X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/cycript.git/blobdiff_plain/3b52fd1a20c639d7a716d3e0f3176a55f2fcba72..63db22e50caddb75792b67534547cb3ac7ccff61:/Parser.hpp

diff --git a/Parser.hpp b/Parser.hpp
index e954748..02b08eb 100644
--- a/Parser.hpp
+++ b/Parser.hpp
@@ -1,79 +1,56 @@
-/* Cycript - Remove Execution Server and Disassembler
- * Copyright (C) 2009  Jay Freeman (saurik)
+/* Cycript - Optimizing JavaScript Compiler/Runtime
+ * Copyright (C) 2009-2015  Jay Freeman (saurik)
 */
 
-/* Modified BSD License {{{ */
+/* GNU Affero General Public License, Version 3 {{{ */
 /*
- *        Redistribution and use in source and binary
- * forms, with or without modification, are permitted
- * provided that the following conditions are met:
- *
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the
- *    above copyright notice, this list of conditions
- *    and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the
- *    above copyright notice, this list of conditions
- *    and the following disclaimer in the documentation
- *    and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse
- *    or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS''
- * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE
- * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
- * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
- * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
- * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
- * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR
- * TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
- * ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
- * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-*/
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+**/
 /* }}} */
 
-#ifndef CYPARSER_HPP
-#define CYPARSER_HPP
+#ifndef CYCRIPT_PARSER_HPP
+#define CYCRIPT_PARSER_HPP
 
-#include <cstdlib>
+#include <streambuf>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
 
-#include "location.hh"
-#include "Pooling.hpp"
-
-template <typename Type_>
-struct CYNext {
-    Type_ *next_;
-
-    CYNext() :
-        next_(NULL)
-    {
-    }
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
 
-    CYNext(Type_ *next) :
-        next_(next)
-    {
-    }
+#include "List.hpp"
+#include "Location.hpp"
+#include "Pooling.hpp"
+#include "Options.hpp"
 
-    void SetNext(Type_ *next) {
-        next_ = next;
-    }
-};
+struct CYContext;
 
 struct CYThing {
     virtual void Output(struct CYOutput &out) const = 0;
 };
 
 struct CYOutput {
-    std::ostream &out_;
+    std::streambuf &out_;
+    CYPosition position_;
+
+    CYOptions &options_;
     bool pretty_;
     unsigned indent_;
+    unsigned recent_;
+    bool right_;
 
     enum {
         NoMode,
@@ -83,10 +60,13 @@ struct CYOutput {
         Terminated
     } mode_;
 
-    CYOutput(std::ostream &out) :
+    CYOutput(std::streambuf &out, CYOptions &options) :
         out_(out),
+        options_(options),
         pretty_(false),
         indent_(0),
+        recent_(0),
+        right_(false),
         mode_(NoMode)
     {
     }
@@ -94,6 +74,25 @@ struct CYOutput {
     void Check(char value);
     void Terminate();
 
+    _finline void operator ()(char value) {
+        _assert(out_.sputc(value) != EOF);
+        recent_ = indent_;
+        if (value == '\n')
+            position_.lines(1);
+        else
+            position_.columns(1);
+    }
+
+    _finline void operator ()(const char *data, std::streamsize size) {
+        _assert(out_.sputn(data, size) == size);
+        recent_ = indent_;
+        position_.columns(size);
+    }
+
+    _finline void operator ()(const char *data) {
+        return operator ()(data, strlen(data));
+    }
+
     CYOutput &operator <<(char rhs);
     CYOutput &operator <<(const char *rhs);
 
@@ -114,6 +113,7 @@ struct CYPropertyName {
 };
 
 struct CYExpression;
+struct CYAssignment;
 
 enum CYNeeded {
     CYNever     = -1,
@@ -129,35 +129,62 @@ enum CYFlags {
     CYNoCall =       (1 << 3),
     CYNoRightHand =  (1 << 4),
     CYNoDangle =     (1 << 5),
+    CYNoInteger =    (1 << 6),
     CYNoBF =         (CYNoBrace | CYNoFunction),
 };
 
-struct CYContext {
-    apr_pool_t *pool_;
+_finline CYFlags operator ~(CYFlags rhs) {
+    return static_cast<CYFlags>(~static_cast<unsigned>(rhs));
+}
 
-    CYContext(apr_pool_t *pool) :
-        pool_(pool)
-    {
-    }
+_finline CYFlags operator &(CYFlags lhs, CYFlags rhs) {
+    return static_cast<CYFlags>(static_cast<unsigned>(lhs) & static_cast<unsigned>(rhs));
+}
 
-    template <typename Type_>
-    void Replace(Type_ *&value) {
-        if (value != NULL)
-            while (Type_ *replace = value->Replace(*this))
-                value = replace;
-    }
+_finline CYFlags operator |(CYFlags lhs, CYFlags rhs) {
+    return static_cast<CYFlags>(static_cast<unsigned>(lhs) | static_cast<unsigned>(rhs));
+}
+
+_finline CYFlags &operator |=(CYFlags &lhs, CYFlags rhs) {
+    return lhs = lhs | rhs;
+}
+
+_finline CYFlags CYLeft(CYFlags flags) {
+    return flags & ~(CYNoDangle | CYNoInteger);
+}
+
+_finline CYFlags CYRight(CYFlags flags) {
+    return flags & ~CYNoBF;
+}
+
+_finline CYFlags CYCenter(CYFlags flags) {
+    return CYLeft(CYRight(flags));
+}
+
+enum CYCompactType {
+    CYCompactNone,
+    CYCompactLong,
+    CYCompactShort,
 };
 
