X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/cycript.git/blobdiff_plain/54e3490b89ee1cc882d7c308ea65f023d374e482..fe3189de0468ef6e507e999ac900151e5aeee826:/ObjectiveC/Library.mm

diff --git a/ObjectiveC/Library.mm b/ObjectiveC/Library.mm
index e7ed92d..5873277 100644
--- a/ObjectiveC/Library.mm
+++ b/ObjectiveC/Library.mm
@@ -1,28 +1,24 @@
 /* Cycript - Optimizing JavaScript Compiler/Runtime
- * Copyright (C) 2009-2012  Jay Freeman (saurik)
+ * Copyright (C) 2009-2013  Jay Freeman (saurik)
 */
 
-/* GNU Lesser General Public License, Version 3 {{{ */
+/* GNU General Public License, Version 3 {{{ */
 /*
- * Cycript is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
- * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the
- * Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your
- * option) any later version.
+ * Cycript is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
+ * by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
+ * or (at your option) any later version.
  *
- * Cycript is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License for more details.
+ * Cycript is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
  *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  * along with Cycript.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 **/
 /* }}} */
 
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-#include "Struct.hpp"
-#endif
-
 #include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
 
 #include "ObjectiveC/Internal.hpp"
@@ -128,6 +124,41 @@ static void (*$objc_setAssociatedObject)(id object, void *key, id value, objc_As
 static id (*$objc_getAssociatedObject)(id object, void *key);
 static void (*$objc_removeAssociatedObjects)(id object);
 
+struct BlockLiteral {
+    Class isa;
+    int flags;
+    int reserved;
+    void (*invoke)(void *, ...);
+    void *descriptor;
+};
+
+struct BlockDescriptor1 {
+    unsigned long int reserved;
+    unsigned long int size;
+};
+
+struct BlockDescriptor2 {
+    void (*copy_helper)(BlockLiteral *dst, BlockLiteral *src);
+    void (*dispose_helper)(BlockLiteral *src);
+};
+
+struct BlockDescriptor3 {
+    const char *signature;
+    const char *layout;
+};
+
+enum {
+    BLOCK_DEALLOCATING = 0x0001,
+    BLOCK_REFCOUNT_MASK = 0xfffe,
+    BLOCK_NEEDS_FREE = 1 << 24,
+    BLOCK_HAS_COPY_DISPOSE = 1 << 25,
+    BLOCK_HAS_CTOR = 1 << 26,
+    BLOCK_IS_GC = 1 << 27,
+    BLOCK_IS_GLOBAL = 1 << 28,
+    BLOCK_HAS_STRET = 1 << 29,
+    BLOCK_HAS_SIGNATURE = 1 << 30,
+};
+
 JSValueRef CYSendMessage(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, id self, Class super, SEL _cmd, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], bool initialize, JSValueRef *exception);
 
 /* Objective-C Pool Release {{{ */
@@ -246,6 +277,7 @@ static JSClassRef FunctionInstance_;
 static JSClassRef ObjectInstance_;
 static JSClassRef StringInstance_;
 
+static JSClassRef Class_;
 static JSClassRef Internal_;
 static JSClassRef Message_;
 static JSClassRef Messages_;
@@ -290,9 +322,11 @@ Type_privateData *Selector_privateData::GetType() const {
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_toString(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception);
 
-JSValueRef CYGetClassPrototype(JSContextRef context, id self) {
+JSValueRef CYGetClassPrototype(JSContextRef context, Class self, bool meta) {
     if (self == nil)
         return CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Instance_prototype"));
+    else if (meta && !class_isMetaClass(self))
+        return CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("Class_prototype"));
 
     JSObjectRef global(CYGetGlobalObject(context));
     JSObjectRef cy(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, global, cy_s)));
@@ -317,7 +351,7 @@ JSValueRef CYGetClassPrototype(JSContextRef context, id self) {
     else if (self == NSString_)
         prototype = CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("StringInstance_prototype"));
     else
-        prototype = CYGetClassPrototype(context, class_getSuperclass(self));
+        prototype = CYGetClassPrototype(context, class_getSuperclass(self), meta);
 
     JSObjectRef object(JSObjectMake(context, _class, NULL));
     JSObjectSetPrototype(context, object, prototype);
@@ -326,14 +360,14 @@ JSValueRef CYGetClassPrototype(JSContextRef context, id self) {
     return object;
 }
 
-JSObjectRef Messages::Make(JSContextRef context, Class _class, bool array) {
+_finline JSValueRef CYGetClassPrototype(JSContextRef context, Class self) {
+    return CYGetClassPrototype(context, self, class_isMetaClass(self));
+}
+
+JSObjectRef Messages::Make(JSContextRef context, Class _class) {
     JSObjectRef value(JSObjectMake(context, Messages_, new Messages(_class)));
-    if (_class == NSArray_)
-        array = true;
     if (Class super = class_getSuperclass(_class))
-        JSObjectSetPrototype(context, value, Messages::Make(context, super, array));
-    /*else if (array)
-        JSObjectSetPrototype(context, value, Array_prototype_);*/
+        JSObjectSetPrototype(context, value, Messages::Make(context, super));
     return value;
 }
 
@@ -394,11 +428,12 @@ JSObjectRef CYMakeInstance(JSContextRef context, id object, bool transient) {
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context;
 - (JSType) cy$JSType;
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key;
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON;
+- (JSValueRef) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key inContext:(JSContextRef)context;
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective;
 
