X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/cycript.git/blobdiff_plain/6f926cee9d6b259845cd91069cb7c6f488d1eed6..840966082c867decd624b074661e31945193abea:/Output.cpp

diff --git a/Output.cpp b/Output.cpp
index a5d9743..1552304 100644
--- a/Output.cpp
+++ b/Output.cpp
@@ -1,799 +1,1187 @@
-#include "Parser.hpp"
-
-#include <iostream>
+/* Cycript - The Truly Universal Scripting Language
+ * Copyright (C) 2009-2016  Jay Freeman (saurik)
+*/
+
+/* GNU Affero General Public License, Version 3 {{{ */
+/*
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+**/
+/* }}} */
+
+#include <cmath>
 #include <iomanip>
-
-#include <objc/runtime.h>
 #include <sstream>
 
-_finline CYFlags operator ~(CYFlags rhs) {
-    return static_cast<CYFlags>(~static_cast<unsigned>(rhs));
-}
+#include "Syntax.hpp"
 
-_finline CYFlags operator &(CYFlags lhs, CYFlags rhs) {
-    return static_cast<CYFlags>(static_cast<unsigned>(lhs) & static_cast<unsigned>(rhs));
-}
+void CYStringify(std::ostringstream &str, const char *data, size_t size, bool c) {
+    bool single;
+    if (c)
+        single = false;
+    else {
+        unsigned quot(0), apos(0);
+        for (const char *value(data), *end(data + size); value != end; ++value)
+            if (*value == '"')
+                ++quot;
+            else if (*value == '\'')
+                ++apos;
+
+        single = quot > apos;
+    }
 
-_finline CYFlags operator |(CYFlags lhs, CYFlags rhs) {
-    return static_cast<CYFlags>(static_cast<unsigned>(lhs) | static_cast<unsigned>(rhs));
-}
+    str << (single ? '\'' : '"');
 
-_finline CYFlags &operator |=(CYFlags &lhs, CYFlags rhs) {
-    return lhs = lhs | rhs;
-}
+    for (const char *value(data), *end(data + size); value != end; ++value)
+        switch (uint8_t next = *value) {
+            case '\\': str << "\\\\"; break;
+            case '\b': str << "\\b"; break;
+            case '\f': str << "\\f"; break;
+            case '\n': str << "\\n"; break;
+            case '\r': str << "\\r"; break;
+            case '\t': str << "\\t"; break;
+            case '\v': str << "\\v"; break;
 
-_finline CYFlags CYLeft(CYFlags flags) {
-    return flags & ~CYNoTrailer;
-}
+            case '"':
+                if (!single)
+                    str << "\\\"";
+                else goto simple;
+            break;
 
-_finline CYFlags CYCenter(CYFlags flags) {
-    return flags & CYNoIn;
-}
+            case '\'':
+                if (single)
+                    str << "\\'";
+                else goto simple;
+            break;
 
-_finline CYFlags CYRight(CYFlags flags) {
-    return flags & (CYNoIn | CYNoTrailer);
-}
+            case '\0':
+                if (value[1] >= '0' && value[1] <= '9')
+                    str << "\\x00";
+                else
+                    str << "\\0";
+            break;
 
-bool CYFalse::Value() const {
-    return false;
-}
+            default:
+                if (next >= 0x20 && next < 0x7f) simple:
+                    str << *value;
+                else {
+                    unsigned levels(1);
+                    if ((next & 0x80) != 0)
+                        while ((next & 0x80 >> ++levels) != 0);
+
+                    unsigned point(next & 0xff >> levels);
+                    while (--levels != 0)
+                        point = point << 6 | uint8_t(*++value) & 0x3f;
+
+                    if (point < 0x100)
+                        str << "\\x" << std::setbase(16) << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << point;
+                    else if (point < 0x10000)
+                        str << "\\u" << std::setbase(16) << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << point;
+                    else {
+                        point -= 0x10000;
+                        str << "\\u" << std::setbase(16) << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << (0xd800 | point >> 0x0a);
+                        str << "\\u" << std::setbase(16) << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << (0xdc00 | point & 0x3ff);
+                    }
+                }
+        }
 
-bool CYTrue::Value() const {
-    return true;
+    str << (single ? '\'' : '"');
 }
 
-#define CYPA 16
+void CYNumerify(std::ostringstream &str, double value) {
+    if (std::isinf(value)) {
+        if (value < 0)
+            str << '-';
+        str << "Infinity";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    char string[32];
+    // XXX: I want this to print 1e3 rather than 1000
+    sprintf(string, "%.17g", value);
+    str << string;
+}
+
+void CYOutput::Terminate() {
+    operator ()(';');
+    mode_ = NoMode;
+}
+
+CYOutput &CYOutput::operator <<(char rhs) {
+    if (rhs == ' ' || rhs == '\n')
+        if (pretty_)
+            operator ()(rhs);
+        else goto done;
+    else if (rhs == '\t')
+        if (pretty_)
+            for (unsigned i(0); i != indent_; ++i)
+                operator ()("    ", 4);
+        else goto done;
+    else if (rhs == '\r') {
+        if (right_) {
+            operator ()('\n');
+            right_ = false;
+        } goto done;
+    } else goto work;
+
+    right_ = true;
+    mode_ = NoMode;
+    goto done;
+
+  work:
+    if (mode_ == Terminated && rhs != '}') {
+        right_ = true;
+        operator ()(';');
+    }
+
+    if (rhs == ';') {
+        if (pretty_)
+            goto none;
+        else {
+            mode_ = Terminated;
+            goto done;
+        }
+    } else if (rhs == '+') {
+        if (mode_ == NoPlus)
+            operator ()(' ');
+        mode_ = NoPlus;
+    } else if (rhs == '-') {
+        if (mode_ == NoHyphen)
+            operator ()(' ');
+        mode_ = NoHyphen;
+    } else if (WordEndRange_[rhs]) {
+        if (mode_ == NoLetter)
+            operator ()(' ');
+        mode_ = NoLetter;
+    } else none:
+        mode_ = NoMode;
+
+    right_ = true;
+    operator ()(rhs);
+  done:
+    return *this;
+}
+
+CYOutput &CYOutput::operator <<(const char *rhs) {
+    size_t size(strlen(rhs));
+
+    if (size == 1)
+        return *this << *rhs;
+
+    if (mode_ == Terminated)
+        operator ()(';');
+    else if (
+        mode_ == NoPlus && *rhs == '+' ||
+        mode_ == NoHyphen && *rhs == '-' ||
+        mode_ == NoLetter && WordEndRange_[*rhs]
+    )
+        operator ()(' ');
+
+    char last(rhs[size - 1]);
+    if (WordEndRange_[last] || last == '/')
+        mode_ = NoLetter;
+    else
+        mode_ = NoMode;
 
