X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/cycript.git/blobdiff_plain/365abb0ad82100f4ce4c8f4fbc0e534cc99676a8..2f51d6ab2c7e56fade7ac6118cf02df9107ca3af:/Parser.hpp

diff --git a/Parser.hpp b/Parser.hpp
index caddafc..6bf18a7 100644
--- a/Parser.hpp
+++ b/Parser.hpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Cycript - Remove Execution Server and Disassembler
+/* Cycript - Inlining/Optimizing JavaScript Compiler
  * Copyright (C) 2009  Jay Freeman (saurik)
 */
 
@@ -40,12 +40,23 @@
 #ifndef CYPARSER_HPP
 #define CYPARSER_HPP
 
-#include <cstdlib>
+// XXX: wtf is this here?!
+#define CYPA 16
+
+#include <iostream>
+
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+
+#include <cstdlib>
 
 #include "location.hh"
 #include "Pooling.hpp"
+#include "Options.hpp"
+
+class CYContext;
 
 template <typename Type_>
 struct CYNext {
@@ -67,33 +78,135 @@ struct CYNext {
 };
 
 struct CYThing {
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const = 0;
+    virtual ~CYThing() {
+    }
+
+    virtual void Output(struct CYOutput &out) const = 0;
+};
+
+struct CYOutput {
+    std::ostream &out_;
+    CYOptions &options_;
+    bool pretty_;
+    unsigned indent_;
+    bool right_;
+
+    enum {
+        NoMode,
+        NoLetter,
+        NoPlus,
+        NoHyphen,
+        Terminated
+    } mode_;
+
+    CYOutput(std::ostream &out, CYOptions &options) :
+        out_(out),
+        options_(options),
+        pretty_(false),
+        indent_(0),
+        right_(false),
+        mode_(NoMode)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Check(char value);
+    void Terminate();
+
+    CYOutput &operator <<(char rhs);
+    CYOutput &operator <<(const char *rhs);
+
+    _finline CYOutput &operator <<(const CYThing *rhs) {
+        if (rhs != NULL)
+            rhs->Output(*this);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    _finline CYOutput &operator <<(const CYThing &rhs) {
+        rhs.Output(*this);
+        return *this;
+    }
 };
 
-_finline std::ostream &operator <<(std::ostream &out, const CYThing &rhs) {
-    rhs.Output(out);
-    return out;
-}
+struct CYPropertyName {
+    virtual void PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
+
+    virtual ~CYPropertyName() {
+    }
+};
+
+struct CYExpression;
+
+enum CYNeeded {
+    CYNever     = -1,
+    CYSometimes =  0,
+    CYAlways    =  1,
+};
+
+enum CYFlags {
+    CYNoFlags =      0,
+    CYNoBrace =      (1 << 0),
+    CYNoFunction =   (1 << 1),
+    CYNoIn =         (1 << 2),
+    CYNoCall =       (1 << 3),
+    CYNoRightHand =  (1 << 4),
+    CYNoDangle =     (1 << 5),
+    CYNoInteger =    (1 << 6),
+    CYNoBF =         (CYNoBrace | CYNoFunction),
+};
 
-struct CYSource :
-    CYNext<CYSource>
+struct CYStatement :
+    CYNext<CYStatement>
 {
-    virtual bool IsBlock() const {
-        return next_ != NULL;
+    virtual ~CYStatement() {
     }
 
-    virtual void Show(std::ostream &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const = 0;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, bool block) const;
-    virtual void Output_(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void Single(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    void Multiple(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags = CYNoFlags) const;
+
+    CYStatement *ReplaceAll(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYStatement *Collapse(CYContext &context);
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+
+  private:
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
 };
 
