X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/bison.git/blobdiff_plain/b10dd689b645f4f62d616cb9fbc14f416e8e06bd..f52e1e5e44fd155cfe0fbbf0fd370e99a256c20e:/doc/bison.texinfo?ds=inline

diff --git a/doc/bison.texinfo b/doc/bison.texinfo
index 1a66edc4..0c09e35e 100644
--- a/doc/bison.texinfo
+++ b/doc/bison.texinfo
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@
 This manual (@value{UPDATED}) is for @acronym{GNU} Bison (version
 @value{VERSION}), the @acronym{GNU} parser generator.
 
-Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998,
-1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free
+Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999,
+2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
 Software Foundation, Inc.
 
 @quotation
 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the @acronym{GNU} Free Documentation License,
-Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
+Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
 being ``A @acronym{GNU} Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in
 (a) below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ Defining Language Semantics
 * Mid-Rule Actions::  Most actions go at the end of a rule.
                       This says when, why and how to use the exceptional
                         action in the middle of a rule.
+* Named References::  Using named references in actions.
 
 Tracking Locations
 
@@ -351,9 +352,10 @@ Copying This Manual
 @cindex introduction
 
 @dfn{Bison} is a general-purpose parser generator that converts an
-annotated context-free grammar into a deterministic or @acronym{GLR}
-parser employing @acronym{LALR}(1), @acronym{IELR}(1), or canonical
-@acronym{LR}(1) parser tables.
+annotated context-free grammar into a deterministic @acronym{LR} or
+generalized @acronym{LR} (@acronym{GLR}) parser employing
+@acronym{LALR}(1), @acronym{IELR}(1), or canonical @acronym{LR}(1)
+parser tables.
 Once you are proficient with Bison, you can use it to develop a wide
 range of language parsers, from those used in simple desk calculators to
 complex programming languages.
@@ -473,8 +475,8 @@ For historical reasons, Bison by default is limited by the additional
 restrictions of @acronym{LALR}(1), which is hard to explain simply.
 @xref{Mystery Conflicts, ,Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflicts}, for
 more information on this.
-To escape these additional restrictions, you can request
-@acronym{IELR}(1) or canonical @acronym{LR}(1) parser tables.
+As an experimental feature, you can escape these additional restrictions by
+requesting @acronym{IELR}(1) or canonical @acronym{LR}(1) parser tables.
 @xref{Decl Summary,,lr.type}, to learn how.
 
 @cindex @acronym{GLR} parsing
@@ -3365,6 +3367,7 @@ the numbers associated with @var{x} and @var{y}.
 * Mid-Rule Actions::  Most actions go at the end of a rule.
                       This says when, why and how to use the exceptional
                         action in the middle of a rule.
+* Named References::  Using named references in actions.
 @end menu
 
 @node Value Type
@@ -3426,6 +3429,8 @@ Decl, ,Nonterminal Symbols}).
 @cindex action
 @vindex $$
 @vindex $@var{n}
+@vindex $@var{name}
+@vindex $[@var{name}]
 
 An action accompanies a syntactic rule and contains C code to be executed
 each time an instance of that rule is recognized.  The task of most actions
@@ -3442,9 +3447,12 @@ Actions, ,Actions in Mid-Rule}).
 The C code in an action can refer to the semantic values of the components
 matched by the rule with the construct @code{$@var{n}}, which stands for
 the value of the @var{n}th component.  The semantic value for the grouping
-being constructed is @code{$$}.  Bison translates both of these
+being constructed is @code{$$}.  In addition, the semantic values of
+symbols can be accessed with the named references construct
+@code{$@var{name}} or @code{$[@var{name}]}.  Bison translates both of these
 constructs into expressions of the appropriate type when it copies the
-actions into the parser file.  @code{$$} is translated to a modifiable
+actions into the parser file.  @code{$$} (or @code{$@var{name}}, when it
+stands for the current grouping) is translated to a modifiable
 lvalue, so it can be assigned to.
 
 Here is a typical example:
@@ -3457,16 +3465,31 @@ exp:    @dots{}
 @end group
 @end example
 
+Or, in terms of named references:
+
+@example
+@group
+exp[result]:    @dots{}
+        | exp[left] '+' exp[right]
+            @{ $result = $left + $right; @}
+@end group
+@end example
+
 @noindent
 This rule constructs an @code{exp} from two smaller @code{exp} groupings
 connected by a plus-sign token.  In the action, @code{$1} and @code{$3}
+(@code{$left} and @code{$right})
 refer to the semantic values of the two component @code{exp} groupings,
 which are the first and third symbols on the right hand side of the rule.
-The sum is stored into @code{$$} so that it becomes the semantic value of
+The sum is stored into @code{$$} (@code{$result}) so that it becomes the
+semantic value of
 the addition-expression just recognized by the rule.  If there were a
 useful semantic value associated with the @samp{+} token, it could be
 referred to as @code{$2}.
 
+@xref{Named References,,Using Named References}, for more information
+about using the named references construct.
+
 Note that the vertical-bar character @samp{|} is really a rule
 separator, and actions are attached to a single rule.  This is a
 difference with tools like Flex, for which @samp{|} stands for either
@@ -3761,6 +3784,93 @@ compound: subroutine
 Now Bison can execute the action in the rule for @code{subroutine} without
 deciding which rule for @code{compound} it will eventually use.
 