-void CYAddressOf::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    rhs_->Output(out, 1, CYLeft(flags));
-    out << ".$cya()";
+    right_ = true;
+    operator ()(rhs, size);
+    return *this;
 }
 
-void CYArgument::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYArgument::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
     if (name_ != NULL) {
         out << *name_;
         if (value_ != NULL)
-            out << ":";
+            out << ':' << ' ';
     }
     if (value_ != NULL)
-        value_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
+        value_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYNoFlags);
     if (next_ != NULL) {
-        if (next_->name_ == NULL)
-            out << ',';
-        else
-            out << ' ';
-        next_->Output(out);
+        out << ',';
+        out << ' ' << *next_;
     }
 }
 
-void CYArray::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    out << '[';
-    if (elements_ != NULL)
-        elements_->Output(out);
-    out << ']';
+void CYArray::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '[' << elements_ << ']';
 }
 
-void CYArrayComprehension::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    // XXX: I don't necc. need the ()s
-    out << "(function($cyv";
-    for (CYComprehension *comprehension(comprehensions_); comprehension != NULL; comprehension = comprehension->next_)
-        if (const char *name = comprehension->Name())
-            out << ',' << name;
-    out << "){";
-    out << "$cyv=[];";
-    comprehensions_->Output(out);
-    out << "$cyv.push(";
-    expression_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ");";
-    for (CYComprehension *comprehension(comprehensions_); comprehension != NULL; comprehension = comprehension->next_)
-        comprehension->End_(out);
-    out << "return $cyv;";
-    out << "}())";
-}
-
-void CYAssignment::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    lhs_->Output(out, Precedence() - 1, CYLeft(flags));
-    out << Operator();
+void CYArrayComprehension::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '[' << *expression_ << ' ' << *comprehensions_ << ']';
+}
+
+void CYAssignment::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    lhs_->Output(out, Precedence() - 1, CYLeft(flags) | CYNoRightHand);
+    out << ' ' << Operator() << ' ';
     rhs_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYRight(flags));
 }
 
-void CYBlock::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    for (CYSource *statement(statements_); statement != NULL; statement = statement->next_)
-        statement->Output(out);
+void CYBlock::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
 }
 
-void CYBoolean::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    out << (Value() ? "true" : "false");
-    if ((flags & CYNoTrailer) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
+void CYBoolean::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '!' << (Value() ? "0" : "1");
+    if ((flags & CYNoInteger) != 0)
+        out << '.';
 }
 
-void CYBreak::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYBreak::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     out << "break";
     if (label_ != NULL)
         out << ' ' << *label_;
     out << ';';
 }
 
-void CYCall::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    function_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags));
-    out << '(';
-    if (arguments_ != NULL)
-        arguments_->Output(out);
-    out << ')';
+void CYCall::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    bool protect((flags & CYNoCall) != 0);
+    if (protect)
+        out << '(';
+    function_->Output(out, Precedence(), protect ? CYNoFlags : flags);
+    out << '(' << arguments_ << ')';
+    if (protect)
+        out << ')';
 }
 
-void CYCatch::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "catch(" << *name_ << ')';
-    code_->Output(out, true);
+namespace cy {
+namespace Syntax {
+
+void Catch::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << ' ' << "catch" << ' ' << '(' << *name_ << ')' << ' ';
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
 }
 
-void CYCategory::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "(function($cys,$cyp,$cyc,$cyn,$cyt){";
-    out << "$cyp=object_getClass($cys);";
-    out << "$cyc=$cys;";
-    if (messages_ != NULL)
-        messages_->Output(out, true);
-    out << "})(";
-    name_->ClassName(out, true);
-    out << ");";
+} }
+
+void CYClassExpression::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    bool protect((flags & CYNoClass) != 0);
+    if (protect)
+        out << '(';
+    out << "class";
+    if (name_ != NULL)
+        out << ' ' << *name_;
+    out << *tail_;;
+    if (protect)
+        out << ')';
 }
 
-void CYClass::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    Output(out, CYNoBF);
-    out << ";";
+void CYClassStatement::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "class" << ' ' << *name_  << *tail_;
 }
 
