X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/wxWidgets.git/blobdiff_plain/687706f5e722ac8a39172024f794ae0ffbd190e2..f1d5aa4eca541a2f90044a63f555985d6bd4adf3:/samples/scroll/scroll.cpp diff --git a/samples/scroll/scroll.cpp b/samples/scroll/scroll.cpp index db04ec3db1..c879b87686 100644 --- a/samples/scroll/scroll.cpp +++ b/samples/scroll/scroll.cpp @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -/* - * Program: scroll - * - * Author: Robert Roebling - * - * Copyright: (C) 1998, Robert Roebling - * 2002, Ron Lee - * 2003, Matt Gregory - * - */ +///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// +// Name: scroll.cpp +// Purpose: wxScrolledWindow sample +// Author: Robert Roebling +// Modified by: +// Created: +// RCS-ID: $Id$ +// Copyright: (C) 1998 Robert Roebling, 2002 Ron Lee, 2003 Matt Gregory +// Licence: wxWindows license +///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // For compilers that support precompilation, includes "wx/wx.h". #include "wx/wxprec.h" @@ -25,6 +25,104 @@ #include "wx/sizer.h" #include "wx/log.h" +const long ID_QUIT = wxID_EXIT; +const long ID_ABOUT = wxID_ABOUT; +const long ID_DELETE_ALL = 100; +const long ID_INSERT_NEW = 101; + +// ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +// a trivial example +// ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +class MySimpleFrame; +class MySimpleCanvas; + +// MySimpleCanvas + +class MySimpleCanvas: public wxScrolledWindow +{ +public: + MySimpleCanvas() { } + MySimpleCanvas( wxWindow *parent, wxWindowID, const wxPoint &pos, const wxSize &size ); + + void OnPaint( wxPaintEvent &event ); + +private: + DECLARE_DYNAMIC_CLASS(MyCanvas) + DECLARE_EVENT_TABLE() +}; + +IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC_CLASS(MySimpleCanvas, wxScrolledWindow) + +BEGIN_EVENT_TABLE(MySimpleCanvas, wxScrolledWindow) + EVT_PAINT( MySimpleCanvas::OnPaint) +END_EVENT_TABLE() + +MySimpleCanvas::MySimpleCanvas( wxWindow *parent, wxWindowID id, + const wxPoint &pos, const wxSize &size ) + : wxScrolledWindow( parent, id, pos, size, wxSUNKEN_BORDER, _T("test canvas") ) +{ + SetScrollRate( 10, 10 ); + SetVirtualSize( 92, 97 ); + SetBackgroundColour( *wxWHITE ); +} + +void MySimpleCanvas::OnPaint( wxPaintEvent &WXUNUSED(event) ) +{ + wxPaintDC dc(this); + PrepareDC( dc ); + + dc.SetPen( *wxRED_PEN ); + dc.SetBrush( *wxTRANSPARENT_BRUSH ); + dc.DrawRectangle( 0,0,92,97 ); +} + +// MySimpleFrame + +class MySimpleFrame: public wxFrame +{ +public: + MySimpleFrame(); + + void OnQuit( wxCommandEvent &event ); + + MySimpleCanvas *m_canvas; + +private: + DECLARE_DYNAMIC_CLASS(MySimpleFrame) + DECLARE_EVENT_TABLE() +}; + + +IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC_CLASS( MySimpleFrame, wxFrame ) + +BEGIN_EVENT_TABLE(MySimpleFrame,wxFrame) + EVT_MENU (ID_QUIT, MySimpleFrame::OnQuit) +END_EVENT_TABLE() + +MySimpleFrame::MySimpleFrame() + : wxFrame( (wxFrame *)NULL, wxID_ANY, _T("wxScrolledWindow sample"), + wxPoint(120,120), wxSize(150,150) ) +{ + wxMenu *file_menu = new wxMenu(); + file_menu->Append( ID_QUIT, _T("E&xit\tAlt-X")); + + wxMenuBar *menu_bar = new wxMenuBar(); + menu_bar->Append(file_menu, _T("&File")); + + SetMenuBar( menu_bar ); + + m_canvas = new MySimpleCanvas( this, wxID_ANY, wxPoint(0,0), wxSize(100,100) ); +} + +void MySimpleFrame::OnQuit( wxCommandEvent &WXUNUSED(event) ) +{ + Close( true ); +} + +// ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +// a complex example +// ---------------------------------------------------------------------- // derived classes @@ -45,7 +143,8 @@ public: void OnDeleteButton( wxCommandEvent &event ); void OnMoveButton( wxCommandEvent &event ); void OnScrollWin( wxCommandEvent &event ); - void OnMouseDown( wxMouseEvent &event ); + void OnMouseRightDown( wxMouseEvent &event ); + void OnMouseWheel( wxMouseEvent &event ); wxButton *m_button; @@ -129,7 +228,7 @@ public: { // no horz scrolling SetScrollRate( 0, m_hLine ); - SetVirtualSize( -1, ( m_nLines + 1 ) * m_hLine ); + SetVirtualSize( wxDefaultCoord, ( m_nLines + 1 ) * m_hLine ); } virtual void OnDraw(wxDC& dc); @@ -170,12 +269,14 @@ public: // interface static wxRect DCNormalize(wxCoord x, wxCoord y, wxCoord w, wxCoord h); protected: // event stuff - DECLARE_EVENT_TABLE() void OnDraw(wxDC& dc); void OnMouseLeftDown(wxMouseEvent& event); void OnMouseLeftUp(wxMouseEvent& event); void OnMouseMove(wxMouseEvent& event); + void OnMouseCaptureLost(wxMouseCaptureLostEvent& event); void OnScroll(wxScrollWinEvent& event); + + DECLARE_EVENT_TABLE() }; // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -234,7 +335,8 @@ IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC_CLASS(MyCanvas, wxScrolledWindow) BEGIN_EVENT_TABLE(MyCanvas, wxScrolledWindow) EVT_PAINT( MyCanvas::OnPaint) - EVT_MOUSE_EVENTS( MyCanvas::OnMouseDown) + EVT_RIGHT_DOWN( MyCanvas::OnMouseRightDown) + EVT_MOUSEWHEEL( MyCanvas::OnMouseWheel) EVT_BUTTON( ID_QUERYPOS, MyCanvas::OnQueryPosition) EVT_BUTTON( ID_ADDBUTTON, MyCanvas::OnAddButton) EVT_BUTTON( ID_DELBUTTON, MyCanvas::OnDeleteButton) @@ -322,18 +424,25 @@ MyCanvas::MyCanvas( wxWindow *parent, wxWindowID id, SetCursor( wxCursor( wxCURSOR_IBEAM ) ); } -void MyCanvas::OnMouseDown( wxMouseEvent &event ) +void MyCanvas::OnMouseRightDown( wxMouseEvent &event ) { - if (event.LeftDown()) - { - wxPoint pt( event.GetPosition() ); - int x,y; - CalcUnscrolledPosition( pt.x, pt.y, &x, &y ); - wxLogMessage( wxT("Mouse down event at: %d %d, scrolled: %d %d"), pt.x, pt.y, x, y ); + wxPoint pt( event.GetPosition() ); + int x,y; + CalcUnscrolledPosition( pt.x, pt.y, &x, &y ); + wxLogMessage( wxT("Mouse down event at: %d %d, scrolled: %d %d"), pt.x, pt.y, x, y ); +} - if ( !event.LeftIsDown() ) - wxLogMessage( wxT("Error: LeftIsDown() should be true if for LeftDown()") ); - } +void MyCanvas::OnMouseWheel( wxMouseEvent &event ) +{ + wxPoint pt( event.GetPosition() ); + int x,y; + CalcUnscrolledPosition( pt.x, pt.y, &x, &y ); + wxLogMessage( wxT("Mouse wheel event at: %d %d, scrolled: %d %d\n") + wxT("Rotation: %d, delta = %d"), + pt.x, pt.y, x, y, + event.GetWheelRotation(), event.GetWheelDelta() ); + + event.Skip(); } void MyCanvas::OnPaint( wxPaintEvent &WXUNUSED(event) ) @@ -390,7 +499,7 @@ void MyCanvas::OnScrollWin( wxCommandEvent &WXUNUSED(event) ) wxLogMessage( wxT("Scrolling 2 units up.\nThe white square and the controls should move equally!") ); int x,y; GetViewStart( &x, &y ); - Scroll( -1, y+2 ); + Scroll( wxDefaultCoord, y+2 ); } // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -406,7 +515,8 @@ BEGIN_EVENT_TABLE( MyAutoScrollWindow, wxScrolledWindow) END_EVENT_TABLE() MyAutoScrollWindow::MyAutoScrollWindow( wxWindow *parent ) - : wxScrolledWindow( parent ) + : wxScrolledWindow( parent, -1, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, + wxSUNKEN_BORDER|wxScrolledWindowStyle ) { SetBackgroundColour( wxT("GREEN") ); @@ -425,16 +535,11 @@ MyAutoScrollWindow::MyAutoScrollWindow( wxWindow *parent ) wxDefaultPosition, SMALL_BUTTON ); - // We need to do this here, because wxADJUST_MINSIZE below - // will cause the initial size to be ignored for Best/Min size. - // It would be nice to fix the sizers to handle this a little - // more cleanly. - m_button->SetSizeHints( SMALL_BUTTON.GetWidth(), SMALL_BUTTON.GetHeight() ); innersizer->Add( m_button, 0, - wxALIGN_CENTER | wxALL | wxADJUST_MINSIZE, + wxALIGN_CENTER | wxALL, 20 ); innersizer->Add( new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _T("This is just") ), @@ -474,11 +579,6 @@ void MyAutoScrollWindow::OnResizeClick( wxCommandEvent &WXUNUSED( event ) ) // MyFrame // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -const long ID_QUIT = wxNewId(); -const long ID_ABOUT = wxNewId(); -const long ID_DELETE_ALL = wxNewId(); -const long ID_INSERT_NEW = wxNewId(); - IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC_CLASS( MyFrame, wxFrame ) BEGIN_EVENT_TABLE(MyFrame,wxFrame) @@ -520,7 +620,7 @@ MyFrame::MyFrame() // This is done with ScrollRate/VirtualSize in MyCanvas ctor now, // both should produce identical results. //m_canvas->SetScrollbars( 10, 10, 50, 100 ); - + subsizer->Add( m_canvas, 1, wxEXPAND ); subsizer->Add( new MyAutoScrollWindow( this ), 1, wxEXPAND ); @@ -568,10 +668,16 @@ void