+#define CYCompact(type) \
+    virtual CYCompactType Compact() const { \
+        return CYCompact ## type; \
+    }
+
 struct CYStatement :
-    CYNext<CYStatement>
+    CYNext<CYStatement>,
+    CYThing
 {
-    void Single(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    void Single(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags, CYCompactType request) const;
     void Multiple(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags = CYNoFlags) const;
-
-    CYStatement *ReplaceAll(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
 
+    virtual CYCompactType Compact() const = 0;
+    virtual CYStatement *Return();
+
   private:
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
 };
@@ -208,10 +235,11 @@ struct CYWord :
     {
     }
 
-    const char *Value() const {
-        return word_;
+    void Set(const char *value) {
+        word_ = value;
     }
 
+    virtual const char *Word() const;
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 
     virtual CYExpression *ClassName(CYContext &context, bool object);
@@ -220,16 +248,28 @@ struct CYWord :
 };
 
 _finline std::ostream &operator <<(std::ostream &lhs, const CYWord &rhs) {
-    return lhs << rhs.Value();
+    lhs << &rhs << '=';
+    return lhs << rhs.Word();
 }
 
 struct CYIdentifier :
+    CYNext<CYIdentifier>,
     CYWord
 {
+    CYIdentifier *replace_;
+    size_t offset_;
+    size_t usage_;
+
     CYIdentifier(const char *word) :
-        CYWord(word)
+        CYWord(word),
+        replace_(NULL),
+        offset_(0),
+        usage_(0)
     {
     }
+
+    virtual const char *Word() const;
+    CYIdentifier *Replace(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYLabel :
@@ -244,133 +284,244 @@ struct CYLabel :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Short)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYProgram :
-    CYThing
+struct CYCStringLess :
+    std::binary_function<const char *, const char *, bool>
 {
-    CYStatement *statements_;
+    _finline bool operator ()(const char *lhs, const char *rhs) const {
+        return strcmp(lhs, rhs) < 0;
+    }
+};
 
-    CYProgram(CYStatement *statements) :
-        statements_(statements)
-    {
+struct CYIdentifierValueLess :
+    std::binary_function<CYIdentifier *, CYIdentifier *, bool>
+{
+    _finline bool operator ()(CYIdentifier *lhs, CYIdentifier *rhs) const {
+        return CYCStringLess()(lhs->Word(), rhs->Word());
     }
+};
 
-    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context);
+enum CYIdentifierFlags {
+    CYIdentifierArgument,
+    CYIdentifierVariable,
+    CYIdentifierOther,
+    CYIdentifierMagic,
+    CYIdentifierCatch,
+};
 
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+typedef std::set<const char *, CYCStringLess> CYCStringSet;
+typedef std::set<CYIdentifier *, CYIdentifierValueLess> CYIdentifierValueSet;
+typedef std::map<CYIdentifier *, CYIdentifierFlags> CYIdentifierAddressFlagsMap;
+
+struct CYIdentifierUsage {
+    CYIdentifier *identifier_;
+    size_t usage_;
 };
 
-struct CYBlock :
-    CYStatement,
+typedef std::vector<CYIdentifierUsage> CYIdentifierUsageVector;
+
+struct CYScope {
+    bool transparent_;
+    CYScope *parent_;
+
+    CYIdentifierAddressFlagsMap internal_;
+    CYIdentifierValueSet identifiers_;
+
+    CYScope(bool transparent, CYContext &context);
+
+    void Declare(CYContext &context, CYIdentifier *identifier, CYIdentifierFlags flags);
+    virtual CYIdentifier *Lookup(CYContext &context, CYIdentifier *identifier);
+    void Merge(CYContext &context, CYIdentifier *identifier);
+    void Close(CYContext &context, CYStatement *&statements);
+};
+
+struct CYScript :
     CYThing
 {
-    CYStatement *statements_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYBlock(CYStatement *statements) :
-        statements_(statements)
+    CYScript(CYStatement *code) :
+        code_(code)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
-
+    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-enum CYState {
-    CYClear,
-    CYRestricted,
-    CYNewLine
-};
+struct CYNonLocal;
+struct CYThisScope;
 
-class CYDriver {
-  public:
-    CYPool pool_;
+struct CYContext {
+    CYOptions &options_;
 
-    CYState state_;
-    void *scanner_;
+    CYScope *scope_;
+    CYThisScope *this_;
 
-    const char *data_;
-    size_t size_;
-    FILE *file_;
+    CYIdentifierUsageVector rename_;
 
-    bool strict_;
+    CYNonLocal *nonlocal_;
+    CYNonLocal *nextlocal_;
+    unsigned unique_;
 
-    enum Condition {
-        RegExStart,
-        RegExRest
-    };
+    CYContext(CYOptions &options) :
+        options_(options),
+        scope_(NULL),
+        this_(NULL),
+        nonlocal_(NULL),
+        nextlocal_(NULL),
+        unique_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void ReplaceAll(CYStatement *&statement) {
+        if (statement == NULL)
+            return;
+        CYStatement *next(statement->next_);
 
-    std::string filename_;
+        Replace(statement);
+        ReplaceAll(next);
 
-    struct Error {
-        bool warning_;
-        cy::location location_;
-        std::string message_;
-    };
+        if (statement == NULL)
+            statement = next;
+        else
+            statement->SetNext(next);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Type_>
+    void Replace(Type_ *&value) {
+        for (;;) if (value == NULL)
+            break;
+        else {
+            Type_ *replace(value->Replace(*this));
+            if (replace != value)
+                value = replace;
+            else break;
+        }
+    }
 
-    typedef std::vector<Error> Errors;
+    void NonLocal(CYStatement *&statements);
+    CYIdentifier *Unique();
+};
 
-    CYProgram *program_;
-    Errors errors_;
+struct CYNonLocal {
+    CYIdentifier *identifier_;
 
