X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/cycript.git/blobdiff_plain/586f2e9094787645538f68f76d283ca33109fd2e..8d970b62cee9d13ff4f8fa1b143f461d60284888:/Execute.cpp

diff --git a/Execute.cpp b/Execute.cpp
index 51e76ab..68a0d39 100644
--- a/Execute.cpp
+++ b/Execute.cpp
@@ -1,38 +1,26 @@
 /* Cycript - Optimizing JavaScript Compiler/Runtime
- * Copyright (C) 2009-2013  Jay Freeman (saurik)
+ * Copyright (C) 2009-2015  Jay Freeman (saurik)
 */
 
-/* GNU General Public License, Version 3 {{{ */
+/* GNU Affero General Public License, Version 3 {{{ */
 /*
- * Cycript is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
- * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
- * or (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * Cycript is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
- * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
- * GNU General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- * along with Cycript.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 **/
 /* }}} */
 
-#include "Internal.hpp"
-
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-
 #include "cycript.hpp"
 
-#include "sig/parse.hpp"
-#include "sig/ffi_type.hpp"
-
-#include "Pooling.hpp"
-#include "Execute.hpp"
-
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-
 #include <iostream>
 #include <set>
 #include <map>
@@ -40,45 +28,64 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <cmath>
 
-#include "Parser.hpp"
-#include "Cycript.tab.hh"
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "sig/parse.hpp"
+#include "sig/ffi_type.hpp"
+
+#include "Code.hpp"
+#include "Decode.hpp"
 #include "Error.hpp"
+#include "Execute.hpp"
+#include "Internal.hpp"
 #include "JavaScript.hpp"
+#include "Pooling.hpp"
 #include "String.hpp"
 
-struct CYHooks *hooks_;
+static std::vector<CYHook *> &GetHooks() {
+    static std::vector<CYHook *> hooks;
+    return hooks;
+}
+
+CYRegisterHook::CYRegisterHook(CYHook *hook) {
+    GetHooks().push_back(hook);
+}
 
 /* JavaScript Properties {{{ */
+bool CYHasProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef name) {
+    return JSObjectHasProperty(context, object, name);
+}
+
 JSValueRef CYGetProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t index) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSValueRef value(JSObjectGetPropertyAtIndex(context, object, index, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return value;
+    return _jsccall(JSObjectGetPropertyAtIndex, context, object, index);
 }
 
 JSValueRef CYGetProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef name) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSValueRef value(JSObjectGetProperty(context, object, name, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return value;
+    return _jsccall(JSObjectGetProperty, context, object, name);
 }
 
 void CYSetProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t index, JSValueRef value) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSObjectSetPropertyAtIndex(context, object, index, value, &exception);
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
+    _jsccall(JSObjectSetPropertyAtIndex, context, object, index, value);
 }
 
 void CYSetProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef name, JSValueRef value, JSPropertyAttributes attributes) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSObjectSetProperty(context, object, name, value, attributes, &exception);
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
+    _jsccall(JSObjectSetProperty, context, object, name, value, attributes);
 }
 
 void CYSetProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef name, JSValueRef (*callback)(JSContextRef, JSObjectRef, JSObjectRef, size_t, const JSValueRef[], JSValueRef *), JSPropertyAttributes attributes) {
     CYSetProperty(context, object, name, JSObjectMakeFunctionWithCallback(context, name, callback), attributes);
 }
+
+void CYSetPrototype(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSValueRef value) {
+    JSObjectSetPrototype(context, object, value);
+    _assert(CYIsStrictEqual(context, JSObjectGetPrototype(context, object), value));
+}
 /* }}} */
 /* JavaScript Strings {{{ */
 JSStringRef CYCopyJSString(const char *value) {
@@ -97,10 +104,7 @@ JSStringRef CYCopyJSString(CYUTF8String value) {
 JSStringRef CYCopyJSString(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
     if (JSValueIsNull(context, value))
         return NULL;
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSStringRef string(JSValueToStringCopy(context, value, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return string;
+    return _jsccall(JSValueToStringCopy, context, value);
 }
 
 static CYUTF16String CYCastUTF16String(JSStringRef value) {
@@ -136,6 +140,7 @@ static JSClassRef Struct_;
 
 JSStringRef Array_s;
 JSStringRef cy_s;
+JSStringRef cyi_s;
 JSStringRef length_s;
 JSStringRef message_s;
 JSStringRef name_s;
@@ -147,6 +152,7 @@ JSStringRef toCYON_s;
 JSStringRef toJSON_s;
 JSStringRef toPointer_s;
 JSStringRef toString_s;
+JSStringRef weak_s;
 
 static JSStringRef Result_;
 
@@ -160,7 +166,6 @@ void CYFinalize(JSObjectRef object) {
 void Structor_(CYPool &pool, sig::Type *&type) {
     if (
         type->primitive == sig::pointer_P &&
-        type->data.data.type != NULL &&
         type->data.data.type->primitive == sig::struct_P &&
         type->data.data.type->name != NULL &&
         strcmp(type->data.data.type->name, "_objc_class") == 0
@@ -235,9 +240,6 @@ struct Struct_privateData :
     }
 };
 
-typedef std::map<const char *, Type_privateData *, CYCStringLess> TypeMap;
-static TypeMap Types_;
-
 JSObjectRef CYMakeStruct(JSContextRef context, void *data, sig::Type *type, ffi_type *ffi, JSObjectRef owner) {
     Struct_privateData *internal(new Struct_privateData(context, owner));
     CYPool &pool(*internal->pool_);
@@ -257,6 +259,10 @@ JSObjectRef CYMakeStruct(JSContextRef context, void *data, sig::Type *type, ffi_
 }
 
 static void *CYCastSymbol(const char *name) {
+    for (CYHook *hook : GetHooks())
+        if (hook->CastSymbol != NULL)
+            if (void *value = (*hook->CastSymbol)(name))
+                return value;
     return dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, name);
 }
 
@@ -285,10 +291,7 @@ JSValueRef CYJSUndefined(JSContextRef context) {
 }
 
 double CYCastDouble(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    double number(JSValueToNumber(context, value, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return number;
+    return _jsccall(JSValueToNumber, context, value);
 }
 
 bool CYCastBool(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
@@ -308,23 +311,40 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, const char *value) {
 }
 
 JSObjectRef CYCastJSObject(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSObjectRef object(JSValueToObject(context, value, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return object;
+    return _jsccall(JSValueToObject, context, value);
 }
 
 JSValueRef CYCallAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[]) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSValueRef value(JSObjectCallAsFunction(context, function, _this, count, arguments, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return value;
+    return _jsccall(JSObjectCallAsFunction, context, function, _this, count, arguments);
 }
 
 bool CYIsCallable(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
     return value != NULL && JSValueIsObject(context, value) && JSObjectIsFunction(context, (JSObjectRef) value);
 }
 
