ICU-8.11.tar.gz

[apple/icu.git] / icuSources / extra / uconv / uconv.cpp

/*****************************************************************************
*
*   Copyright (C) 1999-2006, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
*
******************************************************************************/

/*
 * uconv(1): an iconv(1)-like converter using ICU.
 *
 * Original code by Jonas Utterstr&#x00F6;m <jonas.utterstrom@vittran.norrnod.se>
 * contributed in 1999.
 *
 * Conversion to the C conversion API and many improvements by
 * Yves Arrouye <yves@realnames.com>, current maintainer.
 *
 * Markus Scherer maintainer from 2003.
 * See source code repository history for changes.
 */

#include <unicode/utypes.h>
#include <unicode/putil.h>
#include <unicode/ucnv.h>
#include <unicode/uenum.h>
#include <unicode/unistr.h>
#include <unicode/translit.h>
#include <unicode/uset.h>
#include <unicode/uclean.h>

#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "cmemory.h"
#include "cstring.h"
#include "ustrfmt.h"

#include "unicode/uwmsg.h"

#if (defined(U_WINDOWS) || defined(U_CYGWIN)) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#if defined(U_WINDOWS)
#define USE_FILENO_BINARY_MODE 1
/* Windows likes to rename Unix-like functions */
#ifndef fileno
#define fileno _fileno
#endif
#ifndef setmode
#define setmode _setmode
#endif
#ifndef O_BINARY
#define O_BINARY _O_BINARY
#endif
#endif
#endif

#ifdef UCONVMSG_LINK
/* below from the README */
#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#include "unicode/udata.h"
U_CFUNC char uconvmsg_dat[];
#endif

#define LENGTHOF(array) (int32_t)(sizeof(array)/sizeof((array)[0]))

#define DEFAULT_BUFSZ   4096
#define UCONVMSG "uconvmsg"

static UResourceBundle *gBundle = 0;    /* Bundle containing messages. */

/*
 * Initialize the message bundle so that message strings can be fetched
 * by u_wmsg().
 *
 */

static void initMsg(const char *pname) {
    static int ps = 0;

    if (!ps) {
        char dataPath[2048];        /* XXX Sloppy: should be PATH_MAX. */
        UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;

        ps = 1;

        /* Set up our static data - if any */
#ifdef UCONVMSG_LINK
        udata_setAppData(UCONVMSG, (const void*) uconvmsg_dat, &err);
        if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
          fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning, problem installing our static resource bundle data uconvmsg: %s - trying anyways.\n",
                  pname, u_errorName(err));
          err = U_ZERO_ERROR; /* It may still fail */
        }
#endif

        /* Get messages. */
        gBundle = u_wmsg_setPath(UCONVMSG, &err);
        if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s: warning: couldn't open bundle %s: %s\n",
                    pname, UCONVMSG, u_errorName(err));
#ifdef UCONVMSG_LINK
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s: setAppData was called, internal data %s failed to load\n",
                        pname, UCONVMSG);
#endif
 
            err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
            /* that was try #1, try again with a path */
            uprv_strcpy(dataPath, u_getDataDirectory());
            uprv_strcat(dataPath, U_FILE_SEP_STRING);
            uprv_strcat(dataPath, UCONVMSG);

            gBundle = u_wmsg_setPath(dataPath, &err);
            if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                    "%s: warning: still couldn't open bundle %s: %s\n",
                    pname, dataPath, u_errorName(err));
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: warning: messages will not be displayed\n", pname);
            }
        }
    }
}

/* Mapping of callback names to the callbacks passed to the converter
   API. */

static struct callback_ent {
    const char *name;
    UConverterFromUCallback fromu;
    const void *fromuctxt;
    UConverterToUCallback tou;
    const void *touctxt;
} transcode_callbacks[] = {
    { "substitute",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_SUBSTITUTE, 0,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_SUBSTITUTE, 0 },
    { "skip",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_SKIP, 0,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_SKIP, 0 },
    { "stop",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_STOP, 0,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_STOP, 0 },
    { "escape",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, 0,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, 0},
    { "escape-icu",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_ICU,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_ICU },
    { "escape-java",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_JAVA,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_JAVA },
    { "escape-c",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_C,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_C },
    { "escape-xml",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_XML_HEX,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_XML_HEX },
    { "escape-xml-hex",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_XML_HEX,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_XML_HEX },
    { "escape-xml-dec",
      UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_XML_DEC,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_XML_DEC },
    { "escape-unicode", UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_UNICODE,
      UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_ESCAPE, UCNV_ESCAPE_UNICODE }
};

/* Return a pointer to a callback record given its name. */

static const struct callback_ent *findCallback(const char *name) {
    int i, count =
        sizeof(transcode_callbacks) / sizeof(*transcode_callbacks);

    /* We'll do a linear search, there aren't many of them and bsearch()
       may not be that portable. */

    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
        if (!uprv_stricmp(name, transcode_callbacks[i].name)) {
            return &transcode_callbacks[i];
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Print converter information. If lookfor is set, only that converter will
   be printed, otherwise all converters will be printed. If canon is non
   zero, tags and aliases for each converter are printed too, in the format
   expected for convrters.txt(5). */

static int printConverters(const char *pname, const char *lookfor,
    UBool canon)
{
    UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
    int32_t num;
    uint16_t num_stds;
    const char **stds;

