompose and recompose [prevStarter..src[ */
-                _composePart(stackBuffer, buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                             length,
-                             prevStarter,
-                             src,
-                             qcMask,
-                             prevCC, nx, pErrorCode);
-                if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-                    result=UNORM_MAYBE; /* error (out of memory) */
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                /* compare the normalized version with the original */
-                if(0!=uprv_strCompare(prevStarter, (int32_t)(src-prevStarter), buffer, length, FALSE, FALSE)) {
-                    result=UNORM_NO; /* normalization differs */
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                /* continue after the next starter */
-            }
-        }
-    }
-endloop:
-
-    if(buffer!=stackBuffer) {
-        uprv_free(buffer);
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-U_CAPI UNormalizationCheckResult U_EXPORT2
-unorm_quickCheck(const UChar *src,
-                 int32_t srcLength, 
-                 UNormalizationMode mode,
-                 UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    return _quickCheck(src, srcLength, mode, TRUE, NULL, pErrorCode);
-}
-
-U_CAPI UNormalizationCheckResult U_EXPORT2
-unorm_quickCheckWithOptions(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength, 
-                            UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
-                            UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    return _quickCheck(src, srcLength, mode, TRUE, getNX(options, *pErrorCode), pErrorCode);
-}
-
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_isNormalized(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-                   UNormalizationMode mode,
-                   UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    return (UBool)(UNORM_YES==_quickCheck(src, srcLength, mode, FALSE, NULL, pErrorCode));
-}
-
-U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
-unorm_isNormalizedWithOptions(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-                              UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
-                              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    return (UBool)(UNORM_YES==_quickCheck(src, srcLength, mode, FALSE, getNX(options, *pErrorCode), pErrorCode));
-}
-
-/* make NFD & NFKD ---------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_getDecomposition(UChar32 c, UBool compat,
-                       UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity) {
-    UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-    if( (uint32_t)c<=0x10ffff &&
-        _haveData(errorCode) &&
-        ((dest!=NULL && destCapacity>0) || destCapacity==0)
-    ) {
-        uint32_t norm32, qcMask;
-        UChar32 minNoMaybe;
-        int32_t length;
-
-        /* initialize */
-        if(!compat) {
-            minNoMaybe=(UChar32)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFD_NO_MAYBE];
-            qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFD;
-        } else {
-            minNoMaybe=(UChar32)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKD_NO_MAYBE];
-            qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFKD;
-        }
-
-        if(c<minNoMaybe) {
-            /* trivial case */
-            if(destCapacity>0) {
-                dest[0]=(UChar)c;
-            }
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        /* data lookup */
-        UTRIE_GET32(&normTrie, c, norm32);
-        if((norm32&qcMask)==0) {
-            /* simple case: no decomposition */
-            if(c<=0xffff) {
-                if(destCapacity>0) {
-                    dest[0]=(UChar)c;
-                }
-                return -1;
-            } else {
-                if(destCapacity>=2) {
-                    dest[0]=UTF16_LEAD(c);
-                    dest[1]=UTF16_TRAIL(c);
-                }
-                return -2;
-            }
-        } else if(isNorm32HangulOrJamo(norm32)) {
-            /* Hangul syllable: decompose algorithmically */
-            UChar c2;
-
-            c-=HANGUL_BASE;
-
-            c2=(UChar)(c%JAMO_T_COUNT);
-            c/=JAMO_T_COUNT;
-            if(c2>0) {
-                if(destCapacity>=3) {
-                    dest[2]=(UChar)(JAMO_T_BASE+c2);
-                }
-                length=3;
-            } else {
-                length=2;
-            }
-
-            if(destCapacity>=2) {
-                dest[1]=(UChar)(JAMO_V_BASE+c%JAMO_V_COUNT);
-                dest[0]=(UChar)(JAMO_L_BASE+c/JAMO_V_COUNT);
-            }
-            return length;
-        } else {
-            /* c decomposes, get everything from the variable-length extra data */
-            const UChar *p, *limit;
-            uint8_t cc, trailCC;
-
-            p=_decompose(norm32, qcMask, length, cc, trailCC);
-            if(length<=destCapacity) {
-                limit=p+length;
-                do {
-                    *dest++=*p++;
-                } while(p<limit);
-            }
-            return length;
-        }
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static int32_t
-_decompose(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-           const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-           UBool compat, const UnicodeSet *nx,
-           uint8_t &outTrailCC) {
-    UChar buffer[3];
-    const UChar *limit, *prevSrc, *p;
-    uint32_t norm32, ccOrQCMask, qcMask;
-    int32_t destIndex, reorderStartIndex, length;
-    UChar c, c2, minNoMaybe;
-    uint8_t cc, prevCC, trailCC;
-
-    if(!compat) {
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFD_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFD;
-    } else {
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKD_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFKD;
-    }
-
-    /* initialize */
-    ccOrQCMask=_NORM_CC_MASK|qcMask;
-    destIndex=reorderStartIndex=0;
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    /* avoid compiler warnings */
-    norm32=0;
-    c=0;
-
-    if(srcLength>=0) {
-        /* string with length */
-        limit=src+srcLength;
-    } else /* srcLength==-1 */ {
-        /* zero-terminated string */
-        limit=NULL;
-    }
-
-    U_ALIGN_CODE(16);
-
-    for(;;) {
-        /* count code units below the minimum or with irrelevant data for the quick check */
-        prevSrc=src;
-        if(limit==NULL) {
-            while((c=*src)<minNoMaybe ? c!=0 : ((norm32=_getNorm32(c))&ccOrQCMask)==0) {
-                prevCC=0;
-                ++src;
-            }
-        } else {
-            while(src!=limit && ((c=*src)<minNoMaybe || ((norm32=_getNorm32(c))&ccOrQCMask)==0)) {
-                prevCC=0;
-                ++src;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* copy these code units all at once */
-        if(src!=prevSrc) {
-            length=(int32_t)(src-prevSrc);
-            if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-                uprv_memcpy(dest+destIndex, prevSrc, length*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-            }
-            destIndex+=length;
-            reorderStartIndex=destIndex;
-        }
-
-        /* end of source reached? */
-        if(limit==NULL ? c==0 : src==limit) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        /* c already contains *src and norm32 is set for it, increment src */
-        ++src;
-
-        /* check one above-minimum, relevant code unit */
-        /*
-         * generally, set p and length to the decomposition string
-         * in simple cases, p==NULL and (c, c2) will hold the length code units to append
-         * in all cases, set cc to the lead and trailCC to the trail combining class
-         *
-         * the following merge-sort of the current character into the preceding,
-         * canonically ordered result text will use the optimized _insertOrdered()
-         * if there is only one single code point to process;
-         * this is indicated with p==NULL, and (c, c2) is the character to insert
-         * ((c, 0) for a BMP character and (lead surrogate, trail surrogate)
-         * for a supplementary character)
-         * otherwise, p[length] is merged in with _mergeOrdered()
-         */
-        if(isNorm32HangulOrJamo(norm32)) {
-            if(nx_contains(nx, c)) {
-                c2=0;
-                p=NULL;
-                length=1;
-            } else {
-                /* Hangul syllable: decompose algorithmically */
-                p=buffer;
-                cc=trailCC=0;
-
-                c-=HANGUL_BASE;
-
-                c2=(UChar)(c%JAMO_T_COUNT);
-                c/=JAMO_T_COUNT;
-                if(c2>0) {
-                    buffer[2]=(UChar)(JAMO_T_BASE+c2);
-                    length=3;
-                } else {
-                    length=2;
-                }
-
-                buffer[1]=(UChar)(JAMO_V_BASE+c%JAMO_V_COUNT);
-                buffer[0]=(UChar)(JAMO_L_BASE+c/JAMO_V_COUNT);
-            }
-        } else {
-            if(isNorm32Regular(norm32)) {
-                c2=0;
-                length=1;
-            } else {
-                /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-                if(src!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*src)) {
-                    ++src;
-                    length=2;
-                    norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-                } else {
-                    c2=0;
-                    length=1;
-                    norm32=0;
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* get the decomposition and the lead and trail cc's */
-            if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-                /* excluded: norm32==0 */
-                cc=trailCC=0;
-                p=NULL;
-            } else if((norm32&qcMask)==0) {
-                /* c does not decompose */
-                cc=trailCC=(uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-                p=NULL;
-            } else {
-                /* c decomposes, get everything from the variable-length extra data */
-                p=_decompose(norm32, qcMask, length, cc, trailCC);
-                if(length==1) {
-                    /* fastpath a single code unit from decomposition */
-                    c=*p;
-                    c2=0;
-                    p=NULL;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* append the decomposition to the destination buffer, assume length>0 */
-        if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-            UChar *reorderSplit=dest+destIndex;
-            if(p==NULL) {
-                /* fastpath: single code point */
-                if(cc!=0 && cc<prevCC) {
-                    /* (c, c2) is out of order with respect to the preceding text */
-                    destIndex+=length;
-                    trailCC=_insertOrdered(dest+reorderStartIndex, reorderSplit, dest+destIndex, c, c2, cc);
-                } else {
-                    /* just append (c, c2) */
-                    dest[destIndex++]=c;
-                    if(c2!=0) {
-                        dest[destIndex++]=c2;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                /* general: multiple code points (ordered by themselves) from decomposition */
-                if(cc!=0 && cc<prevCC) {
-                    /* the decomposition is out of order with respect to the preceding text */
-                    destIndex+=length;
-                    trailCC=_mergeOrdered(dest+reorderStartIndex, reorderSplit, p, p+length);
-                } else {
-                    /* just append the decomposition */
-                    do {
-                        dest[destIndex++]=*p++;
-                    } while(--length>0);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* buffer overflow */
-            /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
-            destIndex+=length;
-        }
-
-        prevCC=trailCC;
-        if(prevCC==0) {
-            reorderStartIndex=destIndex;
-        }
-    }
-
-    outTrailCC=prevCC;
-    return destIndex;
-}
-
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_decompose(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-                const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-                UBool compat, int32_t options,
-                UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    const UnicodeSet *nx;
-    int32_t destIndex;
-    uint8_t trailCC;
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    nx=getNX(options, *pErrorCode);
-    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    destIndex=_decompose(dest, destCapacity,
-                         src, srcLength,
-                         compat, nx,
-                         trailCC);
-
-    return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destIndex, pErrorCode);
-}
-
-/* make FCD ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-static const UChar *
-_findSafeFCD(const UChar *src, const UChar *limit, uint16_t fcd16) {
-    UChar c, c2;
-
-    /*
-     * find the first position in [src..limit[ after some cc==0 according to FCD data
-     *
-     * at the beginning of the loop, we have fcd16 from before src
-     *
-     * stop at positions:
-     * - after trail cc==0
-     * - at the end of the source
-     * - before lead cc==0
-     */
-    for(;;) {
-        /* stop if trail cc==0 for the previous character */
-        if((fcd16&0xff)==0) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        /* get c=*src - stop at end of string */
-        if(src==limit) {
-            break;
-        }
-        c=*src;
-
-        /* stop if lead cc==0 for this character */
-        if(c<_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC || (fcd16=_getFCD16(c))==0) {
-            break; /* catches terminating NUL, too */
-        }
-
-        if(!UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c)) {
-            if(fcd16<=0xff) {
-                break;
-            }
-            ++src;
-        } else if((src+1)!=limit && (c2=*(src+1), UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2))) {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real fcd16 */
-            fcd16=_getFCD16FromSurrogatePair(fcd16, c2);
-            if(fcd16<=0xff) {
-                break;
-            }
-            src+=2;
-        } else {
-            /* c is an unpaired first surrogate, lead cc==0 */
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return src;
-}
-
-static uint8_t
-_decomposeFCD(const UChar *src, const UChar *decompLimit,
-              UChar *dest, int32_t &destIndex, int32_t destCapacity,
-              const UnicodeSet *nx) {
-    const UChar *p;
-    uint32_t norm32;
-    int32_t reorderStartIndex, length;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    uint8_t cc, prevCC, trailCC;
-
-    /*
-     * canonically decompose [src..decompLimit[
-     *
-     * all characters in this range have some non-zero cc,
-     * directly or in decomposition,
-     * so that we do not need to check in the following for quick-check limits etc.
-     *
-     * there _are_ _no_ Hangul syllables or Jamos in here because they are FCD-safe (cc==0)!
-     *
-     * we also do not need to check for c==0 because we have an established decompLimit
-     */
-    reorderStartIndex=destIndex;
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    while(src<decompLimit) {
-        c=*src++;
-        norm32=_getNorm32(c);
-        if(isNorm32Regular(norm32)) {
-            c2=0;
-            length=1;
-        } else {
-            /*
-             * reminder: this function is called with [src..decompLimit[
-             * not containing any Hangul/Jamo characters,
-             * therefore the only specials are lead surrogates
-             */
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-            if(src!=decompLimit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*src)) {
-                ++src;
-                length=2;
-                norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-            } else {
-                c2=0;
-                length=1;
-                norm32=0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* get the decomposition and the lead and trail cc's */
-        if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-            /* excluded: norm32==0 */
-            cc=trailCC=0;
-            p=NULL;
-        } else if((norm32&_NORM_QC_NFD)==0) {
-            /* c does not decompose */
-            cc=trailCC=(uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-            p=NULL;
-        } else {
-            /* c decomposes, get everything from the variable-length extra data */
-            p=_decompose(norm32, length, cc, trailCC);
-            if(length==1) {
-                /* fastpath a single code unit from decomposition */
-                c=*p;
-                c2=0;
-                p=NULL;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* append the decomposition to the destination buffer, assume length>0 */
-        if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-            UChar *reorderSplit=dest+destIndex;
-            if(p==NULL) {
-                /* fastpath: single code point */
-                if(cc!=0 && cc<prevCC) {
-                    /* (c, c2) is out of order with respect to the preceding text */
-                    destIndex+=length;
-                    trailCC=_insertOrdered(dest+reorderStartIndex, reorderSplit, dest+destIndex, c, c2, cc);
-                } else {
-                    /* just append (c, c2) */
-                    dest[destIndex++]=c;
-                    if(c2!=0) {