 - (bool) cy$hasProperty:(NSString *)name;
 - (NSObject *) cy$getProperty:(NSString *)name;
+- (JSValueRef) cy$getProperty:(NSString *)name inContext:(JSContextRef)context;
 - (bool) cy$setProperty:(NSString *)name to:(NSObject *)value;
 - (bool) cy$deleteProperty:(NSString *)name;
 - (void) cy$getPropertyNames:(JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef)names inContext:(JSContextRef)context;
@@ -412,20 +447,20 @@ JSObjectRef CYMakeInstance(JSContextRef context, id object, bool transient) {
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context;
 @end
 
-NSString *CYCastNSCYON(id value) {
+NSString *CYCastNSCYON(id value, bool objective) {
     NSString *string;
 
     if (value == nil)
         string = @"nil";
     else {
         Class _class(object_getClass(value));
-        SEL sel(@selector(cy$toCYON));
+        SEL sel(@selector(cy$toCYON:));
 
         if (objc_method *toCYON = class_getInstanceMethod(_class, sel))
-            string = reinterpret_cast<NSString *(*)(id, SEL)>(method_getImplementation(toCYON))(value, sel);
+            string = reinterpret_cast<NSString *(*)(id, SEL, bool)>(method_getImplementation(toCYON))(value, sel, objective);
         else if (objc_method *methodSignatureForSelector = class_getInstanceMethod(_class, @selector(methodSignatureForSelector:))) {
             if (reinterpret_cast<NSMethodSignature *(*)(id, SEL, SEL)>(method_getImplementation(methodSignatureForSelector))(value, @selector(methodSignatureForSelector:), sel) != nil)
-                string = [value cy$toCYON];
+                string = [value cy$toCYON:objective];
             else goto fail;
         } else fail: {
             if (false);
@@ -538,12 +573,6 @@ struct PropertyAttributes {
 };
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-NSObject *NSCFType$cy$toJSON(id self, SEL sel, NSString *key) {
-    return [(NSString *) CFCopyDescription((CFTypeRef) self) autorelease];
-}
-#endif
-
 #ifndef __APPLE__
 @interface CYWebUndefined : NSObject {
 }
@@ -572,8 +601,6 @@ NSObject *NSCFType$cy$toJSON(id self, SEL sel, NSString *key) {
 
 - (id) initWithJSObject:(JSObjectRef)object inContext:(JSContextRef)context;
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key;
-
 - (NSUInteger) count;
 - (id) objectForKey:(id)key;
 - (NSEnumerator *) keyEnumerator;
@@ -602,22 +629,60 @@ NSObject *NSCFType$cy$toJSON(id self, SEL sel, NSString *key) {
 @end
 /* }}} */
 
-NSObject *CYCastNSObject_(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object) {
-    JSObjectRef Array(CYGetCachedObject(context, Array_s));
+_finline bool CYJSValueIsNSObject(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
+    return JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, value, Instance_);
+}
+
+_finline bool CYJSValueIsInstanceOfCachedConstructor(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value, JSStringRef cache) {
     JSValueRef exception(NULL);
-    bool array(JSValueIsInstanceOfConstructor(context, object, Array, &exception));
+    JSObjectRef constructor(CYGetCachedObject(context, cache));
+    bool is(JSValueIsInstanceOfConstructor(context, value, constructor, &exception));
     CYThrow(context, exception);
-    id value(array ? [CYJSArray alloc] : [CYJSObject alloc]);
-    return CYPoolRelease(pool, [value initWithJSObject:object inContext:context]);
+    return is;
+}
+
+NSObject *CYMakeBlock(void (*invoke)(), sig::Signature &signature) {
+    BlockLiteral *literal(reinterpret_cast<BlockLiteral *>(malloc(sizeof(BlockLiteral))));
+
+    struct Descriptor {
+        struct {
+            BlockDescriptor1 one_;
+            BlockDescriptor2 two_;
+            BlockDescriptor3 three_;
+        } d_;
+
+        CYPool pool_;
+    };
+
+    Descriptor *descriptor(new Descriptor);
+    memset(&descriptor->d_, 0, sizeof(descriptor->d_));
+
+    literal->isa = objc_getClass("__NSGlobalBlock__");
+    literal->flags = BLOCK_HAS_SIGNATURE | BLOCK_HAS_COPY_DISPOSE | BLOCK_IS_GLOBAL;
+    literal->reserved = 0;
+    literal->invoke = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(void *, ...)>(invoke);
+    literal->descriptor = descriptor;
+
+    descriptor->d_.one_.size = sizeof(descriptor->d_);
+    descriptor->d_.three_.signature = sig::Unparse(descriptor->pool_, &signature);
+
+    return reinterpret_cast<NSObject *>(literal);
 }
 
 NSObject *CYCastNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object) {
-    if (!JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, object, Instance_))
-        return CYCastNSObject_(pool, context, object);
-    else {
+    if (CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, object)) {
         Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
         return internal->GetValue();
     }
+
+    if (JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, object, Functor_)) {
+        cy::Functor *internal(reinterpret_cast<cy::Functor *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
+        return CYMakeBlock(internal->GetValue(), internal->signature_);
+    }
+
+    bool array(CYJSValueIsInstanceOfCachedConstructor(context, object, Array_s));
+    id value(array ? [CYJSArray alloc] : [CYJSObject alloc]);
+    return CYPoolRelease(pool, [value initWithJSObject:object inContext:context]);
 }
 
 NSNumber *CYCopyNSNumber(JSContextRef context, JSValueRef value) {
@@ -698,7 +763,7 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return [[self mutableCopy] autorelease];
 }
 
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
     NSMutableString *json([[[NSMutableString alloc] init] autorelease]);
     [json appendString:@"@["];
 