    /* If there is a specified name, just handle that now. */

    if (lookfor) {
        if (!canon) {
            printf("%s\n", lookfor);
            return 0;
        } else {
        /*  Because we are printing a canonical name, we need the
            true converter name. We've done that already except for
            the default name (because we want to print the exact
            name one would get when calling ucnv_getDefaultName()
            in non-canon mode). But since we do not know at this
            point if we have the default name or something else, we
            need to normalize again to the canonical converter
            name. */

            const char *truename = ucnv_getAlias(lookfor, 0, &err);
            if (U_SUCCESS(err)) {
                lookfor = truename;
            } else {
                err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
            }
        }
    }

    /* Print converter names. We come here for one of two reasons: we
       are printing all the names (lookfor was null), or we have a
       single converter to print but in canon mode, hence we need to
       get to it in order to print everything. */

    num = ucnv_countAvailable();
    if (num <= 0) {
        initMsg(pname);
        u_wmsg(stderr, "cantGetNames");
        return -1;
    }
    if (lookfor) {
        num = 1;                /* We know where we want to be. */
    }

    num_stds = ucnv_countStandards();
    stds = (const char **) uprv_malloc(num_stds * sizeof(*stds));
    if (!stds) {
        u_wmsg(stderr, "cantGetTag", u_wmsg_errorName(U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR));
        return -1;
    } else {
        uint16_t s;

        if (canon) {
            printf("{ ");
        }
        for (s = 0; s < num_stds; ++s) {
            stds[s] = ucnv_getStandard(s, &err);
            if (canon) {
                printf("%s ", stds[s]);
            }
            if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
                u_wmsg(stderr, "cantGetTag", u_wmsg_errorName(err));
                return -1;
            }
        }
        if (canon) {
            puts("}");
        }
    }

    for (int32_t i = 0; i < num; i++) {
        const char *name;
        uint16_t num_aliases;

        /* Set the name either to what we are looking for, or
        to the current converter name. */

        if (lookfor) {
            name = lookfor;
        } else {
            name = ucnv_getAvailableName(i);
        }

        /* Get all the aliases associated to the name. */

        err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
        num_aliases = ucnv_countAliases(name, &err);
        if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
            printf("%s", name);

            UnicodeString str(name, "");
            putchar('\t');
            u_wmsg(stderr, "cantGetAliases", str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
                u_wmsg_errorName(err));
            return -1;
        } else {
            uint16_t a, s, t;

            /* Write all the aliases and their tags. */

            for (a = 0; a < num_aliases; ++a) {
                const char *alias = ucnv_getAlias(name, a, &err);

                if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
                    UnicodeString str(name, "");
                    putchar('\t');
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "cantGetAliases", str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
                        u_wmsg_errorName(err));
                    return -1;
                }

                /* Print the current alias so that it looks right. */
                printf("%s%s%s", (canon ? (a == 0? "" : "\t" ) : "") ,
                                 alias,
                                 (canon ? "" : " "));

                /* Look (slowly, linear searching) for a tag. */

                if (canon) {
                    /* -1 to skip the last standard */
                    for (s = t = 0; s < num_stds-1; ++s) {
                        UEnumeration *nameEnum = ucnv_openStandardNames(name, stds[s], &err);
                        if (U_SUCCESS(err)) {
                            /* List the standard tags */
                            const char *standardName;
                            UBool isFirst = TRUE;
                            UErrorCode enumError = U_ZERO_ERROR;
                            while ((standardName = uenum_next(nameEnum, NULL, &enumError))) {
                                /* See if this alias is supported by this standard. */
                                if (!strcmp(standardName, alias)) {
                                    if (!t) {
                                        printf(" {");
                                        t = 1;
                                    }
                                    /* Print a * after the default standard name */
                                    printf(" %s%s", stds[s], (isFirst ? "*" : ""));
                                }
                                isFirst = FALSE;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (t) {
                        printf(" }");
                    }
                }
                /* Terminate this entry. */
                if (canon) {
                    puts("");
                }

                /* Move on. */
            }
            /* Terminate this entry. */
            if (!canon) {
                puts("");
            }
        }
    }

    /* Free temporary data. */

    uprv_free(stds);

    /* Success. */

    return 0;
}

/* Print all available transliterators. If canon is non zero, print
   one transliterator per line. */

static int printTransliterators(UBool canon)
{
#if UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION
    printf("no transliterators available because of UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION, see uconfig.h\n");
    return 1;
#else
    int32_t numtrans = utrans_countAvailableIDs(), i;
    int buflen = 512;
    char *buf = (char *) uprv_malloc(buflen);
    char staticbuf[512];

    char sepchar = canon ? '\n' : ' ';

    if (!buf) {
        buf = staticbuf;
        buflen = sizeof(staticbuf);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < numtrans; ++i) {
        int32_t len = utrans_getAvailableID(i, buf, buflen);
        if (len >= buflen - 1) {
            if (buf != staticbuf) {
                buflen <<= 1;
                if (buflen < len) {
                    buflen = len + 64;
                }
                buf = (char *) uprv_realloc(buf, buflen);
                if (!buf) {
                    buf = staticbuf;
                    buflen = sizeof(staticbuf);
                }
            }
            utrans_getAvailableID(i, buf, buflen);
            if (len >= buflen) {
                uprv_strcpy(buf + buflen - 4, "..."); /* Truncate the name. */
            }
        }

        printf("%s", buf);
        if (i < numtrans - 1) {
            putchar(sepchar);
        }
    }