-                        dest[destIndex++]=c2;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                /* general: multiple code points (ordered by themselves) from decomposition */
-                if(cc!=0 && cc<prevCC) {
-                    /* the decomposition is out of order with respect to the preceding text */
-                    destIndex+=length;
-                    trailCC=_mergeOrdered(dest+reorderStartIndex, reorderSplit, p, p+length);
-                } else {
-                    /* just append the decomposition */
-                    do {
-                        dest[destIndex++]=*p++;
-                    } while(--length>0);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* buffer overflow */
-            /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
-            destIndex+=length;
-        }
-
-        prevCC=trailCC;
-        if(prevCC==0) {
-            reorderStartIndex=destIndex;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return prevCC;
-}
-
-static int32_t
-unorm_makeFCD(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-              const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-              const UnicodeSet *nx,
-              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    const UChar *limit, *prevSrc, *decompStart;
-    int32_t destIndex, length;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    uint16_t fcd16;
-    int16_t prevCC, cc;
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* initialize */
-    decompStart=src;
-    destIndex=0;
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    /* avoid compiler warnings */
-    c=0;
-    fcd16=0;
-
-    if(srcLength>=0) {
-        /* string with length */
-        limit=src+srcLength;
-    } else /* srcLength==-1 */ {
-        /* zero-terminated string */
-        limit=NULL;
-    }
-
-    U_ALIGN_CODE(16);
-
-    for(;;) {
-        /* skip a run of code units below the minimum or with irrelevant data for the FCD check */
-        prevSrc=src;
-        if(limit==NULL) {
-            for(;;) {
-                c=*src;
-                if(c<_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC) {
-                    if(c==0) {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    prevCC=(int16_t)-c;
-                } else if((fcd16=_getFCD16(c))==0) {
-                    prevCC=0;
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-                ++src;
-            }
-        } else {
-            for(;;) {
-                if(src==limit) {
-                    break;
-                } else if((c=*src)<_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC) {
-                    prevCC=(int16_t)-c;
-                } else if((fcd16=_getFCD16(c))==0) {
-                    prevCC=0;
-                } else {
-                    break;
-                }
-                ++src;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * prevCC has values from the following ranges:
-         * 0..0xff - the previous trail combining class
-         * <0      - the negative value of the previous code unit;
-         *           that code unit was <_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC and its _getFCD16()
-         *           was deferred so that average text is checked faster
-         */
-
-        /* copy these code units all at once */
-        if(src!=prevSrc) {
-            length=(int32_t)(src-prevSrc);
-            if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-                uprv_memcpy(dest+destIndex, prevSrc, length*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-            }
-            destIndex+=length;
-            prevSrc=src;
-
-            /* prevCC<0 is only possible from the above loop, i.e., only if prevSrc<src */
-            if(prevCC<0) {
-                /* the previous character was <_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC, we need to get its trail cc */
-                if(!nx_contains(nx, (UChar32)-prevCC)) {
-                    prevCC=(int16_t)(_getFCD16((UChar)-prevCC)&0xff);
-                } else {
-                    prevCC=0; /* excluded: fcd16==0 */
-                }
-
-                /*
-                 * set a pointer to this below-U+0300 character;
-                 * if prevCC==0 then it will moved to after this character below
-                 */
-                decompStart=prevSrc-1;
-            }
-        }
-        /*
-         * now:
-         * prevSrc==src - used later to adjust destIndex before decomposition
-         * prevCC>=0
-         */
-
-        /* end of source reached? */
-        if(limit==NULL ? c==0 : src==limit) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        /* set a pointer to after the last source position where prevCC==0 */
-        if(prevCC==0) {
-            decompStart=prevSrc;
-        }
-
-        /* c already contains *src and fcd16 is set for it, increment src */
-        ++src;
-
-        /* check one above-minimum, relevant code unit */
-        if(UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c)) {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real fcd16 */
-            if(src!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*src)) {
-                ++src;
-                fcd16=_getFCD16FromSurrogatePair(fcd16, c2);
-            } else {
-                c2=0;
-                fcd16=0;
-            }
-        } else {
-            c2=0;
-        }
-
-        /* we are looking at the character (c, c2) at [prevSrc..src[ */
-        if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-            fcd16=0; /* excluded: fcd16==0 */
-        }
-
-        /* check the combining order, get the lead cc */
-        cc=(int16_t)(fcd16>>8);
-        if(cc==0 || cc>=prevCC) {
-            /* the order is ok */
-            if(cc==0) {
-                decompStart=prevSrc;
-            }
-            prevCC=(int16_t)(fcd16&0xff);
-
-            /* just append (c, c2) */
-            length= c2==0 ? 1 : 2;
-            if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-                dest[destIndex++]=c;
-                if(c2!=0) {
-                    dest[destIndex++]=c2;
-                }
-            } else {
-                destIndex+=length;
-            }
-        } else {
-            /*
-             * back out the part of the source that we copied already but
-             * is now going to be decomposed;
-             * prevSrc is set to after what was copied
-             */
-            destIndex-=(int32_t)(prevSrc-decompStart);
-
-            /*
-             * find the part of the source that needs to be decomposed;
-             * to be safe and simple, decompose to before the next character with lead cc==0
-             */
-            src=_findSafeFCD(src, limit, fcd16);
-
-            /*
-             * the source text does not fulfill the conditions for FCD;
-             * decompose and reorder a limited piece of the text
-             */
-            prevCC=_decomposeFCD(decompStart, src,
-                                 dest, destIndex, destCapacity,
-                                 nx);
-            decompStart=src;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destIndex, pErrorCode);
-}
-
-/* make NFC & NFKC ---------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-/* get the composition properties of the next character */
-static inline uint32_t
-_getNextCombining(UChar *&p, const UChar *limit,
-                  UChar &c, UChar &c2,
-                  uint16_t &combiningIndex, uint8_t &cc,
-                  const UnicodeSet *nx) {
-    uint32_t norm32, combineFlags;
-
-    /* get properties */
-    c=*p++;
-    norm32=_getNorm32(c);
-
-    /* preset output values for most characters */
-    c2=0;
-    combiningIndex=0;
-    cc=0;
-
-    if((norm32&(_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_COMBINES_ANY))==0) {
-        return 0;
-    } else {
-        if(isNorm32Regular(norm32)) {
-            /* set cc etc. below */
-        } else if(isNorm32HangulOrJamo(norm32)) {
-            /* a compatibility decomposition contained Jamos */
-            combiningIndex=(uint16_t)(0xfff0|(norm32>>_NORM_EXTRA_SHIFT));
-            return norm32&_NORM_COMBINES_ANY;
-        } else {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-            if(p!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*p)) {
-                ++p;
-                norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-            } else {
-                c2=0;
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-            return 0; /* excluded: norm32==0 */
-        }
-
-        cc=(uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-
-        combineFlags=norm32&_NORM_COMBINES_ANY;
-        if(combineFlags!=0) {
-            combiningIndex=*(_getExtraData(norm32)-1);
-        }
-        return combineFlags;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * given a composition-result starter (c, c2) - which means its cc==0,
- * it combines forward, it has extra data, its norm32!=0,
- * it is not a Hangul or Jamo,
- * get just its combineFwdIndex
- *
- * norm32(c) is special if and only if c2!=0
- */
-static inline uint16_t
-_getCombiningIndexFromStarter(UChar c, UChar c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
-
-    norm32=_getNorm32(c);
-    if(c2!=0) {
-        norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-    }
-    return *(_getExtraData(norm32)-1);
-}
-
-/*
- * Find the recomposition result for
- * a forward-combining character
- * (specified with a pointer to its part of the combiningTable[])
- * and a backward-combining character
- * (specified with its combineBackIndex).
- *
- * If these two characters combine, then set (value, value2)
- * with the code unit(s) of the composition character.
- *
- * Return value:
- * 0    do not combine
- * 1    combine
- * >1   combine, and the composition is a forward-combining starter
- *
- * See unormimp.h for a description of the composition table format.
- */
-static inline uint16_t
-_combine(const uint16_t *table, uint16_t combineBackIndex,
-         uint16_t &value, uint16_t &value2) {
-    uint16_t key;
-
-    /* search in the starter's composition table */
-    for(;;) {
-        key=*table++;
-        if(key>=combineBackIndex) {
-            break;
-        }
-        table+= *table&0x8000 ? 2 : 1;
-    }
-
-    /* mask off bit 15, the last-entry-in-the-list flag */
-    if((key&0x7fff)==combineBackIndex) {
-        /* found! combine! */
-        value=*table;
-
-        /* is the composition a starter that combines forward? */
-        key=(uint16_t)((value&0x2000)+1);
-
-        /* get the composition result code point from the variable-length result value */
-        if(value&0x8000) {
-            if(value&0x4000) {
-                /* surrogate pair composition result */
-                value=(uint16_t)((value&0x3ff)|0xd800);
-                value2=*(table+1);
-            } else {
-                /* BMP composition result U+2000..U+ffff */
-                value=*(table+1);
-                value2=0;
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* BMP composition result U+0000..U+1fff */
-            value&=0x1fff;
-            value2=0;
-        }
-
-        return key;
-    } else {
-        /* not found */
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * recompose the characters in [p..limit[
- * (which is in NFD - decomposed and canonically ordered),
- * adjust limit, and return the trailing cc
- *
- * since for NFKC we may get Jamos in decompositions, we need to
- * recompose those too
- *
- * note that recomposition never lengthens the text:
- * any character consists of either one or two code units;
- * a composition may contain at most one more code unit than the original starter,
- * while the combining mark that is removed has at least one code unit
- */
-static uint8_t
-_recompose(UChar *p, UChar *&limit, const UnicodeSet *nx) {
-    UChar *starter, *pRemove, *q, *r;
-    uint32_t combineFlags;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    uint16_t combineFwdIndex, combineBackIndex;
-    uint16_t result, value, value2;
-    uint8_t cc, prevCC;
-    UBool starterIsSupplementary;
-
-    starter=NULL;                   /* no starter */
-    combineFwdIndex=0;              /* will not be used until starter!=NULL - avoid compiler warnings */
-    combineBackIndex=0;             /* will always be set if combineFlags!=0 - avoid compiler warnings */
-    value=value2=0;                 /* always set by _combine() before used - avoid compiler warnings */
-    starterIsSupplementary=FALSE;   /* will not be used until starter!=NULL - avoid compiler warnings */
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    for(;;) {
-        combineFlags=_getNextCombining(p, limit, c, c2, combineBackIndex, cc, nx);
-        if((combineFlags&_NORM_COMBINES_BACK) && starter!=NULL) {
-            if(combineBackIndex&0x8000) {
-                /* c is a Jamo V/T, see if we can compose it with the previous character */
-                pRemove=NULL; /* NULL while no Hangul composition */
-                c2=*starter;
-                if(combineBackIndex==0xfff2) {
-                    /* Jamo V, compose with previous Jamo L and following Jamo T */
-                    c2=(UChar)(c2-JAMO_L_BASE);
-                    if(c2<JAMO_L_COUNT) {
-                        pRemove=p-1;
-                        c=(UChar)(HANGUL_BASE+(c2*JAMO_V_COUNT+(c-JAMO_V_BASE))*JAMO_T_COUNT);
-                        if(p!=limit && (c2=(UChar)(*p-JAMO_T_BASE))<JAMO_T_COUNT) {
-                            ++p;
-                            c+=c2;
-                        }
-                        if(!nx_contains(nx, c)) {
-                            *starter=c;
-                        } else {
-                            /* excluded */
-                            if(!isHangulWithoutJamoT(c)) {
-                                --p; /* undo the ++p from reading the Jamo T */
-                            }
-                            /* c is modified but not used any more -- c=*(p-1); -- re-read the Jamo V/T */
-                            pRemove=NULL;
-                        }
-                    }
-#if 0
-                /*
-                 * The following is disabled with #if 0 because it can not occur:
-                 * Since the input is in NFD, there are no Hangul LV syllables that
-                 * a Jamo T could combine with.
-                 * All Jamo Ts are combined above when handling Jamo Vs.
-                 */
-                } else {
-                    /* Jamo T, compose with previous Hangul that does not have a Jamo T */
-                    if(isHangulWithoutJamoT(c2)) {
-                        pRemove=p-1;
-                        *starter=(UChar)(c2+(c-JAMO_T_BASE));
-                    }
-#endif
-                }
-
-                if(pRemove!=NULL) {
-                    /* remove the Jamo(s) */
-                    q=pRemove;
-                    r=p;
-                    while(r<limit) {
-                        *q++=*r++;
-                    }
-                    p=pRemove;
-                    limit=q;
-                }
-
-                c2=0; /* c2 held *starter temporarily */
-
-                /*
-                 * now: cc==0 and the combining index does not include "forward" ->
-                 * the rest of the loop body will reset starter to NULL;
-                 * technically, a composed Hangul syllable is a starter, but it
-                 * does not combine forward now that we have consumed all eligible Jamos;
-                 * for Jamo V/T, combineFlags does not contain _NORM_COMBINES_FWD
-                 */
-
-            } else if(
-                /* the starter is not a Jamo V/T and */
-                !(combineFwdIndex&0x8000) &&
-                /* the combining mark is not blocked and */
-                (prevCC<cc || prevCC==0) &&
-                /* the starter and the combining mark (c, c2) do combine and */
-                0!=(result=_combine(combiningTable+combineFwdIndex, combineBackIndex, value, value2)) &&
-                /* the composition result is not excluded */
-                !nx_contains(nx, value, value2)
-            ) {
-                /* replace the starter with the composition, remove the combining mark */
-                pRemove= c2==0 ? p-1 : p-2; /* pointer to the combining mark */
-
-                /* replace the starter with the composition */
-                *starter=(UChar)value;
-                if(starterIsSupplementary) {
-                    if(value2!=0) {
-                        /* both are supplementary */
-                        *(starter+1)=(UChar)value2;
-                    } else {
-                        /* the composition is shorter than the starter, move the intermediate characters forward one */
-                        starterIsSupplementary=FALSE;
-                        q=starter+1;
-                        r=q+1;
-                        while(r<pRemove) {
-                            *q++=*r++;
-                        }
-                        --pRemove;
-                    }
-                } else if(value2!=0) {
-                    /* the composition is longer than the starter, move the intermediate characters back one */
-                    starterIsSupplementary=TRUE;
-                    ++starter; /* temporarily increment for the loop boundary */
-                    q=pRemove;
-                    r=++pRemove;
-                    while(starter<q) {
-                        *--r=*--q;
-                    }
-                    *starter=(UChar)value2;
-                    --starter; /* undo the temporary increment */
-                /* } else { both are on the BMP, nothing more to do */
-                }
-
-                /* remove the combining mark by moving the following text over it */