+bool CYIsEqual(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef lhs, JSValueRef rhs) {
+    return _jsccall(JSValueIsEqual, context, lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+bool CYIsStrictEqual(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef lhs, JSValueRef rhs) {
+    return JSValueIsStrictEqual(context, lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+size_t CYArrayLength(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef array) {
+    return CYCastDouble(context, CYGetProperty(context, array, length_s));
+}
+
+JSValueRef CYArrayGet(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef array, size_t index) {
+    return _jsccall(JSObjectGetPropertyAtIndex, context, array, index);
+}
+
+void CYArrayPush(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef array, JSValueRef value) {
+    JSValueRef arguments[1];
+    arguments[0] = value;
+    JSObjectRef Array(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Array_prototype")));
+    _jsccall(JSObjectCallAsFunction, context, CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Array, push_s)), array, 1, arguments);
+}
+
 static JSValueRef System_print(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count == 0)
         printf("\n");
@@ -336,20 +356,25 @@ static JSValueRef System_print(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjec
     return CYJSUndefined(context);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-static size_t Nonce_(0);
+static void (*JSSynchronousGarbageCollectForDebugging$)(JSContextRef);
 
-static JSValueRef $cyq(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
-    CYPool pool;
-    const char *name(pool.strcat(CYPoolCString(pool, context, arguments[0]), pool.itoa(Nonce_++), NULL));
-    return CYCastJSValue(context, name);
+_visible void CYGarbageCollect(JSContextRef context) {
+    (JSSynchronousGarbageCollectForDebugging$ ?: &JSGarbageCollect)(context);
 }
 
-static JSValueRef Cycript_gc_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
-    JSGarbageCollect(context);
+static JSValueRef Cycript_compile_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    CYPool pool;
+    std::stringstream value(CYPoolCString(pool, context, arguments[0]));
+    CYUTF8String code(CYPoolCode(pool, value));
+    return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(code));
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Cycript_gc_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    CYGarbageCollect(context);
     return CYJSUndefined(context);
-}
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, std::set<void *> &objects, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     switch (JSType type = JSValueGetType(context, value)) {
         case kJSTypeUndefined:
             return "undefined";
@@ -374,23 +399,31 @@ const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, JS
         } break;
 
         case kJSTypeObject:
-            return CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, (JSObjectRef) value);
+            return CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, (JSObjectRef) value, objects);
         default:
             throw CYJSError(context, "JSValueGetType() == 0x%x", type);
     }
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    const char *cyon(CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-    return cyon;
+const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, std::set<void *> &objects) {
+    return _jsccall(CYPoolCCYON, pool, context, value, objects);
+}
+
+const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, std::set<void *> *objects) {
+    if (objects != NULL)
+        return CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value, *objects);
+    else {
+        std::set<void *> objects;
+        return CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value, objects);
+    }
 }
 
-const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object) {
+const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, std::set<void *> &objects) {
     JSValueRef toCYON(CYGetProperty(context, object, toCYON_s));
     if (CYIsCallable(context, toCYON)) {
-        JSValueRef value(CYCallAsFunction(context, (JSObjectRef) toCYON, object, 0, NULL));
+        // XXX: this needs to be abstracted behind some kind of function
+        JSValueRef arguments[1] = {CYCastJSValue(context, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&objects))};
+        JSValueRef value(CYCallAsFunction(context, (JSObjectRef) toCYON, object, 1, arguments));
         _assert(value != NULL);
         return CYPoolCString(pool, context, value);
     }
@@ -398,10 +431,7 @@ const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object)
     JSValueRef toJSON(CYGetProperty(context, object, toJSON_s));
     if (CYIsCallable(context, toJSON)) {
         JSValueRef arguments[1] = {CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(""))};
-        JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-        const char *cyon(CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, CYCallAsFunction(context, (JSObjectRef) toJSON, object, 1, arguments), &exception));
-        CYThrow(context, exception);
-        return cyon;
+        return _jsccall(CYPoolCCYON, pool, context, CYCallAsFunction(context, (JSObjectRef) toJSON, object, 1, arguments), objects);
     }
 
     if (JSObjectIsFunction(context, object)) {
@@ -414,6 +444,8 @@ const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object)
         }
     }
 
+    _assert(objects.insert(object).second);
+
     std::ostringstream str;
 
     str << '{';
@@ -424,32 +456,50 @@ const char *CYPoolCCYON(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object)
     bool comma(false);
 
     for (size_t index(0), count(JSPropertyNameArrayGetCount(names)); index != count; ++index) {
-        JSStringRef name(JSPropertyNameArrayGetNameAtIndex(names, index));
-        JSValueRef value(CYGetProperty(context, object, name));
-
         if (comma)
             str << ',';
         else
             comma = true;
 
+        JSStringRef name(JSPropertyNameArrayGetNameAtIndex(names, index));
         CYUTF8String string(CYPoolUTF8String(pool, context, name));
+
         if (CYIsKey(string))
             str << string.data;
         else
             CYStringify(str, string.data, string.size);
 
-        str << ':' << CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value);
-    }
+        str << ':';
 
-    str << '}';
+        try {
+            JSValueRef value(CYGetProperty(context, object, name));
+            str << CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value, objects);
+        } catch (const CYException &error) {
+            str << "@error";
+        }
+    }
 
     JSPropertyNameArrayRelease(names);
 
+    str << '}';
+
     std::string string(str.str());
     return pool.strmemdup(string.c_str(), string.size());
 }
 
+std::set<void *> *CYCastObjects(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[]) {
+    if (count == 0)
+        return NULL;
+    return CYCastPointer<std::set<void *> *>(context, arguments[0]);
+}
+
 static JSValueRef Array_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    std::set<void *> *objects(CYCastObjects(context, _this, count, arguments));
+    // XXX: this is horribly inefficient
+    std::set<void *> backup;
+    if (objects == NULL)
+        objects = &backup;
+
     CYPool pool;
     std::ostringstream str;
 
@@ -459,18 +509,21 @@ static JSValueRef Array_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
     bool comma(false);
 
     for (size_t index(0), count(CYCastDouble(context, length)); index != count; ++index) {
-        JSValueRef value(CYGetProperty(context, _this, index));
-
         if (comma)
             str << ',';
         else
             comma = true;
 
-        if (!JSValueIsUndefined(context, value))
-            str << CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value);
-        else {
-            str << ',';
-            comma = false;
+        try {
+            JSValueRef value(CYGetProperty(context, _this, index));
+            if (!JSValueIsUndefined(context, value))
+                str << CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value, *objects);
+            else {
+                str << ',';
+                comma = false;
+            }
+        } catch (const CYException &error) {
+            str << "@error";
         }
     }
 