-void CYClass::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    // XXX: I don't necc. need the ()s
-    out << "(function($cys,$cyp,$cyc,$cyn,$cyt,$cym){";
-    out << "$cyp=object_getClass($cys);";
-    out << "$cyc=objc_allocateClassPair($cys,";
-    if (name_ != NULL)
-        name_->ClassName(out, false);
-    else
-        out << "$cyq(\"CY$\")";
-    out << ",0);";
-    out << "$cym=object_getClass($cyc);";
-    if (fields_ != NULL)
-        fields_->Output(out);
-    if (messages_ != NULL)
-        messages_->Output(out, false);
-    out << "objc_registerClassPair($cyc);";
-    out << "return $cyc;";
-    out << "}(";
-    if (super_ != NULL)
-        super_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    else
-        out << "null";
-    out << "))";
-}
-
-void CYCompound::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if (CYExpression *expression = expressions_)
-        if (CYExpression *next = expression->next_) {
-            expression->Output(out, CYLeft(flags));
-            CYFlags center(CYCenter(flags));
-            while (next != NULL) {
-                expression = next;
-                out << ',';
-                next = expression->next_;
-                CYFlags right(next != NULL ? center : CYRight(flags));
-                expression->Output(out, right);
-            }
-        } else
-            expression->Output(out, flags);
-}
-
-void CYComprehension::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    Begin_(out);
-    if (next_ != NULL)
-        next_->Output(out);
+void CYClassTail::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    if (extends_ == NULL)
+        out << ' ';
+    else {
+        out << '\n';
+        ++out.indent_;
+        out << "extends" << ' ';
+        extends_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_ - 1, CYNoFlags);
+        out << '\n';
+        --out.indent_;
+    }
+
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '}';
 }
 
-void CYCondition::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+void CYCompound::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    if (next_ == NULL)
+        expression_->Output(out, flags);
+    else {
+        expression_->Output(out, CYLeft(flags));
+        out << ',' << ' ';
+        next_->Output(out, CYRight(flags));
+    }
+}
+
+void CYComputed::PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << '[';
+    expression_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYNoFlags);
+    out << ']';
+}
+
+void CYCondition::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     test_->Output(out, Precedence() - 1, CYLeft(flags));
-    out << '?';
+    out << ' ' << '?' << ' ';
     if (true_ != NULL)
-        true_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ':';
-    false_->Output(out, CYPA, CYRight(flags));
+        true_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYNoColon);
+    out << ' ' << ':' << ' ';
+    false_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYRight(flags));
 }
 
-void CYContinue::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYContinue::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     out << "continue";
     if (label_ != NULL)
         out << ' ' << *label_;
     out << ';';
 }
 
-void CYClause::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    if (case_ != NULL) {
-        out << "case";
-        case_->Output(out, CYNoLeader);
-    } else
+void CYClause::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << '\t';
+    if (value_ == NULL)
         out << "default";
-    out << ':';
-    if (code_ != NULL)
-        code_->Output(out, false);
-    if (next_ != NULL)
-        out << *next_;
-}
-
-const char *CYDeclaration::ForEachIn() const {
-    return identifier_->Value();
+    else {
+        out << "case" << ' ';
+        value_->Output(out, CYNoColon);
+    }
+    out << ':' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << next_;
 }
 
-void CYDeclaration::ForIn(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    out << "var ";
-    Output(out, CYRight(flags));
+void CYDebugger::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "debugger" << ';';
 }
 
-void CYDeclaration::ForEachIn(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYBinding::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     out << *identifier_;
+    //out.out_ << ':' << identifier_->usage_ << '#' << identifier_->offset_;
+    if (initializer_ != NULL) {
+        out << ' ' << '=' << ' ';
+        initializer_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYRight(flags));
+    }
 }
 
-void CYDeclaration::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    out << *identifier_;
-    if (initialiser_ != NULL) {
-        out << '=';
-        initialiser_->Output(out, CYPA, CYRight(flags));
-    } else if ((flags & CYNoTrailer) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
+void CYBindings::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    Output(out, CYNoFlags);
 }
 
-void CYDeclarations::For(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "var ";
-    Output(out, CYNoIn);
-}
+void CYBindings::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    const CYBindings *binding(this);
+    bool first(true);
 
-void CYDeclarations::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    const CYDeclarations *declaration(this);
-  output:
-    CYDeclarations *next(declaration->next_);
-    CYFlags right(next == NULL ? CYRight(flags) : CYCenter(flags));
-    declaration->declaration_->Output(out, right);
+    for (;;) {
+        CYBindings *next(binding->next_);
 
-    if (next != NULL) {
-        out << ',';
-        declaration = next;
-        goto output;
+        CYFlags jacks(first ? CYLeft(flags) : next == NULL ? CYRight(flags) : CYCenter(flags));
+        first = false;
+        binding->binding_->Output(out, jacks);
+
+        if (next == NULL)
+            break;
+
+        out << ',' << ' ';
+        binding = next;
     }
 }
 
-void CYDirectMember::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    object_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags));
+void CYDirectMember::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    object_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags) | CYNoInteger);
     if (const char *word = property_->Word())
         out << '.' << word;
-    else {
-        out << '[';
-        property_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-        out << ']';
-    }
+    else
+        out << '[' << *property_ << ']';
 }
 
-void CYDoWhile::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    // XXX: extra space character!
-    out << "do ";
-    code_->Output(out, false);
-    out << "while(";
-    test_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ')';
+void CYDoWhile::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "do";
+
+    unsigned line(out.position_.line);
+    unsigned indent(out.indent_);
+    code_->Single(out, CYCenter(flags), CYCompactLong);
+
+    if (out.position_.line != line && out.recent_ == indent)
+        out << ' ';
+    else
+        out << '\n' << '\t';
+
+    out << "while" << ' ' << '(' << *test_ << ')';
+}
+
+void CYElementSpread::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "..." << value_;
 }
 
-void CYElement::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYElementValue::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
     if (value_ != NULL)
-        value_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    if (next_ != NULL || value_ == NULL)
+        value_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYNoFlags);
+    if (next_ != NULL || value_ == NULL) {
         out << ',';
+        if (next_ != NULL && !next_->Elision())
+            out << ' ';
+    }
     if (next_ != NULL)
         next_->Output(out);
 }
 