-                if(pRemove<p) {
-                    q=pRemove;
-                    r=p;
-                    while(r<limit) {
-                        *q++=*r++;
-                    }
-                    p=pRemove;
-                    limit=q;
-                }
-
-                /* keep prevCC because we removed the combining mark */
-
-                /* done? */
-                if(p==limit) {
-                    return prevCC;
-                }
-
-                /* is the composition a starter that combines forward? */
-                if(result>1) {
-                    combineFwdIndex=_getCombiningIndexFromStarter((UChar)value, (UChar)value2);
-                } else {
-                    starter=NULL;
-                }
-
-                /* we combined and set prevCC, continue with looking for compositions */
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* no combination this time */
-        prevCC=cc;
-        if(p==limit) {
-            return prevCC;
-        }
-
-        /* if (c, c2) did not combine, then check if it is a starter */
-        if(cc==0) {
-            /* found a new starter; combineFlags==0 if (c, c2) is excluded */
-            if(combineFlags&_NORM_COMBINES_FWD) {
-                /* it may combine with something, prepare for it */
-                if(c2==0) {
-                    starterIsSupplementary=FALSE;
-                    starter=p-1;
-                } else {
-                    starterIsSupplementary=TRUE;
-                    starter=p-2;
-                }
-                combineFwdIndex=combineBackIndex;
-            } else {
-                /* it will not combine with anything */
-                starter=NULL;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/* find the last true starter in [start..src[ and return the pointer to it */
-static const UChar *
-_findPreviousStarter(const UChar *start, const UChar *src,
-                     uint32_t ccOrQCMask, uint32_t decompQCMask, UChar minNoMaybe) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
-    UChar c, c2;
-
-    while(start<src) {
-        norm32=_getPrevNorm32(start, src, minNoMaybe, ccOrQCMask|decompQCMask, c, c2);
-        if(_isTrueStarter(norm32, ccOrQCMask, decompQCMask)) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    return src;
-}
-
-/* find the first true starter in [src..limit[ and return the pointer to it */
-static const UChar *
-_findNextStarter(const UChar *src, const UChar *limit,
-                 uint32_t qcMask, uint32_t decompQCMask, UChar minNoMaybe) {
-    const UChar *p;
-    uint32_t norm32, ccOrQCMask;
-    int32_t length;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    uint8_t cc, trailCC;
-
-    ccOrQCMask=_NORM_CC_MASK|qcMask;
-
-    for(;;) {
-        if(src==limit) {
-            break; /* end of string */
-        }
-        c=*src;
-        if(c<minNoMaybe) {
-            break; /* catches NUL terminater, too */
-        }
-
-        norm32=_getNorm32(c);
-        if((norm32&ccOrQCMask)==0) {
-            break; /* true starter */
-        }
-
-        if(isNorm32LeadSurrogate(norm32)) {
-            /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-            if((src+1)==limit || !UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*(src+1))) {
-                break; /* unmatched first surrogate: counts as a true starter */
-            }
-            norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-
-            if((norm32&ccOrQCMask)==0) {
-                break; /* true starter */
-            }
-        } else {
-            c2=0;
-        }
-
-        /* (c, c2) is not a true starter but its decomposition may be */
-        if(norm32&decompQCMask) {
-            /* (c, c2) decomposes, get everything from the variable-length extra data */
-            p=_decompose(norm32, decompQCMask, length, cc, trailCC);
-
-            /* get the first character's norm32 to check if it is a true starter */
-            if(cc==0 && (_getNorm32(p, qcMask)&qcMask)==0) {
-                break; /* true starter */
-            }
-        }
-
-        src+= c2==0 ? 1 : 2; /* not a true starter, continue */
-    }
-
-    return src;
-}
-
-/* decompose and recompose [prevStarter..src[ */
-static const UChar *
-_composePart(UChar *stackBuffer, UChar *&buffer, int32_t &bufferCapacity, int32_t &length,
-             const UChar *prevStarter, const UChar *src,
-             uint32_t qcMask, uint8_t &prevCC,
-             const UnicodeSet *nx,
-             UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar *recomposeLimit;
-    uint8_t trailCC;
-    UBool compat;
-
-    compat=(UBool)((qcMask&_NORM_QC_NFKC)!=0);
-
-    /* decompose [prevStarter..src[ */
-    length=_decompose(buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                      prevStarter, src-prevStarter,
-                      compat, nx,
-                      trailCC);
-    if(length>bufferCapacity) {
-        if(!u_growBufferFromStatic(stackBuffer, &buffer, &bufferCapacity, 2*length, 0)) {
-            *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        length=_decompose(buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                          prevStarter, src-prevStarter,
-                          compat, nx,
-                          trailCC);
-    }
-
-    /* recompose the decomposition */
-    recomposeLimit=buffer+length;
-    if(length>=2) {
-        prevCC=_recompose(buffer, recomposeLimit, nx);
-    }
-
-    /* return with a pointer to the recomposition and its length */
-    length=recomposeLimit-buffer;
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-static inline UBool
-_composeHangul(UChar prev, UChar c, uint32_t norm32, const UChar *&src, const UChar *limit,
-               UBool compat, UChar *dest, const UnicodeSet *nx) {
-    if(isJamoVTNorm32JamoV(norm32)) {
-        /* c is a Jamo V, compose with previous Jamo L and following Jamo T */
-        prev=(UChar)(prev-JAMO_L_BASE);
-        if(prev<JAMO_L_COUNT) {
-            c=(UChar)(HANGUL_BASE+(prev*JAMO_V_COUNT+(c-JAMO_V_BASE))*JAMO_T_COUNT);
-
-            /* check if the next character is a Jamo T (normal or compatibility) */
-            if(src!=limit) {
-                UChar next, t;
-
-                next=*src;
-                if((t=(UChar)(next-JAMO_T_BASE))<JAMO_T_COUNT) {
-                    /* normal Jamo T */
-                    ++src;
-                    c+=t;
-                } else if(compat) {
-                    /* if NFKC, then check for compatibility Jamo T (BMP only) */
-                    norm32=_getNorm32(next);
-                    if(isNorm32Regular(norm32) && (norm32&_NORM_QC_NFKD)) {
-                        const UChar *p;
-                        int32_t length;
-                        uint8_t cc, trailCC;
-
-                        p=_decompose(norm32, _NORM_QC_NFKD, length, cc, trailCC);
-                        if(length==1 && (t=(UChar)(*p-JAMO_T_BASE))<JAMO_T_COUNT) {
-                            /* compatibility Jamo T */
-                            ++src;
-                            c+=t;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if(nx_contains(nx, c)) {
-                if(!isHangulWithoutJamoT(c)) {
-                    --src; /* undo ++src from reading the Jamo T */
-                }
-                return FALSE;
-            }
-            if(dest!=0) {
-                *dest=c;
-            }
-            return TRUE;
-        }
-    } else if(isHangulWithoutJamoT(prev)) {
-        /* c is a Jamo T, compose with previous Hangul LV that does not contain a Jamo T */
-        c=(UChar)(prev+(c-JAMO_T_BASE));
-        if(nx_contains(nx, c)) {
-            return FALSE;
-        }
-        if(dest!=0) {
-            *dest=c;
-        }
-        return TRUE;
-    }
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-static int32_t
-_compose(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-         const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-         UBool compat, const UnicodeSet *nx,
-         UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar stackBuffer[_STACK_BUFFER_CAPACITY];
-    UChar *buffer;
-    int32_t bufferCapacity;
-
-    const UChar *limit, *prevSrc, *prevStarter;
-    uint32_t norm32, ccOrQCMask, qcMask;
-    int32_t destIndex, reorderStartIndex, length;
-    UChar c, c2, minNoMaybe;
-    uint8_t cc, prevCC;
-
-    if(!compat) {
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFC_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFC;
-    } else {
-        minNoMaybe=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKC_NO_MAYBE];
-        qcMask=_NORM_QC_NFKC;
-    }
-
-    /* initialize */
-    buffer=stackBuffer;
-    bufferCapacity=_STACK_BUFFER_CAPACITY;
-
-    /*
-     * prevStarter points to the last character before the current one
-     * that is a "true" starter with cc==0 and quick check "yes".
-     *
-     * prevStarter will be used instead of looking for a true starter
-     * while incrementally decomposing [prevStarter..prevSrc[
-     * in _composePart(). Having a good prevStarter allows to just decompose
-     * the entire [prevStarter..prevSrc[.
-     *
-     * When _composePart() backs out from prevSrc back to prevStarter,
-     * then it also backs out destIndex by the same amount.
-     * Therefore, at all times, the (prevSrc-prevStarter) source units
-     * must correspond 1:1 to destination units counted with destIndex,
-     * except for reordering.
-     * This is true for the qc "yes" characters copied in the fast loop,
-     * and for pure reordering.
-     * prevStarter must be set forward to src when this is not true:
-     * In _composePart() and after composing a Hangul syllable.
-     *
-     * This mechanism relies on the assumption that the decomposition of a true starter
-     * also begins with a true starter. gennorm/store.c checks for this.
-     */
-    prevStarter=src;
-
-    ccOrQCMask=_NORM_CC_MASK|qcMask;
-    destIndex=reorderStartIndex=0;
-    prevCC=0;
-
-    /* avoid compiler warnings */
-    norm32=0;
-    c=0;
-
-    if(srcLength>=0) {
-        /* string with length */
-        limit=src+srcLength;
-    } else /* srcLength==-1 */ {
-        /* zero-terminated string */
-        limit=NULL;
-    }
-
-    U_ALIGN_CODE(16);
-
-    for(;;) {
-        /* count code units below the minimum or with irrelevant data for the quick check */
-        prevSrc=src;
-        if(limit==NULL) {
-            while((c=*src)<minNoMaybe ? c!=0 : ((norm32=_getNorm32(c))&ccOrQCMask)==0) {
-                prevCC=0;
-                ++src;
-            }
-        } else {
-            while(src!=limit && ((c=*src)<minNoMaybe || ((norm32=_getNorm32(c))&ccOrQCMask)==0)) {
-                prevCC=0;
-                ++src;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* copy these code units all at once */
-        if(src!=prevSrc) {
-            length=(int32_t)(src-prevSrc);
-            if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-                uprv_memcpy(dest+destIndex, prevSrc, length*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-            }
-            destIndex+=length;
-            reorderStartIndex=destIndex;
-
-            /* set prevStarter to the last character in the quick check loop */
-            prevStarter=src-1;
-            if(UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(*prevStarter) && prevSrc<prevStarter && UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(*(prevStarter-1))) {
-                --prevStarter;
-            }
-
-            prevSrc=src;
-        }
-
-        /* end of source reached? */
-        if(limit==NULL ? c==0 : src==limit) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        /* c already contains *src and norm32 is set for it, increment src */
-        ++src;
-
-        /*
-         * source buffer pointers:
-         *
-         *  all done      quick check   current char  not yet
-         *                "yes" but     (c, c2)       processed
-         *                may combine
-         *                forward
-         * [-------------[-------------[-------------[-------------[
-         * |             |             |             |             |
-         * start         prevStarter   prevSrc       src           limit
-         *
-         *
-         * destination buffer pointers and indexes:
-         *
-         *  all done      might take    not filled yet
-         *                characters for
-         *                reordering
-         * [-------------[-------------[-------------[
-         * |             |             |             |
-         * dest      reorderStartIndex destIndex     destCapacity
-         */
-
-        /* check one above-minimum, relevant code unit */
-        /*
-         * norm32 is for c=*(src-1), and the quick check flag is "no" or "maybe", and/or cc!=0
-         * check for Jamo V/T, then for surrogates and regular characters
-         * c is not a Hangul syllable or Jamo L because
-         * they are not marked with no/maybe for NFC & NFKC (and their cc==0)
-         */
-        if(isNorm32HangulOrJamo(norm32)) {
-            /*
-             * c is a Jamo V/T:
-             * try to compose with the previous character, Jamo V also with a following Jamo T,
-             * and set values here right now in case we just continue with the main loop
-             */
-            prevCC=cc=0;
-            reorderStartIndex=destIndex;
-
-            if(
-                destIndex>0 &&
-                _composeHangul(
-                    *(prevSrc-1), c, norm32, src, limit, compat,
-                    destIndex<=destCapacity ? dest+(destIndex-1) : 0,
-                    nx)
-            ) {
-                prevStarter=src;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            /* the Jamo V/T did not compose into a Hangul syllable, just append to dest */
-            c2=0;
-            length=1;
-            prevStarter=prevSrc;
-        } else {
-            if(isNorm32Regular(norm32)) {
-                c2=0;
-                length=1;
-            } else {
-                /* c is a lead surrogate, get the real norm32 */
-                if(src!=limit && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=*src)) {
-                    ++src;
-                    length=2;
-                    norm32=_getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-                } else {
-                    /* c is an unpaired lead surrogate, nothing to do */
-                    c2=0;
-                    length=1;
-                    norm32=0;
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* we are looking at the character (c, c2) at [prevSrc..src[ */
-            if(nx_contains(nx, c, c2)) {
-                /* excluded: norm32==0 */
-                cc=0;
-            } else if((norm32&qcMask)==0) {
-                cc=(uint8_t)(norm32>>_NORM_CC_SHIFT);
-            } else {
-                const UChar *p;
-                uint32_t decompQCMask;
-
-                /*
-                 * find appropriate boundaries around this character,
-                 * decompose the source text from between the boundaries,
-                 * and recompose it
-                 *
-                 * this puts the intermediate text into the side buffer because
-                 * it might be longer than the recomposition end result,
-                 * or the destination buffer may be too short or missing
-                 *
-                 * note that destIndex may be adjusted backwards to account
-                 * for source text that passed the quick check but needed to
-                 * take part in the recomposition
-                 */
-                decompQCMask=(qcMask<<2)&0xf; /* decomposition quick check mask */
-
-                /*
-                 * find the last true starter in [prevStarter..src[
-                 * it is either the decomposition of the current character (at prevSrc),
-                 * or prevStarter
-                 */
-                if(_isTrueStarter(norm32, ccOrQCMask, decompQCMask)) {
-                    prevStarter=prevSrc;
-                } else {
-                    /* adjust destIndex: back out what had been copied with qc "yes" */
-                    destIndex-=(int32_t)(prevSrc-prevStarter);
-                }
-
-                /* find the next true starter in [src..limit[ - modifies src to point to the next starter */
-                src=_findNextStarter(src, limit, qcMask, decompQCMask, minNoMaybe);
-
-                /* compose [prevStarter..src[ */
-                p=_composePart(stackBuffer, buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                               length,          /* output */
-                               prevStarter, src,
-                               qcMask,
-                               prevCC,          /* output */
-                               nx,
-                               pErrorCode);
-
-                if(p==NULL) {
-                    destIndex=0;   /* an error occurred (out of memory) */
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                /* append the recomposed buffer contents to the destination buffer */
-                if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-                    while(length>0) {
-                        dest[destIndex++]=*p++;
-                        --length;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    /* buffer overflow */
-                    /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
-                    destIndex+=length;
-                }
-
-                /* set the next starter */
-                prevStarter=src;
-
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* append the single code point (c, c2) to the destination buffer */
-        if((destIndex+length)<=destCapacity) {