+@node Named References
+@subsection Using Named References
+@cindex named references
+
+While every semantic value can be accessed with positional references
+@code{$@var{n}} and @code{$$}, it's often much more convenient to refer to
+them by name.  First of all, original symbol names may be used as named
+references.  For example:
+
+@example
+@group
+invocation: op '(' args ')'
+  @{ $invocation = new_invocation ($op, $args, @@invocation); @}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The positional @code{$$}, @code{@@$}, @code{$n}, and @code{@@n} can be
+mixed with @code{$name} and @code{@@name} arbitrarily.  For example:
+
+@example
+@group
+invocation: op '(' args ')'
+  @{ $$ = new_invocation ($op, $args, @@$); @}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+However, sometimes regular symbol names are not sufficient due to
+ambiguities:
+
+@example
+@group
+exp: exp '/' exp
+  @{ $exp = $exp / $exp; @} // $exp is ambiguous.
+
+exp: exp '/' exp
+  @{ $$ = $1 / $exp; @} // One usage is ambiguous.
+
+exp: exp '/' exp
+  @{ $$ = $1 / $3; @} // No error.
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+When ambiguity occurs, explicitly declared names may be used for values and
+locations.  Explicit names are declared as a bracketed name after a symbol
+appearance in rule definitions.  For example:
+@example
+@group
+exp[result]: exp[left] '/' exp[right]
+  @{ $result = $left / $right; @}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Explicit names may be declared for RHS and for LHS symbols as well.  In order
+to access a semantic value generated by a mid-rule action, an explicit name
+may also be declared by putting a bracketed name after the closing brace of
+the mid-rule action code:
+@example
+@group
+exp[res]: exp[x] '+' @{$left = $x;@}[left] exp[right]
+  @{ $res = $left + $right; @}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+
+In references, in order to specify names containing dots and dashes, an explicit
+bracketed syntax @code{$[name]} and @code{@@[name]} must be used:
+@example
+@group
+if-stmt: IF '(' expr ')' THEN then.stmt ';'
+  @{ $[if-stmt] = new_if_stmt ($expr, $[then.stmt]); @}
+@end group
+@end example
+
+It often happens that named references are followed by a dot, dash or other
+C punctuation marks and operators.  By default, Bison will read
+@code{$name.suffix} as a reference to symbol value @code{$name} followed by
+@samp{.suffix}, i.e., an access to the @samp{suffix} field of the semantic
+value.  In order to force Bison to recognize @code{name.suffix} in its entirety
+as the name of a semantic value, bracketed syntax @code{$[name.suffix]}
+must be used.
+
+
 @node Locations
 @section Tracking Locations
 @cindex location
@@ -3804,8 +3914,11 @@ typedef struct YYLTYPE
 @} YYLTYPE;
 @end example
 
-At the beginning of the parsing, Bison initializes all these fields to 1
-for @code{yylloc}.
+When @code{YYLTYPE} is not defined, at the beginning of the parsing, Bison
+initializes all these fields to 1 for @code{yylloc}.  To initialize
+@code{yylloc} with a custom location type (or to chose a different
+initialization), use the @code{%initial-action} directive.  @xref{Initial
+Action Decl, , Performing Actions before Parsing}.
 
 @node Actions and Locations
 @subsection Actions and Locations
@@ -3813,6 +3926,8 @@ for @code{yylloc}.
 @cindex actions, location
 @vindex @@$
 @vindex @@@var{n}
+@vindex @@@var{name}
+@vindex @@[@var{name}]
 
 Actions are not only useful for defining language semantics, but also for
 describing the behavior of the output parser with locations.
@@ -3824,6 +3939,11 @@ The location of the @var{n}th component of the right hand side is
 @code{@@@var{n}}, while the location of the left hand side grouping is
 @code{@@$}.
 
+In addition, the named references construct @code{@@@var{name}} and
+@code{@@[@var{name}]} may also be used to address the symbol locations.
+@xref{Named References,,Using Named References}, for more information
+about using the named references construct.
+
 Here is a basic example using the default data type for locations:
 
 @example
@@ -4495,8 +4615,8 @@ number which Bison printed.  With @acronym{GLR} parsers, add an
 @code{%expect-rr} declaration as well.
 @end itemize
 
-Now Bison will warn you if you introduce an unexpected conflict, but
-will keep silent otherwise.
+Now Bison will report an error if you introduce an unexpected conflict,
+but will keep silent otherwise.
 
 @node Start Decl
 @subsection The Start-Symbol
@@ -4577,7 +4697,7 @@ The following Bison declaration says that you want the parser to be a push
 parser (@pxref{Decl Summary,,%define api.push-pull}):
 
 @example
-%define api.push-pull "push"
+%define api.push-pull push
 @end example
 
 In almost all cases, you want to ensure that your push parser is also
@@ -4588,7 +4708,7 @@ what you are doing, your declarations should look like this:
 
 @example
 %define api.pure
-%define api.push-pull "push"
+%define api.push-pull push
 @end example
 
 There is a major notable functional difference between the pure push parser
@@ -4637,14 +4757,14 @@ for use by the next invocation of the @code{yypush_parse} function.
 