-void CYEmpty::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << ';';
+void CYEmpty::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out.Terminate();
 }
 
-void CYEmpty::Output(std::ostream &out, bool block) const {
-    if (next_ != NULL)
-        CYSource::Output(out, block);
-    else
-        out << "{}";
+void CYEval::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    _assert(false);
 }
 
-void CYExpress::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    expression_->Output(out, CYNoBF);
+void CYExpress::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    expression_->Output(out, flags | CYNoBFC);
     out << ';';
 }
 
-void CYExpression::ClassName(std::ostream &out, bool object) const {
-    Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
+void CYExpression::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    Output(out, CYNoFlags);
 }
 
-const char *CYExpression::ForEachIn() const {
-    return NULL;
+void CYExpression::Output(CYOutput &out, int precedence, CYFlags flags) const {
+    if (precedence < Precedence() || (flags & CYNoRightHand) != 0 && RightHand())
+        out << '(' << *this << ')';
+    else
+        Output(out, flags);
 }
 
-void CYExpression::For(std::ostream &out) const {
-    Output(out, CYNoIn);
+void CYExtend::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    lhs_->Output(out, CYLeft(flags));
+    out << ' ' << object_;
 }
 
-void CYExpression::ForEachIn(std::ostream &out) const {
-    // XXX: this should handle LeftHandSideExpression
-    Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
+void CYExternalDefinition::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "extern" << ' ' << abi_ << ' ' << typed_;
+    out.Terminate();
 }
 
-void CYExpression::ForIn(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    // XXX: this should handle LeftHandSideExpression
-    Output(out, flags);
+void CYExternalExpression::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '(' << "extern" << ' ' << abi_ << ' ' << typed_ << ')';
 }
 
-void CYExpression::Output(std::ostream &out, unsigned precedence, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if (precedence < Precedence()) {
-        out << '(';
-        Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-        out << ')';
-    } else
-        Output(out, flags);
+void CYFatArrow::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '(' << parameters_ << ')' << ' ' << "=>" << ' ' << '{' << code_ << '}';
 }
 
-void CYField::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    // XXX: implement!
+void CYFinally::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << ' ' << "finally" << ' ';
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
 }
 
-void CYFor::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "for(";
-    if (initialiser_ != NULL)
-        initialiser_->For(out);
-    out << ';';
+void CYFor::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "for" << ' ' << '(';
+    if (initializer_ != NULL)
+        initializer_->Output(out, CYNoIn);
+    out.Terminate();
     if (test_ != NULL)
-        test_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ';';
+        out << ' ';
+    out << test_;
+    out.Terminate();
     if (increment_ != NULL)
-        increment_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
+        out << ' ';
+    out << increment_;
     out << ')';
-    code_->Output(out, false);
+    code_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
 }
 
-void CYForEachIn::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "with({$cys:0,$cyt:0}){";
-
-    out << "$cys=";
-    set_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ";";
+void CYForLexical::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << (constant_ ? "const" : "let") << ' ';
+    binding_->Output(out, CYRight(flags));
+}
 
-    out << "for($cyt in $cys){";
+void CYForIn::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "for" << ' ' << '(';
+    initializer_->Output(out, CYNoIn | CYNoRightHand);
+    out << ' ' << "in" << ' ' << *iterable_ << ')';
+    code_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
+}
 
-    initialiser_->ForEachIn(out);
-    out << "=$cys[$cyt];";
+void CYForInitialized::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "for" << ' ' << '(' << "var" << ' ';
+    binding_->Output(out, CYNoIn | CYNoRightHand);
+    out << ' ' << "in" << ' ' << *iterable_ << ')';
+    code_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
+}
 
-    code_->Show(out);
+void CYForInComprehension::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "for" << ' ' << '(';
+    binding_->Output(out, CYNoIn | CYNoRightHand);
+    out << ' ' << "in" << ' ' << *iterable_ << ')';
+}
 
-    out << '}';
+void CYForOf::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "for" << ' ' << '(';
+    initializer_->Output(out, CYNoRightHand);
+    out << ' ' << "of" << ' ' << *iterable_ << ')';
+    code_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
+}
 
-    out << '}';
+void CYForOfComprehension::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "for" << ' ' << '(';
+    binding_->Output(out, CYNoRightHand);
+    out << ' ' << "of" << ' ' << *iterable_ << ')' << next_;
 }
 
-void CYForEachInComprehension::Begin_(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "(function($cys){";
-    out << "$cys=";
-    set_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ";";
+void CYForVariable::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "var" << ' ';
+    binding_->Output(out, CYRight(flags));
+}
 
-    out << "for(" << *name_ << " in $cys){";
-    out << *name_ << "=$cys[" << *name_ << "];";
+void CYFunction::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << '(' << parameters_ << ')' << ' ';
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
 }
 
-void CYForEachInComprehension::End_(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "}}());";
+void CYFunctionExpression::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    // XXX: one could imagine using + here to save a byte
+    bool protect((flags & CYNoFunction) != 0);
+    if (protect)
+        out << '(';
+    out << "function";
+    if (name_ != NULL)
+        out << ' ' << *name_;
+    CYFunction::Output(out);
+    if (protect)
+        out << ')';
 }
 
-void CYForIn::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "for(";
-    initialiser_->ForIn(out, CYNoIn | CYNoTrailer);
-    out << "in";
-    set_->Output(out, CYNoLeader);
-    out << ')';
-    code_->Output(out, false);
+void CYFunctionStatement::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "function" << ' ' << *name_;
+    CYFunction::Output(out);
 }
 