-            if(cc!=0 && cc<prevCC) {
-                /* (c, c2) is out of order with respect to the preceding text */
-                UChar *reorderSplit=dest+destIndex;
-                destIndex+=length;
-                prevCC=_insertOrdered(dest+reorderStartIndex, reorderSplit, dest+destIndex, c, c2, cc);
-            } else {
-                /* just append (c, c2) */
-                dest[destIndex++]=c;
-                if(c2!=0) {
-                    dest[destIndex++]=c2;
-                }
-                prevCC=cc;
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* buffer overflow */
-            /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
-            destIndex+=length;
-            prevCC=cc;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* cleanup */
-    if(buffer!=stackBuffer) {
-        uprv_free(buffer);
-    }
-
-    return destIndex;
-}
-
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_compose(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-              const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-              UBool compat, int32_t options,
-              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    const UnicodeSet *nx;
-    int32_t destIndex;
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    nx=getNX(options, *pErrorCode);
-    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    destIndex=_compose(dest, destCapacity,
-                       src, srcLength,
-                       compat, nx,
-                       pErrorCode);
-
-    return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destIndex, pErrorCode);
-}
-
-/* normalize() API ---------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-/**
- * Internal API for normalizing.
- * Does not check for bad input.
- * Requires _haveData() to be true.
- * @internal
- */
-static int32_t
-unorm_internalNormalize(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-                        const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-                        UNormalizationMode mode, const UnicodeSet *nx,
-                        UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    int32_t destLength;
-    uint8_t trailCC;
-
-    switch(mode) {
-    case UNORM_NFD:
-        destLength=_decompose(dest, destCapacity,
-                              src, srcLength,
-                              FALSE, nx, trailCC);
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKD:
-        destLength=_decompose(dest, destCapacity,
-                              src, srcLength,
-                              TRUE, nx, trailCC);
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFC:
-        destLength=_compose(dest, destCapacity,
-                            src, srcLength,
-                            FALSE, nx, pErrorCode);
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKC:
-        destLength=_compose(dest, destCapacity,
-                            src, srcLength,
-                            TRUE, nx, pErrorCode);
-        break;
-    case UNORM_FCD:
-        return unorm_makeFCD(dest, destCapacity,
-                             src, srcLength,
-                             nx,
-                             pErrorCode);
-    case UNORM_NONE:
-        /* just copy the string */
-        if(srcLength==-1) {
-            srcLength=u_strlen(src);
-        }
-        if(srcLength>0 && srcLength<=destCapacity) {
-            uprv_memcpy(dest, src, srcLength*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-        }
-        destLength=srcLength;
-        break;
-    default:
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destLength, pErrorCode);
-}
-
-/**
- * Internal API for normalizing.
- * Does not check for bad input.
- * @internal
- */
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_internalNormalize(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-                        const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-                        UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
-                        UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    const UnicodeSet *nx;
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    nx=getNX(options, *pErrorCode);
-    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return unorm_internalNormalize(dest, destCapacity,
-                                   src, srcLength,
-                                   mode, nx,
-                                   pErrorCode);
-}
-
-/** Public API for normalizing. */
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_normalize(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
-                UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
-                UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-                UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    /* check argument values */
-    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if( destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0) ||
-        src==NULL || srcLength<-1
-    ) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* check for overlapping src and destination */
-    if( dest!=NULL &&
-        ((src>=dest && src<(dest+destCapacity)) ||
-         (srcLength>0 && dest>=src && dest<(src+srcLength)))
-    ) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return unorm_internalNormalize(dest, destCapacity,
-                                   src, srcLength,
-                                   mode, options,
-                                   pErrorCode);
-}
-
-
-/* iteration functions ------------------------------------------------------ */
-
-/*
- * These iteration functions are the core implementations of the
- * Normalizer class iteration API.
- * They read from a UCharIterator into their own buffer
- * and normalize into the Normalizer iteration buffer.
- * Normalizer itself then iterates over its buffer until that needs to be
- * filled again.
- */
-
-/*
- * ### TODO:
- * Now that UCharIterator.next/previous return (int32_t)-1 not (UChar)0xffff
- * if iteration bounds are reached,
- * try to not call hasNext/hasPrevious and instead check for >=0.
- */
-
-/* backward iteration ------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-/*
- * read backwards and get norm32
- * return 0 if the character is <minC
- * if c2!=0 then (c2, c) is a surrogate pair (reversed - c2 is first surrogate but read second!)
- */
-static inline uint32_t
-_getPrevNorm32(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
-
-    /* need src.hasPrevious() */
-    c=(UChar)src.previous(&src);
-    c2=0;
-
-    /* check for a surrogate before getting norm32 to see if we need to predecrement further */
-    if(c<minC) {
-        return 0;
-    } else if(!UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
-        return _getNorm32(c);
-    } else if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c) || !src.hasPrevious(&src)) {
-        /* unpaired surrogate */
-        return 0;
-    } else if(UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c2=(UChar)src.previous(&src))) {
-        norm32=_getNorm32(c2);
-        if((norm32&mask)==0) {
-            /* all surrogate pairs with this lead surrogate have irrelevant data */
-            return 0;
-        } else {
-            /* norm32 must be a surrogate special */
-            return _getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c);
-        }
-    } else {
-        /* unpaired second surrogate, undo the c2=src.previous() movement */
-        src.move(&src, 1, UITER_CURRENT);
-        c2=0;
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * read backwards and check if the character is a previous-iteration boundary
- * if c2!=0 then (c2, c) is a surrogate pair (reversed - c2 is first surrogate but read second!)
- */
-typedef UBool
-IsPrevBoundaryFn(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask, UChar &c, UChar &c2);
-
-/*
- * for NF*D:
- * read backwards and check if the lead combining class is 0
- * if c2!=0 then (c2, c) is a surrogate pair (reversed - c2 is first surrogate but read second!)
- */
-static UBool
-_isPrevNFDSafe(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t ccOrQCMask, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    return _isNFDSafe(_getPrevNorm32(src, minC, ccOrQCMask, c, c2), ccOrQCMask, ccOrQCMask&_NORM_QC_MASK);
-}
-
-/*
- * read backwards and check if the character is (or its decomposition begins with)
- * a "true starter" (cc==0 and NF*C_YES)
- * if c2!=0 then (c2, c) is a surrogate pair (reversed - c2 is first surrogate but read second!)
- */
-static UBool
-_isPrevTrueStarter(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t ccOrQCMask, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32, decompQCMask;
-    
-    decompQCMask=(ccOrQCMask<<2)&0xf; /* decomposition quick check mask */
-    norm32=_getPrevNorm32(src, minC, ccOrQCMask|decompQCMask, c, c2);
-    return _isTrueStarter(norm32, ccOrQCMask, decompQCMask);
-}
-
-static int32_t
-_findPreviousIterationBoundary(UCharIterator &src,
-                               IsPrevBoundaryFn *isPrevBoundary, uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask,
-                               UChar *&buffer, int32_t &bufferCapacity,
-                               int32_t &startIndex,
-                               UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar *stackBuffer;
-    UChar c, c2;
-    UBool isBoundary;
-
-    /* initialize */
-    stackBuffer=buffer;
-    startIndex=bufferCapacity; /* fill the buffer from the end backwards */
-
-    while(src.hasPrevious(&src)) {
-        isBoundary=isPrevBoundary(src, minC, mask, c, c2);
-
-        /* always write this character to the front of the buffer */
-        /* make sure there is enough space in the buffer */
-        if(startIndex < (c2==0 ? 1 : 2)) {
-            int32_t bufferLength=bufferCapacity;
-
-            if(!u_growBufferFromStatic(stackBuffer, &buffer, &bufferCapacity, 2*bufferCapacity, bufferLength)) {
-                *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-                src.move(&src, 0, UITER_START);
-                return 0;
-            }
-
-            /* move the current buffer contents up */
-            uprv_memmove(buffer+(bufferCapacity-bufferLength), buffer, bufferLength*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-            startIndex+=bufferCapacity-bufferLength;
-        }
-
-        buffer[--startIndex]=c;
-        if(c2!=0) {
-            buffer[--startIndex]=c2;
-        }
-
-        /* stop if this just-copied character is a boundary */
-        if(isBoundary) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* return the length of the buffer contents */
-    return bufferCapacity-startIndex;
-}
-
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_previous(UCharIterator *src,
-               UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-               UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
-               UBool doNormalize, UBool *pNeededToNormalize,
-               UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar stackBuffer[100];
-    UChar *buffer=NULL;
-    IsPrevBoundaryFn *isPreviousBoundary=NULL;
-    uint32_t mask=0;
-    int32_t startIndex=0, bufferLength=0, bufferCapacity=0, destLength=0;
-    int32_t c=0, c2=0;
-    UChar minC=0;
-
-    /* check argument values */
-    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if( destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0) ||
-        src==NULL
-    ) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if(pNeededToNormalize!=NULL) {
-        *pNeededToNormalize=FALSE;
-    }
-
-    switch(mode) {
-    case UNORM_NFD:
-    case UNORM_FCD:
-        isPreviousBoundary=_isPrevNFDSafe;
-        minC=_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC;
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKD:
-        isPreviousBoundary=_isPrevNFDSafe;
-        minC=_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC;
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFKD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFC:
-        isPreviousBoundary=_isPrevTrueStarter;
-        minC=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFC_NO_MAYBE];
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFC;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKC:
-        isPreviousBoundary=_isPrevTrueStarter;
-        minC=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKC_NO_MAYBE];
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFKC;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NONE:
-        destLength=0;
-        if((c=src->previous(src))>=0) {
-            destLength=1;
-            if(UTF_IS_TRAIL(c) && (c2=src->previous(src))>=0) {
-                if(UTF_IS_LEAD(c2)) {
-                    if(destCapacity>=2) {
-                        dest[1]=(UChar)c; /* trail surrogate */
-                        destLength=2;
-                    }
-                    c=c2; /* lead surrogate to be written below */
-                } else {
-                    src->move(src, 1, UITER_CURRENT);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if(destCapacity>0) {
-                dest[0]=(UChar)c;
-            }
-        }
-        return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destLength, pErrorCode);
-    default:
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    buffer=stackBuffer;
-    bufferCapacity=(int32_t)(sizeof(stackBuffer)/U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-    bufferLength=_findPreviousIterationBoundary(*src,
-                                                isPreviousBoundary, minC, mask,
-                                                buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                                                startIndex,
-                                                pErrorCode);
-    if(bufferLength>0) {
-        if(doNormalize) {
-            destLength=unorm_internalNormalize(dest, destCapacity,
-                                               buffer+startIndex, bufferLength,
-                                               mode, options,
-                                               pErrorCode);
-            if(pNeededToNormalize!=0 && U_SUCCESS(*pErrorCode)) {
-                *pNeededToNormalize=
-                    (UBool)(destLength!=bufferLength ||
-                            0!=uprv_memcmp(dest, buffer+startIndex, destLength*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR));
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* just copy the source characters */
-            if(destCapacity>0) {
-                uprv_memcpy(dest, buffer+startIndex, uprv_min(bufferLength, destCapacity)*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-            }
-            destLength=u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, bufferLength, pErrorCode);
-        }
-    } else {
-        destLength=u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, 0, pErrorCode);
-    }
-
-    /* cleanup */
-    if(buffer!=stackBuffer) {
-        uprv_free(buffer);
-    }
-
-    return destLength;
-}
-
-/* forward iteration -------------------------------------------------------- */
-
-/*
- * read forward and get norm32
- * return 0 if the character is <minC
- * if c2!=0 then (c2, c) is a surrogate pair
- * always reads complete characters
- */
-static inline uint32_t
-_getNextNorm32(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32;
-
-    /* need src.hasNext() to be true */
-    c=(UChar)src.next(&src);
-    c2=0;
-
-    if(c<minC) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    norm32=_getNorm32(c);
-    if(UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c)) {
-        if(src.hasNext(&src) && UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=(UChar)src.current(&src))) {
-            src.move(&src, 1, UITER_CURRENT); /* skip the c2 surrogate */
-            if((norm32&mask)==0) {
-                /* irrelevant data */
-                return 0;
-            } else {
-                /* norm32 must be a surrogate special */
-                return _getNorm32FromSurrogatePair(norm32, c2);
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* unmatched surrogate */
-            c2=0;
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-    return norm32;
-}
-
-/*
- * read forward and check if the character is a next-iteration boundary
- * if c2!=0 then (c, c2) is a surrogate pair
- */
-typedef UBool
-IsNextBoundaryFn(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask, UChar &c, UChar &c2);
-
-/*
- * for NF*D:
- * read forward and check if the lead combining class is 0
- * if c2!=0 then (c, c2) is a surrogate pair
- */
-static UBool
-_isNextNFDSafe(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t ccOrQCMask, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    return _isNFDSafe(_getNextNorm32(src, minC, ccOrQCMask, c, c2), ccOrQCMask, ccOrQCMask&_NORM_QC_MASK);
-}
-
-/*
- * for NF*C:
- * read forward and check if the character is (or its decomposition begins with)
- * a "true starter" (cc==0 and NF*C_YES)
- * if c2!=0 then (c, c2) is a surrogate pair
- */
-static UBool
-_isNextTrueStarter(UCharIterator &src, uint32_t minC, uint32_t ccOrQCMask, UChar &c, UChar &c2) {
-    uint32_t norm32, decompQCMask;
-    
-    decompQCMask=(ccOrQCMask<<2)&0xf; /* decomposition quick check mask */
-    norm32=_getNextNorm32(src, minC, ccOrQCMask|decompQCMask, c, c2);
-    return _isTrueStarter(norm32, ccOrQCMask, decompQCMask);
+U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
+unorm_isNormalized(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
+                   UNormalizationMode mode,
+                   UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    return unorm2_isNormalized((const UNormalizer2 *)n2, src, srcLength, pErrorCode);
 }
 