 Bison also supports both the push parser interface along with the pull parser
 interface in the same generated parser.  In order to get this functionality,
-you should replace the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} declaration with the
-@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration.  Doing this will create all of
+you should replace the @code{%define api.push-pull push} declaration with the
+@code{%define api.push-pull both} declaration.  Doing this will create all of
 the symbols mentioned earlier along with the two extra symbols, @code{yyparse}
 and @code{yypull_parse}.  @code{yyparse} can be used exactly as it normally
 would be used.  However, the user should note that it is implemented in the
 generated parser by calling @code{yypull_parse}.
 This makes the @code{yyparse} function that is generated with the
-@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration slower than the normal
+@code{%define api.push-pull both} declaration slower than the normal
 @code{yyparse} function.  If the user
 calls the @code{yypull_parse} function it will parse the rest of the input
 stream.  It is possible to @code{yypush_parse} tokens to select a subgrammar
@@ -4661,8 +4781,8 @@ yypstate_delete (ps);
 @end example
 
 Adding the @code{%define api.pure} declaration does exactly the same thing to
-the generated parser with @code{%define api.push-pull "both"} as it did for
-@code{%define api.push-pull "push"}.
+the generated parser with @code{%define api.push-pull both} as it did for
+@code{%define api.push-pull push}.
 
 @node Decl Summary
 @subsection Bison Declaration Summary
@@ -4752,7 +4872,9 @@ use this form instead.
 
 @var{qualifier} identifies the purpose of @var{code} and thus the location(s)
 where Bison should generate it.
-Not all values of @var{qualifier} are available for all target languages:
+Not all @var{qualifier}s are accepted for all target languages.
+Unaccepted @var{qualifier}s produce an error.
+Some of the accepted @var{qualifier}s are:
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item requires
@@ -4831,34 +4953,41 @@ already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
 @end deffn
 
 @deffn {Directive} %define @var{variable}
+@deffnx {Directive} %define @var{variable} @var{value}
 @deffnx {Directive} %define @var{variable} "@var{value}"
 Define a variable to adjust Bison's behavior.
-The possible choices for @var{variable}, as well as their meanings, depend on
-the selected target language and/or the parser skeleton (@pxref{Decl
-Summary,,%language}, @pxref{Decl Summary,,%skeleton}).
 
-Bison will warn if a @var{variable} is defined multiple times.
+It is an error if a @var{variable} is defined by @code{%define} multiple
+times, but see @ref{Bison Options,,-D @var{name}[=@var{value}]}.
 
-Omitting @code{"@var{value}"} is always equivalent to specifying it as
+@var{value} must be placed in quotation marks if it contains any
+character other than a letter, underscore, period, dash, or non-initial
+digit.
+
+Omitting @code{"@var{value}"} entirely is always equivalent to specifying
 @code{""}.
 
-Some @var{variable}s may be used as Booleans.
+Some @var{variable}s take Boolean values.
 In this case, Bison will complain if the variable definition does not meet one
 of the following four conditions:
 
 @enumerate
-@item @code{"@var{value}"} is @code{"true"}
+@item @code{@var{value}} is @code{true}
 
-@item @code{"@var{value}"} is omitted (or is @code{""}).
-This is equivalent to @code{"true"}.
+@item @code{@var{value}} is omitted (or @code{""} is specified).
+This is equivalent to @code{true}.
 
-@item @code{"@var{value}"} is @code{"false"}.
+@item @code{@var{value}} is @code{false}.
 
 @item @var{variable} is never defined.
-In this case, Bison selects a default value, which may depend on the selected
-target language and/or parser skeleton.
+In this case, Bison selects a default value.
 @end enumerate
 
+What @var{variable}s are accepted, as well as their meanings and default
+values, depend on the selected target language and/or the parser
+skeleton (@pxref{Decl Summary,,%language}, @pxref{Decl
+Summary,,%skeleton}).
+Unaccepted @var{variable}s produce an error.
 Some of the accepted @var{variable}s are:
 
 @itemize @bullet
@@ -4873,7 +5002,7 @@ Some of the accepted @var{variable}s are:
 
 @item Accepted Values: Boolean
 
-@item Default Value: @code{"false"}
+@item Default Value: @code{false}
 @end itemize
 
 @item api.push-pull
@@ -4882,89 +5011,97 @@ Some of the accepted @var{variable}s are:
 @itemize @bullet
 @item Language(s): C (deterministic parsers only)
 
-@item Purpose: Requests a pull parser, a push parser, or both.
+@item Purpose: Request a pull parser, a push parser, or both.
 @xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
 (The current push parsing interface is experimental and may evolve.
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
-@item Accepted Values: @code{"pull"}, @code{"push"}, @code{"both"}
+@item Accepted Values: @code{pull}, @code{push}, @code{both}
 
-@item Default Value: @code{"pull"}
+@item Default Value: @code{pull}
 @end itemize
 
+@c ================================================== lr.default-reductions
+
 @item lr.default-reductions
 @cindex default reductions
 @findex %define lr.default-reductions
 @cindex delayed syntax errors
 @cindex syntax errors delayed
+@cindex @acronym{LAC}
+@findex %nonassoc
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item Language(s): all
 