@@ -480,6 +533,21 @@ static JSValueRef Array_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
     return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(CYUTF8String(value.c_str(), value.size())));
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
+static JSValueRef Error_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    CYPool pool;
+    std::ostringstream str;
+
+    str << "new " << CYPoolUTF8String(pool, context, CYJSString(context, CYGetProperty(context, _this, name_s))) << "(";
+
+    CYUTF8String string(CYPoolUTF8String(pool, context, CYJSString(context, CYGetProperty(context, _this, message_s))));
+    CYStringify(str, string.data, string.size);
+
+    str << ")";
+
+    std::string value(str.str());
+    return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(CYUTF8String(value.c_str(), value.size())));
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
 static JSValueRef String_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     CYPool pool;
     std::ostringstream str;
@@ -496,11 +564,11 @@ JSObjectRef CYMakePointer(JSContextRef context, void *pointer, size_t length, si
     return JSObjectMake(context, Pointer_, internal);
 }
 
-static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, void (*function)(), const char *type) {
-    return JSObjectMake(context, Functor_, new cy::Functor(type, function));
+static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, void (*function)(), const sig::Signature &signature) {
+    return JSObjectMake(context, Functor_, new cy::Functor(signature, function));
 }
 
-static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, const char *symbol, const char *type, void **cache) {
+static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, const char *symbol, const char *encoding, void **cache) {
     cy::Functor *internal;
     if (*cache != NULL)
         internal = reinterpret_cast<cy::Functor *>(*cache);
@@ -509,7 +577,7 @@ static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, const char *symbol, const
         if (function == NULL)
             return NULL;
 
-        internal = new cy::Functor(type, function);
+        internal = new cy::Functor(encoding, function);
         *cache = internal;
     }
 
@@ -522,7 +590,9 @@ static bool CYGetOffset(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, JSStringRef value, s
 }
 
 void *CYCastPointer_(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
-    switch (JSValueGetType(context, value)) {
+    if (value == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    else switch (JSValueGetType(context, value)) {
         case kJSTypeNull:
             return NULL;
         case kJSTypeObject: {
@@ -631,9 +701,10 @@ void CYPoolFFI(CYPool *pool, JSContextRef context, sig::Type *type, ffi_type *ff
         break;
 
         default:
-            if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->PoolFFI != NULL)
-                if ((*hooks_->PoolFFI)(pool, context, type, ffi, data, value))
-                    return;
+            for (CYHook *hook : GetHooks())
+                if (hook->PoolFFI != NULL)
+                    if ((*hook->PoolFFI)(pool, context, type, ffi, data, value))
+                        return;
 
             CYThrow("unimplemented signature code: '%c''\n", type->primitive);
     }
@@ -684,15 +755,16 @@ JSValueRef CYFromFFI(JSContextRef context, sig::Type *type, ffi_type *ffi, void
         null:
             return CYJSNull(context);
         default:
-            if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->FromFFI != NULL)
-                if (JSValueRef value = (*hooks_->FromFFI)(context, type, ffi, data, initialize, owner))
-                    return value;
+            for (CYHook *hook : GetHooks())
+                if (hook->FromFFI != NULL)
+                    if (JSValueRef value = (*hook->FromFFI)(context, type, ffi, data, initialize, owner))
+                        return value;
 
             CYThrow("unimplemented signature code: '%c''\n", type->primitive);
     }
 }
 
-void CYExecuteClosure(ffi_cif *cif, void *result, void **arguments, void *arg, JSValueRef (*adapter)(JSContextRef, size_t, JSValueRef[], JSObjectRef)) {
+void CYExecuteClosure(ffi_cif *cif, void *result, void **arguments, void *arg) {
     Closure_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Closure_privateData *>(arg));
 
     JSContextRef context(internal->context_);
@@ -703,7 +775,7 @@ void CYExecuteClosure(ffi_cif *cif, void *result, void **arguments, void *arg, J
     for (size_t index(0); index != count; ++index)
         values[index] = CYFromFFI(context, internal->signature_.elements[1 + index].type, internal->cif_.arg_types[index], arguments[index]);
 
-    JSValueRef value(adapter(context, count, values, internal->function_));
+    JSValueRef value(internal->adapter_(context, count, values, internal->function_));
     CYPoolFFI(NULL, context, internal->signature_.elements[0].type, internal->cif_.rtype, result, value);
 }
 
@@ -711,20 +783,16 @@ static JSValueRef FunctionAdapter_(JSContextRef context, size_t count, JSValueRe
     return CYCallAsFunction(context, function, NULL, count, values);
 }
 
-static void FunctionClosure_(ffi_cif *cif, void *result, void **arguments, void *arg) {
-    CYExecuteClosure(cif, result, arguments, arg, &FunctionAdapter_);
-}
-
-Closure_privateData *CYMakeFunctor_(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function, const char *type, void (*callback)(ffi_cif *, void *, void **, void *)) {
+Closure_privateData *CYMakeFunctor_(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function, const sig::Signature &signature, JSValueRef (*adapter)(JSContextRef, size_t, JSValueRef[], JSObjectRef)) {
     // XXX: in case of exceptions this will leak
     // XXX: in point of fact, this may /need/ to leak :(
-    Closure_privateData *internal(new Closure_privateData(context, function, type));
+    Closure_privateData *internal(new Closure_privateData(context, function, adapter, signature));
 
-#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__arm__)
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && (defined(__arm__) || defined(__arm64__))
     void *executable;
     ffi_closure *writable(reinterpret_cast<ffi_closure *>(ffi_closure_alloc(sizeof(ffi_closure), &executable)));
 
-    ffi_status status(ffi_prep_closure_loc(writable, &internal->cif_, callback, internal, executable));
+    ffi_status status(ffi_prep_closure_loc(writable, &internal->cif_, &CYExecuteClosure, internal, executable));
     _assert(status == FFI_OK);
 
     internal->value_ = executable;
@@ -735,7 +803,7 @@ Closure_privateData *CYMakeFunctor_(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function,
         -1, 0
     )));
 
-    ffi_status status(ffi_prep_closure(closure, &internal->cif_, callback, internal));
+    ffi_status status(ffi_prep_closure(closure, &internal->cif_, &CYExecuteClosure, internal));
     _assert(status == FFI_OK);
 
     _syscall(mprotect(closure, sizeof(*closure), PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC));
@@ -746,31 +814,32 @@ Closure_privateData *CYMakeFunctor_(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function,
     return internal;
 }
 
-static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function, const char *type) {
-    Closure_privateData *internal(CYMakeFunctor_(context, function, type, &FunctionClosure_));
+static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef function, const sig::Signature &signature) {
+    Closure_privateData *internal(CYMakeFunctor_(context, function, signature, &FunctionAdapter_));
     JSObjectRef object(JSObjectMake(context, Functor_, internal));
     // XXX: see above notes about needing to leak
     JSValueProtect(CYGetJSContext(context), object);
     return object;
 }
 