    /* Add a terminating newline if needed. */

    if (sepchar != '\n') {
        putchar('\n');
    }

    /* Free temporary data. */

    if (buf != staticbuf) {
        uprv_free(buf);
    }

    /* Success. */

    return 0;
#endif
}

enum {
    uSP = 0x20,         // space
    uCR = 0xd,          // carriage return
    uLF = 0xa,          // line feed
    uNL = 0x85,         // newline
    uLS = 0x2028,       // line separator
    uPS = 0x2029,       // paragraph separator
    uSig = 0xfeff       // signature/BOM character
};

static inline int32_t
getChunkLimit(const UnicodeString &prev, const UnicodeString &s) {
    // find one of
    // CR, LF, CRLF, NL, LS, PS
    // for paragraph ends (see UAX #13/Unicode 4)
    // and include it in the chunk
    // all of these characters are on the BMP
    // do not include FF or VT in case they are part of a paragraph
    // (important for bidi contexts)
    static const UChar paraEnds[] = {
        0xd, 0xa, 0x85, 0x2028, 0x2029
    };
    enum {
        iCR, iLF, iNL, iLS, iPS, iCount
    };

    // first, see if there is a CRLF split between prev and s
    if (prev.endsWith(paraEnds + iCR, 1)) {
        if (s.startsWith(paraEnds + iLF, 1)) {
            return 1; // split CRLF, include the LF
        } else if (!s.isEmpty()) {
            return 0; // complete the last chunk
        } else {
            return -1; // wait for actual further contents to arrive
        }
    }

    const UChar *u = s.getBuffer(), *limit = u + s.length();
    UChar c;

    while (u < limit) {
        c = *u++;
        if (
            ((c < uSP) && (c == uCR || c == uLF)) ||
            (c == uNL) ||
            ((c & uLS) == uLS)
        ) {
            if (c == uCR) {
                // check for CRLF
                if (u == limit) {
                    return -1; // LF may be in the next chunk
                } else if (*u == uLF) {
                    ++u; // include the LF in this chunk
                }
            }
            return (int32_t)(u - s.getBuffer());
        }
    }

    return -1; // continue collecting the chunk
}

enum {
    CNV_NO_FEFF,    // cannot convert the U+FEFF Unicode signature character (BOM)
    CNV_WITH_FEFF,  // can convert the U+FEFF signature character
    CNV_ADDS_FEFF   // automatically adds/detects the U+FEFF signature character
};

static inline UChar
nibbleToHex(uint8_t n) {
    n &= 0xf;
    return
        n <= 9 ?
            (UChar)(0x30 + n) :
            (UChar)((0x61 - 10) + n);
}

// check the converter's Unicode signature properties;
// the fromUnicode side of the converter must be in its initial state
// and will be reset again if it was used
static int32_t
cnvSigType(UConverter *cnv) {
    UErrorCode err;
    int32_t result;

    // test if the output charset can convert U+FEFF
    USet *set = uset_open(1, 0);
    err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
    ucnv_getUnicodeSet(cnv, set, UCNV_ROUNDTRIP_SET, &err);
    if (U_SUCCESS(err) && uset_contains(set, uSig)) {
        result = CNV_WITH_FEFF;
    } else {
        result = CNV_NO_FEFF; // an error occurred or U+FEFF cannot be converted
    }
    uset_close(set);

    if (result == CNV_WITH_FEFF) {
        // test if the output charset emits a signature anyway
        const UChar a[1] = { 0x61 }; // "a"
        const UChar *in;

        char buffer[20];
        char *out;

        in = a;
        out = buffer;
        err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
        ucnv_fromUnicode(cnv,
            &out, buffer + sizeof(buffer),
            &in, a + 1,
            NULL, TRUE, &err);
        ucnv_resetFromUnicode(cnv);

        if (NULL != ucnv_detectUnicodeSignature(buffer, (int32_t)(out - buffer), NULL, &err) &&
            U_SUCCESS(err)
        ) {
            result = CNV_ADDS_FEFF;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

class ConvertFile {
public:
    ConvertFile() :
        buf(NULL), outbuf(NULL), fromoffsets(NULL),
        bufsz(0), signature(0) {}

    void
    setBufferSize(size_t bufferSize) {
        bufsz = bufferSize;

        buf = new char[2 * bufsz];
        outbuf = buf + bufsz;

        // +1 for an added U+FEFF in the intermediate Unicode buffer
        fromoffsets = new int32_t[bufsz + 1];
    }