-struct CYPropertyName {
-    virtual void PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const = 0;
+struct CYStatements {
+    CYStatement *first_;
+    CYStatement *last_;
+
+    CYStatements() :
+        first_(NULL),
+        last_(NULL)
+    {
+    }
+
+    operator CYStatement *() const {
+        return first_;
+    }
+
+    CYStatements &operator ->*(CYStatement *next) {
+        if (next != NULL)
+            if (first_ == NULL) {
+                first_ = next;
+                last_ = next;
+            } else for (;; last_ = last_->next_)
+                if (last_->next_ == NULL) {
+                    last_->next_ = next;
+                    last_ = next;
+                    break;
+                }
+        return *this;
+    }
 };
 
 struct CYClassName {
-    virtual void ClassName(std::ostream &out, bool object) const = 0;
+    virtual ~CYClassName() {
+    }
+
+    virtual CYExpression *ClassName(CYContext &context, bool object) = 0;
+    virtual void ClassName(CYOutput &out, bool object) const = 0;
 };
 
 struct CYWord :
@@ -108,69 +221,196 @@ struct CYWord :
     {
     }
 
-    const char *Value() const {
-        return word_;
+    void Set(const char *value) {
+        word_ = value;
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual const char *Word() const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 
-    virtual void ClassName(std::ostream &out, bool object) const;
-    virtual void PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *ClassName(CYContext &context, bool object);
+    virtual void ClassName(CYOutput &out, bool object) const;
+    virtual void PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
+_finline std::ostream &operator <<(std::ostream &lhs, const CYWord &rhs) {
+    lhs << &rhs << '=';
+    return lhs << rhs.Word();
+}
+
 struct CYIdentifier :
+    CYNext<CYIdentifier>,
     CYWord
 {
+    CYIdentifier *replace_;
+    size_t offset_;
+
     CYIdentifier(const char *word) :
-        CYWord(word)
+        CYWord(word),
+        replace_(NULL),
+        offset_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual const char *Word() const;
+    CYIdentifier *Replace(CYContext &context);
+};
+
+struct CYComment :
+    CYStatement
+{
+    const char *value_;
+
+    CYComment(const char *value) :
+        value_(value)
     {
     }
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYLabel :
-    CYNext<CYLabel>
+    CYStatement
 {
     CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYStatement *statement_;
 
-    CYLabel(CYIdentifier *name, CYLabel *next) :
-        CYNext<CYLabel>(next),
-        name_(name)
+    CYLabel(CYIdentifier *name, CYStatement *statement) :
+        name_(name),
+        statement_(statement)
     {
     }
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYStatement :
-    CYSource
+struct CYCStringLess :
+    std::binary_function<const char *, const char *, bool>
 {
-    CYLabel *labels_;
+    _finline bool operator ()(const char *lhs, const char *rhs) const {
+        return strcmp(lhs, rhs) < 0;
+    }
+};
+
+struct CYIdentifierValueLess :
+    std::binary_function<CYIdentifier *, CYIdentifier *, bool>
+{
+    _finline bool operator ()(CYIdentifier *lhs, CYIdentifier *rhs) const {
+        return CYCStringLess()(lhs->Word(), rhs->Word());
+    }
+};
 
-    CYStatement() :
-        labels_(NULL)
+enum CYIdentifierFlags {
+    CYIdentifierArgument,
+    CYIdentifierVariable,
+    CYIdentifierOther,
+    CYIdentifierMagic,
+};
+
+typedef std::set<const char *, CYCStringLess> CYCStringSet;
+typedef std::set<CYIdentifier *, CYIdentifierValueLess> CYIdentifierValueSet;
+typedef std::vector<CYIdentifier *> CYIdentifierAddressVector;
+typedef std::map<CYIdentifier *, CYIdentifierFlags> CYIdentifierAddressFlagsMap;
+
+struct CYScope {
+    CYScope *parent_;
+    CYIdentifierAddressFlagsMap internal_;
+
+    CYIdentifierValueSet identifiers_;
+
+    CYScope() :
+        parent_(NULL)
     {
     }
 
-    void AddLabel(CYIdentifier *identifier) {
-        labels_ = new CYLabel(identifier, labels_);
+    virtual ~CYScope() {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output_(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void Declare(CYContext &context, CYIdentifier *identifier, CYIdentifierFlags flags);
+    virtual CYIdentifier *Lookup(CYContext &context, CYIdentifier *identifier);
+    void Merge(CYContext &context, CYIdentifier *identifier);
+    void Scope(CYContext &context, CYStatement *&statements);
 };
 
-struct CYBlock :
-    CYStatement
+struct CYProgram :
+    CYScope,
+    CYThing
 {
     CYStatement *statements_;
+    CYIdentifierAddressVector rename_;
 