MyFrame::OnAbout( wxCommandEvent &WXUNUSED(event) ) bool MyApp::OnInit() { - wxFrame *frame = new MyFrame(); - frame->Show( true ); + if ( !wxApp::OnInit() ) + return false; + + wxFrame *frame = new MyFrame(); + frame->Show( true ); - return true; + frame = new MySimpleFrame(); + frame->Show(); + + return true; } // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -591,7 +697,7 @@ void MyScrolledWindowDumb::OnDraw(wxDC& dc) CalcScrolledPosition(0, y, NULL, &yPhys); dc.DrawText(wxString::Format(_T("Line %u (logical %d, physical %d)"), - line, y, yPhys), 0, y); + unsigned(line), y, yPhys), 0, y); y += m_hLine; } } @@ -620,7 +726,7 @@ void MyScrolledWindowSmart::OnDraw(wxDC& dc) CalcScrolledPosition(0, y, NULL, &yPhys); dc.DrawText(wxString::Format(_T("Line %u (logical %d, physical %d)"), - line, y, yPhys), 0, y); + unsigned(line), y, yPhys), 0, y); y += m_hLine; } } @@ -633,11 +739,12 @@ BEGIN_EVENT_TABLE(MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow, wxScrolledWindow) EVT_LEFT_DOWN(MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnMouseLeftDown) EVT_LEFT_UP(MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnMouseLeftUp) EVT_MOTION(MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnMouseMove) + EVT_MOUSE_CAPTURE_LOST(MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnMouseCaptureLost) EVT_SCROLLWIN(MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnScroll) END_EVENT_TABLE() MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow(wxWindow* parent) - : wxScrolledWindow(parent, -1, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize + : wxScrolledWindow(parent, wxID_ANY, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize //, wxSUNKEN_BORDER) // can't seem to do it this way , wxVSCROLL | wxHSCROLL | wxSUNKEN_BORDER) , m_selStart(-1, -1), m_cursor(-1, -1) @@ -782,17 +889,17 @@ bool MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::IsSelected(int chX, int chY) const { if (IsInside(chX, m_selStart.x, m_cursor.x) && IsInside(chY, m_selStart.y, m_cursor.y)) { - return TRUE; + return true; } - return FALSE; + return false; } bool MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::IsInside(int k, int bound1, int bound2) { if ((k >= bound1 && k <= bound2) || (k >= bound2 && k <= bound1)) { - return TRUE; + return true; } - return FALSE; + return false; } wxRect MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::DCNormalize(wxCoord x, wxCoord y @@ -827,16 +934,20 @@ void MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnDraw(wxDC& dc) wxBrush selBrush(wxSystemSettings::GetColour(wxSYS_COLOUR_HIGHLIGHT) , wxSOLID); dc.SetPen(*wxTRANSPARENT_PEN); + const wxString str = sm_testData; + size_t strLength = str.length(); + wxString::const_iterator str_i; + // draw the characters // 1. for each update region for (wxRegionIterator upd(GetUpdateRegion()); upd; ++upd) { - wxSize clientSize = GetClientSize(); wxRect updRect = upd.GetRect(); wxRect updRectInGChars(DeviceCoordsToGraphicalChars(updRect)); // 2. for each row of chars in the update region for (int chY = updRectInGChars.y ; chY <= updRectInGChars.y + updRectInGChars.height; ++chY) { // 3. for each character in the row + bool isFirstX = true; for (int chX = updRectInGChars.x ; chX <= updRectInGChars.x + updRectInGChars.width ; ++chX) { @@ -855,10 +966,18 @@ void MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnDraw(wxDC& dc) (chX, chY)); // 6. draw! dc.DrawRectangle(charPos.x, charPos.y, m_fontW, m_fontH); - if (chY < sm_lineCnt && chX < sm_lineLen) { - int charIndex = chY * sm_lineLen + chX; - dc.DrawText(wxString(sm_testData[charIndex]) - , charPos.x, charPos.y); + size_t charIndex = chY * sm_lineLen + chX; + if (chY < sm_lineCnt && + chX < sm_lineLen && + charIndex < strLength) + { + if (isFirstX) + { + str_i = str.begin() + charIndex; + isFirstX = false; + } + dc.DrawText(*str_i, charPos.x, charPos.y); + ++str_i; } } } @@ -899,6 +1018,12 @@ void MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnMouseMove(wxMouseEvent& event) } } +void MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnMouseCaptureLost(wxMouseCaptureLostEvent& WXUNUSED(event)) +{ + // we only capture mouse for timed scrolling, so nothing is needed here + // other than making sure to not call event.Skip() +} + void MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnScroll(wxScrollWinEvent& event) { // need to move the cursor when autoscrolling @@ -924,135 +1049,127 @@ void MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::OnScroll(wxScrollWinEvent& event) const int MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::sm_lineCnt = 125; const int MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::sm_lineLen = 79; -const wxChar* MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::sm_testData = _T("\ -162 Cult of the genius out of vanity.— Because we think well of ourselves, but \ -nonetheless never suppose ourselves capable of producing a painting like one of\ -Raphael's or a dramatic scene like one of Shakespeare's, we convince ourselves \ -that the capacity to do so is quite extraordinarily marvelous, a wholly \ -uncommon accident, or, if we are still religiously inclined, a mercy from on \ -high. Thus our vanity, our self-love, promotes the cult of the genius: for only\ -if we think of him as being very remote from us, as a miraculum, does he not \ -aggrieve us (even Goethe, who was without envy, called Shakespeare his star of \ -the most distant heights [\"William! Stern der schönsten Ferne\": from Goethe's, \ -\"Between Two Worlds\"]; in regard to which one might recall the lines: \"the \ -stars, these we do not desire\" [from Goethe's, \"Comfort in Tears\"]). But, aside\ -from these suggestions of our vanity, the activity of the genius seems in no \ -way fundamentally different from the activity of the inventor of machines, the \ -scholar of astronomy or history, the master of tactics. All these activities \ -are explicable if one pictures to oneself people whose thinking is active in \ -one direction, who employ everything as material, who always zealously observe \ -their own inner life and that of others, who perceive everywhere models and \ -incentives, who never tire of combining together the means available to them. \ -Genius too does nothing except learn first how to lay bricks then how to build,\ -except continually seek for material and continually form itself around it. \ -Every activity of man is amazingly complicated, not only that of the genius: \ -but none is a \"miracle.\"— Whence, then, the belief that genius exists only in \ -the artist, orator and philosopher? that only they have \"intuition\"? (Whereby \ -they are supposed to possess a kind of miraculous eyeglass with which they can \ -see directly into \"the essence of the thing\"!) It is clear that people speak of\ -") _T("\ -genius only where the effects of the great intellect are most pleasant to them \ -and where they have no desire to feel envious. To call someone \"divine\" means: \ -\"here there is no need for us to compete.\" Then, everything finished and \ -complete is regarded with admiration, everything still becoming is undervalued.\ -But no one can see in the work of the artist how it has become; that is its \ -advantage, for wherever one can see the act of becoming one grows somewhat \ -cool. The finished and perfect art of representation repulses all thinking as \ -to how it has become; it tyrannizes as present completeness and perfection. \ -That is why the masters of the art of representation count above all as gifted \ -with genius and why men of science do not. In reality, this evaluation of the \ -former and undervaluation of the latter is only a piece of childishness in the \ -realm of reason. \ - \ - \ -163 The serious workman.— Do not talk about giftedness, inborn talents! One can\ -name great men of all kinds who were very little gifted. The acquired \ -greatness, became \"geniuses\" (as we put it), through qualities the lack of \ -which no one who knew what they were would boast of: they all possessed that \ -seriousness of the efficient workman which first learns to construct the parts \ -properly before it ventures to fashion a great whole; they allowed themselves \ -time for it, because they took more pleasure in making the little, secondary \ -things well than in the effect of a dazzling whole. the recipe for becoming a \ -good novelist, for example, is easy to give, but to carry it out presupposes \ -qualities one is accustomed to overlook when one says \"I do not have enough \ -talent.