    ~ConvertFile() {
        delete [] buf;
        delete [] fromoffsets;
    }

    UBool convertFile(const char *pname,
                      const char *fromcpage,
                      UConverterToUCallback toucallback,
                      const void *touctxt,
                      const char *tocpage,
                      UConverterFromUCallback fromucallback,
                      const void *fromuctxt,
                      UBool fallback,
                      const char *translit,
                      const char *infilestr,
                      FILE * outfile, int verbose);
private:
    friend int main(int argc, char **argv);

    char *buf, *outbuf;
    int32_t *fromoffsets;

    size_t bufsz;
    int8_t signature; // add (1) or remove (-1) a U+FEFF Unicode signature character
};

// Convert a file from one encoding to another
UBool
ConvertFile::convertFile(const char *pname,
                         const char *fromcpage,
                         UConverterToUCallback toucallback,
                         const void *touctxt,
                         const char *tocpage,
                         UConverterFromUCallback fromucallback,
                         const void *fromuctxt,
                         UBool fallback,
                         const char *translit,
                         const char *infilestr,
                         FILE * outfile, int verbose)
{
    FILE *infile;
    UBool ret = TRUE;
    UConverter *convfrom = 0;
    UConverter *convto = 0;
    UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
    UBool flush;
    const char *cbufp, *prevbufp;
    char *bufp;

    uint32_t infoffset = 0, outfoffset = 0;   /* Where we are in the file, for error reporting. */

    const UChar *unibuf, *unibufbp;
    UChar *unibufp;

    size_t rd, wr;

#if !UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION
    Transliterator *t = 0;      // Transliterator acting on Unicode data.
    UnicodeString chunk;        // One chunk of the text being collected for transformation.
#endif
    UnicodeString u;            // String to do the transliteration.
    int32_t ulen;

    // use conversion offsets for error messages
    // unless a transliterator is used -
    // a text transformation will reorder characters in unpredictable ways
    UBool useOffsets = TRUE;

    // Open the correct input file or connect to stdin for reading input

    if (infilestr != 0 && strcmp(infilestr, "-")) {
        infile = fopen(infilestr, "rb");
        if (infile == 0) {
            UnicodeString str1(infilestr, "");
            str1.append((UChar32) 0);
            UnicodeString str2(strerror(errno), "");
            str2.append((UChar32) 0);
            initMsg(pname);
            u_wmsg(stderr, "cantOpenInputF", str1.getBuffer(), str2.getBuffer());
            return FALSE;
        }
    } else {
        infilestr = "-";
        infile = stdin;
#ifdef USE_FILENO_BINARY_MODE
        if (setmode(fileno(stdin), O_BINARY) == -1) {
            initMsg(pname);
            u_wmsg(stderr, "cantSetInBinMode");
            return FALSE;
        }
#endif
    }

    if (verbose) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s:\n", infilestr);
    }

#if !UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION
    // Create transliterator as needed.

    if (translit != NULL && *translit) {
        UParseError parse;
        UnicodeString str(translit), pestr;

        /* Create from rules or by ID as needed. */

        parse.line = -1;

        if (uprv_strchr(translit, ':') || uprv_strchr(translit, '>') || uprv_strchr(translit, '<') || uprv_strchr(translit, '>')) {
            t = Transliterator::createFromRules("Uconv", str, UTRANS_FORWARD, parse, err);
        } else {
            t = Transliterator::createInstance(translit, UTRANS_FORWARD, err);
        }

        if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
            str.append((UChar32) 0);
            initMsg(pname);

            if (parse.line >= 0) {
                UChar linebuf[20], offsetbuf[20];
                uprv_itou(linebuf, 20, parse.line, 10, 0);
                uprv_itou(offsetbuf, 20, parse.offset, 10, 0);
                u_wmsg(stderr, "cantCreateTranslitParseErr", str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
                    u_wmsg_errorName(err), linebuf, offsetbuf);
            } else {
                u_wmsg(stderr, "cantCreateTranslit", str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
                    u_wmsg_errorName(err));
            }

            if (t) {
                delete t;
                t = 0;
            }
            goto error_exit;
        }

        useOffsets = FALSE;
    }
#endif

    // Create codepage converter. If the codepage or its aliases weren't
    // available, it returns NULL and a failure code. We also set the
    // callbacks, and return errors in the same way.

    convfrom = ucnv_open(fromcpage, &err);
    if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
        UnicodeString str(fromcpage, "");
        initMsg(pname);
        u_wmsg(stderr, "cantOpenFromCodeset", str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
            u_wmsg_errorName(err));
        goto error_exit;
    }
    ucnv_setToUCallBack(convfrom, toucallback, touctxt, 0, 0, &err);
    if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
        initMsg(pname);
        u_wmsg(stderr, "cantSetCallback", u_wmsg_errorName(err));
        goto error_exit;
    }

    convto = ucnv_open(tocpage, &err);
    if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
        UnicodeString str(tocpage, "");
        initMsg(pname);
        u_wmsg(stderr, "cantOpenToCodeset", str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
            u_wmsg_errorName(err));
        goto error_exit;
    }
    ucnv_setFromUCallBack(convto, fromucallback, fromuctxt, 0, 0, &err);
    if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
        initMsg(pname);
        u_wmsg(stderr, "cantSetCallback", u_wmsg_errorName(err));
        goto error_exit;
    }
    ucnv_setFallback(convto, fallback);