-    CYBlock(CYStatement *statements) :
+    CYProgram(CYStatement *statements) :
         statements_(statements)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual bool IsBlock() const {
-        return true;
+    virtual void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYContext :
+    CYScope
+{
+    apr_pool_t *pool_;
+    CYOptions &options_;
+    CYScope *scope_;
+    CYProgram *program_;
+
+    CYContext(apr_pool_t *pool, CYOptions &options) :
+        pool_(pool),
+        options_(options),
+        scope_(this),
+        program_(NULL)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual ~CYContext() {
+    }
+
+    template <typename Type_>
+    void Replace(Type_ *&value) {
+        for (;;) if (value == NULL)
+            break;
+        else {
+            Type_ *replace(value->Replace(*this));
+            if (replace != value)
+                value = replace;
+            else break;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+struct CYBlock :
+    CYStatement,
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYStatement *statements_;
+    CYScope *scope_;
+
+    CYBlock(CYStatement *statements, CYScope *scope = NULL) :
+        statements_(statements),
+        scope_(scope)
+    {
+    }
+
+    operator CYStatement *() const {
+        return statements_;
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void AddPrev(CYStatement *statement) {
+        CYStatement *last(statement);
+        while (last->next_ != NULL)
+            last = last->next_;
+        last->SetNext(statements_);
+        statements_ = statement;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 enum CYState {
@@ -190,16 +430,25 @@ class CYDriver {
     size_t size_;
     FILE *file_;
 
+    bool strict_;
+
+    enum Condition {
+        RegExpCondition,
+        XMLContentCondition,
+        XMLTagCondition,
+    };
+
     std::string filename_;
 
     struct Error {
+        bool warning_;
         cy::location location_;
         std::string message_;
     };
 
     typedef std::vector<Error> Errors;
 
-    CYSource *source_;
+    CYProgram *program_;
     Errors errors_;
 
   private:
@@ -209,45 +458,78 @@ class CYDriver {
   public:
     CYDriver(const std::string &filename);
     ~CYDriver();
-};
 
-struct CYPart {
-    virtual void Part(std::ostream &out) const = 0;
-};
+    Condition GetCondition();
+    void SetCondition(Condition condition);
 
-struct CYForInitialiser :
-    CYPart
-{
+    void PushCondition(Condition condition);
+    void PopCondition();
+
+    void Warning(const cy::location &location, const char *message);
 };
 
-struct CYForInInitialiser :
-    CYPart
-{
+struct CYForInitialiser {
+    virtual ~CYForInitialiser() {
+    }
+
+    virtual void For(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
 };
 
-enum CYFlags {
-    CYNoFlags =    0,
-    CYNoBrace =    (1 << 0),
-    CYNoFunction = (1 << 1),
-    CYNoLeader =   (1 << 2),
-    CYNoTrailer =  (1 << 3),
-    CYNoIn =       (1 << 4),
-    CYNoHyphen =   (1 << 5),
-    CYNoBF =       (CYNoBrace | CYNoFunction),
+struct CYForInInitialiser {
+    virtual ~CYForInInitialiser() {
+    }
+
+    virtual void ForIn(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
+    virtual const char *ForEachIn() const = 0;
+    virtual CYExpression *ForEachIn(CYContext &out) = 0;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
 };
 
+struct CYNumber;
+struct CYString;
+
 struct CYExpression :
     CYNext<CYExpression>,
     CYForInitialiser,
     CYForInInitialiser,
-    CYClassName
+    CYClassName,
+    CYThing
 {
     virtual unsigned Precedence() const = 0;
-    virtual void Part(std::ostream &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
-    void Output(std::ostream &out, unsigned precedence, CYFlags flags) const;
 
-    virtual void ClassName(std::ostream &out, bool object) const;
+    virtual bool RightHand() const {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    virtual void For(CYOutput &out) const;
+    virtual void ForIn(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual const char *ForEachIn() const;
+    virtual CYExpression *ForEachIn(CYContext &out);
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const = 0;
+    void Output(CYOutput &out, unsigned precedence, CYFlags flags) const;
+
+    virtual CYExpression *ClassName(CYContext &context, bool object);
+    virtual void ClassName(CYOutput &out, bool object) const;
+
+    CYExpression *ReplaceAll(CYContext &context);
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context) = 0;
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Primitive(CYContext &context) {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
 
     virtual const char *Word() const {
         return NULL;
@@ -264,12 +546,17 @@ struct CYExpression :
         return value; \
     }
 
