\section{What is wxWindows?}
wxWindows is a C++ framework providing GUI (Graphical User
-Interface) and other facilities on more than one platform. It currently
-supports subsets of Motif, Xt and MS Windows (16-bit, Windows 95 and Windows NT).
+Interface) and other facilities on more than one platform. Version 2 currently
+supports MS Windows (16-bit, Windows 95 and Windows NT), Unix with GTK+, Unix with Motif,
+and Mac. An OS/2 port is in progress.
wxWindows was originally developed at the Artificial Intelligence
-Applications Institute, University of Edinburgh, for internal use.
-wxWindows has been released into the public domain in the hope
-that others will also find it useful. Version 2.0 is written and
-maintained by Julian Smart and Markus Holzem, with support from users.
+Applications Institute, University of Edinburgh, for internal use,
+and was first made publicly available in 1993.
+Version 2 is a vastly improved version written and maintained by
+Julian Smart, Robert Roebling, Vadim Zeitlin and many others.
This manual discusses wxWindows in the context of multi-platform
development.\helpignore{For more detail on the wxWindows version 2.0 API
wxWindows was developed to provide a cheap and flexible way to maximize
investment in GUI application development. While a number of commercial
-class libraries already exist for cross-platform development,
+class libraries already existed for cross-platform development,
none met all of the following criteria:
\begin{enumerate}\itemsep=0pt
\item support for a wide range of compilers.
\end{enumerate}
-As public domain software and a project open to everyone, wxWindows has
+Since wxWindows was started, several other free or almost-free GUI frameworks have
+emerged. However, none has the range of features, flexibility, documentation and the
+well-established development team that wxWindows has.
+
+As open source software, wxWindows has
benefited from comments, ideas, bug fixes, enhancements and the sheer
-enthusiasm of users, especially via the Internet. This gives wxWindows a
-certain advantage over its commercial brothers, and a robustness against
+enthusiasm of users. This gives wxWindows a
+certain advantage over its commercial competitors (and over free libraries
+without an independent development team), plus a robustness against
the transience of one individual or company. This openness and
availability of source code is especially important when the future of
thousands of lines of application code may depend upon the longevity of
the underlying class library.
-In writing wxWindows, completeness has sometimes been traded for
-portability and simplicity of programming. Version 2.0 goes much
-further than previous versions in terms of generality and features,
+Version 2 goes much further than previous versions in terms of generality and features,
allowing applications to be produced
that are often indistinguishable from those produced using single-platform
-toolkits
-such as Motif and MFC.
-
-wxWindows 2.0 currently maps to two native APIs: Motif and
-MS Windows. An Xt port is also in preparation.
+toolkits such as Motif, GTK+ and MFC.
The importance of using a platform-independent class library cannot be
overstated, since GUI application development is very time-consuming,
Code can very quickly become obsolete if it addresses the wrong
platform or audience. wxWindows helps to insulate the programmer from
these winds of change. Although wxWindows may not be suitable for
-every application, it provides access to most of the functionality a
-GUI program normally requires, plus some extras such as form
-construction, interprocess communication and PostScript output, and
-can of course be extended as needs dictate. As a bonus, it provides
-a cleaner programming interface than the native
+every application (such as an OLE-intensive program), it provides access to most of the functionality a
+GUI program normally requires, plus many extras such as network programming,
+PostScript output, and HTML rendering; and it can of course be extended as needs dictate. As a bonus, it provides
+a far cleaner and easier programming interface than the native
APIs. Programmers may find it worthwhile to use wxWindows even if they
are developing on only one platform.
\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
\item Low cost (free, in fact!)
\item You get the source.
-\item Several example programs.
-\item Over 200 pages of printable and on-line documentation.
+\item Available on a variety of popular platforms.
+\item Works with almost all popular C++ compilers and Python.
+\item Over 50 example programs.
+\item Over 1000 pages of printable and on-line documentation.
+\item Includes Tex2RTF, to allow you to produce your own documentation
+in Windows Help, HTML and Word RTF formats.
\item Simple-to-use, object-oriented API.
-\item Graphics calls include splines, polylines, rounded rectangles, etc.
-\item Constraint-based layout option.
+\item Flexible event system.
+\item Graphics calls include lines, rounded rectangles, splines, polylines, etc.
+\item Constraint-based and sizer-based layouts.
\item Print/preview and document/view architectures.
-\item Status line facility, toolbar
-\item Easy, object-oriented interprocess comms (DDE subset) under UNIX and
-MS Windows.
-\item Encapsulated PostScript generation under UNIX, normal MS Windows printing on the
-PC.
-\item MDI support under Windows.
-\item Can be used to create DLLs under Windows, dynamic libraries on the Sun.
+\item Toolbar, notebook, tree control, advanced list control classes.
+\item PostScript generation under Unix, normal MS Windows printing on the PC.
+\item MDI (Multiple Document Interface) support.
+\item Can be used to create DLLs under Windows, dynamic libraries on Unix.
\item Common dialogs for file browsing, printing, colour selection, etc.
\item Under MS Windows, support for creating metafiles and copying
them to the clipboard.
-\item Hypertext help facility, with an API for invocation from applications.
+\item An API for invoking help from applications.
+\item Ready-to-use HTML window (supporting a subset of HTML).
\item Dialog Editor for building dialogs.
+\item Network support via a family of socket and protocol classes.
+\item Support for platform independent image processing.
+\item Built-in support for many file formats (BMP, PNG, JPEG, GIF, XPM, PNM, PCX).