-  private:
-    void ScannerInit();
-    void ScannerDestroy();
+    CYNonLocal() :
+        identifier_(NULL)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYIdentifier *Target(CYContext &context) {
+        if (identifier_ == NULL)
+            identifier_ = context.Unique();
+        return identifier_;
+    }
+};
+
+struct CYThisScope :
+    CYNext<CYThisScope>
+{
+    CYIdentifier *identifier_;
+
+    CYThisScope() :
+        identifier_(NULL)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYIdentifier *Identifier(CYContext &context) {
+        if (next_ != NULL)
+            return next_->Identifier(context);
+        if (identifier_ == NULL)
+            identifier_ = context.Unique();
+        return identifier_;
+    }
+};
+
+struct CYBlock :
+    CYStatement
+{
+    CYStatement *code_;
+
+    CYBlock(CYStatement *code) :
+        code_(code)
+    {
+    }
 
-  public:
-    CYDriver(const std::string &filename);
-    ~CYDriver();
+    CYCompact(Short)
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
 
-    void SetCondition(Condition condition);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 
-    void Warning(const cy::location &location, const char *message);
+    virtual CYStatement *Return();
 };
 
-struct CYForInitialiser {
-    virtual void For(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
+struct CYForInitializer {
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
 };
 
-struct CYForInInitialiser {
+struct CYForInInitializer {
     virtual void ForIn(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
-    virtual const char *ForEachIn() const = 0;
-    virtual void ForEachIn(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
-    virtual CYExpression *ForEachIn(CYContext &out) = 0;
+    virtual CYStatement *ForEachIn(CYContext &out, CYExpression *value) = 0;
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+    virtual CYAssignment *Assignment(CYContext &context) = 0;
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
 };
 
+struct CYFunctionParameter;
+
+struct CYNumber;
+struct CYString;
+
 struct CYExpression :
-    CYNext<CYExpression>,
-    CYForInitialiser,
-    CYForInInitialiser,
+    CYForInitializer,
+    CYForInInitializer,
     CYClassName,
     CYThing
 {
-    virtual unsigned Precedence() const = 0;
+    virtual int Precedence() const = 0;
 
     virtual bool RightHand() const {
         return true;
     }
 
-    virtual void For(CYOutput &out) const;
     virtual void ForIn(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *ForEachIn(CYContext &out, CYExpression *value);
 
-    virtual const char *ForEachIn() const;
-    virtual void ForEachIn(CYOutput &out) const;
-    virtual CYExpression *ForEachIn(CYContext &out);
+    virtual CYExpression *AddArgument(CYContext &context, CYExpression *value);
 
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
-    void Output(CYOutput &out, unsigned precedence, CYFlags flags) const;
+    void Output(CYOutput &out, int precedence, CYFlags flags) const;
 
     virtual CYExpression *ClassName(CYContext &context, bool object);
     virtual void ClassName(CYOutput &out, bool object) const;
 
-    CYExpression *ReplaceAll(CYContext &context);
-
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+    virtual CYAssignment *Assignment(CYContext &context);
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Primitive(CYContext &context) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter() const;
+
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
 
     virtual const char *Word() const {
         return NULL;
@@ -383,8 +534,9 @@ struct CYExpression :
     }
 
 #define CYPrecedence(value) \
-    virtual unsigned Precedence() const { \
-        return value; \
+    static const int Precedence_ = value; \
+    virtual int Precedence() const { \
+        return Precedence_; \
     }
 
 #define CYRightHand(value) \
@@ -395,57 +547,79 @@ struct CYExpression :
 struct CYCompound :
     CYExpression
 {
-    CYExpression *expressions_;
+    CYExpression *expression_;
+    CYExpression *next_;
 
-    CYCompound(CYExpression *expressions) :
-        expressions_(expressions)
+    CYCompound(CYExpression *expression, CYExpression *next) :
+        expression_(expression),
+        next_(next)
     {
+        _assert(expression_ != NULL);
+        _assert(next != NULL);
     }
 
-    void AddPrev(CYExpression *expression) {
-        CYExpression *last(expression);
-        while (last->next_ != NULL)
-            last = last->next_;
-        last->SetNext(expressions_);
-        expressions_ = expression;
+    CYPrecedence(17)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter() const;
+};
+
+struct CYParenthetical :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYExpression *expression_;
+
+    CYParenthetical(CYExpression *expression) :
+        expression_(expression)
+    {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(17)
+    CYPrecedence(0)
 
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+struct CYDeclaration;
+
 struct CYFunctionParameter :
     CYNext<CYFunctionParameter>,
     CYThing
 {
-    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYForInInitializer *initialiser_;
 
-    CYFunctionParameter(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *next = NULL) :
+    CYFunctionParameter(CYForInInitializer *initialiser, CYFunctionParameter *next = NULL) :
         CYNext<CYFunctionParameter>(next),
-        name_(name)
+        initialiser_(initialiser)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+    void Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *&statements);
+    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYComprehension :
     CYNext<CYComprehension>,
     CYThing
 {
-    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
-    virtual const char *Name() const = 0;
-
-    virtual void Begin_(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
+    CYComprehension(CYComprehension *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYComprehension>(next)
+    {
+    }
 
-    virtual void End_(CYOutput &out) const {
+    CYComprehension *Modify(CYComprehension *next) {
+        next_ = next;
+        return this;
     }
 
+    virtual const char *Name() const = 0;
+
     virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const = 0;
     CYFunctionParameter *Parameters(CYContext &context) const;
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
 };
 
 struct CYForInComprehension :
@@ -454,43 +628,42 @@ struct CYForInComprehension :
     CYIdentifier *name_;
     CYExpression *set_;
 