\" One has only to make a hundred or so sketches for novels, none longer \ -") _T("\ -than two pages but of such distinctness that every word in them is necessary; \ -one should write down anecdotes each day until one has learned how to give them\ -the most pregnant and effective form; one should be tireless in collecting and \ -describing human types and characters; one should above all relate things to \ -others and listen to others relate, keeping one's eyes and ears open for the \ -effect produced on those present, one should travel like a landscape painter or\ -costume designer; one should excerpt for oneself out of the individual sciences\ -everything that will produce an artistic effect when it is well described, one \ -should, finally, reflect on the motives of human actions, disdain no signpost \ -to instruction about them and be a collector of these things by day and night. \ -One should continue in this many-sided exercise some ten years: what is then \ -created in the workshop, however, will be fit to go out into the world.— What, \ -however, do most people do? They begin, not with the parts, but with the whole.\ -Perhaps they chance to strike a right note, excite attention and from then on \ -strike worse and worse notes, for good, natural reasons.— Sometimes, when the \ -character and intellect needed to formulate such a life-plan are lacking, fate \ -and need take their place and lead the future master step by step through all \ -the stipulations of his trade. \ - \ - \ -164 Peril and profit in the cult of the genius.— The belief in great, superior,\ -fruitful spirits is not necessarily, yet nonetheless is very frequently \ -associated with that religious or semi-religious superstition that these \ -spirits are of supra-human origin and possess certain miraculous abilities by \ -virtue of which they acquire their knowledge by quite other means than the rest\ -") _T("\ -of mankind. One ascribes to them, it seems, a direct view of the nature of the \ -world, as it were a hole in the cloak of appearance, and believes that, by \ -virtue of this miraculous seer's vision, they are able to communicate something\ -conclusive and decisive about man and the world without the toil and \ -rigorousness required by science. As long as there continue to be those who \ -believe in the miraculous in the domain of knowledge one can perhaps concede \ -that these people themselves derive some benefit from their belief, inasmuch as\ -through their unconditional subjection to the great spirits they create for \ -their own spirit during its time of development the finest form of discipline \ -and schooling. On the other hand, it is at least questionable whether the \ -superstitious belief in genius, in its privileges and special abilities, is of \ -benefit to the genius himself if it takes root in him. It is in any event a \ -dangerous sign when a man is assailed by awe of himself, whether it be the \ -celebrated Caesar's awe of Caesar or the awe of one's own genius now under \ -consideration; when the sacrificial incense which is properly rendered only to \ -a god penetrates the brain of the genius, so that his head begins to swim and \ -he comes to regard himself as something supra-human. The consequences that \ -slowly result are: the feeling of irresponsibility, of exceptional rights, the \ -belief that he confers a favor by his mere presence, insane rage when anyone \ -attempts even to compare him with others, let alone to rate him beneath them, \ -or to draw attention to lapses in his work. Because he ceases to practice \ -criticism of himself, at last one pinion after the other falls out of his \ -plumage: that superstitious eats at the roots of his powers and perhaps even \ -turns him into a hypocrite after his powers have fled from him. For the great \ -spirits