-void CYForInComprehension::Begin_(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "for(" << *name_ << " in";
-    set_->Output(out, CYNoLeader);
-    out << ')';
+void CYFunctionParameter::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    binding_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
+    if (next_ != NULL)
+        out << ',' << ' ' << *next_;
 }
 
-void CYFunction::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    CYLambda::Output(out, CYNoFlags);
+const char *CYIdentifier::Word() const {
+    return next_ == NULL || next_ == this ? CYWord::Word() : next_->Word();
 }
 
-void CYFunctionParameter::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << *name_;
-    if (next_ != NULL) {
-        out << ',';
-        out << *next_;
+void CYIf::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    bool protect(false);
+    if (false_ == NULL && (flags & CYNoDangle) != 0) {
+        protect = true;
+        out << '{';
     }
-}
 
-void CYIf::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "if(";
-    test_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ')';
-    true_->Output(out, true);
+    out << "if" << ' ' << '(' << *test_ << ')';
+
+    CYFlags right(protect ? CYNoFlags : CYRight(flags));
+
+    CYFlags jacks(CYNoDangle);
+    if (false_ == NULL)
+        jacks |= right;
+    else
+        jacks |= protect ? CYNoFlags : CYCenter(flags);
+
+    unsigned line(out.position_.line);
+    unsigned indent(out.indent_);
+    true_->Single(out, jacks, CYCompactShort);
+
     if (false_ != NULL) {
-        out << "else ";
-        false_->Output(out, false);
+        if (out.position_.line != line && out.recent_ == indent)
+            out << ' ';
+        else
+            out << '\n' << '\t';
+
+        out << "else";
+        false_->Single(out, right, CYCompactLong);
     }
+
+    if (protect)
+        out << '}';
 }
 
-void CYIfComprehension::Begin_(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "if(";
-    test_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ')';
+void CYIfComprehension::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "if" << ' ' << '(' << *test_ << ')' << next_;
 }
 
-void CYIndirect::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    rhs_->Output(out, 1, CYLeft(flags));
-    out << ".$cyi";
+void CYImport::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "@import";
+}
+
+void CYImportDeclaration::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    _assert(false);
+}
+
+void CYIndirect::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "*";
+    rhs_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYRight(flags));
 }
 
-void CYIndirectMember::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+void CYIndirectMember::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     object_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags));
-    out << ".$cyi";
     if (const char *word = property_->Word())
-        out << '.' << word;
-    else {
-        out << '[';
-        property_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-        out << ']';
-    }
+        out << "->" << word;
+    else
+        out << "->" << '[' << *property_ << ']';
 }
 
-void CYInfix::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+void CYInfix::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     const char *name(Operator());
-    bool protect((flags & CYNoIn) != 0 && strcmp(name, "in"));
+    bool protect((flags & CYNoIn) != 0 && strcmp(name, "in") == 0);
     if (protect)
         out << '(';
-    bool alphabetic(Alphabetic());
     CYFlags left(protect ? CYNoFlags : CYLeft(flags));
-    if (alphabetic)
-        left |= CYNoTrailer;
     lhs_->Output(out, Precedence(), left);
-    out << name;
+    out << ' ' << name << ' ';
     CYFlags right(protect ? CYNoFlags : CYRight(flags));
-    if (alphabetic)
-        right |= CYNoLeader;
-    if (strcmp(name, "-") == 0)
-        right |= CYNoHyphen;
     rhs_->Output(out, Precedence() - 1, right);
     if (protect)
         out << ')';
 }
 
-void CYLambda::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    bool protect((flags & CYNoFunction) != 0);
+void CYLabel::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << *name_ << ':';
+    statement_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
+}
+
+void CYParenthetical::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '(';
+    expression_->Output(out, CYCompound::Precedence_, CYNoFlags);
+    out << ')';
+}
+
+void CYStatement::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    Multiple(out);
+}
+
+void CYTemplate::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    _assert(false);
+}
+
+void CYTypeArrayOf::Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const {
+    next_->Output(out, Precedence(), identifier, false);
+    out << '[';
+    out << size_;
+    out << ']';
+}
+
+void CYTypeBlockWith::Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const {
+    out << '(' << '^';
+    next_->Output(out, Precedence(), identifier, false);
+    out << ')' << '(' << parameters_ << ')';
+}
+
+void CYTypeConstant::Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const {
+    out << "const";
+    next_->Output(out, Precedence(), identifier, false);
+}
+
+void CYTypeFunctionWith::Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const {
+    next_->Output(out, Precedence(), identifier, false);
+    out << '(' << parameters_;
+    if (variadic_) {
+        if (parameters_ != NULL)
+            out << ',' << ' ';
+        out << "...";
+    }
+    out << ')';
+}
+
+void CYTypePointerTo::Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const {
+    out << '*';
+    next_->Output(out, Precedence(), identifier, false);
+}
+
+void CYTypeVolatile::Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const {
+    out << "volatile";
+    next_->Output(out, Precedence(), identifier, true);
+}
+
+void CYTypeModifier::Output(CYOutput &out, int precedence, CYIdentifier *identifier, bool space) const {
+    if (this == NULL && identifier == NULL)
+        return;
+    else if (space)
+        out << ' ';
+
+    if (this == NULL) {
+        out << identifier;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    bool protect(precedence > Precedence());
+
     if (protect)
         out << '(';
-    else if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    out << "function";
-    if (name_ != NULL)
-        out << ' ' << *name_;
-    out << '(';
-    if (parameters_ != NULL)
-        out << *parameters_;
-    out << "){";
-    if (body_ != NULL)
-        body_->Show(out);
-    out << '}';
+    Output(out, identifier);
     if (protect)
         out << ')';
 }
 