+#define CYRightHand(value) \
+    virtual bool RightHand() const { \
+        return value; \
+    }
+
 struct CYCompound :
     CYExpression
 {
     CYExpression *expressions_;
 
-    CYCompound(CYExpression *expressions) :
+    CYCompound(CYExpression *expressions = NULL) :
         expressions_(expressions)
     {
     }
@@ -284,50 +571,135 @@ struct CYCompound :
 
     CYPrecedence(17)
 
-    void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYLiteral :
-    CYExpression
+struct CYFunctionParameter :
+    CYNext<CYFunctionParameter>,
+    CYThing
 {
-    CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYIdentifier *name_;
+
+    CYFunctionParameter(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYFunctionParameter>(next),
+        name_(name)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYMagic :
-    CYExpression
+struct CYComprehension :
+    CYNext<CYComprehension>,
+    CYThing
 {
-    CYPrecedence(0)
+    virtual const char *Name() const = 0;
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const = 0;
+    CYFunctionParameter *Parameters(CYContext &context) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const = 0;
 };
 
-struct CYSelectorPart :
-    CYNext<CYSelectorPart>
+struct CYForInComprehension :
+    CYComprehension
 {
-    CYWord *name_;
-    bool value_;
+    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYExpression *set_;
 
-    CYSelectorPart(CYWord *name, bool value, CYSelectorPart *next) :
-        CYNext<CYSelectorPart>(next),
+    CYForInComprehension(CYIdentifier *name, CYExpression *set) :
         name_(name),
-        value_(value)
+        set_(set)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual const char *Name() const {
+        return name_->Word();
+    }
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYSelector :
-    CYLiteral
+struct CYForEachInComprehension :
+    CYComprehension
 {
-    CYSelectorPart *name_;
+    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYExpression *set_;
 
-    CYSelector(CYSelectorPart *name) :
-        name_(name)
+    CYForEachInComprehension(CYIdentifier *name, CYExpression *set) :
+        name_(name),
+        set_(set)
     {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(1)
+    virtual const char *Name() const {
+        return name_->Word();
+    }
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYIfComprehension :
+    CYComprehension
+{
+    CYExpression *test_;
+
+    CYIfComprehension(CYExpression *test) :
+        test_(test)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual const char *Name() const {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYFunctionParameter *Parameter(CYContext &context) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context, CYStatement *statement) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+struct CYArrayComprehension :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYExpression *expression_;
+    CYComprehension *comprehensions_;
+
+    CYArrayComprehension(CYExpression *expression, CYComprehension *comprehensions) :
+        expression_(expression),
+        comprehensions_(comprehensions)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYLiteral :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYRightHand(false)
+};
+
+struct CYTrivial :
+    CYLiteral
+{
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+};
+
+struct CYMagic :
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 };
 
 struct CYRange {
@@ -355,20 +727,32 @@ extern CYRange WordStartRange_;
 extern CYRange WordEndRange_;
 
 struct CYString :
-    CYLiteral,
+    CYTrivial,
     CYPropertyName
 {
     const char *value_;
     size_t size_;
 
+    CYString() :
+        value_(NULL),
+        size_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    CYString(const char *value) :
+        value_(value),
+        size_(strlen(value))
+    {
+    }
+
     CYString(const char *value, size_t size) :
         value_(value),
         size_(size)
     {
     }
 
-    CYString(const CYIdentifier *identifier) :
-        value_(identifier->Value()),
+    CYString(const CYWord *word) :
+        value_(word->Word()),
         size_(strlen(value_))
     {
     }
@@ -377,25 +761,18 @@ struct CYString :
         return value_;
     }
 