\end{itemize}
\section{Changes from version 1.xx}\label{versionchanges}
\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
\item XView is no longer supported;
-\item Mac is not yet supported;
\item all controls (panel items) no longer have labels attached to them;
-\item wxForm removed;
+\item wxForm has been removed;
\item wxCanvasDC, wxPanelDC removed (replaced by wxClientDC, wxWindowDC, wxPaintDC which
can be used for any window);
\item wxMultiText, wxTextWindow, wxText removed and replaced by wxTextCtrl;
\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
\item class hierarchy changed, and restrictions about subwindow nesting lifted;
-\item header files reorganised to conform to normal C++ standards;
+\item header files reorganized to conform to normal C++ standards;
\item classes less dependent on each another, to reduce executable size;
\item wxString used instead of char* wherever possible;
\item the number of separate but mandatory utilities reduced;
temporarily with the window as an argument;
\item events from sliders and scrollbars can be handled more flexibly;
\item the handling of window close events has been changed in line with the new
-event system, but backward {\bf OnClose} compatibility has been retained;
+event system;
\item the concept of {\it validator} has been added to allow much easier coding of
the relationship between controls and application data;
\item the documentation has been revised, with more cross-referencing.
\item MDI classes brought out of wxFrame into separate classes, and made more flexible.
\end{itemize}
+
+\section{Changes from version 2.0}\label{versionchanges20}
+
+These are a few of the differences between versions 2.0 and 2.2.
+
+Removals:
+
+\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
+\item GTK 1.0 no longer supported.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Additions and changes:
+
+\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
+\item Corrected many classes to conform better to documented behaviour.
+\item Added handlers for more image formats (Now GIF, JPEG, PCX, BMP, XPM, PNG, PNM).
+\item Improved support for socket and network functions.
+\item Support for different national font encodings.
+\item Sizer based layout system.
+\item HTML widget and help system.
+\item Added some controls (e.g. wxSpinCtrl) and supplemented many.
+\item Many optical improvements to GTK port.
+\item Support for menu accelerators in GTK port.
+\item Enhanced and improved support for scrolling, including child windows.
+\item Complete rewrite of clipboard and drag and drop classes.
+\item Improved support for ODBC databases.
+\item Improved tab traversal in dialogs.
+\end{itemize}
+
+
\section{wxWindows requirements}\label{requirements}
To make use of wxWindows, you currently need one or both of the
\begin{enumerate}\itemsep=0pt
\item A 486 or higher PC running MS Windows.
-\item One of Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++, Watcom C++, MetroWerks C++,
-Symantec C++, GNU-WIN32.
-\item At least 30 MB of disk space.
+\item A Windows compiler: most are supported, but please see {\tt install.txt} for
+details. Supported compilers include Microsoft Visual C++ 4.0 or higher, Borland C++, Cygwin,
+Metrowerks CodeWarrior.
+\item At least 60 MB of disk space.
\end{enumerate}
-(b) UNIX:
+(b) Unix:
\begin{enumerate}\itemsep=0pt
-\item Almost any C++ compiler, including GNU C++.
-\item Almost any UNIX workstation (VMS is supported too) and Motif 1.2 or higher (not necessary
-for the Xt version)
-\item At least 30 MB of disk space.
+\item Almost any C++ compiler, including GNU C++ (EGCS 1.1.1 or above).
+\item Almost any Unix workstation, and one of: GTK+ 1.2, Motif 1.2 or higher, Lesstif.
+\item At least 60 MB of disk space.
\end{enumerate}
\section{Availability and location of wxWindows}
-wxWindows is currently available from the Artificial Intelligence
-Applications Institute by anonymous FTP and World Wide Web:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
- ftp://ftp.aiai.ed.ac.uk/pub/packages/wxwin
- http://web.ukonline.co.uk/julian.smart/wxwin
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\section{Acknowledgments}
-
-Thanks are due to the AIAI for being willing to release wxWindows into
-the public domain, and to our patient wives Harriet and Tanja.
+\winhelponly{wxWindows is available by anonymous FTP and World Wide Web
+from ftp://www.remstar.com/pub/wxwin and/or http://www.wxwindows.org.}
+\winhelpignore{wxWindows is available by anonymous FTP and World Wide Web
+from \urlref{ftp://www.remstar.com/pub/wxwin}{ftp://www.remstar.com/pub/wxwin}
+and/or \urlref{http://www.wxwindows.org}{http://www.wxwindows.org}.}
-The Internet has been an essential prop when coming up against tricky
-problems. Thanks to those who answered our
-queries or submitted bug fixes and enhancements; wxWindows is very
-much a team effort.
+You can also buy a CD-ROM using the form on the Web site, or by contacting:
-Hermann Dunkel contributed XPM support; Arthur Seaton wrote the memory
-checking code; Olaf Klein and Patrick Halke wrote the ODBC classes;
-Harri Pasanen and Robin Dunn wrote wxPython and contributed to the
-wxExtend library.
+Julian Smart\\
+12 North Street West\\
+Uppingham\\
+Rutland\\
+LE15 9SG\\
+julian.smart@ukonline.co.uk
-Markus Holzem write the Xt port. Jonathan Tonberg, Bill Hale,
-Cecil Coupe, Thomaso Paoletti, Thomas Fettig, and others slaved away
-writing the Mac port. Keith Gary Boyce ported wxWindows to the free
-GNU-WIN32 compiler, refusing to give up when shortcuts were suggested.
+\section{Acknowledgments}
-Many thanks also to: Timothy Peters, Jamshid Afshar, Patrick Albert, C. Buckley,
-Robin Corbet, Harco de Hilster, Josep Fortiana, Torsten Liermann, Tatu
-M\"{a}nnist\"{o}, Ian Perrigo, Giordano Pezzoli, Petr Smilauer, Neil Smith,
-Kari Syst\"{a}, Jyrki Tuomi, Edward Zimmermann, Ian Brown, and many
-others.