@@ -714,7 +779,7 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
         else
             comma = true;
         if (object == nil || [object cy$JSType] != kJSTypeUndefined)
-            [json appendString:CYCastNSCYON(object)];
+            [json appendString:CYCastNSCYON(object, true)];
         else {
             [json appendString:@","];
             comma = false;
@@ -737,15 +802,6 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
 }
 
 - (NSObject *) cy$getProperty:(NSString *)name {
-    if ([name isEqualToString:@"length"]) {
-        NSUInteger count([self count]);
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-        return [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInteger:count];
-#else
-        return [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:count];
-#endif
-    }
-
     size_t index(CYGetIndex(name));
     if (index == _not(size_t) || index >= [self count])
         return [super cy$getProperty:name];
@@ -753,6 +809,15 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
         return [self objectAtIndex:index];
 }
 
+- (JSValueRef) cy$getProperty:(NSString *)name inContext:(JSContextRef)context {
+    CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
+        if ([name isEqualToString:@"length"])
+            return CYCastJSValue(context, [self count]);
+    } CYObjectiveCatch
+
+    return [super cy$getProperty:name inContext:context];
+}
+
 - (void) cy$getPropertyNames:(JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef)names inContext:(JSContextRef)context {
     [super cy$getPropertyNames:names inContext:context];
 
@@ -787,12 +852,9 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return kJSTypeBoolean;
 }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return self;
-}
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
-    return [self boolValue] ? @"@true" : @"@false";
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
+    NSString *value([self boolValue] ? @"true" : @"false");
+    return objective ? value : [NSString stringWithFormat:@"@%@", value];
 }
 
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
@@ -809,7 +871,7 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return [[self mutableCopy] autorelease];
 }
 
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
     NSMutableString *json([[[NSMutableString alloc] init] autorelease]);
     [json appendString:@"@{"];
 
@@ -824,10 +886,10 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
             [json appendString:@","];
         else
             comma = true;
-        [json appendString:CYCastNSCYON(key)];
+        [json appendString:CYCastNSCYON(key, true)];
         [json appendString:@":"];
         NSObject *object([self objectForKey:key]);
-        [json appendString:CYCastNSCYON(object)];
+        [json appendString:CYCastNSCYON(object, true)];
     }
 
     [json appendString:@"}"];
@@ -947,16 +1009,13 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return kJSTypeNumber;
 }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return self;
-}
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
-    return [self cy$JSType] != kJSTypeBoolean ? [NSString stringWithFormat:@"@%@", self] : [self boolValue] ? @"@true" : @"@false";
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
+    NSString *value([self cy$JSType] != kJSTypeBoolean ? [self stringValue] : [self boolValue] ? @"true" : @"false");
+    return objective ? value : [NSString stringWithFormat:@"@%@", value];
 }
 
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
-    return [self cy$JSType] != kJSTypeBoolean ? CYCastJSValue(context, [self doubleValue]) : CYCastJSValue(context, [self boolValue]);
+    return [self cy$JSType] != kJSTypeBoolean ? CYCastJSValue(context, [self doubleValue]) : CYCastJSValue(context, static_cast<bool>([self boolValue]));
 } CYObjectiveCatch }
 
 @end
@@ -968,13 +1027,14 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return kJSTypeNull;
 }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return self;
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
+    NSString *value(@"null");
+    return objective ? value : [NSString stringWithFormat:@"@%@", value];
 }
 
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
-    return @"@null";
-}
+- (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
+    return CYJSNull(context);
+} CYObjectiveCatch }
 
 @end
 /* }}} */
@@ -985,6 +1045,10 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return self;
 }
 
+- (JSValueRef) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key inContext:(JSContextRef)context {
+    return [self cy$valueOfInContext:context];
+}
+
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
     return NULL;
 } CYObjectiveCatch }
@@ -993,12 +1057,8 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return kJSTypeObject;
 }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return [self description];
-}
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
-    return [[self cy$toJSON:@""] cy$toCYON];
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
+    return [[self description] cy$toCYON:objective];
 }
 
 - (bool) cy$hasProperty:(NSString *)name {
@@ -1009,6 +1069,12 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return nil;
 }
 
+- (JSValueRef) cy$getProperty:(NSString *)name inContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
+    if (NSObject *value = [self cy$getProperty:name])
+        return CYCastJSValue(context, value);
+    return NULL;
+} CYObjectiveCatch }
+
 - (bool) cy$setProperty:(NSString *)name to:(NSObject *)value {
     return false;
 }
@@ -1029,12 +1095,8 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
 /* Bridge: NSProxy {{{ */
 @implementation NSProxy (Cycript)
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return [self description];
-}
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
-    return [[self cy$toJSON:@""] cy$toCYON];
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
+    return [[self description] cy$toCYON:objective];
 }
 
 @end
@@ -1050,13 +1112,10 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return kJSTypeString;
 }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return self;
-}
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
     std::ostringstream str;
-    str << '@';
+    if (!objective)
+        str << '@';
     CYUTF8String string(CYCastUTF8String(self));
     CYStringify(str, string.data, string.size);
     std::string value(str.str());
@@ -1064,9 +1123,6 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
 }
 
 - (bool) cy$hasProperty:(NSString *)name {
-    if ([name isEqualToString:@"length"])
-        return true;
-
     size_t index(CYGetIndex(name));
     if (index == _not(size_t) || index >= [self length])
         return [super cy$hasProperty:name];
@@ -1075,15 +1131,6 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
 }
 