-    virtual const char *Word() const {
-        if (size_ == 0 || !WordStartRange_[value_[0]])
-            return NULL;
-        for (size_t i(1); i != size_; ++i)
-            if (!WordEndRange_[value_[i]])
-                return NULL;
-        return Value();
-    }
+    virtual const char *Word() const;
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-        return Output(out, CYNoFlags);
-    }
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
-    virtual void PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const;
+    CYString *Concat(CYContext &out, CYString *rhs) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual void PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYNumber :
-    CYLiteral,
+    CYTrivial,
     CYPropertyName
 {
     double value_;
@@ -409,24 +786,43 @@ struct CYNumber :
         return value_;
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const {
-        return Output(out, CYNoFlags);
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual void PropertyName(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct CYRegEx :
+    CYTrivial
+{
+    const char *value_;
+
+    CYRegEx(const char *value) :
+        value_(value)
+    {
+    }
+
+    const char *Value() const {
+        return value_;
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
-    virtual void PropertyName(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYNull :
     CYWord,
-    CYLiteral
+    CYTrivial
 {
     CYNull() :
         CYWord("null")
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
+
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYThis :
@@ -438,14 +834,15 @@ struct CYThis :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYBoolean :
-    CYLiteral
+    CYTrivial
 {
     virtual bool Value() const = 0;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYFalse :
@@ -457,7 +854,12 @@ struct CYFalse :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual bool Value() const;
+    virtual bool Value() const {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYTrue :
@@ -469,7 +871,12 @@ struct CYTrue :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual bool Value() const;
+    virtual bool Value() const {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    virtual CYNumber *Number(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYString *String(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYVariable :
@@ -483,8 +890,10 @@ struct CYVariable :
     }
 
     CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYPrefix :
@@ -500,7 +909,10 @@ struct CYPrefix :
     virtual bool Alphabetic() const = 0;
     virtual const char *Operator() const = 0;
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    CYPrecedence(4)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYInfix :
@@ -522,7 +934,8 @@ struct CYInfix :
     virtual bool Alphabetic() const = 0;
     virtual const char *Operator() const = 0;
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYPostfix :
@@ -537,7 +950,10 @@ struct CYPostfix :
 
     virtual const char *Operator() const = 0;
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    CYPrecedence(3)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYAssignment :
@@ -558,15 +974,26 @@ struct CYAssignment :
 
     virtual const char *Operator() const = 0;
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    CYPrecedence(16)
+
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYArgument :
-    CYNext<CYArgument>
+    CYNext<CYArgument>,
+    CYThing
 {
     CYWord *name_;
     CYExpression *value_;
 
+    CYArgument(CYExpression *value, CYArgument *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYArgument>(next),
+        name_(NULL),
+        value_(value)
+    {
+    }
+
     CYArgument(CYWord *name, CYExpression *value, CYArgument *next = NULL) :
         CYNext<CYArgument>(next),
         name_(name),
@@ -574,7 +1001,8 @@ struct CYArgument :
     {
     }
 
-    void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYBlank :
@@ -591,19 +1019,21 @@ struct CYClause :
     CYNext<CYClause>
 {
     CYExpression *case_;
-    CYStatement *code_;
+    CYStatement *statements_;
 
-    CYClause(CYExpression *_case, CYStatement *code) :
+    CYClause(CYExpression *_case, CYStatement *statements) :
         case_(_case),
-        code_(code)
+        statements_(statements)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYElement :
-    CYNext<CYElement>
+    CYNext<CYElement>,
+    CYThing
 {
     CYExpression *value_;
 
@@ -613,7 +1043,8 @@ struct CYElement :
     {
     }
 
-    void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
 struct CYArray :
@@ -621,139 +1052,106 @@ struct CYArray :
 {
     CYElement *elements_;
 
-    CYArray(CYElement *elements) :
+    CYArray(CYElement *elements = NULL) :
         elements_(elements)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYDeclaration :
-    CYThing,
-    CYForInInitialiser
+struct CYProperty :
+    CYNext<CYProperty>,
+    CYThing
 {
-    CYIdentifier *identifier_;
-    CYExpression *initialiser_;
+    CYPropertyName *name_;
+    CYExpression *value_;
 
-    CYDeclaration(CYIdentifier *identifier, CYExpression *initialiser) :
-        identifier_(identifier),
-        initialiser_(initialiser)
+    CYProperty(CYPropertyName *name, CYExpression *value, CYProperty *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYProperty>(next),
+        name_(name),
+        value_(value)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Part(std::ostream &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
 };
 
-struct CYDeclarations :
-    CYStatement,
-    CYForInitialiser
+struct CYDeclaration :
+    CYForInInitialiser
 {
-    CYDeclaration *declaration_;
-    CYDeclarations *next_;
+    CYIdentifier *identifier_;
+    CYExpression *initialiser_;
 