+Thanks are due to AIAI for being willing to release the original version of
+wxWindows into the public domain, and to our patient partners.
+
+We would particularly like to thank the following for their contributions to wxWindows, and the many others who have been involved in
+the project over the years. Apologies for any unintentional omissions from this list.
+
+Yiorgos Adamopoulos, Jamshid Afshar, Alejandro Aguilar-Sierra, AIAI, Patrick Albert, Karsten Ballueder, Michael Bedward, Kai Bendorf, Yura Bidus, Keith
+Gary Boyce, Chris Breeze, Pete Britton, Ian Brown, C. Buckley, Dmitri Chubraev, Robin Corbet, Cecil Coupe, Andrew Davison, Neil Dudman, Robin
+Dunn, Hermann Dunkel, Jos van Eijndhoven, Tom Felici, Thomas Fettig, Matthew Flatt, Pasquale Foggia, Josep Fortiana, Todd Fries, Dominic Gallagher,
+Guillermo Rodriguez Garcia, Wolfram Gloger, Norbert Grotz, Stefan Gunter, Bill Hale, Patrick Halke, Stefan Hammes, Guillaume Helle, Harco de Hilster, Cord Hockemeyer, Markus
+Holzem, Olaf Klein, Leif Jensen, Bart Jourquin, Guilhem Lavaux, Jan Lessner, Nicholas Liebmann, Torsten Liermann, Per Lindqvist, Thomas Runge, Tatu
+M\"{a}nnist\"{o}, Scott Maxwell, Thomas Myers, Oliver Niedung, Stefan Neis, Hernan Otero, Ian Perrigo, Timothy Peters, Giordano Pezzoli, Harri Pasanen, Thomaso Paoletti,
+Garrett Potts, Marcel Rasche, Robert Roebling, Dino Scaringella, Jobst Schmalenbach, Arthur Seaton, Paul Shirley, Vaclav Slavik, Stein Somers, Petr Smilauer, Neil Smith,
+Kari Syst\"{a}, Arthur Tetzlaff-Deas, Jonathan Tonberg, Jyrki Tuomi, David Webster, Janos Vegh, Andrea Venturoli, Vadim Zeitlin, Xiaokun Zhu, Edward Zimmermann.
`Graphplace', the basis for the wxGraphLayout library, is copyright Dr. Jos
T.J. van Eijndhoven of Eindhoven University of Technology. The code has
been used in wxGraphLayout with his permission.
-We also acknowledge the author of XFIG, the excellent UNIX drawing tool,
+We also acknowledge the author of XFIG, the excellent Unix drawing tool,
from the source of which we have borrowed some spline drawing code.
His copyright is included below.
\section{Include files}
-The main include file is {\tt "wx.h"}; this includes the most commonly
+The main include file is {\tt "wx/wx.h"}; this includes the most commonly
used modules of wxWindows.
To save on compilation time, include only those header files relevant to the
\begin{verbatim}
// For compilers that support precompilation, includes "wx.h".
-#include "wx_prec.h"
+#include <wx/wxprec.h>
#ifdef __BORLANDC__
#pragma hdrstop
#endif
#ifndef WX_PRECOMP
-... include minimum set of files necessary here ...
+// Include your minimal set of headers here, or wx.h
+#include <wx/wx.h>
#endif
... now your other include files ...
\end{verbatim}
-The file {\tt "wx\_prec.h"} includes {\tt "wx.h"}. Although this incantation
+The file {\tt "wx/wxprec.h"} includes {\tt "wx/wx.h"}. Although this incantation
may seem quirky, it is in fact the end result of a lot of experimentation,
and several Windows compilers to use precompilation (those tested are Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++
and Watcom C++).
-Borland precompilation is largely automatic. Visual C++ requires specification of {\tt "wx\_prec.h"} as
+Borland precompilation is largely automatic. Visual C++ requires specification of {\tt "wx/wxprec.h"} as
the file to use for precompilation. Watcom C++ is automatic apart from the specification of
the .pch file. Watcom C++ is strange in requiring the precompiled header to be used only for
object files compiled in the same directory as that in which the precompiled header was created.
\section{Libraries}
-Under UNIX, use the library libwx\_motif.a
-(Motif). Under Windows, use the library wx.lib for stand-alone Windows
-applications, or wxdll.lib for creating DLLs.
+The GTK and Motif ports of wxWindow can create either a static library or a shared
+library on most Unix or Unix-like systems. The static library is called libwx\_gtk.a
+and libwx\_motif.a whereas the name of the shared library is dependent on the
+system it is created on and the version you are using. The library name for the
+GTK version of wxWindows 2.2 on Linux and Solaris will be libwx\_gtk-2.2.so.0.0.0,
+on HP-UX, it will be libwx\_gtk-2.2.sl, on AIX just libwx\_gtk.a etc.
+
+Under Windows, use the library wx.lib (release) or wxd.lib (debug) for stand-alone Windows
+applications, or wxdll.lib (wxdlld.lib) for creating DLLs.
\section{Configuration}
-The following lists the options configurable in the file
-\rtfsp{\tt include/base/wx\_setup.h.} Some settings are a matter
-of taste, some help with platform-specific problems, and
-others can be set to minimize the size of the library.