-static int32_t
-_findNextIterationBoundary(UCharIterator &src,
-                           IsNextBoundaryFn *isNextBoundary, uint32_t minC, uint32_t mask,
-                           UChar *&buffer, int32_t &bufferCapacity,
-                           UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar *stackBuffer;
-    int32_t bufferIndex;
-    UChar c, c2;
-
-    if(!src.hasNext(&src)) {
-        return 0;
+U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
+unorm_isNormalizedWithOptions(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
+                              UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+                              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    if(options&UNORM_UNICODE_3_2) {
+        FilteredNormalizer2 fn2(*n2, *uniset_getUnicode32Instance(*pErrorCode));
+        return unorm2_isNormalized(
+            reinterpret_cast<const UNormalizer2 *>(static_cast<Normalizer2 *>(&fn2)),
+            src, srcLength, pErrorCode);
+    } else {
+        return unorm2_isNormalized((const UNormalizer2 *)n2, src, srcLength, pErrorCode);
     }
+}
 
-    /* initialize */
-    stackBuffer=buffer;
-
-    /* get one character and ignore its properties */
-    buffer[0]=c=(UChar)src.next(&src);
-    bufferIndex=1;
-    if(UTF_IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(c) && src.hasNext(&src)) {
-        if(UTF_IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(c2=(UChar)src.next(&src))) {
-            buffer[bufferIndex++]=c2;
-        } else {
-            src.move(&src, -1, UITER_CURRENT); /* back out the non-trail-surrogate */
-        }
-    }
+/* normalize() API ---------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-    /* get all following characters until we see a boundary */
-    /* checking hasNext() instead of c!=DONE on the off-chance that U+ffff is part of the string */
-    while(src.hasNext(&src)) {
-        if(isNextBoundary(src, minC, mask, c, c2)) {
-            /* back out the latest movement to stop at the boundary */
-            src.move(&src, c2==0 ? -1 : -2, UITER_CURRENT);
-            break;
-        } else {
-            if(bufferIndex+(c2==0 ? 1 : 2)<=bufferCapacity ||
-                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
-                u_growBufferFromStatic(stackBuffer, &buffer, &bufferCapacity,
-                                       2*bufferCapacity,
-                                       bufferIndex)
-            ) {
-                buffer[bufferIndex++]=c;
-                if(c2!=0) {
-                    buffer[bufferIndex++]=c2;
-                }
-            } else {
-                *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-                src.move(&src, 0, UITER_LIMIT);
-                return 0;
-            }
-        }
+/** Public API for normalizing. */
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
+unorm_normalize(const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
+                UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+                UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
+                UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    if(options&UNORM_UNICODE_3_2) {
+        FilteredNormalizer2 fn2(*n2, *uniset_getUnicode32Instance(*pErrorCode));
+        return unorm2_normalize(
+            reinterpret_cast<const UNormalizer2 *>(static_cast<Normalizer2 *>(&fn2)),
+            src, srcLength, dest, destCapacity, pErrorCode);
+    } else {
+        return unorm2_normalize((const UNormalizer2 *)n2,
+            src, srcLength, dest, destCapacity, pErrorCode);
     }
-
-    /* return the length of the buffer contents */
-    return bufferIndex;
 }
 