    UBool willexit, fromSawEndOfBytes, toSawEndOfUnicode;
    int8_t sig;

    // OK, we can convert now.
    sig = signature;
    rd = 0;

    do {
        willexit = FALSE;

        // input file offset at the beginning of the next buffer
        infoffset += rd;

        rd = fread(buf, 1, bufsz, infile);
        if (ferror(infile) != 0) {
            UnicodeString str(strerror(errno));
            initMsg(pname);
            u_wmsg(stderr, "cantRead", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
            goto error_exit;
        }

        // Convert the read buffer into the new encoding via Unicode.
        // After the call 'unibufp' will be placed behind the last
        // character that was converted in the 'unibuf'.
        // Also the 'cbufp' is positioned behind the last converted
        // character.
        // At the last conversion in the file, flush should be set to
        // true so that we get all characters converted.
        //
        // The converter must be flushed at the end of conversion so
        // that characters on hold also will be written.

        cbufp = buf;
        flush = (UBool)(rd != bufsz);

        // convert until the input is consumed
        do {
            // remember the start of the current byte-to-Unicode conversion
            prevbufp = cbufp;

            unibuf = unibufp = u.getBuffer((int32_t)bufsz);

            // Use bufsz instead of u.getCapacity() for the targetLimit
            // so that we don't overflow fromoffsets[].
            ucnv_toUnicode(convfrom, &unibufp, unibuf + bufsz, &cbufp,
                buf + rd, useOffsets ? fromoffsets : NULL, flush, &err);

            ulen = (int32_t)(unibufp - unibuf);
            u.releaseBuffer(U_SUCCESS(err) ? ulen : 0);

            // fromSawEndOfBytes indicates that ucnv_toUnicode() is done
            // converting all of the input bytes.
            // It works like this because ucnv_toUnicode() returns only under the
            // following conditions:
            // - an error occurred during conversion (an error code is set)
            // - the target buffer is filled (the error code indicates an overflow)
            // - the source is consumed
            // That is, if the error code does not indicate a failure,
            // not even an overflow, then the source must be consumed entirely.
            fromSawEndOfBytes = (UBool)U_SUCCESS(err);

            if (err == U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR) {
                err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
            } else if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
                char pos[32], errorBytes[32];
                int8_t i, length, errorLength;

                UErrorCode localError = U_ZERO_ERROR;
                errorLength = (int8_t)sizeof(errorBytes);
                ucnv_getInvalidChars(convfrom, errorBytes, &errorLength, &localError);
                if (U_FAILURE(localError) || errorLength == 0) {
                    errorLength = 1;
                }

                // print the input file offset of the start of the error bytes:
                // input file offset of the current byte buffer +
                // length of the just consumed bytes -
                // length of the error bytes
                length =
                    (int8_t)sprintf(pos, "%d",
                        (int)(infoffset + (cbufp - buf) - errorLength));

                // output the bytes that caused the error
                UnicodeString str;
                for (i = 0; i < errorLength; ++i) {
                    if (i > 0) {
                        str.append((UChar)uSP);
                    }
                    str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)errorBytes[i] >> 4));
                    str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)errorBytes[i]));
                }

                initMsg(pname);
                u_wmsg(stderr, "problemCvtToU",
                        UnicodeString(pos, length, "").getTerminatedBuffer(),
                        str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
                        u_wmsg_errorName(err));

                willexit = TRUE;
                err = U_ZERO_ERROR; /* reset the error for the rest of the conversion. */
            }

            // Replaced a check for whether the input was consumed by
            // looping until it is; message key "premEndInput" now obsolete.

            if (ulen == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            // remove a U+FEFF Unicode signature character if requested
            if (sig < 0) {
                if (u.charAt(0) == uSig) {
                    u.remove(0, 1);

                    // account for the removed UChar and offset
                    --ulen;

                    if (useOffsets) {
                        // remove an offset from fromoffsets[] as well
                        // to keep the array parallel with the UChars
                        memmove(fromoffsets, fromoffsets + 1, ulen * 4);
                    }

                }
                sig = 0;
            }

#if !UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION
            // Transliterate/transform if needed.