-@item Purpose: Specifies the kind of states that are permitted to
+@item Purpose: Specify the kind of states that are permitted to
 contain default reductions.
-That is, in such a state, Bison declares the reduction with the largest
-lookahead set to be the default reduction and then removes that
+That is, in such a state, Bison selects the reduction with the largest
+lookahead set to be the default parser action and then removes that
 lookahead set.
-The advantages of default reductions are discussed below.
-The disadvantage is that, when the generated parser encounters a
-syntactically unacceptable token, the parser might then perform
-unnecessary default reductions before it can detect the syntax error.
-
-(This feature is experimental.
+(The ability to specify where default reductions should be used is
+experimental.
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
 @item Accepted Values:
 @itemize
-@item @code{"all"}.
-For @acronym{LALR} and @acronym{IELR} parsers (@pxref{Decl
-Summary,,lr.type}) by default, all states are permitted to contain
-default reductions.
-The advantage is that parser table sizes can be significantly reduced.
-The reason Bison does not by default attempt to address the disadvantage
-of delayed syntax error detection is that this disadvantage is already
-inherent in @acronym{LALR} and @acronym{IELR} parser tables.
-That is, unlike in a canonical @acronym{LR} state, the lookahead sets of
-reductions in an @acronym{LALR} or @acronym{IELR} state can contain
-tokens that are syntactically incorrect for some left contexts.
-
-@item @code{"consistent"}.
+@item @code{all}.
+This is the traditional Bison behavior.
+The main advantage is a significant decrease in the size of the parser
+tables.
+The disadvantage is that, when the generated parser encounters a
+syntactically unacceptable token, the parser might then perform
+unnecessary default reductions before it can detect the syntax error.
+Such delayed syntax error detection is usually inherent in
+@acronym{LALR} and @acronym{IELR} parser tables anyway due to
+@acronym{LR} state merging (@pxref{Decl Summary,,lr.type}).
+Furthermore, the use of @code{%nonassoc} can contribute to delayed
+syntax error detection even in the case of canonical @acronym{LR}.
+As an experimental feature, delayed syntax error detection can be
+overcome in all cases by enabling @acronym{LAC} (@pxref{Decl
+Summary,,parse.lac}, for details, including a discussion of the effects
+of delayed syntax error detection).
+
+@item @code{consistent}.
 @cindex consistent states
 A consistent state is a state that has only one possible action.
 If that action is a reduction, then the parser does not need to request
 a lookahead token from the scanner before performing that action.
-However, the parser only recognizes the ability to ignore the lookahead
-token when such a reduction is encoded as a default reduction.
-Thus, if default reductions are permitted in and only in consistent
-states, then a canonical @acronym{LR} parser reports a syntax error as
-soon as it @emph{needs} the syntactically unacceptable token from the
-scanner.
-
-@item @code{"accepting"}.
+However, the parser recognizes the ability to ignore the lookahead token
+in this way only when such a reduction is encoded as a default
+reduction.
+Thus, if default reductions are permitted only in consistent states,
+then a canonical @acronym{LR} parser that does not employ
+@code{%nonassoc} detects a syntax error as soon as it @emph{needs} the
+syntactically unacceptable token from the scanner.
+
+@item @code{accepting}.
 @cindex accepting state
-By default, the only default reduction permitted in a canonical
-@acronym{LR} parser is the accept action in the accepting state, which
-the parser reaches only after reading all tokens from the input.
-Thus, the default canonical @acronym{LR} parser reports a syntax error
-as soon as it @emph{reaches} the syntactically unacceptable token
-without performing any extra reductions.
+In the accepting state, the default reduction is actually the accept
+action.
+In this case, a canonical @acronym{LR} parser that does not employ
+@code{%nonassoc} detects a syntax error as soon as it @emph{reaches} the
+syntactically unacceptable token in the input.
+That is, it does not perform any extra reductions.
 @end itemize
 
 @item Default Value:
 @itemize
-@item @code{"accepting"} if @code{lr.type} is @code{"canonical LR"}.
-@item @code{"all"} otherwise.
+@item @code{accepting} if @code{lr.type} is @code{canonical-lr}.
+@item @code{all} otherwise.
 @end itemize
 @end itemize
 
+@c ============================================ lr.keep-unreachable-states
+
 @item lr.keep-unreachable-states
 @findex %define lr.keep-unreachable-states
 
 @itemize @bullet
 @item Language(s): all
 
-@item Purpose: Requests that Bison allow unreachable parser states to remain in
-the parser tables.
+@item Purpose: Request that Bison allow unreachable parser states to
+remain in the parser tables.
 Bison considers a state to be unreachable if there exists no sequence of
 transitions from the start state to that state.
 A state can become unreachable during conflict resolution if Bison disables a
@@ -4974,7 +5111,7 @@ are useless in the generated parser.
 
 @item Accepted Values: Boolean
 
-@item Default Value: @code{"false"}
+@item Default Value: @code{false}
 
 @item Caveats:
 
@@ -5000,6 +5137,8 @@ However, Bison does not compute which goto actions are useless.
 @end itemize
 @end itemize
 
+@c ================================================== lr.type
+
 @item lr.type
 @findex %define lr.type
 @cindex @acronym{LALR}
@@ -5009,14 +5148,14 @@ However, Bison does not compute which goto actions are useless.
 @itemize @bullet
 @item Language(s): all
 
-@item Purpose: Specifies the type of parser tables within the
+@item Purpose: Specify the type of parser tables within the
 @acronym{LR}(1) family.
 (This feature is experimental.
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
 @item Accepted Values:
 @itemize
-@item @code{"LALR"}.
+@item @code{lalr}.
 While Bison generates @acronym{LALR} parser tables by default for
 historical reasons, @acronym{IELR} or canonical @acronym{LR} is almost
 always preferable for deterministic parsers.
@@ -5036,6 +5175,10 @@ In this case, the use of @acronym{LALR} parser tables is guaranteed not
 to alter the language accepted by the parser.
 @acronym{LALR} parser tables are the smallest parser tables Bison can
 currently generate, so they may be preferable.
+Nevertheless, once you begin to resolve conflicts statically,
+@acronym{GLR} begins to behave more like a deterministic parser, and so
+@acronym{IELR} and canonical @acronym{LR} can be helpful to avoid
+@acronym{LALR}'s mysterious behavior.
 
