-# ***************************************************************************
-# *
-# * Copyright (C) 2004-2010, International Business Machines
-# * Corporation; Unicode, Inc.; and others. All Rights Reserved.
-# *
-# ***************************************************************************
+# © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
+# License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
+#
# File: Latin_ConjoiningJamo.txt
-# Generated from CLDR
+# Generated from CLDR
#
+
+# Follows the Ministry of Culture and Tourism romanization: see http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303
+# http://www.unicode.org/cldr/transliteration_guidelines.html#Korean
+#- N.B. DO NOT put any filters, NFD, etc. here -- those are aliased in
+#- the INDEX file. This transliterator is, by itself, not
+#- instantiated. It is used as a part of Latin-Jamo, Latin-Hangul, or
+#- inverses thereof.
+# Transliteration from Latin characters to Korean script is done in
+# two steps: Latin to Jamo, then Jamo to Hangul. The Jamo-Hangul
+# transliteration is done algorithmically following Unicode 3.0
+# section 3.11. This file implements the Latin to Jamo
+# transliteration using rules.
+# Jamo occupy the block 1100-11FF. Within this block there are three
+# groups of characters: initial consonants or choseong (I), medial
+# vowels or jungseong (M), and trailing consonants or jongseong (F).
+# Standard Korean syllables are of the form I+M+F*.
+# Section 3.11 describes the use of 'filler' jamo to convert
+# nonstandard syllables to standard form: the choseong filler 115F and
+# the junseong filler 1160. In this transliterator, we will not use
+# 115F or 1160.
+# We will, however, insert two 'null' jamo to make foreign words
+# conform to Korean syllable structure. These are the null initial
+# consonant 110B (IEUNG) and the null vowel 1173 (EU). In Latin text,
+# we will use the separator in order to disambiguate strings,
+# e.g. "kan-ggan" (initial GG) vs. "kanggan" (final NG + initial G).
+# We will not use all of the characters in the jamo block. We will
+# only use the 19 initials, 21 medials, and 27 finals possessing a
+# jamo short name as defined in section 4.4 of the Unicode book.
+# Rules of thumb. These guidelines provide the basic framework
+# for the rules. They are phrased in terms of Latin-Jamo transliteration.
+# The Jamo-Latin rules derive from these, since the Jamo-Latin rules are
+# just context-free transliteration of jamo to corresponding short names,
+# with the addition of separators to maintain round-trip integrity
+# in the context of the Latin-Jamo rules.
+# A sequence of vowels:
+# - Take the longest sequence you can. If there are too many, or you don't
+# have a starting consonant, introduce a 110B necessary.
+# A sequence of consonants.
+# - First join the double consonants: G + G -→ GG
+# - In the remaining list,
+# -- If there is no preceding vowel, take the first consonant, and insert EU
+# after it. Continue with the rest of the consonants.
+# -- If there is one consonant, attach to the following vowel
+# -- If there are two consonants and a following vowel, attach one to the
+# preceeding vowel, and one to the following vowel.
+# -- If there are more than two consonants, join the first two together if you
+# can: L + G =→ LG
+# -- If you still end up with more than 2 consonants, insert EU after the
+# first one, and continue with the rest of the consonants.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Variables
+# Some latin consonants or consonant pairs only occur as initials, and
+# some only as finals, but some occur as both. This makes some jamo
+# consonants ambiguous when transliterated into latin.
+# Initial only: IEUNG BB DD JJ R
+# Final only: BS GS L LB LG LH LM LP LS LT NG NH NJ
+# Initial and Final: B C D G GG H J K M N P S SS T
$Gi = ᄀ;
$KKi = ᄁ;
$Ni = ᄂ;
$jamoInitial = [ᄀ-ᄒ];
$jamoMedial = [ᅡ-ᅵ];
$latinInitial = [bcdghjklmnprst];
+# Any character in the latin transliteration of a medial
$latinMedial = [aeiouwy];
+# The last character of the latin transliteration of a medial
$latinMedialEnd = [aeiou];
+# Disambiguation separator
$sep = \-;
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Jamo-Latin
+#
+# Jamo to latin is relatively simple, since it is the latin that is
+# ambiguous. Most rules are straightforward, and we encode them below
+# as simple add-on back rule, e.g.:
+# $jamoMedial {bs} → $BS;
+# becomes
+# $jamoMedial {bs} ↔ $BS;
+#
+# Furthermore, we don't care about the ordering for Jamo-Latin because
+# we are going from single characters, so we can very easily piggyback
+# on the Latin-Jamo.