-    CYForInComprehension(CYIdentifier *name, CYExpression *set) :
+    CYForInComprehension(CYIdentifier *name, CYExpression *set, CYComprehension *next = NULL) :
+        CYComprehension(next),
         name_(name),
         set_(set)
     {
     }
 
     virtual const char *Name() const {
-        return name_->Value();
+        return name_->Word();
     }
 
-    virtual void Begin_(CYOutput &out) const;
-
     virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const;
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYForEachInComprehension :
+struct CYForOfComprehension :
     CYComprehension
 {
     CYIdentifier *name_;
     CYExpression *set_;
 
-    CYForEachInComprehension(CYIdentifier *name, CYExpression *set) :
+    CYForOfComprehension(CYIdentifier *name, CYExpression *set, CYComprehension *next = NULL) :
+        CYComprehension(next),
         name_(name),
         set_(set)
     {
     }
 
     virtual const char *Name() const {
-        return name_->Value();
+        return name_->Word();
     }
 
-    virtual void Begin_(CYOutput &out) const;
-    virtual void End_(CYOutput &out) const;
-
     virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const;
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYIfComprehension :
@@ -498,7 +671,8 @@ struct CYIfComprehension :
 {
     CYExpression *test_;
 
-    CYIfComprehension(CYExpression *test) :
+    CYIfComprehension(CYExpression *test, CYComprehension *next = NULL) :
+        CYComprehension(next),
         test_(test)
     {
     }
@@ -507,10 +681,9 @@ struct CYIfComprehension :
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    virtual void Begin_(CYOutput &out) const;
-
     virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const;
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYArrayComprehension :
@@ -536,6 +709,10 @@ struct CYLiteral :
 {
     CYPrecedence(0)
     CYRightHand(false)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Primitive(CYContext &context) {
+        return this;
+    }
 };
 
 struct CYTrivial :
@@ -601,7 +778,7 @@ struct CYString :
     }
 
     CYString(const CYWord *word) :
-        value_(word->Value()),
+        value_(word->Word()),
         size_(strlen(value_))
     {
     }
@@ -612,39 +789,46 @@ struct CYString :
 
     virtual const char *Word() const;
 
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
+
+    CYString *Concat(CYContext &out, CYString *rhs) const;
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
     virtual void PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYSelectorPart :
-    CYNext<CYSelectorPart>,
-    CYThing
+struct CYElementValue;
+
+struct CYSpan :
+    CYNext<CYSpan>
 {
-    CYWord *name_;
-    bool value_;
+    CYExpression *expression_;
+    CYString *string_;
 
-    CYSelectorPart(CYWord *name, bool value, CYSelectorPart *next) :
-        CYNext<CYSelectorPart>(next),
-        name_(name),
-        value_(value)
+    CYSpan(CYExpression *expression, CYString *string, CYSpan *next) :
+        CYNext<CYSpan>(next),
+        expression_(expression),
+        string_(string)
     {
     }
 
-    CYString *Replace(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+    CYElementValue *Replace(CYContext &context);
 };
 
-struct CYSelector :
-    CYLiteral
+struct CYTemplate :
+    CYExpression
 {
-    CYSelectorPart *name_;
+    CYString *string_;
+    CYSpan *spans_;
 
-    CYSelector(CYSelectorPart *name) :
-        name_(name)
+    CYTemplate(CYString *string, CYSpan *spans) :
+        string_(string),
+        spans_(spans)
     {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(1)
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
@@ -665,6 +849,9 @@ struct CYNumber :
         return value_;
     }
 
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
+
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
     virtual void PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
@@ -673,9 +860,11 @@ struct CYRegEx :
     CYTrivial
 {
     const char *value_;
+    size_t size_;
 
-    CYRegEx(const char *value) :
-        value_(value)
+    CYRegEx(const char *value, size_t size) :
+        value_(value),
+        size_(size)
     {
     }
 
@@ -687,26 +876,17 @@ struct CYRegEx :
 };
 
 struct CYNull :
-    CYWord,
     CYTrivial
 {
-    CYNull() :
-        CYWord("null")
-    {
-    }
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
 
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYThis :
-    CYWord,
     CYMagic
 {
-    CYThis() :
-        CYWord("this")
-    {
-    }
-
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -719,31 +899,25 @@ struct CYBoolean :
 };
 
 struct CYFalse :
-    CYWord,
     CYBoolean
 {
-    CYFalse() :
-        CYWord("false")
-    {
-    }
-
     virtual bool Value() const {
         return false;
     }
+
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYTrue :
-    CYWord,
     CYBoolean
 {
-    CYTrue() :
-        CYWord("true")
-    {
-    }
-
     virtual bool Value() const {
         return true;
     }
+
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYVariable :
@@ -756,11 +930,18 @@ struct CYVariable :
     {
     }
 
+    CYVariable(const char *name) :
+        name_(new($pool) CYIdentifier(name))
+    {
+    }
+
     CYPrecedence(0)
     CYRightHand(false)
 
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter() const;
 };
 
 struct CYPrefix :
@@ -841,6 +1022,8 @@ struct CYAssignment :
 
     virtual const char *Operator() const = 0;
 
+    CYPrecedence(16)
+
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -866,50 +1049,71 @@ struct CYArgument :
     {
     }
 
-    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    CYArgument *Replace(CYContext &context);
     void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYBlank :
-    public CYWord
-{
-    CYBlank() :
-        CYWord("")
-    {
-    }
-};
-
 struct CYClause :
     CYThing,
     CYNext<CYClause>
 {
     CYExpression *case_;
-    CYStatement *statements_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYClause(CYExpression *_case, CYStatement *statements) :
+    CYClause(CYExpression *_case, CYStatement *code) :
         case_(_case),
-        statements_(statements)
+        code_(code)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYElement :
-    CYNext<CYElement>,
     CYThing
+{
+    virtual bool Elision() const = 0;
+
+    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+};
+
+struct CYElementValue :
+    CYNext<CYElement>,
+    CYElement
 {
     CYExpression *value_;
 