-
-\subsection{General features}
-
-\begin{twocollist}\itemsep=0pt
-\twocolitem{USE\_CLIPBOARD}{If 1, clipboard code is compiled (Windows only).}
-\twocolitem{USE\_CONSTRAINTS}{If 1, the constaint-based window layout system is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_DOC\_VIEW\_ARCHITECTURE}{If 1, wxDocument, wxView and related classes are compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_DYNAMIC\_CLASSES}{If 1, the run-time class macros and classes are compiled. Recommended,
-and necessary for the document/view framework.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_EXTENDED\_STATICS}{If 1, wxStaticItem code is compiled for enhanced panel decorative items.
-Not rigorously tested, and not documented.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_HELP}{If 1, interface to help system is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_GAUGE}{If 1, the wxGauge class compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_GLOBAL\_MEMORY\_OPERATORS}{If 1, redefines global new and delete operators to be compatible
-with the extended arguments of the debugging wxObject new and delete operators. If this causes problems
-for your compiler, set to 0.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_GNU\_WXSTRING}{If 1, the enhanced GNU wxString and regular expression class are compiled
-in place of the normal wxString class. See contrib/wxstring for details.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_IMAGE\_LOADING\_IN\_MSW}{Use code to allow dynamic .BMP loading
-under MS Windows.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_IMAGE\_LOADING\_IN\_X}{Use code in utils/image to allow dynamic .BMP/.GIF loading
-under X.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_RESOURCE\_LOADING\_IN\_MSW}{Use code to allow dynamic .ICO/.CUR loading
-under MS Windows.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_IPC}{If 1, interprocess communication code is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_MEMORY\_TRACING}{If 1, enables debugging versions of wxObject::new and wxObject::delete
-if the value of DEBUG is defined to more than 0.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_METAFILE}{If 1, Windows Metafile code is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_PANEL\_IN\_PANEL}{If 1, experimental panel-in-panel code is used
-for common dialog boxes. Not recommended, since tab traversal can suffer.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_POSTSCRIPT}{If 1, PostScript code is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_POSTSCRIPT\_ARCHITECTURE\_IN\_MSW}{Set to 1 to enable the printing architecture
-to make use of either native Windows printing facilities, or the wxPostScriptDC class depending
-on the wxApp::SetPrintMode setting.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_PRINTING\_ARCHITECTURE}{If 1, wxPrinter, wxPrintout and related classes are compiled
-for the print/preview framework.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_RESOURCES}{If 1, win.ini or .Xdefaults-style resource read/write code is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_SCROLLBAR}{If 1, wxScrollBar class is compiled. Not rigorously tested, and not documented.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_SPLINES}{If 1, spline code is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_TOOLBAR}{If 1, the wxToolBar class is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_TYPEDEFS}{If 1, a typedef will be used for wxPoint instead of
-a class declaration, to reduce overhead and avoid a Microsoft C++ memory bug.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_VLBOX}{If 1, wxVirtListBox code is compiled for a virtual listbox item.
-Not rigorously tested, and not documented.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_WX\_RESOURCES}{If 1, wxWindows resource file (.WXR) code is compiled.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_XFIG\_SPLINE\_CODE}{If 1, XFig-derived code is used for spline
-drawing. If 0, AIAI code is used, which is slower.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_XPM\_IN\_X}{If 1, XPM (colour pixmap) facilities will be compiled and used
-in wxBitmap under X.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_XPM\_IN\_MSW}{If 1, XPM (colour pixmap) facilities will be compiled and used
-in wxBitmap under MS Windows.}
-\end{twocollist}
-
-\subsection{X features}
-
-\begin{twocollist}
-\twocolitem{DEFAULT\_FILE\_SELECTOR\_SIZE}{Let Motif choose the size of
-XmFileSelectionBox. Otherwise, size is 500x600.}
-\twocolitem{PIXEL0\_DISABLE}{Define to disallow allocation of pixel 0 (wxXOR problem).}
-\twocolitem{USE\_GADGETS}{Use gadgets where possible rather than Widgets for items.
-Default is to use Gadgets.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_BUTTON\_GADGET}{Use gadgets for buttons. This can intefere with
-default button selection, so the default is zero.}
-\end{twocollist}
-
-\subsection{Windows and NT features}
-
-\begin{twocollist}
-\twocolitem{CTL3D}{CTL3D should only be used for 16-bit Windows programs.
-On Windows 95 and NT, native 3D effects are used. If you want to
-use it and don't already have CTL3D installed, copy the files in
-contrib/ctl3d to appropriate places (ctl3dv2.lib/ctl3d32.lib into your compiler lib
-directory, ctl3d.h into an include directory, and ctl3dv2.dll into
-windows/system). You may need to find a compiler-specific version of ctl3dv2.lib
-or ctl3d32.lib. Define CTL3D to be 1 in wx\_setup.h and link your executables with ctl3dv2.lib
-or ctl3d32.lib.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_ITSY\_BITSY}{If 1, compiles in code to support tiny window titlebars.}
-\twocolitem{USE\_ODBC}{If 1, compiles wxDatabase and wxRecordSet classes for ODBC
-access. Requires sql.h, sqlext.h files if set to 1 (see topic on database support).}
-\end{twocollist}
+Options are configurable in the file
+\rtfsp{\tt "wx/XXX/setup.h"} where XXX is the required platform (such as msw, motif, gtk, mac). Some
+settings are a matter of taste, some help with platform-specific problems, and
+others can be set to minimize the size of the library. Please see the setup.h file
+and {\tt install.txt} files for details on configuration.
+
+Under Unix (GTK and Motif) the corresponding setup.h files are generated automatically
+when configuring the wxWindows using the "configure" script. When using the RPM packages
+for installing wxWindows on Linux, a correct setup.h is shipped in the package and
+this must not be changed.