-    CYDeclarations(CYDeclaration *declaration, CYDeclarations *next) :
-        declaration_(declaration),
-        next_(next)
+    CYDeclaration(CYIdentifier *identifier, CYExpression *initialiser = NULL) :
+        identifier_(identifier),
+        initialiser_(initialiser)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Part(std::ostream &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
-};
+    virtual void ForIn(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 
-struct CYField :
-    CYNext<CYField>
-{
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
-};
+    virtual const char *ForEachIn() const;
+    virtual CYExpression *ForEachIn(CYContext &out);
 
-struct CYMessageParameter :
-    CYNext<CYMessageParameter>
-{
-    CYWord *tag_;
-    CYExpression *type_;
-    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYAssignment *Assignment(CYContext &context);
 
-    CYMessageParameter(CYWord *tag, CYExpression *type, CYIdentifier *name) :
-        tag_(tag),
-        type_(type),
-        name_(name)
-    {
-    }
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYMessage :
-    CYNext<CYMessage>
+struct CYDeclarations :
+    CYNext<CYDeclarations>,
+    CYThing,
+    CYForInitialiser
 {
-    bool instance_;
-    CYExpression *type_;
-    CYMessageParameter *parameter_;
-    CYSource *body_;
+    CYDeclaration *declaration_;
 
-    CYMessage(bool instance, CYExpression *type, CYMessageParameter *parameter, CYSource *body) :
-        instance_(instance),
-        type_(type),
-        parameter_(parameter),
-        body_(body)
+    CYDeclarations(CYDeclaration *declaration, CYDeclarations *next = NULL) :
+        CYNext<CYDeclarations>(next),
+        declaration_(declaration)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, bool replace) const;
-};
+    virtual void For(CYOutput &out) const;
 
-struct CYClass :
-    CYExpression,
-    CYStatement
-{
-    CYClassName *name_;
-    CYExpression *super_;
-    CYField *fields_;
-    CYMessage *messages_;
-
-    CYClass(CYClassName *name, CYExpression *super, CYField *fields, CYMessage *messages) :
-        name_(name),
-        super_(super),
-        fields_(fields),
-        messages_(messages)
-    {
-    }
-
-    CYPrecedence(0)
+    virtual CYCompound *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    CYProperty *Property(CYContext &context);
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYCategory :
+struct CYVar :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYClassName *name_;
-    CYMessage *messages_;
+    CYDeclarations *declarations_;
 
-    CYCategory(CYClassName *name, CYMessage *messages) :
-        name_(name),
-        messages_(messages)
+    CYVar(CYDeclarations *declarations) :
+        declarations_(declarations)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYFunctionParameter :
-    CYNext<CYFunctionParameter>,
-    CYThing
+struct CYLet :
+    CYStatement
 {
-    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYDeclarations *declarations_;
+    CYBlock code_;
 
-    CYFunctionParameter(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *next) :
-        CYNext<CYFunctionParameter>(next),
-        name_(name)
+    CYLet(CYDeclarations *declarations, CYStatement *statements) :
+        declarations_(declarations),
+        code_(statements)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYFor :
@@ -772,7 +1170,8 @@ struct CYFor :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYForIn :
@@ -789,68 +1188,40 @@ struct CYForIn :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
-};
-
-struct CYProperty :
-    CYNext<CYProperty>
-{
-    CYPropertyName *name_;
-    CYExpression *value_;
-
-    CYProperty(CYPropertyName *name, CYExpression *value, CYProperty *next) :
-        CYNext<CYProperty>(next),
-        name_(name),
-        value_(value)
-    {
-    }
-
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
-};
-
-struct CYObject :
-    CYLiteral
-{
-    CYProperty *property_;
-
-    CYObject(CYProperty *property) :
-        property_(property)
-    {
-    }
-
-    void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYCatch :
-    CYThing
+struct CYForEachIn :
+    CYStatement
 {
-    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYForInInitialiser *initialiser_;
+    CYExpression *set_;
     CYStatement *code_;
 
-    CYCatch(CYIdentifier *name, CYStatement *code) :
-        name_(name),
+    CYForEachIn(CYForInInitialiser *initialiser, CYExpression *set, CYStatement *code) :
+        initialiser_(initialiser),
+        set_(set),
         code_(code)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYSend :
-    CYExpression
+struct CYObject :
+    CYLiteral
 {
-    CYExpression *self_;
-    CYArgument *arguments_;
+    CYProperty *properties_;
 