-    CYElement(CYExpression *value, CYElement *next) :
+    CYElementValue(CYExpression *value, CYElement *next) :
         CYNext<CYElement>(next),
         value_(value)
     {
     }
 
-    void Replace(CYContext &context);
-    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+    virtual bool Elision() const {
+        return value_ == NULL;
+    }
+
+    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYElementSpread :
+    CYElement
+{
+    CYExpression *value_;
+
+    CYElementSpread(CYExpression *value) :
+        value_(value)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual bool Elision() const {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYArray :
@@ -926,184 +1130,114 @@ struct CYArray :
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYDeclaration :
-    CYForInInitialiser
+struct CYProperty :
+    CYNext<CYProperty>,
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYPropertyName *name_;
+    CYExpression *value_;
+
+    CYProperty(CYPropertyName *name, CYExpression *value, CYProperty *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYProperty>(next),
+        name_(name),
+        value_(value)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYDeclaration :
+    CYForInInitializer
 {
     CYIdentifier *identifier_;
     CYExpression *initialiser_;
 
-    CYDeclaration(CYIdentifier *identifier, CYExpression *initialiser) :
+    CYDeclaration(CYIdentifier *identifier, CYExpression *initialiser = NULL) :
         identifier_(identifier),
         initialiser_(initialiser)
     {
     }
 
     virtual void ForIn(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *ForEachIn(CYContext &out, CYExpression *value);
 
-    virtual const char *ForEachIn() const;
-    virtual void ForEachIn(CYOutput &out) const;
-    virtual CYExpression *ForEachIn(CYContext &out);
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
 
-    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYAssignment *Assignment(CYContext &context);
+    CYVariable *Variable(CYContext &context);
 
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYDeclarations :
     CYNext<CYDeclarations>,
-    CYForInitialiser,
     CYThing
 {
     CYDeclaration *declaration_;
 
-    CYDeclarations(CYDeclaration *declaration, CYDeclarations *next) :
+    CYDeclarations(CYDeclaration *declaration, CYDeclarations *next = NULL) :
         CYNext<CYDeclarations>(next),
         declaration_(declaration)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void For(CYOutput &out) const;
-
     void Replace(CYContext &context);
 
+    CYExpression *Expression(CYContext &context);
+    CYProperty *Property(CYContext &context);
+    CYArgument *Argument(CYContext &context);
+    CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context);
+
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYVar :
-    CYStatement
+struct CYForDeclarations :
+    CYForInitializer
 {
     CYDeclarations *declarations_;
 
-    CYVar(CYDeclarations *declarations) :
+    CYForDeclarations(CYDeclarations *declarations) :
         declarations_(declarations)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYLet :
+struct CYVar :
     CYStatement
 {
     CYDeclarations *declarations_;
-    CYBlock code_;
-
-    CYLet(CYDeclarations *declarations, CYStatement *statements) :
-        declarations_(declarations),
-        code_(statements)
-    {
-    }
-
-    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
-};
-
-struct CYField :
-    CYNext<CYField>
-{
-    CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context) const;
-    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
-};
-
-struct CYMessageParameter :
-    CYNext<CYMessageParameter>
-{
-    CYWord *tag_;
-    CYExpression *type_;
-    CYIdentifier *name_;
-
-    CYMessageParameter(CYWord *tag, CYExpression *type, CYIdentifier *name) :
-        tag_(tag),
-        type_(type),
-        name_(name)
-    {
-    }
-
-    CYFunctionParameter *Parameters(CYContext &context) const;
-    CYSelector *Selector(CYContext &context) const;
-    CYSelectorPart *SelectorPart(CYContext &context) const;
-};
-
-struct CYMessage :
-    CYNext<CYMessage>
-{
-    bool instance_;
-    CYExpression *type_;
-    CYMessageParameter *parameters_;
-    CYStatement *statements_;
-
-    CYMessage(bool instance, CYExpression *type, CYMessageParameter *parameter, CYStatement *statements) :
-        instance_(instance),
-        type_(type),
-        parameters_(parameter),
-        statements_(statements)
-    {
-    }
-
-    CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, bool replace) const;
-    void Output(CYOutput &out, bool replace) const;
-};
-
-struct CYClass {
-    CYClassName *name_;
-    CYExpression *super_;
-    CYField *fields_;
-    CYMessage *messages_;
-
-    CYClass(CYClassName *name, CYExpression *super, CYField *fields, CYMessage *messages) :
-        name_(name),
-        super_(super),
-        fields_(fields),
-        messages_(messages)
-    {
-    }
-
-    CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
-};
 
-struct CYClassExpression :
-    CYClass,
-    CYExpression
-{
-    CYClassExpression(CYClassName *name, CYExpression *super, CYField *fields, CYMessage *messages) :
-        CYClass(name, super, fields, messages)
+    CYVar(CYDeclarations *declarations) :
+        declarations_(declarations)
     {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(0)
-
-    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
-};
-
-struct CYClassStatement :
-    CYClass,
-    CYStatement
-{
-    CYClassStatement(CYClassName *name, CYExpression *super, CYField *fields, CYMessage *messages) :
-        CYClass(name, super, fields, messages)
-    {
-    }
+    CYCompact(None)
 