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_next(UCharIterator *src,
-           UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-           UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
-           UBool doNormalize, UBool *pNeededToNormalize,
-           UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar stackBuffer[100];
-    UChar *buffer;
-    IsNextBoundaryFn *isNextBoundary;
-    uint32_t mask;
-    int32_t bufferLength, bufferCapacity, destLength;
-    int32_t c, c2;
-    UChar minC;
 
-    /* check argument values */
-    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+/* iteration functions ------------------------------------------------------ */
 
-    if( destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0) ||
-        src==NULL
-    ) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+static int32_t
+_iterate(UCharIterator *src, UBool forward,
+              UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
+              const Normalizer2 *n2,
+              UBool doNormalize, UBool *pNeededToNormalize,
+              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
         return 0;
     }
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
+    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0) || src==NULL) {
+        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
         return 0;
     }
 
     if(pNeededToNormalize!=NULL) {
         *pNeededToNormalize=FALSE;
     }
+    if(!(forward ? src->hasNext(src) : src->hasPrevious(src))) {
+        return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, 0, pErrorCode);
+    }
 
-    switch(mode) {
-    case UNORM_NFD:
-    case UNORM_FCD:
-        isNextBoundary=_isNextNFDSafe;
-        minC=_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC;
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKD:
-        isNextBoundary=_isNextNFDSafe;
-        minC=_NORM_MIN_WITH_LEAD_CC;
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFKD;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFC:
-        isNextBoundary=_isNextTrueStarter;
-        minC=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFC_NO_MAYBE];
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFC;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NFKC:
-        isNextBoundary=_isNextTrueStarter;
-        minC=(UChar)indexes[_NORM_INDEX_MIN_NFKC_NO_MAYBE];
-        mask=_NORM_CC_MASK|_NORM_QC_NFKC;
-        break;
-    case UNORM_NONE:
-        destLength=0;
-        if((c=src->next(src))>=0) {
-            destLength=1;
-            if(UTF_IS_LEAD(c) && (c2=src->next(src))>=0) {
-                if(UTF_IS_TRAIL(c2)) {
-                    if(destCapacity>=2) {
-                        dest[1]=(UChar)c2; /* trail surrogate */
-                        destLength=2;
-                    }
-                    /* lead surrogate to be written below */
-                } else {
-                    src->move(src, -1, UITER_CURRENT);
-                }
+    UnicodeString buffer;
+    UChar32 c;
+    if(forward) {
+        /* get one character and ignore its properties */
+        buffer.append(uiter_next32(src));
+        /* get all following characters until we see a boundary */
+        while((c=uiter_next32(src))>=0) {
+            if(n2->hasBoundaryBefore(c)) {
+                /* back out the latest movement to stop at the boundary */
+                src->move(src, -U16_LENGTH(c), UITER_CURRENT);
+                break;
+            } else {
+                buffer.append(c);
             }
-
-            if(destCapacity>0) {
-                dest[0]=(UChar)c;
+        }
+    } else {
+        while((c=uiter_previous32(src))>=0) {
+            /* always write this character to the front of the buffer */
+            buffer.insert(0, c);
+            /* stop if this just-copied character is a boundary */
+            if(n2->hasBoundaryBefore(c)) {
+                break;
             }
         }
-        return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destLength, pErrorCode);
-    default:
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
     }
 
-    buffer=stackBuffer;
-    bufferCapacity=(int32_t)(sizeof(stackBuffer)/U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-    bufferLength=_findNextIterationBoundary(*src,
-                                            isNextBoundary, minC, mask,
-                                            buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                                            pErrorCode);
-    if(bufferLength>0) {
-        if(doNormalize) {
-            destLength=unorm_internalNormalize(dest, destCapacity,
-                                               buffer, bufferLength,
-                                               mode, options,
-                                               pErrorCode);
-            if(pNeededToNormalize!=0 && U_SUCCESS(*pErrorCode)) {
-                *pNeededToNormalize=
-                    (UBool)(destLength!=bufferLength ||
-                            0!=uprv_memcmp(dest, buffer, destLength*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR));
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* just copy the source characters */
-            if(destCapacity>0) {
-                uprv_memcpy(dest, buffer, uprv_min(bufferLength, destCapacity)*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-            }
-            destLength=u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, bufferLength, pErrorCode);
+    UnicodeString destString(dest, 0, destCapacity);
+    if(buffer.length()>0 && doNormalize) {
+        n2->normalize(buffer, destString, *pErrorCode).extract(dest, destCapacity, *pErrorCode);
+        if(pNeededToNormalize!=NULL && U_SUCCESS(*pErrorCode)) {
+            *pNeededToNormalize= destString!=buffer;
         }
+        return destString.length();
     } else {
-        destLength=u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, 0, pErrorCode);
+        /* just copy the source characters */
+        return buffer.extract(dest, destCapacity, *pErrorCode);
     }
+}
 
-    /* cleanup */
-    if(buffer!=stackBuffer) {
-        uprv_free(buffer);
+static int32_t
+unorm_iterate(UCharIterator *src, UBool forward,
+              UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
+              UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+              UBool doNormalize, UBool *pNeededToNormalize,
+              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    if(options&UNORM_UNICODE_3_2) {
+        const UnicodeSet *uni32 = uniset_getUnicode32Instance(*pErrorCode);
+        if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        FilteredNormalizer2 fn2(*n2, *uni32);
+        return _iterate(src, forward, dest, destCapacity,
+            &fn2, doNormalize, pNeededToNormalize, pErrorCode);
     }
+    return _iterate(src, forward, dest, destCapacity,
+            n2, doNormalize, pNeededToNormalize, pErrorCode);
+}
 
-    return destLength;
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
+unorm_previous(UCharIterator *src,
+               UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
+               UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+               UBool doNormalize, UBool *pNeededToNormalize,
+               UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    return unorm_iterate(src, FALSE,
+                         dest, destCapacity,
+                         mode, options,
+                         doNormalize, pNeededToNormalize,
+                         pErrorCode);
 }
 
-/*
- * ### TODO: check if NF*D and FCD iteration finds optimal boundaries
- * and if not, how hard it would be to improve it.
- * For example, see _findSafeFCD().
- */
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
+unorm_next(UCharIterator *src,
+           UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
+           UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+           UBool doNormalize, UBool *pNeededToNormalize,
+           UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    return unorm_iterate(src, TRUE,
+                         dest, destCapacity,
+                         mode, options,
+                         doNormalize, pNeededToNormalize,
+                         pErrorCode);
+}
 
 /* Concatenation of normalized strings -------------------------------------- */
 
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_concatenate(const UChar *left, int32_t leftLength,
+static int32_t
+_concatenate(const UChar *left, int32_t leftLength,
                   const UChar *right, int32_t rightLength,
                   UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
-                  UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+                  const Normalizer2 *n2,
                   UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar stackBuffer[100];
-    UChar *buffer;
-    int32_t bufferLength, bufferCapacity;
-
-    UCharIterator iter;
-    int32_t leftBoundary, rightBoundary, destLength;
-
-    /* check argument values */
-    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
+    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
         return 0;
     }
-
-    if( destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0) ||
-        left==NULL || leftLength<-1 ||
-        right==NULL || rightLength<-1
-    ) {
+    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0) ||
+        left==NULL || leftLength<-1 || right==NULL || rightLength<-1) {
         *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
         return 0;
     }
@@ -3772,742 +246,35 @@ unorm_concatenate(const UChar *left, int32_t leftLength,
     }
 