-void CYLet::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "let(";
-    declarations_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << "){";
-    if (statements_ != NULL)
-        statements_->Show(out);
+void CYTypedIdentifier::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << *specifier_;
+    modifier_->Output(out, 0, identifier_, true);
+}
+
+void CYEncodedType::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "@encode(" << typed_ << ")";
+}
+
+void CYTypedParameter::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << typed_;
+    if (next_ != NULL)
+        out << ',' << ' ' << next_;
+}
+
+void CYLambda::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    // XXX: this is seriously wrong
+    out << "[](";
+    out << ")->";
+    out << "{";
     out << "}";
 }
 
-void CYMessage::Output(std::ostream &out, bool replace) const {
+void CYTypeDefinition::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "typedef" << ' ' << *typed_;
+    out.Terminate();
+}
+
+void CYTypeExpression::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '(' << "typedef" << ' ' << *typed_ << ')';
+}
+
+void CYLexical::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "let" << ' ';
+    bindings_->Output(out, flags); // XXX: flags
+    out << ';';
+}
+
+void CYModule::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << part_;
     if (next_ != NULL)
-        next_->Output(out, replace);
-    out << "$cyn=new Selector(\"";
-    for (CYMessageParameter *parameter(parameter_); parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next_)
-        if (parameter->tag_ != NULL) {
-            out << *parameter->tag_;
-            if (parameter->name_ != NULL)
-                out << ':';
-        }
-    out << "\");";
-    out << "$cyt=$cyn.type($cy" << (instance_ ? 's' : 'p') << ");";
-    out << "class_" << (replace ? "replace" : "add") << "Method($cy" << (instance_ ? 'c' : 'm') << ",$cyn,";
-    out << "new Functor(function(self,_cmd";
-    for (CYMessageParameter *parameter(parameter_); parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next_)
-        if (parameter->name_ != NULL)
-            out << ',' << *parameter->name_;
-    out << "){return function(){";
-    if (body_ != NULL)
-        body_->Show(out);
-    out << "}.call(self);},$cyt),$cyt);";
-}
-
-void CYNew::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    out << "new";
-    constructor_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYCenter(flags) | CYNoLeader);
-    out << '(';
+        out << '.' << next_;
+}
+
+namespace cy {
+namespace Syntax {
+
+void New::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "new" << ' ';
+    CYFlags jacks(CYNoCall | CYCenter(flags));
+    constructor_->Output(out, Precedence(), jacks);
     if (arguments_ != NULL)
-        arguments_->Output(out);
-    out << ')';
+        out << '(' << *arguments_ << ')';
 }
 
-void CYNull::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    CYWord::Output(out);
-    if ((flags & CYNoTrailer) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
+} }
+
+void CYNull::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "null";
 }
 
-void CYNumber::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    double value(Value());
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0 || value < 0 && (flags & CYNoHyphen) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    // XXX: decide on correct precision
-    out << std::setprecision(9) << value;
-    if ((flags & CYNoTrailer) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
+void CYNumber::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    std::ostringstream str;
+    CYNumerify(str, Value());
+    std::string value(str.str());
+    out << value.c_str();
+    // XXX: this should probably also handle hex conversions and exponents
+    if ((flags & CYNoInteger) != 0 && value.find('.') == std::string::npos)
+        out << '.';
 }
 
-void CYNumber::PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const {
-    Output(out);
+void CYNumber::PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const {
+    Output(out, CYNoFlags);
 }
 
-void CYObject::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+void CYObject::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     bool protect((flags & CYNoBrace) != 0);
     if (protect)
         out << '(';
-    out << '{';
-    if (property_ != NULL)
-        property_->Output(out);
-    out << '}';
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << properties_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
     if (protect)
         out << ')';
 }
 
-void CYPostfix::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+void CYPostfix::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     lhs_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags));
     out << Operator();
 }
 
-void CYPrefix::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+void CYPrefix::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     const char *name(Operator());
-    bool alphabetic(Alphabetic());
-    if (alphabetic && (flags & CYNoLeader) != 0 || name[0] == '-' && (flags & CYNoHyphen) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
     out << name;
-    CYFlags right(CYRight(flags));
-    if (alphabetic)
-        right |= CYNoLeader;
-    rhs_->Output(out, Precedence(), right);
+    if (Alphabetic())
+        out << ' ';
+    rhs_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYRight(flags));
 }
 
-void CYProperty::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    name_->PropertyName(out);
-    out << ':';
-    value_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    if (next_ != NULL) {
+void CYScript::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << code_;
+}
+
+void CYProperty::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    if (next_ != NULL || out.pretty_)
         out << ',';
-        next_->Output(out);
-    }
+    out << '\n' <<  next_;
 }
 
-void CYReturn::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYPropertyGetter::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "get" << ' ';
+    name_->PropertyName(out);
+    CYFunction::Output(out);
+    CYProperty::Output(out);
+}
+
+void CYPropertyMethod::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    name_->PropertyName(out);
+    CYFunction::Output(out);
+    CYProperty::Output(out);
+}
+
+void CYPropertySetter::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "set" << ' ';
+    name_->PropertyName(out);
+    CYFunction::Output(out);
+    CYProperty::Output(out);
+}
+
+void CYPropertyValue::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << '\t';
+    name_->PropertyName(out);
+    out << ':' << ' ';
+    value_->Output(out, CYAssign::Precedence_, CYNoFlags);
+    CYProperty::Output(out);
+}
+
+void CYRegEx::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << Value();
+}
+
+void CYResolveMember::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    object_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags));
+    if (const char *word = property_->Word())
+        out << "::" << word;
+    else
+        out << "::" << '[' << *property_ << ']';
+}
+
+void CYReturn::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     out << "return";
     if (value_ != NULL)
-        value_->Output(out, CYNoLeader);
+        out << ' ' << *value_;
     out << ';';
 }
 