 @item Occasionally during development, an especially malformed grammar
 with a major recurring flaw may severely impede the @acronym{IELR} or
@@ -5045,7 +5188,7 @@ investigate such problems while ignoring the more subtle differences
 from @acronym{IELR} and canonical @acronym{LR}.
 @end itemize
 
-@item @code{"IELR"}.
+@item @code{ielr}.
 @acronym{IELR} is a minimal @acronym{LR} algorithm.
 That is, given any grammar (@acronym{LR} or non-@acronym{LR}),
 @acronym{IELR} and canonical @acronym{LR} always accept exactly the same
@@ -5059,23 +5202,29 @@ grammars, the number of conflicts for @acronym{IELR} is often an order
 of magnitude less as well.
 This can significantly reduce the complexity of developing of a grammar.
 
-@item @code{"canonical LR"}.
+@item @code{canonical-lr}.
 @cindex delayed syntax errors
 @cindex syntax errors delayed
-The only advantage of canonical @acronym{LR} over @acronym{IELR} is
-that, for every left context of every canonical @acronym{LR} state, the
-set of tokens accepted by that state is the exact set of tokens that is
-syntactically acceptable in that left context.
-Thus, the only difference in parsing behavior is that the canonical
-@acronym{LR} parser can report a syntax error as soon as possible
-without performing any unnecessary reductions.
-@xref{Decl Summary,,lr.default-reductions}, for further details.
-Even when canonical @acronym{LR} behavior is ultimately desired,
-@acronym{IELR}'s elimination of duplicate conflicts should still
-facilitate the development of a grammar.
+@cindex @acronym{LAC}
+@findex %nonassoc
+While inefficient, canonical @acronym{LR} parser tables can be an
+interesting means to explore a grammar because they have a property that
+@acronym{IELR} and @acronym{LALR} tables do not.
+That is, if @code{%nonassoc} is not used and default reductions are left
+disabled (@pxref{Decl Summary,,lr.default-reductions}), then, for every
+left context of every canonical @acronym{LR} state, the set of tokens
+accepted by that state is guaranteed to be the exact set of tokens that
+is syntactically acceptable in that left context.
+It might then seem that an advantage of canonical @acronym{LR} parsers
+in production is that, under the above constraints, they are guaranteed
+to detect a syntax error as soon as possible without performing any
+unnecessary reductions.
+However, @acronym{IELR} parsers using @acronym{LAC} (@pxref{Decl
+Summary,,parse.lac}) are also able to achieve this behavior without
+sacrificing @code{%nonassoc} or default reductions.
 @end itemize
 
-@item Default Value: @code{"LALR"}
+@item Default Value: @code{lalr}
 @end itemize
 
 @item namespace
@@ -5084,7 +5233,7 @@ facilitate the development of a grammar.
 @itemize
 @item Languages(s): C++
 
-@item Purpose: Specifies the namespace for the parser class.
+@item Purpose: Specify the namespace for the parser class.
 For example, if you specify:
 