 - (NSObject *) cy$getProperty:(NSString *)name {
-    if ([name isEqualToString:@"length"]) {
-        NSUInteger count([self length]);
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-        return [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInteger:count];
-#else
-        return [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:count];
-#endif
-    }
-
     size_t index(CYGetIndex(name));
     if (index == _not(size_t) || index >= [self length])
         return [super cy$getProperty:name];
@@ -1101,11 +1148,6 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     }
 }
 
-// XXX: this might be overly restrictive for NSString; I think I need a half-way between /injecting/ implicit properties and /accepting/ implicit properties
-+ (bool) cy$hasImplicitProperties {
-    return false;
-}
-
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
     return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, self));
 } CYObjectiveCatch }
@@ -1119,12 +1161,10 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
     return kJSTypeUndefined;
 }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key {
-    return self;
-}
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
-    return @"undefined";
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
+    NSString *value(@"undefined");
+    return value; // XXX: maybe use the below code, adding @undefined?
+    //return objective ? value : [NSString stringWithFormat:@"@%@", value];
 }
 
 - (JSValueRef) cy$valueOfInContext:(JSContextRef)context { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
@@ -1136,8 +1176,7 @@ NSObject *CYCopyNSObject(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, JSValueRef valu
 
 static bool CYIsClass(id self) {
 #ifdef __APPLE__
-    // XXX: this is a lame object_isClass
-    return class_getInstanceMethod(object_getClass(self), @selector(alloc)) != NULL;
+    return class_isMetaClass(object_getClass(self));
 #else
     return GSObjCIsClass(self);
 #endif
@@ -1184,25 +1223,13 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, NSObject *value) { CYPoolTry {
     [super dealloc];
 } CYObjectiveCatch }
 
-- (NSObject *) cy$toJSON:(NSString *)key { CYObjectiveTry {
-    JSValueRef toJSON(CYGetProperty(context_, object_, toJSON_s));
-    if (!CYIsCallable(context_, toJSON))
-        return [super cy$toJSON:key];
-    else {
-        JSValueRef arguments[1] = {CYCastJSValue(context_, key)};
-        JSValueRef value(CYCallAsFunction(context_, (JSObjectRef) toJSON, object_, 1, arguments));
-        // XXX: do I really want an NSNull here?!
-        return CYCastNSObject(NULL, context_, value) ?: [NSNull null];
-    }
-} CYObjectiveCatch }
-
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON { CYObjectiveTry {
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective { CYObjectiveTry {
     CYPool pool;
     JSValueRef exception(NULL);
     const char *cyon(CYPoolCCYON(pool, context_, object_));
     CYThrow(context_, exception);
     if (cyon == NULL)
-        return [super cy$toCYON];
+        return [super cy$toCYON:objective];
     else
         return [NSString stringWithUTF8String:cyon];
 } CYObjectiveCatch }
@@ -1242,7 +1269,7 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, NSObject *value) { CYPoolTry {
 
 @implementation CYJSArray
 
-- (NSString *) cy$toCYON {
+- (NSString *) cy$toCYON:(bool)objective {
     CYPool pool;
     return [NSString stringWithUTF8String:CYPoolCCYON(pool, context_, object_)];
 }
@@ -1269,7 +1296,7 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, NSObject *value) { CYPoolTry {
 - (id) objectAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index { CYObjectiveTry {
     size_t bounds([self count]);
     if (index >= bounds)
-        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray objectAtIndex:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", index, bounds] userInfo:nil];
+        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray objectAtIndex:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", static_cast<size_t>(index), bounds] userInfo:nil];
     JSValueRef exception(NULL);
     JSValueRef value(JSObjectGetPropertyAtIndex(context_, object_, index, &exception));
     CYThrow(context_, exception);
@@ -1283,7 +1310,7 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, NSObject *value) { CYPoolTry {
 - (void) insertObject:(id)object atIndex:(NSUInteger)index { CYObjectiveTry {
     size_t bounds([self count] + 1);
     if (index >= bounds)
-        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray insertObject:atIndex:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", index, bounds] userInfo:nil];
+        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray insertObject:atIndex:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", static_cast<size_t>(index), bounds] userInfo:nil];
     JSValueRef exception(NULL);
     JSValueRef arguments[3];
     arguments[0] = CYCastJSValue(context_, index);
@@ -1304,7 +1331,7 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, NSObject *value) { CYPoolTry {
 - (void) removeObjectAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index { CYObjectiveTry {
     size_t bounds([self count]);
     if (index >= bounds)
-        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray removeObjectAtIndex:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", index, bounds] userInfo:nil];
+        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray removeObjectAtIndex:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", static_cast<size_t>(index), bounds] userInfo:nil];
     JSValueRef exception(NULL);
     JSValueRef arguments[2];
     arguments[0] = CYCastJSValue(context_, index);
@@ -1317,7 +1344,7 @@ JSValueRef CYCastJSValue(JSContextRef context, NSObject *value) { CYPoolTry {
 - (void) replaceObjectAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index withObject:(id)object { CYObjectiveTry {
     size_t bounds([self count]);
     if (index >= bounds)
-        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray replaceObjectAtIndex:withObject:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", index, bounds] userInfo:nil];
+        @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:NSRangeException reason:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"*** -[CYJSArray replaceObjectAtIndex:withObject:]: index (%zu) beyond bounds (%zu)", static_cast<size_t>(index), bounds] userInfo:nil];
     CYSetProperty(context_, object_, index, CYCastJSValue(context_, (NSObject *) object));
 } CYObjectiveCatch }
 
@@ -1486,7 +1513,7 @@ static JSValueRef CYObjectiveC_FromFFI(JSContextRef context, sig::Type *type, ff
     }
 } CYPoolCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
 