     /* allow left==dest */
-
-    /* set up intermediate buffer */
-    buffer=stackBuffer;
-    bufferCapacity=(int32_t)(sizeof(stackBuffer)/U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-
-    /*
-     * Input: left[0..leftLength[ + right[0..rightLength[
-     *
-     * Find normalization-safe boundaries leftBoundary and rightBoundary
-     * and copy the end parts together:
-     * buffer=left[leftBoundary..leftLength[ + right[0..rightBoundary[
-     *
-     * dest=left[0..leftBoundary[ +
-     *      normalize(buffer) +
-     *      right[rightBoundary..rightLength[
-     */
-
-    /*
-     * find a normalization boundary at the end of the left string
-     * and copy the end part into the buffer
-     */
-    uiter_setString(&iter, left, leftLength);
-    iter.index=leftLength=iter.length; /* end of left string */
-
-    bufferLength=unorm_previous(&iter, buffer, bufferCapacity,
-                                mode, options,
-                                FALSE, NULL,
-                                pErrorCode);
-    leftBoundary=iter.index;
-    if(*pErrorCode==U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-        if(!u_growBufferFromStatic(stackBuffer, &buffer, &bufferCapacity, 2*bufferLength, 0)) {
-            *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            /* dont need to cleanup here since 
-             * u_growBufferFromStatic frees buffer if(buffer!=stackBuffer)
-             */
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        /* just copy from the left string: we know the boundary already */
-        uprv_memcpy(buffer, left+leftBoundary, bufferLength*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * find a normalization boundary at the beginning of the right string
-     * and concatenate the beginning part to the buffer
-     */
-    uiter_setString(&iter, right, rightLength);
-    rightLength=iter.length; /* in case it was -1 */
-
-    rightBoundary=unorm_next(&iter, buffer+bufferLength, bufferCapacity-bufferLength,
-                             mode, options,
-                             FALSE, NULL,
-                             pErrorCode);
-    if(*pErrorCode==U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-        if(!u_growBufferFromStatic(stackBuffer, &buffer, &bufferCapacity, bufferLength+rightBoundary, 0)) {
-            *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-            /* dont need to cleanup here since 
-             * u_growBufferFromStatic frees buffer if(buffer!=stackBuffer)
-             */
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        /* just copy from the right string: we know the boundary already */
-        uprv_memcpy(buffer+bufferLength, right, rightBoundary*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-    }
-
-    bufferLength+=rightBoundary;
-
-    /* copy left[0..leftBoundary[ to dest */
-    if(left!=dest && leftBoundary>0 && destCapacity>0) {
-        uprv_memcpy(dest, left, uprv_min(leftBoundary, destCapacity)*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-    }
-    destLength=leftBoundary;
-
-    /* concatenate the normalization of the buffer to dest */
-    if(destCapacity>destLength) {
-        destLength+=unorm_internalNormalize(dest+destLength, destCapacity-destLength,
-                                            buffer, bufferLength,
-                                            mode, options,
-                                            pErrorCode);
-    } else {
-        destLength+=unorm_internalNormalize(NULL, 0,
-                                            buffer, bufferLength,
-                                            mode, options,
-                                            pErrorCode);
-    }
-    /*
-     * only errorCode that is expected is a U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR
-     * so we dont check for the error code here..just let it pass through
-     */
-    /* concatenate right[rightBoundary..rightLength[ to dest */
-    right+=rightBoundary;
-    rightLength-=rightBoundary;
-    if(rightLength>0 && destCapacity>destLength) {
-        uprv_memcpy(dest+destLength, right, uprv_min(rightLength, destCapacity-destLength)*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-    }
-    destLength+=rightLength;
-
-    /* cleanup */
-    if(buffer!=stackBuffer) {
-        uprv_free(buffer);
-    }
-
-    return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, destLength, pErrorCode);
-}
-
-/* compare canonically equivalent ------------------------------------------- */
-
-#else
-
-/*
- * Normalization is not built into the ICU library, but case-insensitive
- * comparisons are possible using unorm_cmpEquivFold().
- * The following simply disables the decomposition part.
- */
-
-static inline UBool
-_haveData(UErrorCode &errorCode) {
-    if(U_SUCCESS(errorCode)) {
-        errorCode=U_INTERNAL_PROGRAM_ERROR;
-    }
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-static inline const UChar *
-_decompose(UChar32 /*c*/, UChar /*buffer*/[4], int32_t &/*length*/) {
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-#endif /* #if !UCONFIG_NO_NORMALIZATION */
-
-/*
- * Compare two strings for canonical equivalence.
- * Further options include case-insensitive comparison and
- * code point order (as opposed to code unit order).
- *
- * In this function, canonical equivalence is optional as well.
- * If canonical equivalence is tested, then both strings must fulfill
- * the FCD check.
- *
- * Semantically, this is equivalent to
- *   strcmp[CodePointOrder](NFD(foldCase(s1)), NFD(foldCase(s2)))
- * where code point order, NFD and foldCase are all optional.
- *
- * String comparisons almost always yield results before processing both strings
- * completely.
- * They are generally more efficient working incrementally instead of
- * performing the sub-processing (strlen, normalization, case-folding)
- * on the entire strings first.
- *
- * It is also unnecessary to not normalize identical characters.
- *
- * This function works in principle as follows:
- *
- * loop {
- *   get one code unit c1 from s1 (-1 if end of source)
- *   get one code unit c2 from s2 (-1 if end of source)
- *
- *   if(either string finished) {
- *     return result;
- *   }
- *   if(c1==c2) {
- *     continue;
- *   }
- *
- *   // c1!=c2
- *   try to decompose/case-fold c1/c2, and continue if one does;
- *
- *   // still c1!=c2 and neither decomposes/case-folds, return result
- *   return c1-c2;
- * }
- *
- * When a character decomposes, then the pointer for that source changes to
- * the decomposition, pushing the previous pointer onto a stack.
- * When the end of the decomposition is reached, then the code unit reader
- * pops the previous source from the stack.
- * (Same for case-folding.)
- *
- * This is complicated further by operating on variable-width UTF-16.
- * The top part of the loop works on code units, while lookups for decomposition
- * and case-folding need code points.
- * Code points are assembled after the equality/end-of-source part.
- * The source pointer is only advanced beyond all code units when the code point
- * actually decomposes/case-folds.
- *
- * If we were on a trail surrogate unit when assembling a code point,
- * and the code point decomposes/case-folds, then the decomposition/folding
- * result must be compared with the part of the other string that corresponds to
- * this string's lead surrogate.
- * Since we only assemble a code point when hitting a trail unit when the
- * preceding lead units were identical, we back up the other string by one unit
- * in such a case.
- *
- * The optional code point order comparison at the end works with
- * the same fix-up as the other code point order comparison functions.
- * See ustring.c and the comment near the end of this function.
- *
- * Assumption: A decomposition or case-folding result string never contains
- * a single surrogate. This is a safe assumption in the Unicode Standard.
- * Therefore, we do not need to check for surrogate pairs across
- * decomposition/case-folding boundaries.
- *
- * Further assumptions (see verifications tstnorm.cpp):
- * The API function checks for FCD first, while the core function
- * first case-folds and then decomposes. This requires that case-folding does not
- * un-FCD any strings.
- *
- * The API function may also NFD the input and turn off decomposition.
- * This requires that case-folding does not un-NFD strings either.
- *
- * TODO If any of the above two assumptions is violated,
- * then this entire code must be re-thought.
- * If this happens, then a simple solution is to case-fold both strings up front
- * and to turn off UNORM_INPUT_IS_FCD.
- * We already do this when not both strings are in FCD because makeFCD
- * would be a partial NFD before the case folding, which does not work.
- * Note that all of this is only a problem when case-folding _and_
- * canonical equivalence come together.
- *
- * This function could be moved to a different source file, at increased cost
- * for calling the decomposition access function.
- */
-
-// stack element for previous-level source/decomposition pointers
-struct CmpEquivLevel {
-    const UChar *start, *s, *limit;
-};
-typedef struct CmpEquivLevel CmpEquivLevel;
-
-// internal function
-U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_cmpEquivFold(const UChar *s1, int32_t length1,
-                   const UChar *s2, int32_t length2,
-                   uint32_t options,
-                   UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    // current-level start/limit - s1/s2 as current
-    const UChar *start1, *start2, *limit1, *limit2;
-
-    // decomposition variables
-    const UChar *p;
-    int32_t length;
-
-    // stacks of previous-level start/current/limit
-    CmpEquivLevel stack1[2], stack2[2];
-
-    // decomposition buffers for Hangul
-    UChar decomp1[4], decomp2[4];
-
-    // case folding buffers, only use current-level start/limit
-    UChar fold1[32], fold2[32];
-
-    // track which is the current level per string
-    int32_t level1, level2;
-
-    // current code units, and code points for lookups
-    int32_t c1, c2, cp1, cp2;
-
-    // no argument error checking because this itself is not an API
-
-    // assume that at least one of the options _COMPARE_EQUIV and U_COMPARE_IGNORE_CASE is set
-    // otherwise this function must behave exactly as uprv_strCompare()
-    // not checking for that here makes testing this function easier
-
-    // normalization/properties data loaded?
-    if( ((options&_COMPARE_EQUIV)!=0 && !_haveData(*pErrorCode)) ||
-        ((options&U_COMPARE_IGNORE_CASE)!=0 && !uprv_haveProperties(pErrorCode))
-    ) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // initialize
-    start1=s1;
-    if(length1==-1) {
-        limit1=NULL;
-    } else {
-        limit1=s1+length1;
-    }
-
-    start2=s2;
-    if(length2==-1) {
-        limit2=NULL;
+    UnicodeString destString;
+    if(left==dest) {
+        destString.setTo(dest, leftLength, destCapacity);
     } else {
-        limit2=s2+length2;
-    }
-
-    level1=level2=0;
-    c1=c2=-1;
-
-    // comparison loop
-    for(;;) {
-        // here a code unit value of -1 means "get another code unit"
-        // below it will mean "this source is finished"
-
-        if(c1<0) {
-            // get next code unit from string 1, post-increment
-            for(;;) {
-                if(s1==limit1 || ((c1=*s1)==0 && (limit1==NULL || (options&_STRNCMP_STYLE)))) {
-                    if(level1==0) {
-                        c1=-1;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    ++s1;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // reached end of level buffer, pop one level
-                do {
-                    --level1;
-                    start1=stack1[level1].start;
-                } while(start1==NULL);
-                s1=stack1[level1].s;
-                limit1=stack1[level1].limit;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if(c2<0) {
-            // get next code unit from string 2, post-increment
-            for(;;) {
-                if(s2==limit2 || ((c2=*s2)==0 && (limit2==NULL || (options&_STRNCMP_STYLE)))) {
-                    if(level2==0) {
-                        c2=-1;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    ++s2;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // reached end of level buffer, pop one level
-                do {
-                    --level2;
-                    start2=stack2[level2].start;
-                } while(start2==NULL);
-                s2=stack2[level2].s;
-                limit2=stack2[level2].limit;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // compare c1 and c2
-        // either variable c1, c2 is -1 only if the corresponding string is finished
-        if(c1==c2) {
-            if(c1<0) {
-                return 0;   // c1==c2==-1 indicating end of strings
-            }
-            c1=c2=-1;       // make us fetch new code units
-            continue;
-        } else if(c1<0) {
-            return -1;      // string 1 ends before string 2
-        } else if(c2<0) {
-            return 1;       // string 2 ends before string 1
-        }
-        // c1!=c2 && c1>=0 && c2>=0
-
-        // get complete code points for c1, c2 for lookups if either is a surrogate
-        cp1=c1;
-        if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c1)) {
-            UChar c;
-
-            if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c1)) {
-                if(s1!=limit1 && UTF_IS_TRAIL(c=*s1)) {
-                    // advance ++s1; only below if cp1 decomposes/case-folds
-                    cp1=UTF16_GET_PAIR_VALUE(c1, c);
-                }
-            } else /* isTrail(c1) */ {
-                if(start1<=(s1-2) && UTF_IS_LEAD(c=*(s1-2))) {
-                    cp1=UTF16_GET_PAIR_VALUE(c, c1);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        cp2=c2;
-        if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c2)) {
-            UChar c;
-
-            if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c2)) {
-                if(s2!=limit2 && UTF_IS_TRAIL(c=*s2)) {
-                    // advance ++s2; only below if cp2 decomposes/case-folds
-                    cp2=UTF16_GET_PAIR_VALUE(c2, c);
-                }
-            } else /* isTrail(c2) */ {
-                if(start2<=(s2-2) && UTF_IS_LEAD(c=*(s2-2))) {
-                    cp2=UTF16_GET_PAIR_VALUE(c, c2);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        // go down one level for each string
-        // continue with the main loop as soon as there is a real change
-
-        if( level1==0 && (options&U_COMPARE_IGNORE_CASE) &&
-            (length=u_internalFoldCase((UChar32)cp1, fold1, 32, options))>=0
-        ) {
-            // cp1 case-folds to fold1[length]
-            if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c1)) {
-                if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c1)) {
-                    // advance beyond source surrogate pair if it case-folds
-                    ++s1;
-                } else /* isTrail(c1) */ {
-                    // we got a supplementary code point when hitting its trail surrogate,
-                    // therefore the lead surrogate must have been the same as in the other string;
-                    // compare this decomposition with the lead surrogate in the other string
-                    // remember that this simulates bulk text replacement:
-                    // the decomposition would replace the entire code point
-                    --s2;
-                    c2=*(s2-1);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // push current level pointers
-            stack1[0].start=start1;
-            stack1[0].s=s1;
-            stack1[0].limit=limit1;
-            ++level1;
-
-            // set next level pointers to case folding
-            start1=s1=fold1;
-            limit1=fold1+length;
-
-            // get ready to read from decomposition, continue with loop
-            c1=-1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if( level2==0 && (options&U_COMPARE_IGNORE_CASE) &&
-            (length=u_internalFoldCase((UChar32)cp2, fold2, 32, options))>=0
-        ) {
-            // cp2 case-folds to fold2[length]
-            if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c2)) {
-                if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c2)) {
-                    // advance beyond source surrogate pair if it case-folds
-                    ++s2;
-                } else /* isTrail(c2) */ {
-                    // we got a supplementary code point when hitting its trail surrogate,
-                    // therefore the lead surrogate must have been the same as in the other string;
-                    // compare this decomposition with the lead surrogate in the other string
-                    // remember that this simulates bulk text replacement:
-                    // the decomposition would replace the entire code point
-                    --s1;
-                    c1=*(s1-1);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // push current level pointers
-            stack2[0].start=start2;
-            stack2[0].s=s2;
-            stack2[0].limit=limit2;
-            ++level2;
-
-            // set next level pointers to case folding
-            start2=s2=fold2;
-            limit2=fold2+length;
-
-            // get ready to read from decomposition, continue with loop
-            c2=-1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if( level1<2 && (options&_COMPARE_EQUIV) &&
-            0!=(p=_decompose((UChar32)cp1, decomp1, length))
-        ) {
-            // cp1 decomposes into p[length]
-            if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c1)) {
-                if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c1)) {
-                    // advance beyond source surrogate pair if it decomposes
-                    ++s1;
-                } else /* isTrail(c1) */ {
-                    // we got a supplementary code point when hitting its trail surrogate,
-                    // therefore the lead surrogate must have been the same as in the other string;
-                    // compare this decomposition with the lead surrogate in the other string
-                    // remember that this simulates bulk text replacement:
-                    // the decomposition would replace the entire code point
-                    --s2;
-                    c2=*(s2-1);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // push current level pointers
-            stack1[level1].start=start1;
-            stack1[level1].s=s1;
-            stack1[level1].limit=limit1;
-            ++level1;
-
-            // set empty intermediate level if skipped
-            if(level1<2) {
-                stack1[level1++].start=NULL;
-            }
-
-            // set next level pointers to decomposition
-            start1=s1=p;
-            limit1=p+length;
-
-            // get ready to read from decomposition, continue with loop
-            c1=-1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if( level2<2 && (options&_COMPARE_EQUIV) &&
-            0!=(p=_decompose((UChar32)cp2, decomp2, length))
-        ) {
-            // cp2 decomposes into p[length]
-            if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE(c2)) {
-                if(UTF_IS_SURROGATE_FIRST(c2)) {
-                    // advance beyond source surrogate pair if it decomposes
-                    ++s2;
-                } else /* isTrail(c2) */ {
-                    // we got a supplementary code point when hitting its trail surrogate,
-                    // therefore the lead surrogate must have been the same as in the other string;
-                    // compare this decomposition with the lead surrogate in the other string
-                    // remember that this simulates bulk text replacement:
-                    // the decomposition would replace the entire code point
-                    --s1;
-                    c1=*(s1-1);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // push current level pointers
-            stack2[level2].start=start2;
-            stack2[level2].s=s2;
-            stack2[level2].limit=limit2;
-            ++level2;
-
-            // set empty intermediate level if skipped
-            if(level2<2) {
-                stack2[level2++].start=NULL;
-            }
-
-            // set next level pointers to decomposition
-            start2=s2=p;
-            limit2=p+length;
-
-            // get ready to read from decomposition, continue with loop
-            c2=-1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // no decomposition/case folding, max level for both sides:
-        // return difference result
-
-        // code point order comparison must not just return cp1-cp2
-        // because when single surrogates are present then the surrogate pairs
-        // that formed cp1 and cp2 may be from different string indexes
-
-        // example: { d800 d800 dc01 } vs. { d800 dc00 }, compare at second code units
-        // c1=d800 cp1=10001 c2=dc00 cp2=10000
-        // cp1-cp2>0 but c1-c2<0 and in fact in UTF-32 it is { d800 10001 } < { 10000 }
-
-        // therefore, use same fix-up as in ustring.c/uprv_strCompare()
-        // except: uprv_strCompare() fetches c=*s while this functions fetches c=*s++
-        // so we have slightly different pointer/start/limit comparisons here
-
-        if(c1>=0xd800 && c2>=0xd800 && (options&U_COMPARE_CODE_POINT_ORDER)) {
-            /* subtract 0x2800 from BMP code points to make them smaller than supplementary ones */
-            if(
-                (c1<=0xdbff && s1!=limit1 && UTF_IS_TRAIL(*s1)) ||
-                (UTF_IS_TRAIL(c1) && start1!=(s1-1) && UTF_IS_LEAD(*(s1-2)))
-            ) {
-                /* part of a surrogate pair, leave >=d800 */
-            } else {
-                /* BMP code point - may be surrogate code point - make <d800 */
-                c1-=0x2800;
-            }
-
-            if(
-                (c2<=0xdbff && s2!=limit2 && UTF_IS_TRAIL(*s2)) ||
-                (UTF_IS_TRAIL(c2) && start2!=(s2-1) && UTF_IS_LEAD(*(s2-2)))
-            ) {
-                /* part of a surrogate pair, leave >=d800 */
-            } else {
-                /* BMP code point - may be surrogate code point - make <d800 */
-                c2-=0x2800;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return c1-c2;
+        destString.setTo(dest, 0, destCapacity);
+        destString.append(left, leftLength);
     }
+    return n2->append(destString, UnicodeString(rightLength<0, right, rightLength), *pErrorCode).
+           extract(dest, destCapacity, *pErrorCode);
 }
 