-void CYSelector::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    out << "new Selector(\"";
-    if (name_ != NULL)
-        name_->Output(out);
-    out << "\")";
+void CYRubyBlock::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    lhs_->Output(out, CYLeft(flags));
+    out << ' ';
+    proc_->Output(out, CYRight(flags));
 }
 
-void CYSelectorPart::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    if (name_ != NULL)
-        out << *name_;
-    if (value_)
-        out << ':';
-    if (next_ != NULL)
-        next_->Output(out);
+void CYRubyProc::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << '{' << ' ' << '|' << parameters_ << '|' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
 }
 
-void CYSend::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    out << "objc_msgSend(";
-    self_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ",";
-    std::ostringstream name;
-    for (CYArgument *argument(arguments_); argument != NULL; argument = argument->next_)
-        if (argument->name_ != NULL) {
-            name << *argument->name_;
-            if (argument->value_ != NULL)
-                name << ':';
-        }
-    out << reinterpret_cast<void *>(sel_registerName(name.str().c_str()));
-    for (CYArgument *argument(arguments_); argument != NULL; argument = argument->next_)
-        if (argument->value_ != NULL) {
-            out << ",";
-            argument->value_->Output(out, CYPA, CYNoFlags);
-        }
-    out << ')';
+void CYSubscriptMember::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    object_->Output(out, Precedence(), CYLeft(flags));
+    out << "." << '[' << *property_ << ']';
+}
+
+void CYStatement::Multiple(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    bool first(true);
+    CYForEach (next, this) {
+        bool last(next->next_ == NULL);
+        CYFlags jacks(first ? last ? flags : CYLeft(flags) : last ? CYRight(flags) : CYCenter(flags));
+        first = false;
+        out << '\t';
+        next->Output(out, jacks);
+        out << '\n';
+    }
 }
 
-void CYSource::Show(std::ostream &out) const {
-    for (const CYSource *next(this); next != NULL; next = next->next_)
-        next->Output_(out);
-}
+void CYStatement::Single(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags, CYCompactType request) const {
+    if (this == NULL)
+        return out.Terminate();
 
-void CYSource::Output(std::ostream &out, bool block) const {
-    if (!block && !IsBlock())
-        Output(out);
+    _assert(next_ == NULL);
+
+    CYCompactType compact(Compact());
+
+    if (compact >= request)
+        out << ' ';
     else {
-        out << '{';
-        Show(out);
-        out << '}';
+        out << '\n';
+        ++out.indent_;
+        out << '\t';
     }
+
+    Output(out, flags);
+
+    if (compact < request)
+        --out.indent_;
 }
 
-void CYSource::Output_(std::ostream &out) const {
-    Output(out);
+void CYString::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    std::ostringstream str;
+    CYStringify(str, value_, size_);
+    out << str.str().c_str();
 }
 
-void CYStatement::Output_(std::ostream &out) const {
-    for (CYLabel *label(labels_); label != NULL; label = label->next_)
-        out << *label->name_ << ':';
-    Output(out);
+void CYString::PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const {
+    if (const char *word = Word())
+        out << word;
+    else
+        out << *this;
 }
 
-void CYString::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    unsigned quot(0), apos(0);
-    for (const char *value(value_), *end(value_ + size_); value != end; ++value)
-        if (*value == '"')
-            ++quot;
-        else if (*value == '\'')
-            ++apos;
+static const char *Reserved_[] = {
+    "false", "null", "true",
 
-    bool single(quot > apos);
+    "break", "case", "catch", "continue", "default",
+    "delete", "do", "else", "finally", "for", "function",
+    "if", "in", "instanceof", "new", "return", "switch",
+    "this", "throw", "try", "typeof", "var", "void",
+    "while", "with",
 
-    out << (single ? '\'' : '"');
-    for (const char *value(value_), *end(value_ + size_); value != end; ++value)
-        switch (*value) {
-            case '\\': out << "\\\\"; break;
-            case '\b': out << "\\b"; break;
-            case '\f': out << "\\f"; break;
-            case '\n': out << "\\n"; break;
-            case '\r': out << "\\r"; break;
-            case '\t': out << "\\t"; break;
-            case '\v': out << "\\v"; break;
+    "debugger", "const",
 
-            case '"':
-                if (!single)
-                    out << "\\\"";
-                else goto simple;
-            break;
+    "class", "enum", "export", "extends", "import", "super",
 
-            case '\'':
-                if (single)
-                    out << "\\'";
-                else goto simple;
-            break;
+    "abstract", "boolean", "byte", "char", "double", "final",
+    "float", "goto", "int", "long", "native", "short",
+    "synchronized", "throws", "transient", "volatile",
 
-            default:
-                if (*value < 0x20 || *value >= 0x7f)
-                    out << "\\x" << std::setbase(16) << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << unsigned(*value);
-                else simple:
-                    out << *value;
-        }
-    out << (single ? '\'' : '"');
+    "let", "yield",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
+const char *CYString::Word() const {
+    if (size_ == 0 || !WordStartRange_[value_[0]])
+        return NULL;
+    for (size_t i(1); i != size_; ++i)
+        if (!WordEndRange_[value_[i]])
+            return NULL;
+    const char *value(Value());
+    for (const char **reserved(Reserved_); *reserved != NULL; ++reserved)
+        if (strcmp(*reserved, value) == 0)
+            return NULL;
+    return value;
 }
 