-static bool CYImplements(id object, Class _class, SEL selector, bool devoid) {
+static bool CYImplements(id object, Class _class, SEL selector, bool devoid = false) {
     if (objc_method *method = class_getInstanceMethod(_class, selector)) {
         if (!devoid)
             return true;
@@ -1522,21 +1549,13 @@ static const char *CYPoolTypeEncoding(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, SE
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static void MessageClosure_(ffi_cif *cif, void *result, void **arguments, void *arg) {
-    Closure_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Closure_privateData *>(arg));
-
-    JSContextRef context(internal->context_);
-
-    size_t count(internal->cif_.nargs);
-    JSValueRef values[count];
-
-    for (size_t index(0); index != count; ++index)
-        values[index] = CYFromFFI(context, internal->signature_.elements[1 + index].type, internal->cif_.arg_types[index], arguments[index]);
-
+static JSValueRef MessageAdapter_(JSContextRef context, size_t count, JSValueRef values[], JSObjectRef function) {
     JSObjectRef _this(CYCastJSObject(context, values[0]));
+    return CYCallAsFunction(context, function, _this, count - 2, values + 2);
+}
 
-    JSValueRef value(CYCallAsFunction(context, internal->function_, _this, count - 2, values + 2));
-    CYPoolFFI(NULL, context, internal->signature_.elements[0].type, internal->cif_.rtype, result, value);
+static void MessageClosure_(ffi_cif *cif, void *result, void **arguments, void *arg) {
+    CYExecuteClosure(cif, result, arguments, arg, &MessageAdapter_);
 }
 
 static JSObjectRef CYMakeMessage(JSContextRef context, SEL sel, IMP imp, const char *type) {
@@ -1656,7 +1675,7 @@ static void Messages_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
 
 static bool CYHasImplicitProperties(Class _class) {
     // XXX: this is an evil hack to deal with NSProxy; fix elsewhere
-    if (!CYImplements(_class, object_getClass(_class), @selector(cy$hasImplicitProperties), false))
+    if (!CYImplements(_class, object_getClass(_class), @selector(cy$hasImplicitProperties)))
         return true;
     return [_class cy$hasImplicitProperties];
 }
@@ -1679,7 +1698,7 @@ static bool Instance_hasProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStr
 
     CYPoolTry {
         // XXX: this is an evil hack to deal with NSProxy; fix elsewhere
-        if (CYImplements(self, _class, @selector(cy$hasProperty:), false))
+        if (CYImplements(self, _class, @selector(cy$hasProperty:)))
             if ([self cy$hasProperty:name])
                 return true;
     } CYPoolCatch(false)
@@ -1714,8 +1733,8 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
             return value;
 
     CYPoolTry {
-        if (NSObject *data = [self cy$getProperty:name])
-            return CYCastJSValue(context, data);
+        if (JSValueRef value = [self cy$getProperty:name inContext:context])
+            return value;
     } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
 
     const char *string(CYPoolCString(pool, context, name));
@@ -1735,7 +1754,7 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
                 return CYSendMessage(pool, context, self, NULL, sel, 0, NULL, false, exception);
 
     return NULL;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static bool Instance_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef value, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -1749,7 +1768,7 @@ static bool Instance_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStr
     CYPoolTry {
         if ([self cy$setProperty:name to:data])
             return true;
-    } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
+    } CYPoolCatch(false)
 
     const char *string(CYPoolCString(pool, context, name));
     Class _class(object_getClass(self));
@@ -1783,9 +1802,10 @@ static bool Instance_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStr
     set[length + 4] = '\0';
 
     if (SEL sel = sel_getUid(set))
-        if (CYImplements(self, _class, sel, false)) {
+        if (CYImplements(self, _class, sel)) {
             JSValueRef arguments[1] = {value};
             CYSendMessage(pool, context, self, NULL, sel, 1, arguments, false, exception);
+            return true;
         }
 
     if (CYInternal *internal = [CYInternal set:self inContext:context]) {
@@ -1794,7 +1814,7 @@ static bool Instance_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStr
     }
 
     return false;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(false) }
 
 static bool Instance_deleteProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -1803,8 +1823,8 @@ static bool Instance_deleteProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JS
     CYPoolTry {
         NSString *name(CYCastNSString(NULL, context, property));
         return [self cy$deleteProperty:name];
-    } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
-} CYCatch return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+    } CYPoolCatch(false)
+} CYCatch(false) return /*XXX*/ false; }
 
 static void Instance_getPropertyNames_message(JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names, objc_method *method) {
     const char *name(sel_getName(method_getName(method)));
@@ -1852,7 +1872,7 @@ static void Instance_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
 
     CYPoolTry {
         // XXX: this is an evil hack to deal with NSProxy; fix elsewhere
-        if (CYImplements(self, _class, @selector(cy$getPropertyNames:inContext:), false))
+        if (CYImplements(self, _class, @selector(cy$getPropertyNames:inContext:)))
             [self cy$getPropertyNames:names inContext:context];
     } CYPoolCatch()
 }
@@ -1861,7 +1881,7 @@ static JSObjectRef Instance_callAsConstructor(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
     JSObjectRef value(Instance::Make(context, [internal->GetValue() alloc], Instance::Uninitialized));
     return value;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -1869,41 +1889,13 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef obje
 
     if (![self isKindOfClass:NSBlock_])
         CYThrow("non-NSBlock object is not a function");
+    // XXX: replace above logic with the following assertion
+    //_assert([self isKindOfClass:NSBlock_]);
+    // to do this, make it so FunctionInstance_ is the class of blocks
+    // to do /that/, generalize the various "is exactly Instance_" checks
+    // then, move Instance_callAsFunction to only be on FunctionInstance
 