            // For transformation, we use chunking code -
            // collect Unicode input until, for example, an end-of-line,
            // then transform and output-convert that and continue collecting.
            // This makes the transformation result independent of the buffer size
            // while avoiding the slower keyboard mode.
            // The end-of-chunk characters are completely included in the
            // transformed string in case they are to be transformed themselves.
            if (t != NULL) {
                UnicodeString out;
                int32_t chunkLimit;

                do {
                    chunkLimit = getChunkLimit(chunk, u);
                    if (chunkLimit < 0 && flush && fromSawEndOfBytes) {
                        // use all of the rest at the end of the text
                        chunkLimit = u.length();
                    }
                    if (chunkLimit >= 0) {
                        // complete the chunk and transform it
                        chunk.append(u, 0, chunkLimit);
                        u.remove(0, chunkLimit);
                        t->transliterate(chunk);

                        // append the transformation result to the result and empty the chunk
                        out.append(chunk);
                        chunk.remove();
                    } else {
                        // continue collecting the chunk
                        chunk.append(u);
                        break;
                    }
                } while (!u.isEmpty());

                u = out;
                ulen = u.length();
            }
#endif

            // add a U+FEFF Unicode signature character if requested
            // and possible/necessary
            if (sig > 0) {
                if (u.charAt(0) != uSig && cnvSigType(convto) == CNV_WITH_FEFF) {
                    u.insert(0, (UChar)uSig);

                    if (useOffsets) {
                        // insert a pseudo-offset into fromoffsets[] as well
                        // to keep the array parallel with the UChars
                        memmove(fromoffsets + 1, fromoffsets, ulen * 4);
                        fromoffsets[0] = -1;
                    }

                    // account for the additional UChar and offset
                    ++ulen;
                }
                sig = 0;
            }

            // Convert the Unicode buffer into the destination codepage
            // Again 'bufp' will be placed behind the last converted character
            // And 'unibufp' will be placed behind the last converted unicode character
            // At the last conversion flush should be set to true to ensure that
            // all characters left get converted

            unibuf = unibufbp = u.getBuffer();

            do {
                bufp = outbuf;

                // Use fromSawEndOfBytes in addition to the flush flag -
                // it indicates whether the intermediate Unicode string
                // contains the very last UChars for the very last input bytes.
                ucnv_fromUnicode(convto, &bufp, outbuf + bufsz,
                                 &unibufbp,
                                 unibuf + ulen,
                                 NULL, (UBool)(flush && fromSawEndOfBytes), &err);

                // toSawEndOfUnicode indicates that ucnv_fromUnicode() is done
                // converting all of the intermediate UChars.
                // See comment for fromSawEndOfBytes.
                toSawEndOfUnicode = (UBool)U_SUCCESS(err);

                if (err == U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR) {
                    err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
                } else if (U_FAILURE(err)) {
                    UChar errorUChars[4];
                    const char *errtag;
                    char pos[32];
                    UChar32 c;
                    int8_t i, length, errorLength;

                    UErrorCode localError = U_ZERO_ERROR;
                    errorLength = (int8_t)LENGTHOF(errorUChars);
                    ucnv_getInvalidUChars(convto, errorUChars, &errorLength, &localError);
                    if (U_FAILURE(localError) || errorLength == 0) {
                        // need at least 1 so that we don't access beyond the length of fromoffsets[]
                        errorLength = 1;
                    }

                    int32_t ferroffset;

                    if (useOffsets) {
                        // Unicode buffer offset of the start of the error UChars
                        ferroffset = (int32_t)((unibufbp - unibuf) - errorLength);
                        if (ferroffset < 0) {
                            // approximation - the character started in the previous Unicode buffer
                            ferroffset = 0;
                        }

                        // get the corresponding byte offset out of fromoffsets[]
                        // go back if the offset is not known for some of the UChars
                        int32_t fromoffset;
                        do {
                            fromoffset = fromoffsets[ferroffset];
                        } while (fromoffset < 0 && --ferroffset >= 0);

                        // total input file offset =
                        // input file offset of the current byte buffer +
                        // byte buffer offset of where the current Unicode buffer is converted from +
                        // fromoffsets[Unicode offset]
                        ferroffset = infoffset + (prevbufp - buf) + fromoffset;
                        errtag = "problemCvtFromU";
                    } else {
                        // Do not use fromoffsets if (t != NULL) because the Unicode text may
                        // be different from what the offsets refer to.

                        // output file offset
                        ferroffset = (int32_t)(outfoffset + (bufp - outbuf));
                        errtag = "problemCvtFromUOut";
                    }

                    length = (int8_t)sprintf(pos, "%u", (int)ferroffset);

                    // output the code points that caused the error
                    UnicodeString str;
                    for (i = 0; i < errorLength;) {
                        if (i > 0) {
                            str.append((UChar)uSP);
                        }
                        U16_NEXT(errorUChars, i, errorLength, c);
                        if (c >= 0x100000) {
                            str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)(c >> 20)));
                        }
                        if (c >= 0x10000) {
                            str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)(c >> 16)));
                        }
                        str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)(c >> 12)));
                        str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)(c >> 8)));
                        str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)(c >> 4)));
                        str.append(nibbleToHex((uint8_t)c));
                    }

                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, errtag,
                            UnicodeString(pos, length, "").getTerminatedBuffer(),
                            str.getTerminatedBuffer(),
                           u_wmsg_errorName(err));
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "errorUnicode", str.getTerminatedBuffer());

                    willexit = TRUE;
                    err = U_ZERO_ERROR; /* reset the error for the rest of the conversion. */
                }

                // Replaced a check for whether the intermediate Unicode characters were all consumed by
                // looping until they are; message key "premEnd" now obsolete.