+#
+# The main issue with Jamo-Latin is when to insert separators.
+# Separators are inserted to obtain correct round trip behavior. For
+# example, the sequence Ki A Gf Gi E, if transliterated to "kagge",
+# would then round trip to Ki A GGi E. To prevent this, we insert a
+# separator: "kag-ge". IMPORTANT: The need for separators depends
+# very specifically on the behavior of the Latin-Jamo rules. A change
+# in the Latin-Jamo behavior can completely change the way the
+# separator insertion must be done.
+# First try to preserve actual separators in the jamo text by doubling
+# them. This fixes problems like:
+# (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)-(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L) =→ dajung-yeongyeol
+# =→ (Di)(A)(Ji)(U)(NG)(IEUNG)(YEO)(Nf)(Gi)(YEO)(L). This is optional
+# -- if we don't care about losing separators in the jamo, we can delete
+# this rule.
$sep $sep ↔ $sep;
+# Triple consonants. For three consonants "axxx" we insert a
+# separator between the first and second "x" if XXf, Xf, and Xi all
+# exist, and we have A Xf XXi. This prevents the reverse
+# transliteration to A XXf Xi.
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s {} $SSi;
+# For vowels the rule is similar. If there is a vowel "ae" such that
+# "a" by itself and "e" by itself are vowels, then we want to map A E
+# to "a-e" so as not to round trip to AE. However, in the text Ki EO
+# IEUNG E we don't need to map to "keo-e". "keoe" suffices. For
+# vowels of the form "aei", both "ae" + "i" and "a" + "ei" must be
+# tested. NOTE: These rules used to have a left context of
+# $latinInitial instead of [^$latinMedial]. The problem with this is
+# sequences where an initial IEUNG is transliterated away:
+# (IEUNG)(A)(IEUNG)(EO) =→ aeo =→ (IEUNG)(AE)(IEUNG)(O)
+# Also problems in cases like gayeo, which needs to be gaye-o
+# The hard case is a chain, like aeoeu. Normally interpreted as ae oe u. So for a-eoeu, we have to insert $sep
+# But, we don't insert between the o and the e.
+#
+# a ae
+# e eo eu
+# i
+# o oe
+# u
+# ui
+# wa wae we wi
+# yae ya yeo ye yo yu
+# These are simple, since they can't chain. Note that we don't handle extreme cases like [ga][eo][e][o]
$sep ← a {} [$E $EO $EU];
$sep ← [^aow] e {} [$O $OE];
$sep ← [^aowy] e {} [$U $UI];
$sep ← [^ey] o {} [$E $EO $EU];
$sep ← [^y] u {} [$I];
+# Similar to the above, but with an intervening $IEUNG.
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] [y] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE];
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] e {} $IEUNG [$O $OE $U];
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] [o a] {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];
$sep ← [^$latinMedial] [w y] a {} $IEUNG [$E $EO $EU];
+# Single finals followed by IEUNG. The jamo sequence A Xf IEUNG E,
+# where Xi also exists, must be transliterated as "ax-e" to prevent
+# the round trip conversion to A Xi E.
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd b {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd d {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd g {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd t {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
+# Double finals followed by IEUNG. Similar to the single finals
+# followed by IEUNG. Any latin consonant pair X Y, between medials,
+# that we would split by Latin-Jamo, we must handle when it occurs as
+# part of A XYf IEUNG E, to prevent round trip conversion to A Xf Yi E
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd b s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k k {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd g s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n j {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s s {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd ch {} $IEUNG $jamoMedial;
+# Split doubles. Text of the form A Xi Xf E, where XXi also occurs,
+# we transliterate as "ax-xe" to prevent round trip transliteration as
+# A XXi E.
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd j {} $Ji $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k {} $Ki $jamoMedial;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd s {} $Si $jamoMedial;
+# XYY. This corresponds to the XYY rule in Latin-Jamo. By default
+# Latin-Jamo maps "xyy" to Xf YYi, to keep YY together. As a result,
+# "xyy" forms that correspond to XYf Yi must be transliterated as
+# "xy-y".