+JSValueRef CYGetCachedValue(JSContextRef context, JSStringRef name) {
+    return CYGetProperty(context, CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, CYGetGlobalObject(context), cy_s)), name);
+}
+
 JSObjectRef CYGetCachedObject(JSContextRef context, JSStringRef name) {
-    return CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, CYGetGlobalObject(context), cy_s)), name));
+    return CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetCachedValue(context, name));
 }
 
-static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, const char *type) {
+static JSObjectRef CYMakeFunctor(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, const sig::Signature &signature) {
     JSObjectRef Function(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Function")));
 
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    bool function(JSValueIsInstanceOfConstructor(context, value, Function, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-
+    bool function(_jsccall(JSValueIsInstanceOfConstructor, context, value, Function));
     if (function) {
         JSObjectRef function(CYCastJSObject(context, value));
-        return CYMakeFunctor(context, function, type);
+        return CYMakeFunctor(context, function, signature);
     } else {
         void (*function)()(CYCastPointer<void (*)()>(context, value));
-        return CYMakeFunctor(context, function, type);
+        return CYMakeFunctor(context, function, signature);
     }
 }
 
@@ -825,9 +894,9 @@ static JSValueRef Pointer_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
         return internal->length_ == _not(size_t) ? CYJSUndefined(context) : CYCastJSValue(context, internal->length_);
 
     Type_privateData *typical(internal->type_);
-
     if (typical->type_ == NULL)
         return NULL;
+    sig::Type &type(*typical->type_);
 
     ssize_t offset;
     if (JSStringIsEqualToUTF8CString(property, "$cyi"))
@@ -835,13 +904,16 @@ static JSValueRef Pointer_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
     else if (!CYGetOffset(pool, context, property, offset))
         return NULL;
 
+    if (type.primitive == sig::function_P)
+        return CYMakeFunctor(context, reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(internal->value_), type.data.signature);
+
     ffi_type *ffi(typical->GetFFI());
 
     uint8_t *base(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(internal->value_));
     base += ffi->size * offset;
 
     JSObjectRef owner(internal->GetOwner() ?: object);
-    return CYFromFFI(context, typical->type_, ffi, base, false, owner);
+    return CYFromFFI(context, &type, ffi, base, false, owner);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static bool Pointer_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef value, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
@@ -867,11 +939,11 @@ static bool Pointer_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStri
     return true;
 } CYCatch(false) }
 
-static JSValueRef Struct_callAsFunction_$cya(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
+static JSValueRef Struct_callAsFunction_$cya(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Struct_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Struct_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
     Type_privateData *typical(internal->type_);
     return CYMakePointer(context, internal->value_, _not(size_t), typical->type_, typical->ffi_, _this);
-}
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Struct_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     CYPool pool;
@@ -930,7 +1002,11 @@ static void Struct_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JS
     }
 }
 
-JSValueRef CYCallFunction(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, size_t setups, void *setup[], size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], bool initialize, JSValueRef *exception, sig::Signature *signature, ffi_cif *cif, void (*function)()) { CYTry {
+void CYCallFunction(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, ffi_cif *cif, void (*function)(), void *value, void **values) {
+    ffi_call(cif, function, value, values);
+}
+
+JSValueRef CYCallFunction(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, size_t setups, void *setup[], size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], bool initialize, sig::Signature *signature, ffi_cif *cif, void (*function)()) {
     if (setups + count != signature->count - 1)
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to ffi function");
 
@@ -948,22 +1024,24 @@ JSValueRef CYCallFunction(CYPool &pool, JSContextRef context, size_t setups, voi
 
     uint8_t value[cif->rtype->size];
 
-    if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->CallFunction != NULL)
-        (*hooks_->CallFunction)(context, cif, function, value, values);
-    else
-        ffi_call(cif, function, value, values);
+    void (*call)(CYPool &, JSContextRef, ffi_cif *, void (*)(), void *, void **) = &CYCallFunction;
+    // XXX: this only supports one hook, but it is a bad idea anyway
+    for (CYHook *hook : GetHooks())
+        if (hook->CallFunction != NULL)
+            call = hook->CallFunction;
 
+    call(pool, context, cif, function, value, values);
     return CYFromFFI(context, signature->elements[0].type, cif->rtype, value, initialize);
-} CYCatch(NULL) }
+}
 
-static JSValueRef Functor_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
+static JSValueRef Functor_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     CYPool pool;
     cy::Functor *internal(reinterpret_cast<cy::Functor *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
-    return CYCallFunction(pool, context, 0, NULL, count, arguments, false, exception, &internal->signature_, &internal->cif_, internal->GetValue());
-}
+    return CYCallFunction(pool, context, 0, NULL, count, arguments, false, &internal->signature_, &internal->cif_, internal->GetValue());
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-JSObjectRef CYMakeType(JSContextRef context, const char *type) {
-    Type_privateData *internal(new Type_privateData(type));
+JSObjectRef CYMakeType(JSContextRef context, const char *encoding) {
+    Type_privateData *internal(new Type_privateData(encoding));
     return JSObjectMake(context, Type_privateData::Class_, internal);
 }
 
@@ -972,6 +1050,46 @@ JSObjectRef CYMakeType(JSContextRef context, sig::Type *type) {
     return JSObjectMake(context, Type_privateData::Class_, internal);
 }
 