-    struct BlockDescriptor1 {
-        unsigned long int reserved;
-        unsigned long int size;
-    };
-
-    struct BlockDescriptor2 {
-        void (*copy_helper)(void *dst, void *src);
-        void (*dispose_helper)(void *src);
-    };
-
-    struct BlockDescriptor3 {
-        const char *signature;
-        const char *layout;
-    };
-
-    struct BlockLiteral {
-        Class isa;
-        int flags;
-        int reserved;
-        void (*invoke)(void *, ...);
-        void *descriptor;
-    } *literal = reinterpret_cast<BlockLiteral *>(self);
-
-    enum {
-        BLOCK_DEALLOCATING = 0x0001,
-        BLOCK_REFCOUNT_MASK = 0xfffe,
-        BLOCK_NEEDS_FREE = 1 << 24,
-        BLOCK_HAS_COPY_DISPOSE = 1 << 25,
-        BLOCK_HAS_CTOR = 1 << 26,
-        BLOCK_IS_GC = 1 << 27,
-        BLOCK_IS_GLOBAL = 1 << 28,
-        BLOCK_HAS_STRET = 1 << 29,
-        BLOCK_HAS_SIGNATURE = 1 << 30,
-    };
+    BlockLiteral *literal(reinterpret_cast<BlockLiteral *>(self));
 
     if ((literal->flags & BLOCK_HAS_SIGNATURE) != 0) {
         uint8_t *descriptor(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(literal->descriptor));
@@ -1937,7 +1929,7 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef obje
     } CYPoolCatch(NULL);
 
     return NULL;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static bool Instance_hasInstance(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef constructor, JSValueRef instance, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate((JSObjectRef) constructor)));
@@ -1945,14 +1937,14 @@ static bool Instance_hasInstance(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef constructor,
     if (!CYIsClass(_class))
         return false;
 
-    if (JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, instance, Instance_)) {
+    if (CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, instance)) {
         Instance *linternal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate((JSObjectRef) instance)));
         // XXX: this isn't always safe
         return [linternal->GetValue() isKindOfClass:_class];
     }
 
     return false;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(false) }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_box_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count == 0)
@@ -1962,7 +1954,7 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_box_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
     if (value == nil)
         value = [NSNull null];
     return CYCastJSValue(context, [value cy$box]);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static bool Internal_hasProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property) {
     Internal *internal(reinterpret_cast<Internal *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -1991,7 +1983,7 @@ static JSValueRef Internal_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object,
     }
 
     return NULL;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static bool Internal_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef value, JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Internal *internal(reinterpret_cast<Internal *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -2007,7 +1999,7 @@ static bool Internal_setProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStr
     }
 
     return false;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(false) }
 
 static void Internal_getPropertyNames_(Class _class, JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names) {
     if (Class super = class_getSuperclass(_class))
@@ -2047,7 +2039,7 @@ static JSValueRef ObjectiveC_Classes_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectR
     if (Class _class = NSClassFromString(name))
         return CYMakeInstance(context, _class, true);
     return NULL;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static void ObjectiveC_Classes_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names) {
 #ifdef __APPLE__
@@ -2097,7 +2089,7 @@ static JSValueRef ObjectiveC_Image_Classes_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSO
   free:
     free(data);
     return value;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static void ObjectiveC_Image_Classes_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names) {
     const char *internal(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -2126,7 +2118,7 @@ static JSValueRef ObjectiveC_Images_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRe
     JSObjectRef value(JSObjectMake(context, NULL, NULL));
     CYSetProperty(context, value, CYJSString("classes"), JSObjectMake(context, ObjectiveC_Image_Classes_, const_cast<char *>(name)));
     return value;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static void ObjectiveC_Images_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names) {
     unsigned int size;
@@ -2143,7 +2135,7 @@ static JSValueRef ObjectiveC_Protocols_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjec
     if (Protocol *protocol = objc_getProtocol(name))
         return CYMakeInstance(context, protocol, true);
     return NULL;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static void ObjectiveC_Protocols_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names) {
 #if OBJC_API_VERSION >= 2
@@ -2163,13 +2155,25 @@ static JSValueRef ObjectiveC_Constants_getProperty(JSContextRef context, JSObjec
     if (name == "nil")
         return Instance::Make(context, nil);
     return NULL;
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static void ObjectiveC_Constants_getPropertyNames(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSPropertyNameAccumulatorRef names) {
     JSPropertyNameAccumulatorAddName(names, CYJSString("nil"));
 }
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+#define OBJC_MAX_STRUCT_BY_VALUE 8
+static int struct_forward_array[] = {
+    0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0 };
+#elif defined(__arm__)
+#define OBJC_MAX_STRUCT_BY_VALUE 1
+static int struct_forward_array[] = {
+    0, 0 };
+#else
+#error missing objc-runtime-info
+#endif
+
 static bool stret(ffi_type *ffi_type) {
     return ffi_type->type == FFI_TYPE_STRUCT && (
         ffi_type->size > OBJC_MAX_STRUCT_BY_VALUE ||
@@ -2244,7 +2248,7 @@ JSValueRef CYSendMessage(apr_pool_t *pool, JSContextRef context, id self, Class
 