 @smallexample
@@ -5129,6 +5278,89 @@ For example, if you specify:
 The parser namespace is @code{foo} and @code{yylex} is referenced as
 @code{bar::lex}.
 @end itemize
+
+@c ================================================== parse.lac
+@item parse.lac
+@findex %define parse.lac
+@cindex @acronym{LAC}
+@cindex lookahead correction
+
+@itemize
+@item Languages(s): C
+
+@item Purpose: Enable @acronym{LAC} (lookahead correction) to improve
+syntax error handling.
+
+Canonical @acronym{LR}, @acronym{IELR}, and @acronym{LALR} can suffer
+from a couple of problems upon encountering a syntax error.  First, the
+parser might perform additional parser stack reductions before
+discovering the syntax error.  Such reductions perform user semantic
+actions that are unexpected because they are based on an invalid token,
+and they cause error recovery to begin in a different syntactic context
+than the one in which the invalid token was encountered.  Second, when
+verbose error messages are enabled (with @code{%error-verbose} or
+@code{#define YYERROR_VERBOSE}), the expected token list in the syntax
+error message can both contain invalid tokens and omit valid tokens.
+
+The culprits for the above problems are @code{%nonassoc}, default
+reductions in inconsistent states, and parser state merging.  Thus,
+@acronym{IELR} and @acronym{LALR} suffer the most.  Canonical
+@acronym{LR} can suffer only if @code{%nonassoc} is used or if default
+reductions are enabled for inconsistent states.
+
+@acronym{LAC} is a new mechanism within the parsing algorithm that
+completely solves these problems for canonical @acronym{LR},
+@acronym{IELR}, and @acronym{LALR} without sacrificing @code{%nonassoc},
+default reductions, or state mering.  Conceptually, the mechanism is
+straight-forward.  Whenever the parser fetches a new token from the
+scanner so that it can determine the next parser action, it immediately
+suspends normal parsing and performs an exploratory parse using a
+temporary copy of the normal parser state stack.  During this
+exploratory parse, the parser does not perform user semantic actions.
+If the exploratory parse reaches a shift action, normal parsing then
+resumes on the normal parser stacks.  If the exploratory parse reaches
+an error instead, the parser reports a syntax error.  If verbose syntax
+error messages are enabled, the parser must then discover the list of
+expected tokens, so it performs a separate exploratory parse for each
+token in the grammar.
+
+There is one subtlety about the use of @acronym{LAC}.  That is, when in
+a consistent parser state with a default reduction, the parser will not
+attempt to fetch a token from the scanner because no lookahead is needed
+to determine the next parser action.  Thus, whether default reductions
+are enabled in consistent states (@pxref{Decl
+Summary,,lr.default-reductions}) affects how soon the parser detects a
+syntax error: when it @emph{reaches} an erroneous token or when it
+eventually @emph{needs} that token as a lookahead.  The latter behavior
+is probably more intuitive, so Bison currently provides no way to
+achieve the former behavior while default reductions are fully enabled.
+
+Thus, when @acronym{LAC} is in use, for some fixed decision of whether
+to enable default reductions in consistent states, canonical
+@acronym{LR} and @acronym{IELR} behave exactly the same for both
+syntactically acceptable and syntactically unacceptable input.  While
+@acronym{LALR} still does not support the full language-recognition
+power of canonical @acronym{LR} and @acronym{IELR}, @acronym{LAC} at
+least enables @acronym{LALR}'s syntax error handling to correctly
+reflect @acronym{LALR}'s language-recognition power.
+
+Because @acronym{LAC} requires many parse actions to be performed twice,
+it can have a performance penalty.  However, not all parse actions must
+be performed twice.  Specifically, during a series of default reductions
+in consistent states and shift actions, the parser never has to initiate
+an exploratory parse.  Moreover, the most time-consuming tasks in a
+parse are often the file I/O, the lexical analysis performed by the
+scanner, and the user's semantic actions, but none of these are
+performed during the exploratory parse.  Finally, the base of the
+temporary stack used during an exploratory parse is a pointer into the
+normal parser state stack so that the stack is never physically copied.
+In our experience, the performance penalty of @acronym{LAC} has proven
+insignificant for practical grammars.
+
+@item Accepted Values: @code{none}, @code{full}
+
+@item Default Value: @code{none}
+@end itemize
 @end itemize
 
 @end deffn
@@ -5456,8 +5688,8 @@ exp: @dots{}    @{ @dots{}; *randomness += 1; @dots{} @}
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
 You call the function @code{yypush_parse} to parse a single token.  This
-function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} or
-@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration is used.
+function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull push} or
+@code{%define api.push-pull both} declaration is used.
 @xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
 
 @deftypefun int yypush_parse (yypstate *yyps)
@@ -5474,7 +5706,7 @@ is required to finish parsing the grammar.
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
 You call the function @code{yypull_parse} to parse the rest of the input
-stream.  This function is available if the @code{%define api.push-pull "both"}
+stream.  This function is available if the @code{%define api.push-pull both}
 declaration is used.
 @xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
 
@@ -5490,12 +5722,12 @@ The value returned by @code{yypull_parse} is the same as for @code{yyparse}.
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
 You call the function @code{yypstate_new} to create a new parser instance.
-This function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} or
-@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration is used.
+This function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull push} or
+@code{%define api.push-pull both} declaration is used.
 @xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
 
 @deftypefun yypstate *yypstate_new (void)
-The fuction will return a valid parser instance if there was memory available
+The function will return a valid parser instance if there was memory available
 or 0 if no memory was available.
 In impure mode, it will also return 0 if a parser instance is currently
 allocated.
@@ -5509,8 +5741,8 @@ allocated.
 More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 
 You call the function @code{yypstate_delete} to delete a parser instance.
-function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull "push"} or
-@code{%define api.push-pull "both"} declaration is used.
+function is available if either the @code{%define api.push-pull push} or
+@code{%define api.push-pull both} declaration is used.
 @xref{Push Decl, ,A Push Parser}.
 
 @deftypefun void yypstate_delete (yypstate *yyps)
@@ -6316,8 +6548,10 @@ This particular ambiguity was first encountered in the specifications of
 Algol 60 and is called the ``dangling @code{else}'' ambiguity.
 
 To avoid warnings from Bison about predictable, legitimate shift/reduce
-conflicts, use the @code{%expect @var{n}} declaration.  There will be no
-warning as long as the number of shift/reduce conflicts is exactly @var{n}.
+conflicts, use the @code{%expect @var{n}} declaration.
+There will be no warning as long as the number of shift/reduce conflicts
+is exactly @var{n}, and Bison will report an error if there is a
+different number.
 @xref{Expect Decl, ,Suppressing Conflict Warnings}.
 
 The definition of @code{if_stmt} above is solely to blame for the
@@ -6959,7 +7193,7 @@ that allows variable-length arrays.  The default is 200.
 Do not allow @code{YYINITDEPTH} to be greater than @code{YYMAXDEPTH}.
 