+JSObjectRef CYMakeType(JSContextRef context, sig::Signature *signature) {
+    CYPool pool;
+
+    sig::Type type;
+    type.name = NULL;
+    type.flags = 0;
+
+    type.primitive = sig::function_P;
+    sig::Copy(pool, type.data.signature, *signature);
+
+    return CYMakeType(context, &type);
+}
+
+static bool All_hasProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property) {
+    JSObjectRef global(CYGetGlobalObject(context));
+    JSObjectRef cycript(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Cycript"))));
+    JSObjectRef alls(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("alls"))));
+
+    for (size_t i(0), count(CYArrayLength(context, alls)); i != count; ++i)
+        if (JSObjectRef space = CYCastJSObject(context, CYArrayGet(context, alls, count - i - 1)))
+            if (CYHasProperty(context, space, property))
+                return true;
+
+    CYPool pool;
+    CYUTF8String name(CYPoolUTF8String(pool, context, property));
+
+    size_t length(name.size);
+    char keyed[length + 2];
+    memcpy(keyed + 1, name.data, length + 1);
+
+    static const char *modes = "0124";
+    for (size_t i(0); i != 4; ++i) {
+        keyed[0] = modes[i];
+        if (CYBridgeHash(keyed, length + 1) != NULL)
+            return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 static JSValueRef All_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     JSObjectRef global(CYGetGlobalObject(context));
     JSObjectRef cycript(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Cycript"))));
@@ -1059,6 +1177,38 @@ static JSObjectRef Type_new(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t cou
     return CYMakeType(context, type);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_$With(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], sig::Primitive primitive, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+
+    CYPool pool;
+
+    sig::Type type;
+    type.name = NULL;
+    type.flags = 0;
+
+    type.primitive = primitive;
+    type.data.signature.elements = new(pool) sig::Element[1 + count];
+    type.data.signature.count = 1 + count;
+
+    type.data.signature.elements[0].name = NULL;
+    type.data.signature.elements[0].type = internal->type_;
+    type.data.signature.elements[0].offset = _not(size_t);
+
+    for (size_t i(0); i != count; ++i) {
+        sig::Element &element(type.data.signature.elements[i + 1]);
+        element.name = NULL;
+        element.offset = _not(size_t);
+
+        JSObjectRef object(CYCastJSObject(context, arguments[i]));
+        _assert(JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, object, Type_privateData::Class_));
+        Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
+
+        element.type = internal->type_;
+    }
+
+    return CYMakeType(context, &type);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
 static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_arrayOf(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count != 1)
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.arrayOf");
@@ -1080,6 +1230,10 @@ static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_arrayOf(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
     return CYMakeType(context, &type);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_blockWith(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
+    return Type_callAsFunction_$With(context, object, _this, count, arguments, sig::block_P, exception);
+}
+
 static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_constant(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count != 0)
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.constant");
@@ -1090,6 +1244,82 @@ static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_constant(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
     return CYMakeType(context, &type);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_long(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    if (count != 0)
+        throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.long");
+    Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+
+    sig::Type type(*internal->type_);
+
+    switch (type.primitive) {
+        case sig::short_P: type.primitive = sig::int_P; break;
+        case sig::int_P: type.primitive = sig::long_P; break;
+        case sig::long_P: type.primitive = sig::longlong_P; break;
+        default: throw CYJSError(context, "invalid type argument to Type.long");
+    }
+
+    return CYMakeType(context, &type);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_short(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    if (count != 0)
+        throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.short");
+    Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+
+    sig::Type type(*internal->type_);
+
+    switch (type.primitive) {
+        case sig::int_P: type.primitive = sig::short_P; break;
+        case sig::long_P: type.primitive = sig::int_P; break;
+        case sig::longlong_P: type.primitive = sig::long_P; break;
+        default: throw CYJSError(context, "invalid type argument to Type.short");
+    }
+
+    return CYMakeType(context, &type);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_signed(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    if (count != 0)
+        throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.signed");
+    Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+
+    sig::Type type(*internal->type_);
+
+    switch (type.primitive) {
+        case sig::char_P: case sig::uchar_P: type.primitive = sig::char_P; break;
+        case sig::short_P: case sig::ushort_P: type.primitive = sig::short_P; break;
+        case sig::int_P: case sig::uint_P: type.primitive = sig::int_P; break;
+        case sig::long_P: case sig::ulong_P: type.primitive = sig::long_P; break;
+        case sig::longlong_P: case sig::ulonglong_P: type.primitive = sig::longlong_P; break;
+        default: throw CYJSError(context, "invalid type argument to Type.signed");
+    }
+
+    return CYMakeType(context, &type);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_unsigned(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    if (count != 0)
+        throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.unsigned");
+    Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+
+    sig::Type type(*internal->type_);
+
+    switch (type.primitive) {
+        case sig::char_P: case sig::uchar_P: type.primitive = sig::uchar_P; break;
+        case sig::short_P: case sig::ushort_P: type.primitive = sig::ushort_P; break;
+        case sig::int_P: case sig::uint_P: type.primitive = sig::uint_P; break;
+        case sig::long_P: case sig::ulong_P: type.primitive = sig::ulong_P; break;
+        case sig::longlong_P: case sig::ulonglong_P: type.primitive = sig::ulonglong_P; break;
+        default: throw CYJSError(context, "invalid type argument to Type.unsigned");
+    }
+
+    return CYMakeType(context, &type);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_functionWith(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
+    return Type_callAsFunction_$With(context, object, _this, count, arguments, sig::function_P, exception);
+}
+
 static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_pointerTo(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count != 0)
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Type.pointerTo");
@@ -1097,11 +1327,18 @@ static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_pointerTo(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRe
 
     sig::Type type;
     type.name = NULL;
-    type.flags = 0;
 
-    type.primitive = sig::pointer_P;
-    type.data.data.type = internal->type_;
-    type.data.data.size = 0;
+    if (internal->type_->primitive == sig::char_P) {
+        type.flags = internal->type_->flags;
+        type.primitive = sig::string_P;
+        type.data.data.type = NULL;
+        type.data.data.size = 0;
+    } else {
+        type.flags = 0;
+        type.primitive = sig::pointer_P;
+        type.data.data.type = internal->type_;
+        type.data.data.size = 0;
+    }
 
     return CYMakeType(context, &type);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
@@ -1124,6 +1361,9 @@ static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to type cast function");
     Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
 
+    if (internal->type_->primitive == sig::function_P)
+        return CYMakeFunctor(context, arguments[0], internal->type_->data.signature);
+
     sig::Type *type(internal->type_);
     ffi_type *ffi(internal->GetFFI());
     // XXX: alignment?
@@ -1148,7 +1388,7 @@ static JSObjectRef Type_callAsConstructor(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef obje
         type = type->data.data.type;
     }
 
-    void *value(malloc(internal->GetFFI()->size));
+    void *value(calloc(1, internal->GetFFI()->size));
     return CYMakePointer(context, value, length, type, NULL, NULL);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
@@ -1156,8 +1396,10 @@ static JSObjectRef Functor_new(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t
     if (count != 2)
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Functor constructor");
     CYPool pool;
-    const char *type(CYPoolCString(pool, context, arguments[1]));
-    return CYMakeFunctor(context, arguments[0], type);
+    const char *encoding(CYPoolCString(pool, context, arguments[1]));
+    sig::Signature signature;
+    sig::Parse(pool, &signature, encoding, &Structor_);
+    return CYMakeFunctor(context, arguments[0], signature);
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef CYValue_callAsFunction_valueOf(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
@@ -1177,32 +1419,52 @@ static JSValueRef CYValue_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRe
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Pointer_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    std::set<void *> *objects(CYCastObjects(context, _this, count, arguments));
+
     Pointer *internal(reinterpret_cast<Pointer *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
     if (internal->length_ != _not(size_t)) {
         JSObjectRef Array(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Array_prototype")));
         JSObjectRef toCYON(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Array, toCYON_s)));
         return CYCallAsFunction(context, toCYON, _this, count, arguments);
-    } else {
+    } else if (internal->type_->type_ == NULL) pointer: {
         char string[32];
         sprintf(string, "%p", internal->value_);
         return CYCastJSValue(context, string);
+    } try {
+        JSValueRef value(CYGetProperty(context, _this, cyi_s));
+        if (JSValueIsUndefined(context, value))
+            goto pointer;
+        CYPool pool;
+        return CYCastJSValue(context, pool.strcat("&", CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, value, objects), NULL));
+    } catch (const CYException &e) {
+        goto pointer;
     }
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-static JSValueRef Type_getProperty_alignment(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) {
+static JSValueRef Pointer_getProperty_type(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    Pointer *internal(reinterpret_cast<Pointer *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
+    return CYMakeType(context, internal->type_->type_);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Functor_getProperty_type(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    cy::Functor *internal(reinterpret_cast<cy::Functor *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
+    return CYMakeType(context, &internal->signature_);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+static JSValueRef Type_getProperty_alignment(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
     return CYCastJSValue(context, internal->GetFFI()->alignment);
-}
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-static JSValueRef Type_getProperty_name(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) {
+static JSValueRef Type_getProperty_name(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
     return CYCastJSValue(context, internal->type_->name);
-}
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
-static JSValueRef Type_getProperty_size(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) {
+static JSValueRef Type_getProperty_size(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
     return CYCastJSValue(context, internal->GetFFI()->size);
-}
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_toString(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
@@ -1213,12 +1475,12 @@ static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_toString(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
 