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYCategory :
+struct CYLetStatement :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYClassName *name_;
-    CYMessage *messages_;
+    CYDeclarations *declarations_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYCategory(CYClassName *name, CYMessage *messages) :
-        name_(name),
-        messages_(messages)
+    CYLetStatement(CYDeclarations *declarations, CYStatement *code) :
+        declarations_(declarations),
+        code_(code)
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1111,12 +1245,12 @@ struct CYCategory :
 struct CYFor :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYForInitialiser *initialiser_;
+    CYForInitializer *initialiser_;
     CYExpression *test_;
     CYExpression *increment_;
     CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYFor(CYForInitialiser *initialiser, CYExpression *test, CYExpression *increment, CYStatement *code) :
+    CYFor(CYForInitializer *initialiser, CYExpression *test, CYExpression *increment, CYStatement *code) :
         initialiser_(initialiser),
         test_(test),
         increment_(increment),
@@ -1124,6 +1258,8 @@ struct CYFor :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1131,63 +1267,49 @@ struct CYFor :
 struct CYForIn :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYForInInitialiser *initialiser_;
+    CYForInInitializer *initialiser_;
     CYExpression *set_;
     CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYForIn(CYForInInitialiser *initialiser, CYExpression *set, CYStatement *code) :
+    CYForIn(CYForInInitializer *initialiser, CYExpression *set, CYStatement *code) :
         initialiser_(initialiser),
         set_(set),
         code_(code)
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYForEachIn :
+struct CYForOf :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYForInInitialiser *initialiser_;
+    CYForInInitializer *initialiser_;
     CYExpression *set_;
     CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYForEachIn(CYForInInitialiser *initialiser, CYExpression *set, CYStatement *code) :
+    CYForOf(CYForInInitializer *initialiser, CYExpression *set, CYStatement *code) :
         initialiser_(initialiser),
         set_(set),
         code_(code)
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYProperty :
-    CYNext<CYProperty>,
-    CYThing
-{
-    CYPropertyName *name_;
-    CYExpression *value_;
-
-    CYProperty(CYPropertyName *name, CYExpression *value, CYProperty *next = NULL) :
-        CYNext<CYProperty>(next),
-        name_(name),
-        value_(value)
-    {
-    }
-
-    void Replace(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
-};
-
 struct CYObject :
     CYLiteral
 {
     CYProperty *properties_;
 
-    CYObject(CYProperty *properties) :
+    CYObject(CYProperty *properties = NULL) :
         properties_(properties)
     {
     }
@@ -1196,40 +1318,6 @@ struct CYObject :
     void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYCatch :
-    CYThing
-{
-    CYIdentifier *name_;
-    CYBlock code_;
-
-    CYCatch(CYIdentifier *name, CYStatement *statements) :
-        name_(name),
-        code_(statements)
-    {
-    }
-
-    void Replace(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
-};
-
-struct CYSend :
-    CYExpression
-{
-    CYExpression *self_;
-    CYArgument *arguments_;
-
-    CYSend(CYExpression *self, CYArgument *arguments) :
-        self_(self),
-        arguments_(arguments)
-    {
-    }
-
-    CYPrecedence(0)
-
-    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
-    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
-};
-
 struct CYMember :
     CYExpression
 {
@@ -1245,8 +1333,6 @@ struct CYMember :
     void SetLeft(CYExpression *object) {
         object_ = object;
     }
-
-    void Replace_(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYDirectMember :
@@ -1279,19 +1365,22 @@ struct CYIndirectMember :
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYNew :
+namespace cy {
+namespace Syntax {
+
+struct New :
     CYExpression
 {
     CYExpression *constructor_;
     CYArgument *arguments_;
 
-    CYNew(CYExpression *constructor, CYArgument *arguments) :
+    New(CYExpression *constructor, CYArgument *arguments) :
         constructor_(constructor),
         arguments_(arguments)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual unsigned Precedence() const {
+    virtual int Precedence() const {
         return arguments_ == NULL ? 2 : 1;
     }
 
@@ -1299,8 +1388,12 @@ struct CYNew :
 
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYExpression *AddArgument(CYContext &context, CYExpression *value);
 };
 
+} }
+
 struct CYCall :
     CYExpression
 {
@@ -1318,6 +1411,29 @@ struct CYCall :
 
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYExpression *AddArgument(CYContext &context, CYExpression *value);
+};
+
+struct CYRubyProc;
+
+struct CYRubyBlock :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYExpression *call_;
+    CYRubyProc *proc_;
+
+    CYRubyBlock(CYExpression *call, CYRubyProc *proc) :
+        call_(call),
+        proc_(proc)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(1)
+    CYRightHand(false)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYIf :
@@ -1334,8 +1450,12 @@ struct CYIf :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Return();
 };
 
 struct CYDoWhile :
@@ -1350,6 +1470,8 @@ struct CYDoWhile :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(None)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1366,32 +1488,60 @@ struct CYWhile :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+// XXX: this should be split up into CYAnonymousFunction and CYNamedFunction (subclass)
 struct CYFunction {
     CYIdentifier *name_;
     CYFunctionParameter *parameters_;
-    CYBlock code_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
+
+    CYNonLocal *nonlocal_;
+    bool implicit_;
+    CYThisScope this_;
 
-    CYFunction(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *statements) :
+    CYFunction(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *code) :
         name_(name),
         parameters_(parameters),
-        code_(statements)
+        code_(code),
+        nonlocal_(NULL),
+        implicit_(false)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Replace_(CYContext &context);
+    void Inject(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Replace_(CYContext &context, bool outer);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+// XXX: this should be split up into CYAnonymousFunctionExpression and CYNamedFunctionExpression
 struct CYFunctionExpression :
     CYFunction,
     CYExpression
 {
-    CYFunctionExpression(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *statements) :
-        CYFunction(name, parameters, statements)
+    CYFunctionExpression(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *code) :
+        CYFunction(name, parameters, code)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYRightHand(false)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+// XXX: this should derive from CYAnonymousFunction
+struct CYFatArrow :
+    CYFunction,
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYFatArrow(CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *code) :
+        CYFunction(NULL, parameters, code)
     {
     }
 