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd b s {} [$Si $SSi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd g s {} [$Si $SSi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l b {} [$Bi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l s {} [$Si $SSi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n g {} [$Gi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd n j {} [$Ji $JJi];
+# $sep ← $latinMedialEnd l {} [$PPi];
+# $sep ← $latinMedialEnd l {} [$TTi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l p {} [$Pi];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd l t {} [$Ti];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd k {} [$KKi $Ki];
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd p {} $Pi;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd t {} $Ti;
$sep ← $latinMedialEnd c {} [$Hi];
+# Deletion of IEUNG is handled below.
+#----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Latin-Jamo
+# [Basic, context-free Jamo-Latin rules are embedded here too. See
+# above.]
+# Split digraphs: Text of the form 'axye', where 'xy' is a final
+# digraph, 'x' is a final (by itself), 'y' is an initial, and 'a' and
+# 'e' are medials, we want to transliterate this as A Xf Yi E rather
+# than A XYf IEUNG E. We do NOT include text of the form "axxe",
+# since that is handled differently below. These rules are generated
+# programmatically from the jamo data.
$jamoMedial {b s} $latinMedial → $Bf $Si;
$jamoMedial {g s} $latinMedial → $Gf $Si;
$jamoMedial {l b} $latinMedial → $L $Bi;
$jamoMedial {n g} $latinMedial → $Nf $Gi;
$jamoMedial {n h} $latinMedial → $Nf $Hi;
$jamoMedial {n j} $latinMedial → $Nf $Ji;
+# Single consonants are initials: Text of the form 'axe', where 'x'
+# can be an initial or a final, and 'a' and 'e' are medials, we want
+# to transliterate as A Xi E rather than A Xf IEUNG E.
$jamoMedial {b} $latinMedial → $Bi;
$jamoMedial {ch} $latinMedial → $CHi;
$jamoMedial {d} $latinMedial → $Di;
$jamoMedial {s} $latinMedial → $Si;
$jamoMedial {t} $latinMedial → $Ti;
$jamoMedial {l} $latinMedial → $Li;
+# Doubled initials. The sequence "axxe", where XX exists as an initial
+# (XXi), and also Xi and Xf exist (true of all digraphs XX), we want
+# to transliterate as A XXi E, rather than split to A Xf Xi E.
$jamoMedial {p p} $latinMedial → $PPi;
$jamoMedial {t t} $latinMedial → $TTi;
$jamoMedial {j j} $latinMedial → $JJi;
$jamoMedial {k k} $latinMedial → $KKi;
$jamoMedial {s s} $latinMedial → $SSi;
+# XYY. Because doubled consonants bind more strongly than XY
+# consonants, we must handle the sequence "axyy" specially. Here XYf
+# and YYi must exist. In these cases, we map to Xf YYi rather than
+# XYf.
+# However, there are two special cases.
$jamoMedial {lp} p p → $LP;
$jamoMedial {lt} t t → $LT;
+# End special cases
$jamoMedial {b} s s → $Bf;
$jamoMedial {g} s s → $Gf;
$jamoMedial {l} b b → $L;
$jamoMedial {l} p p → $L;
$jamoMedial {n} g g → $Nf;
$jamoMedial {n} j j → $Nf;
+# Finals: Attach consonant with preceding medial to preceding medial.
+# Do this BEFORE mapping consonants to initials. Longer keys must
+# precede shorter keys that they start with, e.g., the rule for 'bs'
+# must precede 'b'.
+# [BASIC Jamo-Latin FINALS handled here. Order irrelevant within this
+# block for Jamo-Latin.]
$jamoMedial {bs} ↔ $BS;
$jamoMedial {b} ↔ $Bf;
$jamoMedial {ch} ↔ $Cf;
$jamoMedial {ss} ↔ $SSf;
$jamoMedial {s} ↔ $Sf;
$jamoMedial {t} ↔ $Tf;
+# Initials: Attach single consonant to following medial. Do this
+# AFTER mapping finals. Longer keys must precede shorter keys that
+# they start with, e.g., the rule for 'gg' must precede 'g'.