 static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Type_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Type_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
-    CYPool pool;
-    const char *type(sig::Unparse(pool, internal->type_));
-    std::ostringstream str;
-    CYStringify(str, type, strlen(type));
-    char *cyon(pool.strcat("new Type(", str.str().c_str(), ")", NULL));
-    return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(cyon));
+    CYLocalPool pool;
+    std::stringbuf out;
+    CYOptions options;
+    CYOutput output(out, options);
+    (new(pool) CYEncodedType(Decode(pool, internal->type_)))->Output(output, CYNoFlags);
+    return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(out.str().c_str()));
 } CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Type_callAsFunction_toJSON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
@@ -1232,6 +1494,11 @@ static JSStaticFunction Pointer_staticFunctions[4] = {
     {NULL, NULL, 0}
 };
 
+static JSStaticValue Pointer_staticValues[2] = {
+    {"type", &Pointer_getProperty_type, NULL, kJSPropertyAttributeReadOnly | kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {NULL, NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+
 static JSStaticFunction Struct_staticFunctions[2] = {
     {"$cya", &Struct_callAsFunction_$cya, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {NULL, NULL, 0}
@@ -1248,6 +1515,15 @@ namespace cy {
     JSStaticFunction const * const Functor::StaticFunctions = Functor_staticFunctions;
 }
 
+static JSStaticValue Functor_staticValues[2] = {
+    {"type", &Functor_getProperty_type, NULL, kJSPropertyAttributeReadOnly | kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {NULL, NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+namespace cy {
+    JSStaticValue const * const Functor::StaticValues = Functor_staticValues;
+}
+
 static JSStaticValue Type_staticValues[4] = {
     {"alignment", &Type_getProperty_alignment, NULL, kJSPropertyAttributeReadOnly | kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"name", &Type_getProperty_name, NULL, kJSPropertyAttributeReadOnly | kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
@@ -1255,31 +1531,35 @@ static JSStaticValue Type_staticValues[4] = {
     {NULL, NULL, NULL, 0}
 };
 
-static JSStaticFunction Type_staticFunctions[8] = {
+static JSStaticFunction Type_staticFunctions[14] = {
     {"arrayOf", &Type_callAsFunction_arrayOf, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {"blockWith", &Type_callAsFunction_blockWith, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"constant", &Type_callAsFunction_constant, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {"functionWith", &Type_callAsFunction_functionWith, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {"long", &Type_callAsFunction_long, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"pointerTo", &Type_callAsFunction_pointerTo, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {"short", &Type_callAsFunction_short, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {"signed", &Type_callAsFunction_signed, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"withName", &Type_callAsFunction_withName, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"toCYON", &Type_callAsFunction_toCYON, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"toJSON", &Type_callAsFunction_toJSON, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {"toString", &Type_callAsFunction_toString, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {"unsigned", &Type_callAsFunction_unsigned, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {NULL, NULL, 0}
 };
 
 static JSObjectRef (*JSObjectMakeArray$)(JSContextRef, size_t, const JSValueRef[], JSValueRef *);
 
-void CYSetArgs(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
+_visible void CYSetArgs(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
     JSContextRef context(CYGetJSContext());
     JSValueRef args[argc];
     for (int i(0); i != argc; ++i)
         args[i] = CYCastJSValue(context, argv[i]);
 
     JSObjectRef array;
-    if (JSObjectMakeArray$ != NULL) {
-        JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-        array = (*JSObjectMakeArray$)(context, argc, args, &exception);
-        CYThrow(context, exception);
-    } else {
+    if (JSObjectMakeArray$ != NULL)
+        array = _jsccall(*JSObjectMakeArray$, context, argc, args);
+    else {
         JSObjectRef Array(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Array")));
         JSValueRef value(CYCallAsFunction(context, Array, NULL, argc, args));
         array = CYCastJSObject(context, value);
@@ -1293,48 +1573,65 @@ JSObjectRef CYGetGlobalObject(JSContextRef context) {
     return JSContextGetGlobalObject(context);
 }
 
-const char *CYExecute(CYPool &pool, CYUTF8String code) {
-    JSContextRef context(CYGetJSContext());
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL), result;
-
-    void *handle;
-    if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->ExecuteStart != NULL)
-        handle = (*hooks_->ExecuteStart)(context);
-    else
-        handle = NULL;
+// XXX: this is neither exceptin safe nor even terribly sane
+class ExecutionHandle {
+  private:
+    JSContextRef context_;
+    std::vector<void *> handles_;
 
-    const char *json;
+  public:
+    ExecutionHandle(JSContextRef context) :
+        context_(context)
+    {
+        handles_.resize(GetHooks().size());
+        for (size_t i(0); i != GetHooks().size(); ++i) {
+            CYHook *hook(GetHooks()[i]);
+            if (hook->ExecuteStart != NULL)
+                handles_[i] = (*hook->ExecuteStart)(context_);
+            else
+                handles_[i] = NULL;
+        }
+    }
 
-    try {
-        result = JSEvaluateScript(context, CYJSString(code), NULL, NULL, 0, &exception);
-    } catch (const char *error) {
-        return error;
+    ~ExecutionHandle() {
+        for (size_t i(GetHooks().size()); i != 0; --i) {
+            CYHook *hook(GetHooks()[i-1]);
+            if (hook->ExecuteEnd != NULL)
+                (*hook->ExecuteEnd)(context_, handles_[i-1]);
+        }
     }
+};
 
-    if (exception != NULL) error:
-        return CYPoolCString(pool, context, CYJSString(context, exception));
+static volatile bool cancel_;
 