\section{Makefiles}
-At the moment there is no attempt to make UNIX makefiles and
+At the moment there is no attempt to make Unix makefiles and
PC makefiles compatible, i.e. one makefile is required for
-each environment.
-
-Sample makefiles for UNIX (suffix .UNX), MS C++ (suffix .DOS and .NT), Borland
-C++ (.BCC) and Symantec C++ (.SC) are included for the library, demos
-and utilities. The NT, Borland and Symantec makefiles cannot be
-guaranteed to be up-to-date since the author does not have
-these compilers.
-
-The controlling makefile for wxWindows is in the platform-specific
-directory, such as {\tt src/msw} or {\tt src/x}. This makefile will
-recursively execute the makefile in {\tt src/base}.
-
-\subsection{Windows makefiles}
-
-For Microsoft C++, normally it is only necessary to type {\tt nmake -f
-makefile.dos} (or an alias or batch file which does this). By default,
-binaries are made with debugging information, and no optimization. Use
-FINAL=1 on the command line to remove debugging information (this only
-really necessary at the link stage), and DLL=1 to make a DLL version of
-the library, if building a library.
-
-\subsection{UNIX makefiles}
-
-TODO.
-
-Debugging information is included by default; you may add DEBUG= as an
-argument to make to compile without it, or use the UNIX {\bf strip}
-command to remove debugging information from an executable.
-
-\normalbox{{\it Important note:} Most compiler flags are kept centrally in
-src/make.env, which is included by all other makefiles. This is the
-file to edit to tailor wxWindows compilation to your environment.}
+each environment. The Unix ports use a sophisticated system based
+on the GNU autoconf tool and this system will create the
+makefiles as required on the respective platform. Although the
+makefiles are not identical in Windows, Mac and Unix, care has
+been taken to make them relatively similar so that moving from
+one platform to another will be painless.
+
+Sample makefiles for Unix (suffix .unx), MS C++ (suffix .DOS and .NT), Borland
+C++ (.BCC and .B32) and Symantec C++ (.SC) are included for the library, demos
+and utilities.
+
+The controlling makefile for wxWindows is in the MS-Windows
+directory {\tt src/msw} for the different Windows compiler and
+in the build directory when using the Unix ports. The build
+directory can be chosen by the user. It is the directory in
+which the "configure" script is run. This can be the normal
+base directory (by running {\tt ./configure} there) or any other
+directory (e.g. {\tt ../configure} after creating a build-directory
+in the directory level above the base directory).
+
+Please see the platform-specific {\tt install.txt} file for further details.
\section{Windows-specific files}
is the following statement:
\begin{verbatim}
-rcinclude wx.rc
+rcinclude "wx/msw/wx.rc"
\end{verbatim}
which includes essential internal wxWindows definitions. The resource script
\subsection{Module definition file}
-A module definition file (extension DEF) looks like the following:
+A module definition file (extension DEF) is required for 16-bit applications, and
+looks like the following:
\begin{verbatim}
NAME Hello
The only lines which will usually have to be changed per application are
NAME and DESCRIPTION.
-\section{Memory models and memory allocation}\label{memorymodels}
-
-Under UNIX, memory allocation isn't a problem. Under Windows, the only
-really viable way to go is to use the large model, which uses the global
-heap instead of the local heap for memory allocation. Unless more than
-one read-write data segment is used,% (see \helpref{large data}{largedata}
-large model programs may still have multiple instances under MS
-C/C++ 7. Microsoft give the following guidelines for producing
-multiple-instance large model programs:
-
-\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
-\item Do not use {\tt /ND} to name extra data segments unless the segment is READONLY.
-\item Use the .DEF file to mark extra data segments READONLY.
-\item Do not use \_\_far or FAR to mark data items.
-\item Use {\tt /PACKDATA} to combine data segments.
-\item Use {\tt /Gt65500 /Gx} to force all data into the default data segment.
-\end{itemize}
-
-Even with the single-instance limitation, the productivity benefit is
-worth it in the majority of cases. Note that some other multi-platform
-class libraries also have this restriction. (If more than one instance
-really is required, create several copies of the program with different
-names.)
-
-Having chosen the large model, just use C++ `new', `delete' (and if
-necessary `malloc' and `free') in the normal way. The only restrictions
-now encountered are a maximum of 64 KB for a single program segment and
-for a single data item, unless huge model is selected.
-
-For Borland users, use the data threshold switch, and the following is
-also recommended:
-
-\begin{itemize}\itemsep=0pt
-\item Check ``Automatic Far Data Segments"
-\item Check ``Put Constant Strings into Code Segment"
-\end{itemize}
-
-See also the Frequently Asked Questions document for further details
-on using Borland with wxWindows.
-
-\subsection{Allocating and deleting wxWindows objects}
+\section{Allocating and deleting wxWindows objects}
In general, classes derived from wxWindow must dynamically allocated
with {\it new} and deleted with {\it delete}. If you delete a window,
all of its children and descendants will be automatically deleted,
so you don't need to delete these descendants explicitly.
-Don't statically create a window unless you know that the window
-cannot be deleted dynamically. Modal dialogs, such as those used
-in the {\tt dialogs} sample, can usually be created statically,
-if you know that the OK or Cancel button does not destroy the dialog.
+When deleting a frame or dialog, use {\bf Destroy} rather than {\bf delete} so
+that the wxWindows delayed deletion can take effect. This waits until idle time
+(when all messages have been processed) to actually delete the window, to avoid
+problems associated with the GUI sending events to deleted windows.
-Most drawing objects, such as wxPen, wxBrush, wxFont, and wxBitmap, should be
-created dynamically. They are cleaned up automatically on program exit.