+# [BASIC Jamo-Latin INITIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
+# this block for Jamo-Latin.]
{kk} $latinMedial ↔ $KKi;
{g} $latinMedial ↔ $Gi;
{n} $latinMedial ↔ $Ni;
{t} $latinMedial ↔ $Ti;
{p} $latinMedial ↔ $Pi;
{h} $latinMedial ↔ $Hi;
+# 'r' in final position. Because of the equivalency of the 'l' and
+# 'r' jamo (the glyphs are the same), we try to provide the same
+# equivalency in Latin-Jamo. The 'l' to 'r' conversion is handled
+# below. If we see an 'r' in an apparent final position, treat it
+# like 'l'. For example, "karka" =→ Ki A R EU Ki A without this rule.
+# Instead, we want Ki A L Ki A.
+# Initial + Final: If we match the next rule, we have initial then
+# final consonant with no intervening medial. We insert the null
+# vowel BEFORE it to create a well-formed syllable. (In the next rule
+# we insert a null vowel AFTER an anomalous initial.)
+# Initial + X: This block matches an initial consonant not followed by
+# a medial. We insert the null vowel after it. We handle double
+# initials explicitly here; for single initial consonants we insert EU
+# (as Latin) after them and let standard rules do the rest.
+# BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
kk → $KKi $EU;
tt → $TTi $EU;
pp → $PPi $EU;
jj → $JJi $EU;
ch → $CHi $EU;
([lbdghjkmnpst]) → | $1 eu;
+# X + Final: Finally we have to deal with a consonant that can only be
+# interpreted as a final (not an initial) and which is preceded
+# neither by an initial nor a medial. It is the start of the
+# syllable, but cannot be. Most of these will already be handled by
+# the above rules. 'bs' splits into Bi EU Sf. Similar for 'gs' 'ng'
+# 'nh' 'nj'. The only problem is 'l' and digraphs starting with 'l'.
+# For this isolated case, we could add a null initial and medial,
+# which would give "la" =→ IEUNG EU L IEUNG A, for example. A more
+# economical solution is to transliterate isolated "l" (that is,
+# initial "l") to "r". (Other similar conversions of consonants that
+# occur neither as initials nor as finals are handled below.)
l → | r;
+# Medials. If a medial is preceded by an initial, then we proceed
+# normally. As usual, longer keys must precede shorter ones.
+# [BASIC Jamo-Latin MEDIALS handled here. Order irrelevant within
+# this block for Jamo-Latin.]
+#
+# a e i o u
+# ae
+# eo eu
+# oe
+# ui
+# wa we wi
+# wae
+# yae ya yeo ye yo yu
$jamoInitial {ae} ↔ $AE;
$jamoInitial {a} ↔ $A;
$jamoInitial {eo} ↔ $EO;
$jamoInitial {ye} ↔ $YE;
$jamoInitial {yo} ↔ $YO;
$jamoInitial {yu} ↔ $YU;
+# We may see an anomalous isolated 'w' or 'y'. In that case, we
+# interpret it as 'wi' and 'yu', respectively.
+# BREAKS ROUND TRIP INTEGRITY
$jamoInitial {w} → | wi;
$jamoInitial {y} → | yu;
+# Otherwise, insert a null consonant IEUNG before the medial (which is
+# still an untransliterated latin vowel).
($latinMedial) → $IEUNG | $1;
+# Convert non-jamo latin consonants to equivalents. These occur as
+# neither initials nor finals in jamo. 'l' occurs as a final, but not
+# an initial; it is handled above. The following letters (left hand
+# side) will never be output by Jamo-Latin.
f → | p;
q → | k;
v → | b;
z → | s;
r → | l;
c → | k;
+# Delete separators (Latin-Jamo).
$sep → ;
+# Delete null consonants (Jamo-Latin). Do NOT delete null EU vowels,
+# since these may also occur in text.
← $IEUNG;
+#- N.B. DO NOT put any filters, NFD, etc. here -- those are aliased in
+#- the INDEX file. This transliterator is, by itself, not
+#- instantiated. It is used as a part of Latin-Jamo, Latin-Hangul, or
+#- inverses thereof.
+# eof
+
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