-    CYSend(CYExpression *self, CYArgument *arguments) :
-        self_(self),
-        arguments_(arguments)
+    CYObject(CYProperty *properties) :
+        properties_(properties)
     {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(0)
-
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYMember :
@@ -868,6 +1239,8 @@ struct CYMember :
     void SetLeft(CYExpression *object) {
         object_ = object;
     }
+
+    void Replace_(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYDirectMember :
@@ -879,8 +1252,10 @@ struct CYDirectMember :
     }
 
     CYPrecedence(1)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYIndirectMember :
@@ -892,8 +1267,10 @@ struct CYIndirectMember :
     }
 
     CYPrecedence(1)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYNew :
@@ -908,9 +1285,14 @@ struct CYNew :
     {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(1)
+    virtual unsigned Precedence() const {
+        return arguments_ == NULL ? 2 : 1;
+    }
+
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYCall :
@@ -919,15 +1301,17 @@ struct CYCall :
     CYExpression *function_;
     CYArgument *arguments_;
 
-    CYCall(CYExpression *function, CYArgument *arguments) :
+    CYCall(CYExpression *function, CYArgument *arguments = NULL) :
         function_(function),
         arguments_(arguments)
     {
     }
 
-    CYPrecedence(2)
+    CYPrecedence(1)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYIf :
@@ -937,14 +1321,15 @@ struct CYIf :
     CYStatement *true_;
     CYStatement *false_;
 
-    CYIf(CYExpression *test, CYStatement *_true, CYStatement *_false) :
+    CYIf(CYExpression *test, CYStatement *_true, CYStatement *_false = NULL) :
         test_(test),
         true_(_true),
         false_(_false)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYDoWhile :
@@ -959,7 +1344,8 @@ struct CYDoWhile :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYWhile :
@@ -974,38 +1360,59 @@ struct CYWhile :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYLambda :
-    CYExpression
+struct CYFunction :
+    CYScope
 {
     CYIdentifier *name_;
     CYFunctionParameter *parameters_;
-    CYSource *body_;
+    CYBlock code_;
 
-    CYLambda(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYSource *body) :
+    CYFunction(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *statements) :
         name_(name),
         parameters_(parameters),
-        body_(body)
+        code_(statements, this)
+    {
+    }
+
+    virtual ~CYFunction() {
+    }
+
+    void Inject(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Replace_(CYContext &context, bool outer);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+};
+
+struct CYFunctionExpression :
+    CYFunction,
+    CYExpression
+{
+    CYFunctionExpression(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *statements) :
+        CYFunction(name, parameters, statements)
     {
     }
 
     CYPrecedence(0)
+    CYRightHand(false)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYFunction :
-    CYLambda,
-    CYSource
+struct CYFunctionStatement :
+    CYFunction,
+    CYStatement
 {
-    CYFunction(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYSource *body) :
-        CYLambda(name, parameters, body)
+    CYFunctionStatement(CYIdentifier *name, CYFunctionParameter *parameters, CYStatement *statements) :
+        CYFunction(name, parameters, statements)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYExpress :
@@ -1016,9 +1423,13 @@ struct CYExpress :
     CYExpress(CYExpression *expression) :
         expression_(expression)
     {
+        if (expression == NULL)
+            throw;
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Collapse(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYContinue :
@@ -1031,7 +1442,8 @@ struct CYContinue :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYBreak :
@@ -1044,7 +1456,8 @@ struct CYBreak :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYReturn :
@@ -1057,46 +1470,85 @@ struct CYReturn :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYEmpty :
     CYStatement
 {
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, bool block) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Collapse(CYContext &context);
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYTry :
+struct CYFinally :
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYBlock code_;
+
+    CYFinally(CYStatement *statements) :
+        code_(statements)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+namespace cy {
+namespace Syntax {
+
+struct Catch :
+    CYThing
+{
+    CYIdentifier *name_;
+    CYBlock code_;
+
+    Catch(CYIdentifier *name, CYStatement *statements) :
+        name_(name),
+        code_(statements)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out) const;
+};
+
+struct Try :
     CYStatement
 {
-    CYStatement *try_;
-    CYCatch *catch_;
-    CYStatement *finally_;
+    CYBlock code_;
+    Catch *catch_;
+    CYFinally *finally_;
 