     void (*function)() = reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(imp);
     return CYCallFunction(pool, context, 2, setup, count, arguments, initialize, exception, &signature, &cif, function);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef $objc_msgSend(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count < 2)
@@ -2263,7 +2267,7 @@ static JSValueRef $objc_msgSend(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObje
         self = internal->GetValue();
         _class = internal->class_;;
         uninitialized = false;
-    } else if (JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, arguments[0], Instance_)) {
+    } else if (CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, arguments[0])) {
         Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate((JSObjectRef) arguments[0])));
         self = internal->GetValue();
         _class = nil;
@@ -2282,7 +2286,7 @@ static JSValueRef $objc_msgSend(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObje
     _cmd = CYCastSEL(context, arguments[1]);
 
     return CYSendMessage(pool, context, self, _class, _cmd, count - 2, arguments + 2, uninitialized, exception);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Selector_callAsFunction(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
     JSValueRef setup[count + 2];
@@ -2313,7 +2317,7 @@ static JSObjectRef Super_new(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t co
     id self(CYCastNSObject(pool, context, arguments[0]));
     Class _class(CYCastClass(pool, context, arguments[1]));
     return cy::Super::Make(context, self, _class);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSObjectRef Selector_new(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count != 1)
@@ -2321,14 +2325,14 @@ static JSObjectRef Selector_new(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t
     CYPool pool;
     const char *name(CYPoolCString(pool, context, arguments[0]));
     return CYMakeSelector(context, sel_registerName(name));
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSObjectRef Instance_new(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count > 1)
         throw CYJSError(context, "incorrect number of arguments to Instance constructor");
     id self(count == 0 ? nil : CYCastPointer<id>(context, arguments[0]));
     return CYMakeInstance(context, self, false);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef CYValue_getProperty_value(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) {
     CYValue *internal(reinterpret_cast<CYValue *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -2364,7 +2368,7 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_getProperty_prototype(JSContextRef context, JSObjectR
     if (!CYIsClass(self))
         return CYJSUndefined(context);
     return CYGetClassPrototype(context, self);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_getProperty_messages(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSStringRef property, JSValueRef *exception) {
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(object)));
@@ -2375,18 +2379,19 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_getProperty_messages(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRe
 }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
-    if (!JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, _this, Instance_))
+    if (!CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, _this))
         return NULL;
 
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
-    return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, CYCastNSCYON(internal->GetValue())));
-} CYCatch }
+    return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, CYCastNSCYON(internal->GetValue(), false)));
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_toJSON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
-    if (!JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, _this, Instance_))
+    if (!CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, _this))
         return NULL;
 
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+    id value(internal->GetValue());
 
     CYPoolTry {
         NSString *key;
@@ -2394,13 +2399,18 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_toJSON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectR
             key = nil;
         else
             key = CYCastNSString(NULL, context, CYJSString(context, arguments[0]));
-        // XXX: check for support of cy$toJSON?
-        return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, [internal->GetValue() cy$toJSON:key]));
+
+        if (!CYImplements(value, object_getClass(value), @selector(cy$toJSON:inContext:)))
+            return CYJSUndefined(context);
+        else if (JSValueRef json = [value cy$toJSON:key inContext:context])
+            return json;
+        else
+            return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, [value description]));
     } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
-} CYCatch return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+} CYCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_valueOf(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
-    if (!JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, _this, Instance_))
+    if (!CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, _this))
         return NULL;
 
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
@@ -2413,37 +2423,56 @@ static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_valueOf(JSContextRef context, JSObject
         return result;
 
     return _this;
-} CYCatch return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+} CYCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_toPointer(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
-    if (!JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, _this, Instance_))
+    if (!CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, _this))
         return NULL;
 
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
     // XXX: but... but... THIS ISN'T A POINTER! :(
     return CYCastJSValue(context, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(internal->GetValue()));
-} CYCatch return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+} CYCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
 
 static JSValueRef Instance_callAsFunction_toString(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
-    if (!JSValueIsObjectOfClass(context, _this, Instance_))
+    if (!CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, _this))
         return NULL;
 
     Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
     id value(internal->GetValue());
 
-    if (value == nil)
-        return CYCastJSValue(context, "nil");
-
     CYPoolTry {
         // XXX: this seems like a stupid implementation; what if it crashes? why not use the CYONifier backend?
         return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, [value description]));
     } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
-} CYCatch return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+} CYCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+
+static JSValueRef Class_callAsFunction_pointerTo(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
+    if (!CYJSValueIsNSObject(context, _this))
+        return NULL;
+
+    Instance *internal(reinterpret_cast<Instance *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
+    id value(internal->GetValue());
+
+    if (!CYIsClass(value))
+        CYThrow("non-Class object cannot be used as Type");
+
+    // XXX: this is a very silly implementation
+
+    std::ostringstream type;
+    type << "@\"";
+    type << class_getName(value);
+    type << "\"";
+
+    CYPoolTry {
+        return CYMakeType(context, type.str().c_str());
+    } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
+} CYCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
 
 static JSValueRef Selector_callAsFunction_toString(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     Selector_privateData *internal(reinterpret_cast<Selector_privateData *>(JSObjectGetPrivate(_this)));
     return CYCastJSValue(context, sel_getName(internal->GetValue()));
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSValueRef Selector_callAsFunction_toJSON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) {
     return Selector_callAsFunction_toString(context, object, _this, count, arguments, exception);
@@ -2457,7 +2486,7 @@ static JSValueRef Selector_callAsFunction_toCYON(JSContextRef context, JSObjectR
         NSString *string([NSString stringWithFormat:@"@selector(%s)", name]);
         return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(context, string));
     } CYPoolCatch(NULL)
-} CYCatch return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
+} CYCatch(NULL) return /*XXX*/ NULL; }
 