themselves it is therefore probably more beneficial if they acquire an \ -") _T("\ -insight into the nature and origin of their powers, if they grasp, that is to \ -say, what purely human qualities have come together in them and what fortunate \ -circumstances attended them: in the first place undiminished energy, resolute \ -application to individual goals, great personal courage, then the good fortune \ -to receive an upbringing which offered in the early years the finest teachers, \ -models and methods. To be sure, when their goal is the production of the \ -greatest possible effect, unclarity with regard to oneself and that \ -semi-insanity superadded to it has always achieved much; for what has been \ -admired and envied at all times has been that power in them by virtue of which \ -they render men will-less and sweep them away into the delusion that the \ -leaders they are following are supra-natural. Indeed, it elevates and inspires \ -men to believe that someone is in possession of supra-natural powers: to this \ -extent Plato was right to say [Plato: Phaedrus, 244a] that madness has brought \ -the greatest of blessings upon mankind.— In rare individual cases this portion \ -of madness may, indeed, actually have been the means by which such a nature, \ -excessive in all directions, was held firmly together: in the life of \ -individuals, too, illusions that are in themselves poisons often play the role \ -of healers; yet, in the end, in the case of every \"genius\" who believes in his \ -own divinity the poison shows itself to the same degree as his \"genius\" grows \ -old: one may recall, for example, the case of Napoleon, whose nature certainly \ -grew into the mighty unity that sets him apart from all men of modern times \ -precisely through his belief in himself and his star and through the contempt \ -for men that flowed from it; until in the end, however, this same belief went \ -over into an almost insane fatalism, robbed him of his acuteness and swiftness \ -of perception, and became the cause of his destruction. \ -"); - +const wxChar* MyAutoTimedScrollingWindow::sm_testData = +_T("162 Cult of the genius out of vanity. Because we think well of ourselves, but ") +_T("nonetheless never suppose ourselves capable of producing a painting like one of ") +_T("Raphael's or a dramatic scene like one of Shakespeare's, we convince ourselves ") +_T("that the capacity to do so is quite extraordinarily marvelous, a wholly ") +_T("uncommon accident, or, if we are still religiously inclined, a mercy from on ") +_T("high. Thus our vanity, our self-love, promotes the cult of the genius: for only ") +_T("if we think of him as being very remote from us, as a miraculum, does he not ") +_T("aggrieve us (even Goethe, who was without envy, called Shakespeare his star of ") +_T("the most distant heights [\"William! Stern der schonsten Ferne\": from Goethe's, ") +_T("\"Between Two Worlds\"]; in regard to which one might recall the lines: \"the ") +_T("stars, these we do not desire\" [from Goethe's, \"Comfort in Tears\"]). But, aside ") +_T("from these suggestions of our vanity, the activity of the genius seems in no ") +_T("way fundamentally different from the activity of the inventor of machines, the ") +_T("scholar of astronomy or history, the master of tactics. All these activities ") +_T("are explicable if one pictures to oneself people whose thinking is active in ") +_T("one direction, who employ everything as material, who always zealously observe ") +_T("their own inner life and that of others, who perceive everywhere models and ") +_T("incentives, who never tire of combining together the means available to them. ") +_T("Genius too does nothing except learn first how to lay bricks then how to build, ") +_T("except continually seek for material and continually form itself around it. ") +_T("Every activity of man is amazingly complicated, not only that of the genius: ") +_T("but none is a \"miracle.