-    CYTry(CYStatement *_try, CYCatch *_catch, CYStatement *finally) :
-        try_(_try),
+    Try(CYStatement *statements, Catch *_catch, CYFinally *finally) :
+        code_(statements),
         catch_(_catch),
         finally_(finally)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
-struct CYThrow :
+struct Throw :
     CYStatement
 {
     CYExpression *value_;
 
-    CYThrow(CYExpression *value) :
+    Throw(CYExpression *value) :
         value_(value)
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
+} }
+
 struct CYWith :
     CYStatement
 {
@@ -1109,7 +1561,8 @@ struct CYWith :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYSwitch :
@@ -1124,7 +1577,8 @@ struct CYSwitch :
     {
     }
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out) const;
+    virtual CYStatement *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYCondition :
@@ -1143,7 +1597,8 @@ struct CYCondition :
 
     CYPrecedence(15)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+    virtual void Output(CYOutput &out, CYFlags flags) const;
 };
 
 struct CYAddressOf :
@@ -1159,9 +1614,8 @@ struct CYAddressOf :
     }
 
     CYAlphabetic(false)
-    CYPrecedence(2)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
 };
 
 struct CYIndirect :
@@ -1177,48 +1631,47 @@ struct CYIndirect :
     }
 
     CYAlphabetic(false)
-    CYPrecedence(1)
 
-    virtual void Output(std::ostream &out, CYFlags flags) const;
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
 };
 
-#define CYPostfix_(op, name) \
+#define CYReplace \
+    virtual CYExpression *Replace(CYContext &context);
+
+#define CYPostfix_(op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name : \
         CYPostfix \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name(CYExpression *lhs) : \
             CYPostfix(lhs) \
         { \
         } \
-    \
-        CYPrecedence(3) \
     \
         virtual const char *Operator() const { \
             return op; \
         } \
     };
 
-#define CYPrefix_(alphabetic, op, name) \
+#define CYPrefix_(alphabetic, op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name : \
         CYPrefix \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name(CYExpression *rhs) : \
             CYPrefix(rhs) \
         { \
         } \
     \
         CYAlphabetic(alphabetic) \
-        CYPrecedence(4) \
     \
         virtual const char *Operator() const { \
             return op; \
         } \
     };
 
-#define CYInfix_(alphabetic, precedence, op, name) \
+#define CYInfix_(alphabetic, precedence, op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name : \
         CYInfix \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name(CYExpression *lhs, CYExpression *rhs) : \
             CYInfix(lhs, rhs) \
         { \
@@ -1232,16 +1685,14 @@ struct CYIndirect :
         } \
     };
 
-#define CYAssignment_(op, name) \
+#define CYAssignment_(op, name, args...) \
     struct CY ## name ## Assign : \
         CYAssignment \
-    { \
+    { args \
         CY ## name ## Assign(CYExpression *lhs, CYExpression *rhs) : \
             CYAssignment(lhs, rhs) \
         { \
         } \
-    \
-        CYPrecedence(16) \
     \
         virtual const char *Operator() const { \
             return op; \
@@ -1256,6 +1707,7 @@ CYPrefix_(true, "void", Void)
 CYPrefix_(true, "typeof", TypeOf)
 CYPrefix_(false, "++", PreIncrement)
 CYPrefix_(false, "--", PreDecrement)
+CYPrefix_(false, "+", Affirm)
 CYPrefix_(false, "-", Negate)
 CYPrefix_(false, "~", BitwiseNot)
 CYPrefix_(false, "!", LogicalNot)
@@ -1263,7 +1715,7 @@ CYPrefix_(false, "!", LogicalNot)
 CYInfix_(false, 5, "*", Multiply)
 CYInfix_(false, 5, "/", Divide)
 CYInfix_(false, 5, "%", Modulus)
-CYInfix_(false, 6, "+", Add)
+CYInfix_(false, 6, "+", Add, CYReplace)
 CYInfix_(false, 6, "-", Subtract)
 CYInfix_(false, 7, "<<", ShiftLeft)
 CYInfix_(false, 7, ">>", ShiftRightSigned)