                // Finally, write the converted buffer to the output file
                size_t outlen = (size_t) (bufp - outbuf);
                outfoffset += (int32_t)(wr = fwrite(outbuf, 1, outlen, outfile));
                if (wr != outlen) {
                    UnicodeString str(strerror(errno));
                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "cantWrite", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
                    willexit = TRUE;
                }

                if (willexit) {
                    goto error_exit;
                }
            } while (!toSawEndOfUnicode);
        } while (!fromSawEndOfBytes);
    } while (!flush);           // Stop when we have flushed the
                                // converters (this means that it's
                                // the end of output)

    goto normal_exit;

error_exit:
    ret = FALSE;

normal_exit:
    // Cleanup.

    ucnv_close(convfrom);
    ucnv_close(convto);

#if !UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION
    delete t;
#endif

    if (infile != stdin) {
        fclose(infile);
    }

    return ret;
}

static void usage(const char *pname, int ecode) {
    const UChar *msg;
    int32_t msgLen;
    UErrorCode err = U_ZERO_ERROR;
    FILE *fp = ecode ? stderr : stdout;
    int res;

    initMsg(pname);
    msg =
        ures_getStringByKey(gBundle, ecode ? "lcUsageWord" : "ucUsageWord",
                            &msgLen, &err);
    UnicodeString upname(pname, (int32_t)(uprv_strlen(pname) + 1));
    UnicodeString mname(msg, msgLen + 1);

    res = u_wmsg(fp, "usage", mname.getBuffer(), upname.getBuffer());
    if (!ecode) {
        if (!res) {
            fputc('\n', fp);
        }
        if (!u_wmsg(fp, "help")) {
            /* Now dump callbacks and finish. */

            int i, count =
                sizeof(transcode_callbacks) / sizeof(*transcode_callbacks);
            for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                fprintf(fp, " %s", transcode_callbacks[i].name);
            }
            fputc('\n', fp);
        }
    }

    exit(ecode);
}

extern int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    FILE *outfile;
    int ret = 0;

    size_t bufsz = DEFAULT_BUFSZ;

    const char *fromcpage = 0;
    const char *tocpage = 0;
    const char *translit = 0;
    const char *outfilestr = 0;
    UBool fallback = FALSE;

    UConverterFromUCallback fromucallback = UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_STOP;
    const void *fromuctxt = 0;
    UConverterToUCallback toucallback = UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_STOP;
    const void *touctxt = 0;

    char **iter, **remainArgv, **remainArgvLimit;
    char **end = argv + argc;

    const char *pname;

    UBool printConvs = FALSE, printCanon = FALSE, printTranslits = FALSE;
    const char *printName = 0;

    UBool verbose = FALSE;
    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;

    ConvertFile cf;

    /* Initialize ICU */
    u_init(&status);
    if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: can not initialize ICU.  status = %s\n",
            argv[0], u_errorName(status));
        exit(1);
    }

    // Get and prettify pname.
    pname = uprv_strrchr(*argv, U_FILE_SEP_CHAR);
#ifdef U_WINDOWS
    if (!pname) {
        pname = uprv_strrchr(*argv, '/');
    }
#endif
    if (!pname) {
        pname = *argv;
    } else {
        ++pname;
    }

    // First, get the arguments from command-line
    // to know the codepages to convert between

    remainArgv = remainArgvLimit = argv + 1;
    for (iter = argv + 1; iter != end; iter++) {
        // Check for from charset
        if (strcmp("-f", *iter) == 0 || !strcmp("--from-code", *iter)) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end)
                fromcpage = *iter;
            else
                usage(pname, 1);
        } else if (strcmp("-t", *iter) == 0 || !strcmp("--to-code", *iter)) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end)
                tocpage = *iter;
            else
                usage(pname, 1);
        } else if (strcmp("-x", *iter) == 0) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end)
                translit = *iter;
            else
                usage(pname, 1);
        } else if (!strcmp("--fallback", *iter)) {
            fallback = TRUE;
        } else if (!strcmp("--no-fallback", *iter)) {
            fallback = FALSE;
        } else if (strcmp("-b", *iter) == 0 || !strcmp("--block-size", *iter)) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end) {
                bufsz = atoi(*iter);
                if ((int) bufsz <= 0) {
                    initMsg(pname);
                    UnicodeString str(*iter);
                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "badBlockSize", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
                    return 3;
                }
            } else {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
        } else if (strcmp("-l", *iter) == 0 || !strcmp("--list", *iter)) {
            if (printTranslits) {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
            printConvs = TRUE;
        } else if (strcmp("--default-code", *iter) == 0) {
            if (printTranslits) {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
            printName = ucnv_getDefaultName();
        } else if (strcmp("--list-code", *iter) == 0) {
            if (printTranslits) {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }

            iter++;
            if (iter != end) {
                UErrorCode e = U_ZERO_ERROR;
                printName = ucnv_getAlias(*iter, 0, &e);
                if (U_FAILURE(e) || !printName) {
                    UnicodeString str(*iter);
                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "noSuchCodeset", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
                    return 2;
                }
            } else
                usage(pname, 1);
        } else if (strcmp("--canon", *iter) == 0) {
            printCanon = TRUE;
        } else if (strcmp("-L", *iter) == 0
            || !strcmp("--list-transliterators", *iter)) {
            if (printConvs) {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
            printTranslits = TRUE;
        } else if (strcmp("-h", *iter) == 0 || !strcmp("-?", *iter)
            || !strcmp("--help", *iter)) {
            usage(pname, 0);
        } else if (!strcmp("-c", *iter)) {
            fromucallback = UCNV_FROM_U_CALLBACK_SKIP;
        } else if (!strcmp("--to-callback", *iter)) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end) {
                const struct callback_ent *cbe = findCallback(*iter);
                if (cbe) {
                    fromucallback = cbe->fromu;
                    fromuctxt = cbe->fromuctxt;
                } else {
                    UnicodeString str(*iter);
                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "unknownCallback", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
                    return 4;
                }
            } else {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp("--from-callback", *iter)) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end) {
                const struct callback_ent *cbe = findCallback(*iter);
                if (cbe) {
                    toucallback = cbe->tou;
                    touctxt = cbe->touctxt;
                } else {
                    UnicodeString str(*iter);
                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "unknownCallback", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
                    return 4;
                }
            } else {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp("-i", *iter)) {
            toucallback = UCNV_TO_U_CALLBACK_SKIP;
        } else if (!strcmp("--callback", *iter)) {
            iter++;
            if (iter != end) {
                const struct callback_ent *cbe = findCallback(*iter);
                if (cbe) {
                    fromucallback = cbe->fromu;
                    fromuctxt = cbe->fromuctxt;
                    toucallback = cbe->tou;
                    touctxt = cbe->touctxt;
                } else {
                    UnicodeString str(*iter);
                    initMsg(pname);
                    u_wmsg(stderr, "unknownCallback", str.getTerminatedBuffer());
                    return 4;
                }
            } else {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
        } else if (!strcmp("-s", *iter) || !strcmp("--silent", *iter)) {
            verbose = FALSE;
        } else if (!strcmp("-v", *iter) || !strcmp("--verbose", *iter)) {
            verbose = TRUE;
        } else if (!strcmp("-V", *iter) || !strcmp("--version", *iter)) {
            printf("%s v2.1  ICU " U_ICU_VERSION "\n", pname);
            return 0;
        } else if (!strcmp("-o", *iter) || !strcmp("--output", *iter)) {
            ++iter;
            if (iter != end && !outfilestr) {
                outfilestr = *iter;
            } else {
                usage(pname, 1);
            }
        } else if (0 == strcmp("--add-signature", *iter)) {
            cf.signature = 1;
        } else if (0 == strcmp("--remove-signature", *iter)) {
            cf.signature = -1;
        } else if (**iter == '-' && (*iter)[1]) {
            usage(pname, 1);
        } else {
            // move a non-option up in argv[]
            *remainArgvLimit++ = *iter;
        }
    }

    if (printConvs || printName) {
        return printConverters(pname, printName, printCanon) ? 2 : 0;
    } else if (printTranslits) {
        return printTransliterators(printCanon) ? 3 : 0;
    }

    if (!fromcpage || !uprv_strcmp(fromcpage, "-")) {
        fromcpage = ucnv_getDefaultName();
    }
    if (!tocpage || !uprv_strcmp(tocpage, "-")) {
        tocpage = ucnv_getDefaultName();
    }

    // Open the correct output file or connect to stdout for reading input
    if (outfilestr != 0 && strcmp(outfilestr, "-")) {
        outfile = fopen(outfilestr, "wb");
        if (outfile == 0) {
            UnicodeString str1(outfilestr, "");
            UnicodeString str2(strerror(errno), "");
            initMsg(pname);
            u_wmsg(stderr, "cantCreateOutputF",
                str1.getBuffer(), str2.getBuffer());
            return 1;
        }
    } else {
        outfilestr = "-";
        outfile = stdout;
#ifdef USE_FILENO_BINARY_MODE
        if (setmode(fileno(outfile), O_BINARY) == -1) {
            u_wmsg(stderr, "cantSetOutBinMode");
            exit(-1);
        }
#endif
    }

    /* Loop again on the arguments to find all the input files, and
    convert them. */

    cf.setBufferSize(bufsz);

    if(remainArgv < remainArgvLimit) {
        for (iter = remainArgv; iter != remainArgvLimit; iter++) {
            if (!cf.convertFile(
                    pname, fromcpage, toucallback, touctxt, tocpage,
                    fromucallback, fromuctxt, fallback, translit, *iter,
                    outfile, verbose)
            ) {
                goto error_exit;
            }
        }
    } else {
        if (!cf.convertFile(
                pname, fromcpage, toucallback, touctxt, tocpage,
                fromucallback, fromuctxt, fallback, translit, 0,
                outfile, verbose)
        ) {
            goto error_exit;
        }
    }

    goto normal_exit;
error_exit:
    ret = 1;
normal_exit:

    if (outfile != stdout) {
        fclose(outfile);
    }

    return ret;
}


/*
 * Hey, Emacs, please set the following:
 *
 * Local Variables:
 * indent-tabs-mode: nil
 * End:
 *
 */