@@ -1402,15 +1552,31 @@ struct CYFunctionExpression :
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+// XXX: this should derive from CYAnonymousFunctionExpression
+struct CYRubyProc :
+    CYFunctionExpression
+{
+    CYRubyProc(CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *code) :
+        CYFunctionExpression(NULL, parameters, code)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+// XXX: this should derive from CYNamedFunction
 struct CYFunctionStatement :
     CYFunction,
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYFunctionStatement(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *statements) :
-        CYFunction(name, parameters, statements)
+    CYFunctionStatement(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *code) :
+        CYFunction(name, parameters, code)
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(None)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1423,10 +1589,16 @@ struct CYExpress :
     CYExpress(CYExpression *expression) :
         expression_(expression)
     {
+        if (expression_ == NULL)
+            throw;
     }
 
+    CYCompact(None)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Return();
 };
 
 struct CYContinue :
@@ -1439,6 +1611,8 @@ struct CYContinue :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Short)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1453,6 +1627,8 @@ struct CYBreak :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Short)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1467,13 +1643,49 @@ struct CYReturn :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(None)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+struct CYYieldGenerator :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYExpression *value_;
+
+    CYYieldGenerator(CYExpression *value) :
+        value_(value)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYYieldValue :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYExpression *value_;
+
+    CYYieldValue(CYExpression *value) :
+        value_(value)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
 struct CYEmpty :
     CYStatement
 {
+    CYCompact(Short)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1481,10 +1693,10 @@ struct CYEmpty :
 struct CYFinally :
     CYThing
 {
-    CYBlock code_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYFinally(CYStatement *statements) :
-        code_(statements)
+    CYFinally(CYStatement *code) :
+        code_(code)
     {
     }
 
@@ -1492,38 +1704,436 @@ struct CYFinally :
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYTry :
+struct CYTypeSpecifier :
+    CYThing
+{
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeError :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYTypeError() {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeVoid :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYTypeVoid() {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeVariable :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYIdentifier *name_;
+
+    CYTypeVariable(CYIdentifier *name) :
+        name_(name)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYTypeVariable(const char *name) :
+        name_(new($pool) CYIdentifier(name))
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeUnsigned :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYTypeSpecifier *specifier_;
+
+    CYTypeUnsigned(CYTypeSpecifier *specifier) :
+        specifier_(specifier)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeSigned :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYTypeSpecifier *specifier_;
+
+    CYTypeSigned(CYTypeSpecifier *specifier) :
+        specifier_(specifier)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeLong :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYTypeSpecifier *specifier_;
+
+    CYTypeLong(CYTypeSpecifier *specifier) :
+        specifier_(specifier)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeShort :
+    CYTypeSpecifier
+{
+    CYTypeSpecifier *specifier_;
+
+    CYTypeShort(CYTypeSpecifier *specifier) :
+        specifier_(specifier)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeFunctionWith;
+
+struct CYTypeModifier :
+    CYNext<CYTypeModifier>
+{
+    CYTypeModifier(CYTypeModifier *next) :
+        CYNext<CYTypeModifier>(next)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual int Precedence() const = 0;
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type) = 0;
+    CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const = 0;
+    void Output(CYOutput &out, int precedence, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+
+    virtual CYTypeFunctionWith *Function() { return NULL; }
+};
+
+struct CYTypeArrayOf :
+    CYTypeModifier
+{
+    CYExpression *size_;
+
+    CYTypeArrayOf(CYExpression *size, CYTypeModifier *next = NULL) :
+        CYTypeModifier(next),
+        size_(size)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(1)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeConstant :
+    CYTypeModifier
+{
+    CYTypeConstant(CYTypeModifier *next = NULL) :
+        CYTypeModifier(next)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypePointerTo :
+    CYTypeModifier
+{
+    CYTypePointerTo(CYTypeModifier *next = NULL) :
+        CYTypeModifier(next)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeVolatile :
+    CYTypeModifier
+{
+    CYTypeVolatile(CYTypeModifier *next = NULL) :
+        CYTypeModifier(next)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypedIdentifier :
+    CYNext<CYTypedIdentifier>,
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYLocation location_;
+    CYIdentifier *identifier_;
+    CYTypeSpecifier *specifier_;
+    CYTypeModifier *modifier_;
+
+    CYTypedIdentifier(const CYLocation &location, CYIdentifier *identifier = NULL) :
+        location_(location),
+        identifier_(identifier),
+        specifier_(NULL),
+        modifier_(NULL)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYTypedIdentifier(CYTypeSpecifier *specifier, CYTypeModifier *modifier = NULL) :
+        identifier_(NULL),
+        specifier_(specifier),
+        modifier_(modifier)
+    {
+    }
+
+    inline CYTypedIdentifier *Modify(CYTypeModifier *modifier) {
+        CYSetLast(modifier_) = modifier;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+
+    CYTypeFunctionWith *Function();
+};
+
+struct CYEncodedType :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYTypedIdentifier *typed_;
+
+    CYEncodedType(CYTypedIdentifier *typed) :
+        typed_(typed)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(1)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypedParameter :
+    CYNext<CYTypedParameter>,
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYTypedIdentifier *typed_;
+
+    CYTypedParameter(CYTypedIdentifier *typed, CYTypedParameter *next) :
+        CYNext<CYTypedParameter>(next),
+        typed_(typed)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYArgument *Argument(CYContext &context);
+    CYFunctionParameter *Parameters(CYContext &context);
+    CYExpression *TypeSignature(CYContext &context, CYExpression *prefix);
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYLambda :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYTypedIdentifier *typed_;
+    CYTypedParameter *parameters_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
+
+    CYLambda(CYTypedIdentifier *typed, CYTypedParameter *parameters, CYStatement *code) :
+        typed_(typed),
+        parameters_(parameters),
+        code_(code)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(1)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYModule :
+    CYNext<CYModule>,
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYWord *part_;
+
+    CYModule(CYWord *part, CYModule *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYModule>(next),
+        part_(part)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYString *Replace(CYContext &context, const char *separator) const;
+    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYImport :
+    CYStatement
+{
+    CYModule *module_;
+
+    CYImport(CYModule *module) :
+        module_(module)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYCompact(None)
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYExternal :
+    CYStatement
+{
+    CYString *abi_;
+    CYTypedIdentifier *typed_;
+
+    CYExternal(CYString *abi, CYTypedIdentifier *typed) :
+        abi_(abi),
+        typed_(typed)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYCompact(None)
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeDefinition :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYBlock code_;
-    CYCatch *catch_;
+    CYTypedIdentifier *typed_;
+
+    CYTypeDefinition(CYTypedIdentifier *typed) :
+        typed_(typed)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYCompact(None)
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeBlockWith :
+    CYTypeModifier
+{
+    CYTypedParameter *parameters_;
+
+    CYTypeBlockWith(CYTypedParameter *parameters, CYTypeModifier *next = NULL) :
+        CYTypeModifier(next),
+        parameters_(parameters)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+};
+
+struct CYTypeFunctionWith :
+    CYTypeModifier
+{
+    CYTypedParameter *parameters_;
+
+    CYTypeFunctionWith(CYTypedParameter *parameters, CYTypeModifier *next = NULL) :
+        CYTypeModifier(next),
+        parameters_(parameters)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(1)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace_(CYContext &context, CYExpression *type);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYIdentifier *identifier) const;
+
+    virtual CYTypeFunctionWith *Function() { return this; }
+};
+
+namespace cy {
+namespace Syntax {
+
+struct Catch :
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYStatement *code_;
+
+    Catch(CYIdentifier *name, CYStatement *code) :
+        name_(name),
+        code_(code)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct Try :
+    CYStatement
+{
+    CYStatement *code_;
+    Catch *catch_;
     CYFinally *finally_;
 