 @c FIXME: C++ output.
-Because of semantical differences between C and C++, the deterministic
+Because of semantic differences between C and C++, the deterministic
 parsers in C produced by Bison cannot grow when compiled
 by C++ compilers.  In this precise case (compiling a C parser as C++) you are
 suggested to grow @code{YYINITDEPTH}.  The Bison maintainers hope to fix
@@ -7966,8 +8200,8 @@ Treat warnings as errors.
 @end table
 
 A category can be turned off by prefixing its name with @samp{no-}.  For
-instance, @option{-Wno-syntax} will hide the warnings about unused
-variables.
+instance, @option{-Wno-yacc} will hide the warnings about
+@acronym{POSIX} Yacc incompatibilities.
 @end table
 
 @noindent
@@ -7982,8 +8216,32 @@ already defined, so that the debugging facilities are compiled.
 
 @item -D @var{name}[=@var{value}]
 @itemx --define=@var{name}[=@var{value}]
-Same as running @samp{%define @var{name} "@var{value}"} (@pxref{Decl
-Summary, ,%define}).
+@itemx -F @var{name}[=@var{value}]
+@itemx --force-define=@var{name}[=@var{value}]
+Each of these is equivalent to @samp{%define @var{name} "@var{value}"}
+(@pxref{Decl Summary, ,%define}) except that Bison processes multiple
+definitions for the same @var{name} as follows:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Bison quietly ignores all command-line definitions for @var{name} except
+the last.
+@item
+If that command-line definition is specified by a @code{-D} or
+@code{--define}, Bison reports an error for any @code{%define}
+definition for @var{name}.
+@item
+If that command-line definition is specified by a @code{-F} or
+@code{--force-define} instead, Bison quietly ignores all @code{%define}
+definitions for @var{name}.
+@item
+Otherwise, Bison reports an error if there are multiple @code{%define}
+definitions for @var{name}.
+@end itemize
+
+You should avoid using @code{-F} and @code{--force-define} in your
+makefiles unless you are confident that it is safe to quietly ignore any
+conflicting @code{%define} that may be added to the grammar file.
 
 @item -L @var{language}
 @itemx --language=@var{language}
@@ -8109,9 +8367,9 @@ More user feedback will help to stabilize it.)
 @section Option Cross Key
 
 Here is a list of options, alphabetized by long option, to help you find
-the corresponding short option.
+the corresponding short option and directive.
 
-@multitable {@option{--defines=@var{defines-file}}} {@option{-D @var{name}[=@var{value}]}} {@code{%nondeterministic-parser}}
+@multitable {@option{--force-define=@var{name}[=@var{value}]}} {@option{-F @var{name}[=@var{value}]}} {@code{%nondeterministic-parser}}
 @headitem Long Option @tab Short Option @tab Bison Directive
 @include cross-options.texi
 @end multitable
@@ -8171,8 +8429,8 @@ int yyparse (void);
 @c - initial action
 
 The C++ deterministic parser is selected using the skeleton directive,
-@samp{%skeleton "lalr1.c"}, or the synonymous command-line option
-@option{--skeleton=lalr1.c}.
+@samp{%skeleton "lalr1.cc"}, or the synonymous command-line option
+@option{--skeleton=lalr1.cc}.
 @xref{Decl Summary}.
 
 When run, @command{bison} will create several entities in the @samp{yy}
@@ -8321,11 +8579,19 @@ this class is detailed below.  It can be extended using the
 it describes an additional member of the parser class, and an
 additional argument for its constructor.
 
-@defcv {Type} {parser} {semantic_value_type}
-@defcvx {Type} {parser} {location_value_type}
+@defcv {Type} {parser} {semantic_type}
+@defcvx {Type} {parser} {location_type}
 The types for semantics value and locations.
 @end defcv
 
+@defcv {Type} {parser} {token}
+A structure that contains (only) the definition of the tokens as the
+@code{yytokentype} enumeration.  To refer to the token @code{FOO}, the
+scanner should use @code{yy::parser::token::FOO}.  The scanner can use
+@samp{typedef yy::parser::token token;} to ``import'' the token enumeration
+(@pxref{Calc++ Scanner}).
+@end defcv
+
 @deftypemethod {parser} {} parser (@var{type1} @var{arg1}, ...)
 Build a new parser object.  There are no arguments by default, unless
 @samp{%parse-param @{@var{type1} @var{arg1}@}} was used.
@@ -8364,7 +8630,7 @@ The parser invokes the scanner by calling @code{yylex}.  Contrary to C
 parsers, C++ parsers are always pure: there is no point in using the
 @code{%define api.pure} directive.  Therefore the interface is as follows.
 
-@deftypemethod {parser} {int} yylex (semantic_value_type& @var{yylval}, location_type& @var{yylloc}, @var{type1} @var{arg1}, ...)
+@deftypemethod {parser} {int} yylex (semantic_type* @var{yylval}, location_type* @var{yylloc}, @var{type1} @var{arg1}, ...)
 Return the next token.  Its type is the return value, its semantic
 value and location being @var{yylval} and @var{yylloc}.  Invocations of
 @samp{%lex-param @{@var{type1} @var{arg1}@}} yield additional arguments.
@@ -8604,7 +8870,7 @@ global variables.
 