\" Whence, then, the belief that genius exists only in ") +_T("the artist, orator and philosopher? that only they have \"intuition\"? (Whereby ") +_T("they are supposed to possess a kind of miraculous eyeglass with which they can ") +_T("see directly into \"the essence of the thing\"!) It is clear that people speak of ") +_T("genius only where the effects of the great intellect are most pleasant to them ") +_T("and where they have no desire to feel envious. To call someone \"divine\" means: ") +_T("\"here there is no need for us to compete.\" Then, everything finished and ") +_T("complete is regarded with admiration, everything still becoming is undervalued. ") +_T("But no one can see in the work of the artist how it has become; that is its ") +_T("advantage, for wherever one can see the act of becoming one grows somewhat ") +_T("cool. The finished and perfect art of representation repulses all thinking as ") +_T("to how it has become; it tyrannizes as present completeness and perfection. ") +_T("That is why the masters of the art of representation count above all as gifted ") +_T("with genius and why men of science do not. In reality, this evaluation of the ") +_T("former and undervaluation of the latter is only a piece of childishness in the ") +_T("realm of reason. ") +_T("\n\n") +_T("163 The serious workman. Do not talk about giftedness, inborn talents! One can ") +_T("name great men of all kinds who were very little gifted. The acquired ") +_T("greatness, became \"geniuses\" (as we put it), through qualities the lack of ") +_T("which no one who knew what they were would boast of: they all possessed that ") +_T("seriousness of the efficient workman which first learns to construct the parts ") +_T("properly before it ventures to fashion a great whole; they allowed themselves ") +_T("time for it, because they took more pleasure in making the little, secondary ") +_T("things well than in the effect of a dazzling whole. the recipe for becoming a ") +_T("good novelist, for example, is easy to give, but to carry it out presupposes ") +_T("qualities one is accustomed to overlook when one says \"I do not have enough ") +_T("talent.\" One has only to make a hundred or so sketches for novels, none longer ") +_T("than two pages but of such distinctness that every word in them is necessary; ") +_T("one should write down anecdotes each day until one has learned how to give them ") +_T("the most pregnant and effective form; one should be tireless in collecting and ") +_T("describing human types and characters; one should above all relate things to ") +_T("others and listen to others relate, keeping one's eyes and ears open for the ") +_T("effect produced on those present, one should travel like a landscape painter or ") +_T("costume designer; one should excerpt for oneself out of the individual sciences ") +_T("everything that will produce an artistic effect when it is well described, one ") +_T("should, finally, reflect on the motives of human actions, disdain no signpost ") +_T("to instruction about them and be a collector of these things by day and night. ") +_T("One should continue in this many-sided exercise some ten years: what is then ") +_T("created in the workshop, however, will be fit to go out into the world. What, ") +_T("however, do most people do? They begin, not with the parts, but with the whole. ") +_T("Perhaps they chance to strike a right note, excite attention and from then on ") +_T("strike worse and worse notes, for good, natural reasons. Sometimes, when the ") +_T("character and intellect needed to formulate such a life-plan are lacking, fate ") +_T("and need take their place and lead the future master step by step through all ") +_T("the stipulations of his trade. ") +_T("\n\n") +_T("164 Peril and profit in the cult of the genius. The belief in great, superior, ") +_T("fruitful spirits is not necessarily, yet nonetheless is very frequently ") +_T("associated with that religious or semi-religious superstition that these ") +_T("spirits are of supra-human origin and possess certain miraculous abilities by ") +_T("virtue of which they acquire their knowledge by quite other means than the rest ") +_T("of mankind. One ascribes to them, it seems, a direct view of the nature of the ") +_T("world, as