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+ + +

Concluding Remarks

+ +

+We would like to conclude this GNU gettext manual by presenting +an history of the Translation Project so far. We finally give +a few pointers for those who want to do further research or readings +about Native Language Support matters. + +

+ + + +

History of GNU gettext

+ +

+Internationalization concerns and algorithms have been informally +and casually discussed for years in GNU, sometimes around GNU +libc, maybe around the incoming Hurd, or otherwise +(nobody clearly remembers). And even then, when the work started for +real, this was somewhat independently of these previous discussions. + +

+

+This all began in July 1994, when Patrick D'Cruze had the idea and +initiative of internationalizing version 3.9.2 of GNU fileutils. +He then asked Jim Meyering, the maintainer, how to get those changes +folded into an official release. That first draft was full of +#ifdefs and somewhat disconcerting, and Jim wanted to find +nicer ways. Patrick and Jim shared some tries and experimentations +in this area. Then, feeling that this might eventually have a deeper +impact on GNU, Jim wanted to know what standards were, and contacted +Richard Stallman, who very quickly and verbally described an overall +design for what was meant to become glocale, at that time. + +

+

+Jim implemented glocale and got a lot of exhausting feedback +from Patrick and Richard, of course, but also from Mitchum DSouza +(who wrote a catgets-like package), Roland McGrath, maybe David +MacKenzie, Fran@,{c}ois Pinard, and Paul Eggert, all pushing and +pulling in various directions, not always compatible, to the extent +that after a couple of test releases, glocale was torn apart. + +

+

+While Jim took some distance and time and became dad for a second +time, Roland wanted to get GNU libc internationalized, and +got Ulrich Drepper involved in that project. Instead of starting +from glocale, Ulrich rewrote something from scratch, but +more conformant to the set of guidelines who emerged out of the +glocale effort. Then, Ulrich got people from the previous +forum to involve themselves into this new project, and the switch +from glocale to what was first named msgutils, renamed +nlsutils, and later gettext, became officially accepted +by Richard in May 1995 or so. + +

+

+Let's summarize by saying that Ulrich Drepper wrote GNU gettext +in April 1995. The first official release of the package, including +PO mode, occurred in July 1995, and was numbered 0.7. Other people +contributed to the effort by providing a discussion forum around +Ulrich, writing little pieces of code, or testing. These are quoted +in the THANKS file which comes with the GNU gettext +distribution. + +

+

+While this was being done, Fran@,{c}ois adapted half a dozen of +GNU packages to glocale first, then later to gettext, +putting them in pretest, so providing along the way an effective +user environment for fine tuning the evolving tools. He also took +the responsibility of organizing and coordinating the Translation +Project. After nearly a year of informal exchanges between people from +many countries, translator teams started to exist in May 1995, through +the creation and support by Patrick D'Cruze of twenty unmoderated +mailing lists for that many native languages, and two moderated +lists: one for reaching all teams at once, the other for reaching +all willing maintainers of internationalized free software packages. + +

+

+Fran@,{c}ois also wrote PO mode in June 1995 with the collaboration +of Greg McGary, as a kind of contribution to Ulrich's package. +He also gave a hand with the GNU gettext Texinfo manual. + +

+ + +

Related Readings

+ +

+Eugene H. Dorr (`dorre@well.com') maintains an interesting +bibliography on internationalization matters, called +Internationalization Reference List, which is available as: + +

+ftp://ftp.ora.com/pub/examples/nutshell/ujip/doc/i18n-books.txt
+
+ +

+Michael Gschwind (`mike@vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at') maintains a +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) list, entitled Programming for +Internationalisation. This FAQ discusses writing programs which +can handle different language conventions, character sets, etc.; +and is applicable to all character set encodings, with particular +emphasis on ISO 8859-1. It is regularly published in Usenet +groups `comp.unix.questions', `comp.std.internat', +`comp.software.international', `comp.lang.c', +`comp.windows.x', `comp.std.c', `comp.answers' +and `news.answers'. The home location of this document is: + +

+ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/ISO-programming
+
+ +

+Patrick D'Cruze (`pdcruze@li.org') wrote a tutorial about NLS +matters, and Jochen Hein (`Hein@student.tu-clausthal.de') took +over the responsibility of maintaining it. It may be found as: + +

+ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/nls/catalogs/Incoming/...
+     ...locale-tutorial-0.8.txt.gz
+
+ +

+This site is mirrored in: + +

+ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/
+
+ +

+A French version of the same tutorial should be findable at: + +

+ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/french/docs/
+
+ +

+together with French translations of many Linux-related documents. + +

+


+

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