-    if (JSValueIsUndefined(context, result))
-        return NULL;
+static bool CYShouldTerminate(JSContextRef context, void *arg) {
+    return cancel_;
+}
 
-    try {
-        json = CYPoolCCYON(pool, context, result, &exception);
-    } catch (const char *error) {
-        return error;
-    }
+_visible const char *CYExecute(JSContextRef context, CYPool &pool, CYUTF8String code) {
+    ExecutionHandle handle(context);
 
-    if (exception != NULL)
-        goto error;
+    cancel_ = false;
+    if (&JSContextGroupSetExecutionTimeLimit != NULL)
+        JSContextGroupSetExecutionTimeLimit(JSContextGetGroup(context), 0.5, &CYShouldTerminate, NULL);
 
-    CYSetProperty(context, CYGetGlobalObject(context), Result_, result);
+    try {
+        JSValueRef result(_jsccall(JSEvaluateScript, context, CYJSString(code), NULL, NULL, 0));
+        if (JSValueIsUndefined(context, result))
+            return NULL;
+
+        std::set<void *> objects;
+        const char *json(_jsccall(CYPoolCCYON, pool, context, result, objects));
+        CYSetProperty(context, CYGetGlobalObject(context), Result_, result);
 
-    if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->ExecuteEnd != NULL)
-        (*hooks_->ExecuteEnd)(context, handle);
-    return json;
+        return json;
+    } catch (const CYException &error) {
+        return pool.strcat("throw ", error.PoolCString(pool), NULL);
+    }
 }
 
-extern "C" void CydgetSetupContext(JSGlobalContextRef context) {
-    CYSetupContext(context);
+_visible void CYCancel() {
+    cancel_ = true;
 }
 
 static bool initialized_ = false;
@@ -1345,11 +1642,13 @@ void CYInitializeDynamic() {
     else return;
 
     JSObjectMakeArray$ = reinterpret_cast<JSObjectRef (*)(JSContextRef, size_t, const JSValueRef[], JSValueRef *)>(dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "JSObjectMakeArray"));
+    JSSynchronousGarbageCollectForDebugging$ = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(JSContextRef)>(dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "JSSynchronousGarbageCollectForDebugging"));
 
     JSClassDefinition definition;
 
     definition = kJSClassDefinitionEmpty;
     definition.className = "All";
+    definition.hasProperty = &All_hasProperty;
     definition.getProperty = &All_getProperty;
     definition.getPropertyNames = &All_getPropertyNames;
     All_ = JSClassCreate(&definition);
@@ -1362,6 +1661,7 @@ void CYInitializeDynamic() {
     definition = kJSClassDefinitionEmpty;
     definition.className = "Functor";
     definition.staticFunctions = cy::Functor::StaticFunctions;
+    definition.staticValues = Functor_staticValues;
     definition.callAsFunction = &Functor_callAsFunction;
     definition.finalize = &CYFinalize;
     Functor_ = JSClassCreate(&definition);
@@ -1369,6 +1669,7 @@ void CYInitializeDynamic() {
     definition = kJSClassDefinitionEmpty;
     definition.className = "Pointer";
     definition.staticFunctions = Pointer_staticFunctions;
+    definition.staticValues = Pointer_staticValues;
     definition.getProperty = &Pointer_getProperty;
     definition.setProperty = &Pointer_setProperty;
     definition.finalize = &CYFinalize;
@@ -1399,6 +1700,7 @@ void CYInitializeDynamic() {
 
     Array_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("Array");
     cy_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("$cy");
+    cyi_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("$cyi");
     length_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("length");
     message_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("message");
     name_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("name");
@@ -1410,11 +1712,13 @@ void CYInitializeDynamic() {
     toJSON_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("toJSON");
     toPointer_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("toPointer");
     toString_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("toString");
+    weak_s = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("weak");
 
     Result_ = JSStringCreateWithUTF8CString("_");
 
-    if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->Initialize != NULL)
-        (*hooks_->Initialize)();
+    for (CYHook *hook : GetHooks())
+        if (hook->Initialize != NULL)
+            (*hook->Initialize)();
 }
 
 void CYThrow(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
@@ -1423,8 +1727,9 @@ void CYThrow(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
 }
 
 const char *CYJSError::PoolCString(CYPool &pool) const {
+    std::set<void *> objects;
     // XXX: this used to be CYPoolCString
-    return CYPoolCCYON(pool, context_, value_);
+    return CYPoolCCYON(pool, context_, value_, objects);
 }
 
 JSValueRef CYJSError::CastJSValue(JSContextRef context) const {
@@ -1434,14 +1739,8 @@ JSValueRef CYJSError::CastJSValue(JSContextRef context) const {
 
 JSValueRef CYCastJSError(JSContextRef context, const char *message) {
     JSObjectRef Error(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Error")));
-
     JSValueRef arguments[1] = {CYCastJSValue(context, message)};
-
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    JSValueRef value(JSObjectCallAsConstructor(context, Error, 1, arguments, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
-
-    return value;
+    return _jsccall(JSObjectCallAsConstructor, context, Error, 1, arguments);
 }
 
 JSValueRef CYPoolError::CastJSValue(JSContextRef context) const {
@@ -1466,9 +1765,88 @@ JSGlobalContextRef CYGetJSContext(JSContextRef context) {
     return reinterpret_cast<Context *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, CYGetGlobalObject(context), cy_s))))->context_;
 }
 
-extern "C" void CYSetupContext(JSGlobalContextRef context) {
-    JSValueRef exception(NULL);
+void *CYMapFile(const char *path, size_t *psize) {
+    int fd(_syscall_(open(path, O_RDONLY), 1, ENOENT));
+    if (fd == -1)
+        return NULL;
+
+    struct stat stat;
+    _syscall(fstat(fd, &stat));
+    size_t size(stat.st_size);
+
+    *psize = size;
+
+    void *base;
+    _syscall(base = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0));
+
+    _syscall(close(fd));
+    return base;
+}
+
+static JSValueRef require(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    _assert(count == 1);
+    CYPool pool;
+
+    Dl_info addr;
+    _assert(dladdr(reinterpret_cast<void *>(&require), &addr) != 0);
+    char *lib(pool.strdup(addr.dli_fname));
+
+    char *slash(strrchr(lib, '/'));
+    _assert(slash != NULL);
+    *slash = '\0';
+
+    CYJSString property("exports");
+    JSObjectRef module;
 