-wxColourMap is an exception to this rule (currently). In particular,
-do not attempt to create these objects globally before OnInit() has a chance
-to be called, because wxWindows might not have done essential internal initialisation
-(including creation of lists containing all instances of wxPen, wxBrush etc.)
+Don't create a window on the stack, because this will interfere
+with delayed deletion.
If you decide to allocate a C++ array of objects (such as wxBitmap) that may
be cleaned up by wxWindows, make sure you delete the array explicitly
Beware of deleting objects such as a wxPen or wxBitmap if they are still in use.
Windows is particularly sensitive to this: so make sure you
-make calls like wxDC::SetPen(NULL) or wxDC::SelectObject(NULL) before deleting
+make calls like wxDC::SetPen(wxNullPen) or wxDC::SelectObject(wxNullBitmap) before deleting
a drawing object that may be in use. Code that doesn't do this will probably work
fine on some platforms, and then fail under Windows.
-\section{Dynamic Link Libraries}
+\section{Architecture dependency}
+
+A problem which sometimes arises from writing multi-platform programs is that
+the basic C types are not defined the same on all platforms. This holds true
+for both the length in bits of the standard types (such as int and long) as
+well as their byte order, which might be little endian (typically
+on Intel computers) or big endian (typically on some Unix workstations). wxWindows
+defines types and macros that make it easy to write architecture independent
+code. The types are:
-wxWindows may be used to produce DLLs which run under MS Windows. Note that
-this is not the same thing as having wxWindows as a DLL, which is not
-currently possible. For Microsoft C++, use the makefile with the argument DLL=1 to produce
-a version of the wxWindows library which may be used in a DLL application.
-There is a bug in Microsoft C++ which makes the compiler complain about returned floats,
-which goes away when the {\tt /Os} option is used, which is why that flag is
-set in the makefile.
+wxInt32, wxInt16, wxInt8, wxUint32, wxUint16 = wxWord, wxUint8 = wxByte
-For making wxWindows as a Sun dynamic library, there are comments in the
-UNIX makefile for the appropriate flags for AT\&T C++. Sorry, I haven't
-investigated the flags needed for other compilers.
+where wxInt32 stands for a 32-bit signed integer type etc. You can also check
+which architecture the program is compiled on using the wxBYTE\_ORDER define
+which is either wxBIG\_ENDIAN or wxLITTLE\_ENDIAN (in the future maybe wxPDP\_ENDIAN
+as well).
+
+The macros handling bit-swapping with respect to the applications endianness
+are described in the \helpref{Macros}{macros} section.
\section{Conditional compilation}
One of the purposes of wxWindows is to reduce the need for conditional
compilation in source code, which can be messy and confusing to follow.
However, sometimes it is necessary to incorporate platform-specific
-features (such as metafile use under MS Windows). The following identifiers
-may be used for this purpose, along with any user-supplied ones:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item {\tt wx\_x} - for code which should work under any X toolkit
-\item {\tt wx\_motif} - for code which should work under Motif only
-\item {\tt wx\_msw} - for code which should work under Microsoft Windows only
-\item {\tt wx\_xt} - for code which should work under Xt only
-\end{itemize}
-
-For example:
+features (such as metafile use under MS Windows). The symbols
+listed in the file {\tt symbols.txt} may be used for this purpose,
+along with any user-supplied ones.
-\begin{verbatim}
- ...
-#ifdef wx_x
- (void)wxMessageBox("Sorry, metafiles not available under X.");
-#endif
-#ifdef wx_msw
- wxMetaFileDC dc;
- DrawIt(dc);
- wxMetaFile *mf = dc.Close();
- mf->SetClipboard();
- delete mf;
-#endif
- ...
-\end{verbatim}
+\section{C++ issues}
-\section{Building on-line help}
+The following documents some miscellaneous C++ issues.
-wxWindows has its own help system from version 1.30: wxHelp. It can be
-used to view the wxWindows class library reference, and also to provide
-on-line help for your wxWindows applications. The API, made accessible
-by including {\tt wx\_help.h}, allows you to load files and display
-specific sections, using DDE to communicate between the application and
-wxHelp.
+\subsection{Templates}
-wxHelp files can be marked up by hand from ASCII files within wxHelp,
-or may be generated from other files, as is the case with the wxWindows
-documentation.
+wxWindows does not use templates since it is a notoriously unportable feature.
-It is possible to use the platform-specific help
-system (e.g. WinHelp) instead of wxHelp.
+\subsection{RTTI}
-See {\tt install.txt}, the wxHelp documentation (in {\tt
-utils/wxhelp/docs}) and \helpref{wxHelp}{wxhelp} for further details.
+wxWindows does not use run-time type information since wxWindows provides
+its own run-time type information system, implemented using macros.
-\section{C++ issues}
+\subsection{Type of NULL}
-There are cases where a C++ program will compile and run fine under one
-environment, and then fail to compile using a different compiler. Some
-caveats are given below, from experience with the GNU C++ compiler (GCC)
-and MS C/C++ compiler version 7.
+Some compilers (e.g. the native IRIX cc) define NULL to be 0L so that
+no conversion to pointers is allowed. Because of that, all these
+occurrences of NULL in the GTK port use an explicit conversion such
+as
-\subsection{Templates}
+{\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+ wxWindow *my_window = (wxWindow*) NULL;
+\end{verbatim}
+}
-wxWindows does not use templates for two main reasons: one, it is a
-notoriously unportable feature, and two, the author is irrationally
-suspicious of them and prefers to use casts. More compilers are
-now implementing templates, and so it will probably be safe to use
-them soon without fear of portability problems.