it were a hole in the cloak of appearance, and believes that, by ") +_T("virtue of this miraculous seer's vision, they are able to communicate something ") +_T("conclusive and decisive about man and the world without the toil and ") +_T("rigorousness required by science. As long as there continue to be those who ") +_T("believe in the miraculous in the domain of knowledge one can perhaps concede ") +_T("that these people themselves derive some benefit from their belief, inasmuch as ") +_T("through their unconditional subjection to the great spirits they create for ") +_T("their own spirit during its time of development the finest form of discipline ") +_T("and schooling. On the other hand, it is at least questionable whether the ") +_T("superstitious belief in genius, in its privileges and special abilities, is of ") +_T("benefit to the genius himself if it takes root in him. It is in any event a ") +_T("dangerous sign when a man is assailed by awe of himself, whether it be the ") +_T("celebrated Caesar's awe of Caesar or the awe of one's own genius now under ") +_T("consideration; when the sacrificial incense which is properly rendered only to ") +_T("a god penetrates the brain of the genius, so that his head begins to swim and ") +_T("he comes to regard himself as something supra-human. The consequences that ") +_T("slowly result are: the feeling of irresponsibility, of exceptional rights, the ") +_T("belief that he confers a favor by his mere presence, insane rage when anyone ") +_T("attempts even to compare him with others, let alone to rate him beneath them, ") +_T("or to draw attention to lapses in his work. Because he ceases to practice ") +_T("criticism of himself, at last one pinion after the other falls out of his ") +_T("plumage: that superstitious eats at the roots of his powers and perhaps even ") +_T("turns him into a hypocrite after his powers have fled from him. For the great ") +_T("spirits themselves it is therefore probably more beneficial if they acquire an ") +_T("insight into the nature and origin of their powers, if they grasp, that is to ") +_T("say, what purely human qualities have come together in them and what fortunate ") +_T("circumstances attended them: in the first place undiminished energy, resolute ") +_T("application to individual goals, great personal courage, then the good fortune ") +_T("to receive an upbringing which offered in the early years the finest teachers, ") +_T("models and methods. To be sure, when their goal is the production of the ") +_T("greatest possible effect, unclarity with regard to oneself and that ") +_T("semi-insanity superadded to it has always achieved much; for what has been ") +_T("admired and envied at all times has been that power in them by virtue of which ") +_T("they render men will-less and sweep them away into the delusion that the ") +_T("leaders they are following are supra-natural. Indeed, it elevates and inspires ") +_T("men to believe that someone is in possession of supra-natural powers: to this ") +_T("extent Plato was right to say [Plato: Phaedrus, 244a] that madness has brought ") +_T("the greatest of blessings upon mankind. In rare individual cases this portion ") +_T("of madness may, indeed, actually have been the means by which such a nature, ") +_T("excessive in all directions, was held firmly together: in the life of ") +_T("individuals, too, illusions that are in themselves poisons often play the role ") +_T("of healers; yet, in the end, in the case of every \"genius\" who believes in his ") +_T("own divinity the poison shows itself to the same degree as his \"genius\" grows ") +_T("old: one may recall, for example, the case of Napoleon, whose nature certainly ") +_T("grew into the mighty unity that sets him apart from all men of modern times ") +_T("precisely through his belief in himself and his star and through the contempt ") +_T("for men that flowed from it; until in the end, however, this same belief went ") +_T("over into an almost insane fatalism, robbed him of his acuteness and swiftness ") +_T("of perception, and became the cause of his destruction.");