+    const char *name(CYPoolCString(pool, context, arguments[0]));
+    const char *path(pool.strcat(lib, "/cycript0.9/", name, ".cy", NULL));
+
+    CYJSString key(path);
+    JSObjectRef modules(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("modules")));
+    JSValueRef cache(CYGetProperty(context, modules, key));
+
+    if (!JSValueIsUndefined(context, cache))
+        module = CYCastJSObject(context, cache);
+    else {
+        CYUTF8String code;
+        code.data = reinterpret_cast<char *>(CYMapFile(path, &code.size));
+
+        if (code.data == NULL) {
+            if (strchr(name, '/') == NULL && (
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+                dlopen(pool.strcat("/System/Library/Frameworks/", name, ".framework/", name, NULL), RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_GLOBAL) != NULL ||
+                dlopen(pool.strcat("/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/", name, ".framework/", name, NULL), RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_GLOBAL) != NULL ||
+#endif
+            false))
+                return CYJSUndefined(NULL);
+
+            CYThrow("Can't find module: %s", name);
+        }
+
+        module = JSObjectMake(context, NULL, NULL);
+        CYSetProperty(context, modules, key, module);
+
+        JSObjectRef exports(JSObjectMake(context, NULL, NULL));
+        CYSetProperty(context, module, property, exports);
+
+        std::stringstream wrap;
+        wrap << "(function (exports, require, module) { " << code << "\n});";
+        code = CYPoolCode(pool, wrap);
+
+        JSValueRef value(_jsccall(JSEvaluateScript, context, CYJSString(code), NULL, NULL, 0));
+        JSObjectRef function(CYCastJSObject(context, value));
+
+        JSValueRef arguments[3] = { exports, JSObjectMakeFunctionWithCallback(context, CYJSString("require"), &require), module };
+        CYCallAsFunction(context, function, NULL, 3, arguments);
+    }
+
+    return CYGetProperty(context, module, property);
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
+
+extern "C" void CYDestroyWeak(JSWeakObjectMapRef weak, void *data) {
+}
+
+extern "C" void CYSetupContext(JSGlobalContextRef context) {
     CYInitializeDynamic();
 
     JSObjectRef global(CYGetGlobalObject(context));
@@ -1483,15 +1861,30 @@ extern "C" void CYSetupContext(JSGlobalContextRef context) {
     JSObjectRef Array_prototype(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Array, prototype_s)));
     CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Array_prototype"), Array_prototype);
 
+    JSObjectRef Boolean(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Boolean"))));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Boolean"), Boolean);
+
+    JSObjectRef Boolean_prototype(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Boolean, prototype_s)));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Boolean_prototype"), Boolean_prototype);
+
     JSObjectRef Error(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Error"))));
     CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Error"), Error);
 
+    JSObjectRef Error_prototype(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Error, prototype_s)));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Error_prototype"), Error_prototype);
+
     JSObjectRef Function(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Function"))));
     CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Function"), Function);
 
     JSObjectRef Function_prototype(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Function, prototype_s)));
     CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Function_prototype"), Function_prototype);
 
+    JSObjectRef Number(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Number"))));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Number"), Number);
+
+    JSObjectRef Number_prototype(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Number, prototype_s)));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Number_prototype"), Number_prototype);
+
     JSObjectRef Object(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Object"))));
     CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Object"), Object);
 
@@ -1506,24 +1899,28 @@ extern "C" void CYSetupContext(JSGlobalContextRef context) {
 /* }}} */
 
     CYSetProperty(context, Array_prototype, toCYON_s, &Array_callAsFunction_toCYON, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum);
+    CYSetProperty(context, Error_prototype, toCYON_s, &Error_callAsFunction_toCYON, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum);
     CYSetProperty(context, String_prototype, toCYON_s, &String_callAsFunction_toCYON, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum);
 
     JSObjectRef cycript(JSObjectMake(context, NULL, NULL));
     CYSetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("Cycript"), cycript);
+    CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("compile"), &Cycript_compile_callAsFunction);
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("gc"), &Cycript_gc_callAsFunction);
 
     JSObjectRef Functor(JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Functor_, &Functor_new));
-    JSObjectSetPrototype(context, CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Functor, prototype_s)), Function_prototype);
+    CYSetPrototype(context, CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Functor, prototype_s)), Function_prototype);
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("Functor"), Functor);
 
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("Pointer"), JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Pointer_, &Pointer_new));
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("Type"), JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Type_privateData::Class_, &Type_new));
 
+    JSObjectRef modules(JSObjectMake(context, NULL, NULL));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("modules"), modules);
+
     JSObjectRef all(JSObjectMake(context, All_, NULL));
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("all"), all);
 
-    JSObjectRef alls(JSObjectCallAsConstructor(context, Array, 0, NULL, &exception));
-    CYThrow(context, exception);
+    JSObjectRef alls(_jsccall(JSObjectCallAsConstructor, context, Array, 0, NULL));
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("alls"), alls);
 
     if (true) {
@@ -1538,32 +1935,40 @@ extern "C" void CYSetupContext(JSGlobalContextRef context) {
             next = JSObjectGetPrototype(context, curr);
         }
 
-        JSObjectSetPrototype(context, last, all);
+        CYSetPrototype(context, last, all);
     }
 
-    CYSetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("$cyq"), &$cyq, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum);
-
     JSObjectRef System(JSObjectMake(context, NULL, NULL));
     CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("System"), System);
 
+    CYSetProperty(context, all, CYJSString("require"), &require, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum);
+
     CYSetProperty(context, global, CYJSString("system"), System);
     CYSetProperty(context, System, CYJSString("args"), CYJSNull(context));
     //CYSetProperty(context, System, CYJSString("global"), global);
     CYSetProperty(context, System, CYJSString("print"), &System_print);
 
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+    if (&JSWeakObjectMapCreate != NULL) {
+        JSWeakObjectMapRef weak(JSWeakObjectMapCreate(context, NULL, &CYDestroyWeak));
+        CYSetProperty(context, cy, weak_s, CYCastJSValue(context, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(weak)));
+    }
+#endif
+
     if (CYBridgeEntry *entry = CYBridgeHash("1dlerror", 8))
         entry->cache_ = new cy::Functor(entry->value_, reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(&dlerror));
 
-    if (hooks_ != NULL && hooks_->SetupContext != NULL)
-        (*hooks_->SetupContext)(context);
+    for (CYHook *hook : GetHooks())
+        if (hook->SetupContext != NULL)
+            (*hook->SetupContext)(context);
 
     CYArrayPush(context, alls, cycript);
 }
 
-JSGlobalContextRef CYGetJSContext() {
-    CYInitializeDynamic();
+static JSGlobalContextRef context_;
 
-    static JSGlobalContextRef context_;
+_visible JSGlobalContextRef CYGetJSContext() {
+    CYInitializeDynamic();
 
     if (context_ == NULL) {
         context_ = JSGlobalContextCreate(Global_);
@@ -1572,3 +1977,10 @@ JSGlobalContextRef CYGetJSContext() {
 
     return context_;
 }
+
+_visible void CYDestroyContext() {
+    if (context_ == NULL)
+        return;
+    JSGlobalContextRelease(context_);
+    context_ = NULL;
+}