+It is recommended to adhere to this in all code using wxWindows as
+this make the code (a bit) more portable.
\subsection{Precompiled headers}
Some compilers, such as Borland C++ and Microsoft C++, support
precompiled headers. This can save a great deal of compiling time. The
-recommended approach is to precompile {\tt ``wx.h''}, using this
+recommended approach is to precompile {\tt "wx.h"}, using this
precompiled header for compiling both wxWindows itself and any
wxWindows applications. For Windows compilers, two dummy source files
are provided (one for normal applications and one for creating DLLs)
is that to take advantage of the facility, you often need to include
more header files than would normally be the case. This means that
changing a header file will cause more recompilations (in the case of
-wxWindows, everything needs to be recompiled since everything includes
-{\tt ``wx.h''}!)
+wxWindows, everything needs to be recompiled since everything includes {\tt "wx.h"}!)
A related problem is that for compilers that don't have precompiled
headers, including a lot of header files slows down compilation
considerably. For this reason, you will find (in the common
X and Windows parts of the library) conditional
-compilation that under UNIX, includes a minimal set of headers;
+compilation that under Unix, includes a minimal set of headers;
and when using Visual C++, includes {\tt wx.h}. This should help provide
the optimal compilation for each compiler, although it is
-biassed towards the precompiled headers facility available
+biased towards the precompiled headers facility available
in Microsoft C++.
\section{File handling}
information. The application searches through a number of locally
defined directories to find the file. To support this, the class {\bf
wxPathList} makes adding directories and searching for files easy, and
-the global function {\bf FileNameFromPath} allows the application to
+the global function {\bf wxFileNameFromPath} allows the application to
strip off the filename from the path if the filename must be stored.
This has undesirable ramifications for people who have documents of the
same name in different directories.
As regards the limitations of DOS 8+3 single-case filenames versus
-unrestricted UNIX filenames, the best solution is to use DOS filenames
+unrestricted Unix filenames, the best solution is to use DOS filenames
for your application, and also for document filenames {\it if} the user
is likely to be switching platforms regularly. Obviously this latter
choice is up to the application user to decide. Some programs (such as
YACC and LEX) generate filenames incompatible with DOS; the best
-solution here is to have your UNIX makefile rename the generated files
+solution here is to have your Unix makefile rename the generated files
to something more compatible before transferring the source to DOS.
-Transferring DOS files to UNIX is no problem, of course, apart from EOL
+Transferring DOS files to Unix is no problem, of course, apart from EOL
conversion for which there should be a utility available (such as
dos2unix).
See also the File Functions section of the reference manual for
descriptions of miscellaneous file handling functions.
+\begin{comment}
\chapter{Utilities supplied with wxWindows}\label{utilities}
\setheader{{\it CHAPTER \thechapter}}{}{}{}{}{{\it CHAPTER \thechapter}}%
\setfooter{\thepage}{}{}{}{}{\thepage}%
A number of `extras' are supplied with wxWindows, to complement
the GUI functionality in the main class library. These are found
below the utils directory and usually have their own source, library
-and documentation directories. For larger user-contributed packages,
-see the directory /pub/packages/wxwin/contrib.
+and documentation directories. For other user-contributed packages,
+see the directory ftp://www.remstar.com/pub/wxwin/contrib, which is
+more easily accessed via the Contributions page on the Web site.
\section{wxHelp}\label{wxhelp}
wxHelp is a stand-alone program, written using wxWindows,
for displaying hypertext help. It is necessary since not all target
systems (notably X) supply an adequate
-standard for on-line help. wxHelp is modelled on the MS Windows help
+standard for on-line help. wxHelp is modeled on the MS Windows help
system, with contents, search and browse buttons, but does not reformat
text to suit the size of window, as WinHelp does, and its input files
are uncompressed ASCII with some embedded font commands and an .xlp
extension. Most wxWindows documentation (user manuals and class
references) is supplied in wxHelp format, and also in Windows Help
-format.
+format. The wxWindows 2.0 project will presently use an HTML widget
+in a new and improved wxHelp implementation, under X.
Note that an application can be programmed to use Windows Help under
MS Windows, and wxHelp under X. An alternative help viewer under X is
files may be viewed using the same instance of wxHelp since the two
programs are linked using wxWindows interprocess communication
facilities. When the application exits, that application's instance of
-wxHelp may be made to exit also. See the {\bf wxHelpInstance} entry in the
+wxHelp may be made to exit also. See the {\bf wxHelpControllerBase} entry in the
reference section for how an application controls wxHelp.
\section{Tex2RTF}\label{textortf}
See the separate manual and the directory utils/wxgraph.
-\section{wxImage}\label{wximage}
-
-This is a collection of GIF/BMP/XBM bitmap loading and displaying
-routines for X.
-
-\section{MFUTILS}\label{mfutils}
-
-A very modest step towards reading Windows metafiles on the
-any platform. Julian Smart's ClockWorks program demonstrates
-how extremely simple metafiles may be read and displayed (in this
-case, to be used as clock hands).
-
\section{Colours}\label{coloursampler}
A colour sampler for viewing colours and their names on each
\setfooter{\thepage}{}{}{}{}{\thepage}%
To be written.
+\end{comment}
\chapter{Programming strategies}\label{strategies}
\setheader{{\it CHAPTER \thechapter}}{}{}{}{}{{\it CHAPTER \thechapter}}%
\subsection{Use wxString in preference to character arrays}
Using wxString can be much safer and more convenient than using char *.