-#if !UCONFIG_NO_NORMALIZATION
-
 U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
-unorm_compare(const UChar *s1, int32_t length1,
-              const UChar *s2, int32_t length2,
-              uint32_t options,
-              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
-    UChar fcd1[300], fcd2[300];
-    UChar *d1, *d2;
-    const UnicodeSet *nx;
-    UNormalizationMode mode;
-    int32_t result;
-
-    /* argument checking */
-    if(pErrorCode==0 || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if(s1==0 || length1<-1 || s2==0 || length2<-1) {
-        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if(!_haveData(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if(!uprv_haveProperties(pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    nx=getNX((int32_t)(options>>UNORM_COMPARE_NORM_OPTIONS_SHIFT), *pErrorCode);
-    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    d1=d2=0;
-    options|=_COMPARE_EQUIV;
-    result=0;
-
-    /*
-     * UAX #21 Case Mappings, as fixed for Unicode version 4
-     * (see Jitterbug 2021), defines a canonical caseless match as
-     *
-     * A string X is a canonical caseless match
-     * for a string Y if and only if
-     * NFD(toCasefold(NFD(X))) = NFD(toCasefold(NFD(Y)))
-     *
-     * For better performance, we check for FCD (or let the caller tell us that
-     * both strings are in FCD) for the inner normalization.
-     * BasicNormalizerTest::FindFoldFCDExceptions() makes sure that
-     * case-folding preserves the FCD-ness of a string.
-     * The outer normalization is then only performed by unorm_cmpEquivFold()
-     * when there is a difference.
-     *
-     * Exception: When using the Turkic case-folding option, we do perform
-     * full NFD first. This is because in the Turkic case precomposed characters
-     * with 0049 capital I or 0069 small i fold differently whether they
-     * are first decomposed or not, so an FCD check - a check only for
-     * canonical order - is not sufficient.
-     */
-    if(options&U_FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I) {
-        mode=UNORM_NFD;
-        options&=~UNORM_INPUT_IS_FCD;
-    } else {
-        mode=UNORM_FCD;
-    }
-
-    if(!(options&UNORM_INPUT_IS_FCD)) {
-        int32_t _len1, _len2;
-        UBool isFCD1, isFCD2;
-
-        // check if s1 and/or s2 fulfill the FCD conditions
-        isFCD1= UNORM_YES==_quickCheck(s1, length1, mode, TRUE, nx, pErrorCode);
-        isFCD2= UNORM_YES==_quickCheck(s2, length2, mode, TRUE, nx, pErrorCode);
+unorm_concatenate(const UChar *left, int32_t leftLength,
+                  const UChar *right, int32_t rightLength,
+                  UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
+                  UNormalizationMode mode, int32_t options,
+                  UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const Normalizer2 *n2=Normalizer2Factory::getInstance(mode, *pErrorCode);
+    if(options&UNORM_UNICODE_3_2) {
+        const UnicodeSet *uni32 = uniset_getUnicode32Instance(*pErrorCode);
         if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
             return 0;
         }
-
-        /*
-         * ICU 2.4 had a further optimization:
-         * If both strings were not in FCD, then they were both NFD'ed,
-         * and the _COMPARE_EQUIV option was turned off.
-         * It is not entirely clear that this is valid with the current
-         * definition of the canonical caseless match.
-         * Therefore, ICU 2.6 removes that optimization.
-         */
-
-        if(!isFCD1) {
-            _len1=unorm_internalNormalize(fcd1, LENGTHOF(fcd1),
-                                          s1, length1,
-                                          mode, nx,
-                                          pErrorCode);
-            if(*pErrorCode!=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR) {
-                s1=fcd1;
-            } else {
-                d1=(UChar *)uprv_malloc(_len1*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-                if(d1==0) {
-                    *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-                    goto cleanup;
-                }
-
-                *pErrorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-                _len1=unorm_internalNormalize(d1, _len1,
-                                              s1, length1,
-                                              mode, nx,
-                                              pErrorCode);
-                if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-                    goto cleanup;
-                }
-
-                s1=d1;
-            }
-            length1=_len1;
-        }
-
-        if(!isFCD2) {
-            _len2=unorm_internalNormalize(fcd2, LENGTHOF(fcd2),
-                                          s2, length2,
-                                          mode, nx,
-                                          pErrorCode);
-            if(*pErrorCode!=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR) {
-                s2=fcd2;
-            } else {
-                d2=(UChar *)uprv_malloc(_len2*U_SIZEOF_UCHAR);
-                if(d2==0) {
-                    *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
-                    goto cleanup;
-                }
-
-                *pErrorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
-                _len2=unorm_internalNormalize(d2, _len2,
-                                              s2, length2,
-                                              mode, nx,
-                                              pErrorCode);
-                if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
-                    goto cleanup;
-                }
-
-                s2=d2;
-            }
-            length2=_len2;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if(U_SUCCESS(*pErrorCode)) {
-        result=unorm_cmpEquivFold(s1, length1, s2, length2, options, pErrorCode);
+        FilteredNormalizer2 fn2(*n2, *uni32);
+        return _concatenate(left, leftLength, right, rightLength,
+            dest, destCapacity, &fn2, pErrorCode);
     }
-
-cleanup:
-    if(d1!=0) {
-        uprv_free(d1);
-    }
-    if(d2!=0) {
-        uprv_free(d2);
-    }
-
-    return result;
+    return _concatenate(left, leftLength, right, rightLength,
+        dest, destCapacity, n2, pErrorCode);
 }
 
 #endif /* #if !UCONFIG_NO_NORMALIZATION */