-void CYString::PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const {
-    if (const char *word = Word())
-        out << word;
+void CYStructDefinition::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "struct" << ' ' << *name_ << *tail_;
+}
+
+void CYStructTail::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << ' ' << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    CYForEach (field, fields_) {
+        out << '\t' << *field->typed_;
+        out.Terminate();
+        out << '\n';
+    }
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
+}
+
+void CYSuperAccess::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "super";
+    if (const char *word = property_->Word())
+        out << '.' << word;
     else
-        Output(out);
+        out << '[' << *property_ << ']';
 }
 
-void CYSwitch::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "switch(";
-    value_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << "){";
-    if (clauses_ != NULL)
-        out << *clauses_;
-    out << '}';
+void CYSuperCall::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "super" << '(' << arguments_ << ')';
 }
 
-void CYThis::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
-    CYWord::Output(out);
-    if ((flags & CYNoTrailer) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
+void CYSwitch::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "switch" << ' ' << '(' << *value_ << ')' << ' ' << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << clauses_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
 }
 
-void CYThrow::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYSymbol::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    bool protect((flags & CYNoColon) != 0);
+    if (protect)
+        out << '(';
+    out << ':' << name_;
+    if (protect)
+        out << ')';
+}
+
+void CYThis::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "this";
+}
+
+namespace cy {
+namespace Syntax {
+
+void Throw::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
     out << "throw";
     if (value_ != NULL)
-        value_->Output(out, CYNoLeader);
+        out << ' ' << *value_;
     out << ';';
 }
 
-void CYTry::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "try";
-    try_->Output(out, true);
-    if (catch_ != NULL)
-        catch_->Output(out);
-    if (finally_ != NULL) {
-        out << "finally";
-        finally_->Output(out, true);
+void Try::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "try" << ' ';
+    out << '{' << '\n';
+    ++out.indent_;
+    out << code_;
+    --out.indent_;
+    out << '\t' << '}';
+    out << catch_ << finally_;
+}
+
+} }
+
+void CYTypeCharacter::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    switch (signing_) {
+        case CYTypeNeutral: break;
+        case CYTypeSigned: out << "signed" << ' '; break;
+        case CYTypeUnsigned: out << "unsigned" << ' '; break;
     }
+
+    out << "char";
 }
 
-void CYVar::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "var ";
-    declarations_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ';';
+void CYTypeEnum::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "enum" << ' ';
+    if (name_ != NULL)
+        out << *name_;
+    else {
+        if (specifier_ != NULL)
+            out << ':' << ' ' << *specifier_ << ' ';
+
+        out << '{' << '\n';
+        ++out.indent_;
+        bool comma(false);
+
+        CYForEach (constant, constants_) {
+            if (comma)
+                out << ',' << '\n';
+            else
+                comma = true;
+            out << '\t' << constant->name_;
+            out << ' ' << '=' << ' ' << constant->value_;
+        }
+
+        if (out.pretty_)
+            out << ',';
+        out << '\n';
+        --out.indent_;
+        out << '\t' << '}';
+    }
 }
 
-void CYVariable::Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const {
-    if ((flags & CYNoLeader) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
+void CYTypeError::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "@error";
+}
+
+void CYTypeInt128::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    switch (signing_) {
+        case CYTypeNeutral: break;
+        case CYTypeSigned: out << "signed" << ' '; break;
+        case CYTypeUnsigned: out << "unsigned" << ' '; break;
+    }
+
+    out << "__int128";
+}
+
+void CYTypeIntegral::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    if (signing_ == CYTypeUnsigned)
+        out << "unsigned" << ' ';
+    switch (length_) {
+        case 0: out << "short"; break;
+        case 1: out << "int"; break;
+        case 2: out << "long"; break;
+        case 3: out << "long" << ' ' << "long"; break;
+        default: _assert(false);
+    }
+}
+
+void CYTypeStruct::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "struct";
+    if (name_ != NULL)
+        out << ' ' << *name_;
+    else
+        out << *tail_;
+}
+
+void CYTypeReference::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    switch (kind_) {
+        case CYTypeReferenceStruct: out << "struct"; break;
+        case CYTypeReferenceEnum: out << "enum"; break;
+        default: _assert(false);
+    }
+
+    out << ' ' << *name_;
+}
+
+void CYTypeVariable::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
     out << *name_;
-    if ((flags & CYNoTrailer) != 0)
-        out << ' ';
 }
 
-void CYWhile::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "while(";
-    test_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ')';
-    code_->Output(out, false);
+void CYTypeVoid::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << "void";
 }
 
-void CYWith::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << "with(";
-    scope_->Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    out << ')';
-    code_->Output(out, false);
+void CYVar::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "var" << ' ';
+    bindings_->Output(out, flags); // XXX: flags
+    out << ';';
 }
 
-void CYWord::ClassName(std::ostream &out, bool object) const {
-    if (object)
-        out << "objc_getClass(";
-    out << '"' << Value() << '"';
-    if (object)
-        out << ')';
+void CYVariable::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << *name_;
 }
 
-void CYWord::Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-    out << Value();
+void CYWhile::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "while" << ' ' << '(' << *test_ << ')';
+    code_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
+}
+
+void CYWith::Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const {
+    out << "with" << ' ' << '(' << *scope_ << ')';
+    code_->Single(out, CYRight(flags), CYCompactShort);
 }
 
-void CYWord::PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const {
+void CYWord::Output(CYOutput &out) const {
+    out << Word();
+    if (out.options_.verbose_) {
+        out('@');
+        char number[32];
+        sprintf(number, "%p", this);
+        out(number);
+    }
+}
+
+void CYWord::PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const {
     Output(out);
 }
+
+const char *CYWord::Word() const {
+    return word_;
+}