-Again, I haven't practised what I'm preaching, but I'm now trying to use
+Again, I haven't practiced what I'm preaching, but I'm now trying to use
wxString wherever possible. You can reduce the possibility of memory
-leaks substantially, and it's much more convenient to use the overloaded
+leaks substantially, and it is much more convenient to use the overloaded
operators than functions such as strcmp. wxString won't add a significant
overhead to your program; the overhead is compensated for by easier
manipulation (which means less code).
Don't use absolute panel item positioning if you can avoid it. Different GUIs have
very differently sized panel items. Consider using the constraint system, although this
-can be complex to program. If you needs are simple, the default relative positioning
-behaviour may be adequate (using default position values and wxPanel::NewLine).
+can be complex to program.
Alternatively, you could use alternative .wrc (wxWindows resource files) on different
platforms, with slightly different dimensions in each. Or space your panel items out
independently of source code. Bitmap resources can be set up to load different
kinds of bitmap depending on platform (see the section on resource files).
-\section{Strategies for debugging}
+\section{Strategies for debugging}\label{debugstrategies}
\subsection{Positive thinking}
-It's common to blow up the problem in one's imagination, so that it seems to threaten
+It is common to blow up the problem in one's imagination, so that it seems to threaten
weeks, months or even years of work. The problem you face may seem insurmountable:
but almost never is. Once you have been programming for some time, you will be able
to remember similar incidents that threw you into the depths of despair. But
to the problem. In some cases though, such as memory leaks or wrong
deallocation, this can still give totally spurious results!
-\subsection{Genetic mutation}
-
-If we had sophisticated genetic algorithm tools that could be applied
-to programming, we could use them. Until then, a common -- if rather irrational --
-technique is to just make arbitrary changes to the code until something
-different happens. You may have an intuition why a change will make a difference;
-otherwise, just try altering the order of code, comment lines out, anything
-to get over an impasse. Obviously, this is usually a last resort.
-
\subsection{Use a debugger}
-This sounds like facetious advice, but it's surprising how often people
-don't use a debugger. Often it's an overhead to install or learn how to
+This sounds like facetious advice, but it is surprising how often people
+don't use a debugger. Often it is an overhead to install or learn how to
use a debugger, but it really is essential for anything but the most
-trivial programs. Some platforms don't allow for debugging, such
-as WIN32s under Windows 3.x. In this case, you might be advised to
-debug under 16-bit Windows and when you're confident, compile for
-WIN32s. In fact WIN32s can be very strict about bad memory handling,
-so testing out under WIN32s is a good thing to do even if you're
-not going to distribute this version. (Unless you've got a good memory checking,
-utility, of course!) Tracking bugs under WIN32s can involve a lot of debug message
-insertion and relinking, so make sure your compiler has a fast linker
-(e.g. Watcom, Symantec).
-
-\subsection{Use tracing code}
-
-You can use wxDebugMsg statements (or the wxDebugStreamBuf class) to
-output to a debugging window such as DBWIN under Windows, or standard
-error under X. If compiling in DEBUG mode, you can use TRACE statements
-that will be compiled out of the final build of your application.
+trivial programs.
+
+\subsection{Use logging functions}
+
+There is a variety of logging functions that you can use in your program:
+see \helpref{Logging functions}{logfunctions}.
Using tracing statements may be more convenient than using the debugger
in some circumstances (such as when your debugger doesn't support a lot
of debugging code, or you wish to print a bunch of variables).
-\subsection{Use wxObject::Dump and the wxDebugContext class}
+\subsection{Use the wxWindows debugging facilities}
+
+You can use wxDebugContext to check for
+memory leaks and corrupt memory: in fact in debugging mode, wxWindows will
+automatically check for memory leaks at the end of the program if wxWindows is suitably
+configured. Depending on the operating system and compiler, more or less
+specific information about the problem will be logged.
+
+You should also use \helpref{debug macros}{debugmacros} as part of a `defensive programming' strategy,
+scattering wxASSERTs liberally to test for problems in your code as early as possible. Forward thinking
+will save a surprising amount of time in the long run.
-It's good practice to implement the Dump member function for all
-classes derived from wxObject. You can then make use of wxDebugContext
-to dump out information on all objects in the program, if DEBUG is
-defined to be more than zero. You can use wxDebugContext to check for
-memory leaks and corrupt memory. See the debugging topic in the
-reference manual for more information.
+See the \helpref{debugging overview}{debuggingoverview} for further information.
\subsection{Check Windows debug messages}
-Under Windows, it's worth running your program with DBWIN running or
-some other program that shows Windows-generated debug messages. It's
-possible it'll show invalid handles being used. You may have fun seeing
+Under Windows, it is worth running your program with
+\urlref{DbgView}{http://www.sysinternals.com} running or
+some other program that shows Windows-generated debug messages. It is
+possible it will show invalid handles being used. You may have fun seeing
what commercial programs cause these normally hidden errors! Microsoft
recommend using the debugging version of Windows, which shows up even
-more problems. However, I doubt it's worth the hassle for most
+more problems. However, I doubt it is worth the hassle for most
applications. wxWindows is designed to minimize the possibility of such
errors, but they can still happen occasionally, slipping through unnoticed
because they are not severe enough to cause a crash.
+
+\subsection{Genetic mutation}
+
+If we had sophisticated genetic algorithm tools that could be applied
+to programming, we could use them. Until then, a common -- if rather irrational --
+technique is to just make arbitrary changes to the code until something
+different happens. You may have an intuition why a change will make a difference;
+otherwise, just try altering the order of code, comment lines out, anything
+to get over an impasse. Obviously, this is usually a last resort.
+
projects / wxWidgets.git / blobdiff