-    CYTry(CYStatement *statements, CYCatch *_catch, CYFinally *finally) :
-        code_(statements),
+    Try(CYStatement *code, Catch *_catch, CYFinally *finally) :
+        code_(code),
         catch_(_catch),
         finally_(finally)
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Short)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYThrow :
+struct Throw :
     CYStatement
 {
     CYExpression *value_;
 
-    CYThrow(CYExpression *value) :
+    Throw(CYExpression *value = NULL) :
         value_(value)
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(None)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+} }
+
 struct CYWith :
     CYStatement
 {
@@ -1536,6 +2146,8 @@ struct CYWith :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1552,6 +2164,21 @@ struct CYSwitch :
     {
     }
 
+    CYCompact(Long)
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYDebugger :
+    CYStatement
+{
+    CYDebugger()
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYCompact(None)
+
     virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
     virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
@@ -1610,10 +2237,13 @@ struct CYIndirect :
     virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
 };
 
-#define CYPostfix_(op, name) \
+#define CYReplace \
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+
+#define CYPostfix_(op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name : \
         CYPostfix \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name(CYExpression *lhs) : \
             CYPostfix(lhs) \
         { \
@@ -1624,10 +2254,10 @@ struct CYIndirect :
         } \
     };
 
-#define CYPrefix_(alphabetic, op, name) \
+#define CYPrefix_(alphabetic, op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name : \
         CYPrefix \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name(CYExpression *rhs) : \
             CYPrefix(rhs) \
         { \
@@ -1640,10 +2270,10 @@ struct CYIndirect :
         } \
     };
 
-#define CYInfix_(alphabetic, precedence, op, name) \
+#define CYInfix_(alphabetic, precedence, op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name : \
         CYInfix \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name(CYExpression *lhs, CYExpression *rhs) : \
             CYInfix(lhs, rhs) \
         { \
@@ -1657,16 +2287,14 @@ struct CYIndirect :
         } \
     };
 
-#define CYAssignment_(op, name) \
+#define CYAssignment_(op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name ## Assign : \
         CYAssignment \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name ## Assign(CYExpression *lhs, CYExpression *rhs) : \
             CYAssignment(lhs, rhs) \
         { \
         } \
-    \
-        CYPrecedence(16) \
     \
         virtual const char *Operator() const { \
             return op; \
@@ -1686,10 +2314,10 @@ CYPrefix_(false, "-", Negate)
 CYPrefix_(false, "~", BitwiseNot)
 CYPrefix_(false, "!", LogicalNot)
 
-CYInfix_(false, 5, "*", Multiply)
+CYInfix_(false, 5, "*", Multiply, CYReplace)
 CYInfix_(false, 5, "/", Divide)
 CYInfix_(false, 5, "%", Modulus)
-CYInfix_(false, 6, "+", Add)
+CYInfix_(false, 6, "+", Add, CYReplace)
 CYInfix_(false, 6, "-", Subtract)
 CYInfix_(false, 7, "<<", ShiftLeft)
 CYInfix_(false, 7, ">>", ShiftRightSigned)
@@ -1723,4 +2351,4 @@ CYAssignment_("&=", BitwiseAnd)
 CYAssignment_("^=", BitwiseXOr)
 CYAssignment_("|=", BitwiseOr)
 
-#endif/*CYPARSER_HPP*/
+#endif/*CYCRIPT_PARSER_HPP*/