 static JSValueRef Selector_callAsFunction_type(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef object, JSObjectRef _this, size_t count, const JSValueRef arguments[], JSValueRef *exception) { CYTry {
     if (count != 1)
@@ -2477,7 +2506,7 @@ static JSValueRef Selector_callAsFunction_type(JSContextRef context, JSObjectRef
         return CYCastJSValue(context, CYJSString(type));
 
     return CYJSNull(context);
-} CYCatch }
+} CYCatch(NULL) }
 
 static JSStaticValue Selector_staticValues[2] = {
     {"value", &CYValue_getProperty_value, NULL, kJSPropertyAttributeReadOnly | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
@@ -2502,6 +2531,11 @@ static JSStaticFunction Instance_staticFunctions[7] = {
     {NULL, NULL, 0}
 };
 
+static JSStaticFunction Class_staticFunctions[2] = {
+    {"pointerTo", &Class_callAsFunction_pointerTo, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
+    {NULL, NULL, 0}
+};
+
 static JSStaticFunction Internal_staticFunctions[2] = {
     {"$cya", &Internal_callAsFunction_$cya, kJSPropertyAttributeDontEnum | kJSPropertyAttributeDontDelete},
     {NULL, NULL, 0}
@@ -2515,6 +2549,12 @@ static JSStaticFunction Selector_staticFunctions[5] = {
     {NULL, NULL, 0}
 };
 
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+JSValueRef NSCFType$cy$toJSON$inContext$(id self, SEL sel, JSValueRef key, JSContextRef context) { CYObjectiveTry_(context) {
+    return CYCastJSValue(context, [(NSString *) CFCopyDescription((CFTypeRef) self) autorelease]);
+} CYObjectiveCatch }
+#endif
+
 void CYObjectiveC_Initialize() { /*XXX*/ JSContextRef context(NULL); CYPoolTry {
     $objc_setAssociatedObject = reinterpret_cast<void (*)(id, void *, id value, objc_AssociationPolicy)>(dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "objc_setAssociatedObject"));
     $objc_getAssociatedObject = reinterpret_cast<id (*)(id, void *)>(dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "objc_getAssociatedObject"));
@@ -2526,9 +2566,10 @@ void CYObjectiveC_Initialize() { /*XXX*/ JSContextRef context(NULL); CYPoolTry {
     Selector_type = new(pool) Type_privateData(":");
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
-    NSCFBoolean_ = objc_getClass("NSCFBoolean");
+    // XXX: apparently, iOS now has both of these
+    NSCFBoolean_ = objc_getClass("__NSCFBoolean");
     if (NSCFBoolean_ == nil)
-        NSCFBoolean_ = objc_getClass("__NSCFBoolean");
+        NSCFBoolean_ = objc_getClass("NSCFBoolean");
 
     NSCFType_ = objc_getClass("NSCFType");
     NSGenericDeallocHandler_ = objc_getClass("__NSGenericDeallocHandler");
@@ -2573,6 +2614,11 @@ void CYObjectiveC_Initialize() { /*XXX*/ JSContextRef context(NULL); CYPoolTry {
     definition.className = "StringInstance";
     StringInstance_ = JSClassCreate(&definition);
 
+    definition = kJSClassDefinitionEmpty;
+    definition.className = "Class";
+    definition.staticFunctions = Class_staticFunctions;
+    Class_ = JSClassCreate(&definition);
+
     definition = kJSClassDefinitionEmpty;
     definition.className = "Internal";
     definition.staticFunctions = Internal_staticFunctions;
@@ -2649,7 +2695,7 @@ void CYObjectiveC_Initialize() { /*XXX*/ JSContextRef context(NULL); CYPoolTry {
     ObjectiveC_Protocols_ = JSClassCreate(&definition);
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
-    class_addMethod(NSCFType_, @selector(cy$toJSON:), reinterpret_cast<IMP>(&NSCFType$cy$toJSON), "@12@0:4@8");
+    class_addMethod(NSCFType_, @selector(cy$toJSON:inContext:), reinterpret_cast<IMP>(&NSCFType$cy$toJSON$inContext$), "^{OpaqueJSValue=}16@0:4@8^{OpaqueJSContext=}12");
 #endif
 } CYPoolCatch() }
 
@@ -2679,6 +2725,7 @@ void CYObjectiveC_SetupContext(JSContextRef context) { CYPoolTry {
     CYSetProperty(context, ObjectiveC, CYJSString("images"), JSObjectMake(context, ObjectiveC_Images_, NULL));
 #endif
 
+    JSObjectRef Class(JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Class_, NULL));
     JSObjectRef Instance(JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Instance_, &Instance_new));
     JSObjectRef Message(JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Message_, NULL));
     JSObjectRef Selector(JSObjectMakeConstructor(context, Selector_, &Selector_new));
@@ -2711,6 +2758,10 @@ void CYObjectiveC_SetupContext(JSContextRef context) { CYPoolTry {
     JSObjectRef String_prototype(CYGetCachedObject(context, CYJSString("String_prototype")));
     JSObjectSetPrototype(context, StringInstance_prototype, String_prototype);
 
+    JSObjectRef Class_prototype(CYCastJSObject(context, CYGetProperty(context, Class, prototype_s)));
+    CYSetProperty(context, cy, CYJSString("Class_prototype"), Class_prototype);
+    JSObjectSetPrototype(context, Class_prototype, Instance_prototype);
+
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("Instance"), Instance);
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("Selector"), Selector);
     CYSetProperty(context, cycript, CYJSString("Super"), Super);