 @noindent
 Then we request the location tracking feature, and initialize the
-first location's file name.  Afterwards new locations are computed
+first location's file name.  Afterward new locations are computed
 relatively to the previous locations: the file name will be
 automatically propagated.
 
@@ -8994,7 +9260,7 @@ in a file; Bison itself defines a class representing a @dfn{location},
 a range composed of a pair of positions (possibly spanning several
 files).  The location class is an inner class of the parser; the name
 is @code{Location} by default, and may also be renamed using
-@code{%define location_type "@var{class-name}}.
+@code{%define location_type "@var{class-name}"}.
 
 The location class treats the position as a completely opaque value.
 By default, the class name is @code{Position}, but this can be changed
@@ -9138,7 +9404,7 @@ changed using @code{%define location_type "@var{class-name}".}
 
 @deftypemethod {Lexer} {int} yylex ()
 Return the next token.  Its type is the return value, its semantic
-value and location are saved and returned by the ther methods in the
+value and location are saved and returned by the their methods in the
 interface.
 
 Use @code{%define lex_throws} to specify any uncaught exceptions.
@@ -9156,7 +9422,7 @@ The return type can be changed using @code{%define position_type
 @end deftypemethod
 
 @deftypemethod {Lexer} {Object} getLVal ()
-Return the semantical value of the last token that yylex returned.
+Return the semantic value of the last token that yylex returned.
 
 The return type can be changed using @code{%define stype
 "@var{class-name}".}
@@ -9226,11 +9492,6 @@ Start error recovery without printing an error message.
 @xref{Error Recovery}.
 @end deffn
 
-@deffn {Statement} {return YYFAIL;}
-Print an error message and start error recovery.
-@xref{Error Recovery}.
-@end deffn
-
 @deftypefn {Function} {boolean} recovering ()
 Return whether error recovery is being done. In this state, the parser
 reads token until it reaches a known state, and then restarts normal
@@ -9272,7 +9533,7 @@ corresponds to these C macros.}.
 @item
 Java lacks unions, so @code{%union} has no effect.  Instead, semantic
 values have a common base type: @code{Object} or as specified by
-@code{%define stype}.  Angle backets on @code{%token}, @code{type},
+@samp{%define stype}.  Angle brackets on @code{%token}, @code{type},
 @code{$@var{n}} and @code{$$} specify subtypes rather than fields of
 an union.  The type of @code{$$}, even with angle brackets, is the base
 type since Java casts are not allow on the left-hand side of assignments.
@@ -9281,7 +9542,7 @@ left-hand side of assignments. See @pxref{Java Semantic Values} and
 @pxref{Java Action Features}.
 
 @item
-The prolog declarations have a different meaning than in C/C++ code.
+The prologue declarations have a different meaning than in C/C++ code.
 @table @asis
 @item @code{%code imports}
 blocks are placed at the beginning of the Java source code.  They may
@@ -9847,6 +10108,16 @@ In an action, the location of the @var{n}-th symbol of the right-hand
 side of the rule.  @xref{Locations, , Locations Overview}.
 @end deffn
 
+@deffn {Variable} @@@var{name}
+In an action, the location of a symbol addressed by name.
+@xref{Locations, , Locations Overview}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Variable} @@[@var{name}]
+In an action, the location of a symbol addressed by name.
+@xref{Locations, , Locations Overview}.
+@end deffn
+
 @deffn {Variable} $$
 In an action, the semantic value of the left-hand side of the rule.
 @xref{Actions}.
@@ -9857,6 +10128,16 @@ In an action, the semantic value of the @var{n}-th symbol of the
 right-hand side of the rule.  @xref{Actions}.
 @end deffn
 
+@deffn {Variable} $@var{name}
+In an action, the semantic value of a symbol addressed by name.
+@xref{Actions}.
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn {Variable} $[@var{name}]
+In an action, the semantic value of a symbol addressed by name.
+@xref{Actions}.
+@end deffn
+
 @deffn {Delimiter} %%
 Delimiter used to separate the grammar rule section from the
 Bison declarations section or the epilogue.
@@ -9937,6 +10218,7 @@ Precedence}.
 
 @deffn {Directive} %define @var{define-variable}
 @deffnx {Directive} %define @var{define-variable} @var{value}
+@deffnx {Directive} %define @var{define-variable} "@var{value}"
 Define a variable to adjust Bison's behavior.
 @xref{Decl Summary,,%define}.
 @end deffn
@@ -10403,6 +10685,14 @@ performs some operation.
 @item Input stream
 A continuous flow of data between devices or programs.
 
+@item @acronym{LAC} (Lookahead Correction)
+A parsing mechanism that fixes the problem of delayed syntax error
+detection, which is caused by LR state merging, default reductions, and
+the use of @code{%nonassoc}.  Delayed syntax error detection results in
+unexpected semantic actions, initiation of error recovery in the wrong
+syntactic context, and an incorrect list of expected tokens in a verbose
+syntax error message.  @xref{Decl Summary,,parse.lac}.
+
 @item Language construct
 One of the typical usage schemas of the language.  For example, one of
 the constructs of the C language is the @code{if} statement.
@@ -10530,32 +10820,59 @@ grammatically indivisible.  The piece of text it represents is a token.
 
 @bye
 
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+@c Local Variables:
+@c fill-column: 76
+@c End:
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