X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/bison.git/blobdiff_plain/adc8c84856a3b1ad48015552681fe1e9757aa356..faff3bef5b72ac85093799f997596631c3202c12:/src/reader.c?ds=sidebyside

diff --git a/src/reader.c b/src/reader.c
index d1912624..7dd0aaa4 100644
--- a/src/reader.c
+++ b/src/reader.c
@@ -1,1830 +1,745 @@
-/* Input parser for bison
-   Copyright 1984, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001
-   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+/* Input parser for Bison
+
+   Copyright (C) 1984, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1998, 2000-2003, 2005-2007,
+   2009-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 
    This file is part of Bison, the GNU Compiler Compiler.
 
-   Bison is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
-   any later version.
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
 
-   Bison is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-   along with Bison; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
-   the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
-   Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  */
-
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
 
+#include <config.h>
 #include "system.h"
-#include "quotearg.h"
-#include "quote.h"
-#include "getargs.h"
+
+#include <quote.h>
+
+#include "complain.h"
+#include "conflicts.h"
 #include "files.h"
-#include "symtab.h"
-#include "options.h"
-#include "lex.h"
+#include "getargs.h"
 #include "gram.h"
-#include "complain.h"
-#include "output.h"
+#include "muscle-tab.h"
 #include "reader.h"
-#include "conflicts.h"
-#include "muscle_tab.h"
-
-typedef struct symbol_list
-{
-  struct symbol_list *next;
-  bucket *sym;
-  int line;
-
-  /* The action is attached to the LHS of a rule. */
-  const char *action;
-  int action_line;
-
-  /* The guard is attached to the LHS of a rule. */
-  const char *guard;
-  int guard_line;
-  bucket *ruleprec;
-} symbol_list;
-
-int lineno;
-char **tags;
-short *user_toknums;
-static symbol_list *grammar;
-static int start_flag;
-static bucket *startval;
-
-/* Nonzero if components of semantic values are used, implying
-   they must be unions.  */
-static int value_components_used;
-
-/* Nonzero if %union has been seen.  */
-static int typed;
+#include "symlist.h"
+#include "symtab.h"
+#include "scan-gram.h"
+#include "scan-code.h"
 
-/* Incremented for each %left, %right or %nonassoc seen */
-static int lastprec;
+static void prepare_percent_define_front_end_variables (void);
+static void check_and_convert_grammar (void);
 
-static bucket *errtoken;
-static bucket *undeftoken;
+static symbol_list *grammar = NULL;
+static bool start_flag = false;
+merger_list *merge_functions;
 
+/* Was %union seen?  */
+bool union_seen = false;
 
-static symbol_list *
-symbol_list_new (bucket *sym)
-{
-  symbol_list *res = XMALLOC (symbol_list, 1);
-  res->next = NULL;
-  res->sym = sym;
-  res->line = lineno;
-  res->action = NULL;
-  res->action_line = 0;
-  res->guard = NULL;
-  res->guard_line = 0;
-  res->ruleprec = NULL;
-  return res;
-}
+/* Was a tag seen?  */
+bool tag_seen = false;
 
+/* Should rules have a default precedence?  */
+bool default_prec = true;
 
+/*-----------------------.
+| Set the start symbol.  |
+`-----------------------*/
 
-/*===================\
-| Low level lexing.  |
-\===================*/
-
-static void
-skip_to_char (int target)
+void
+grammar_start_symbol_set (symbol *sym, location loc)
 {
-  int c;
-  if (target == '\n')
-    complain (_("   Skipping to next \\n"));
+  if (start_flag)
+    complain_at (loc, _("multiple %s declarations"), "%start");
   else
-    complain (_("   Skipping to next %c"), target);
-
-  do
-    c = skip_white_space ();
-  while (c != target && c != EOF);
-  if (c != EOF)
-    ungetc (c, finput);
-}
-
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------.
-| Read a signed integer from STREAM and return its value.  |
-`---------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static inline int
-read_signed_integer (FILE *stream)
-{
-  int c = getc (stream);
-  int sign = 1;
-  int n = 0;
-
-  if (c == '-')
-    {
-      c = getc (stream);
-      sign = -1;
-    }
-
-  while (isdigit (c))
     {
-      n = 10 * n + (c - '0');
-      c = getc (stream);
+      start_flag = true;
+      startsymbol = sym;
+      startsymbol_location = loc;
     }
-
-  ungetc (c, stream);
-
-  return sign * n;
 }
-
-/*--------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Get the data type (alternative in the union) of the value for |
-| symbol N in rule RULE.                                        |
-`--------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static char *
-get_type_name (int n, symbol_list *rule)
-{
-  int i;
-  symbol_list *rp;
-
-  if (n < 0)
-    {
-      complain (_("invalid $ value"));
-      return NULL;
-    }
-
-  rp = rule;
-  i = 0;
-
-  while (i < n)
-    {
-      rp = rp->next;
-      if (rp == NULL || rp->sym == NULL)
-	{
-	  complain (_("invalid $ value"));
-	  return NULL;
-	}
-      i++;
-    }
-
-  return rp->sym->type_name;
-}
 
-/*------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Dump the string from FIN to OOUT if non null.  MATCH is the |
-| delimiter of the string (either ' or ").                    |
-`------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static inline void
-copy_string2 (FILE *fin, struct obstack *oout, int match, int store)
-{
-  int c;
-
-  if (store)
-    obstack_1grow (oout, match);
 
-  c = getc (fin);
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+| Return the merger index for a merging function named NAME.  Records the |
+| function, if new, in MERGER_LIST.                                       |
+`------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-  while (c != match)
-    {
-      if (c == EOF)
-	fatal (_("unterminated string at end of file"));
-      if (c == '\n')
-	{
-	  complain (_("unterminated string"));
-	  ungetc (c, fin);
-	  c = match;		/* invent terminator */
-	  continue;
-	}
-
-      obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-
-      if (c == '\\')
-	{
-	  c = getc (fin);
-	  if (c == EOF)
-	    fatal (_("unterminated string at end of file"));
-	  obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-
-	  if (c == '\n')
-	    lineno++;
-	}
-
-      c = getc (fin);
-    }
-
-  if (store)
-    obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-}
-
-/* FIXME. */
-
-static inline void
-copy_string (FILE *fin, struct obstack *oout, int match)
+static int
+get_merge_function (uniqstr name)
 {
-  copy_string2 (fin, oout, match, 1);
-}
+  merger_list *syms;
+  merger_list head;
+  int n;
 
-/* FIXME. */
+  if (! glr_parser)
+    return 0;
 
-static inline void
-copy_identifier (FILE *fin, struct obstack *oout)
-{
-  int c;
-
-  while (isalnum (c = getc (fin)) || c == '_')
-    obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-
-  ungetc (c, fin);
-}
-
-
-/*------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Dump the wannabee comment from IN to OOUT.  In fact we just saw a |
-| `/', which might or might not be a comment.  In any case, copy    |
-| what we saw.                                                      |
-`------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static inline void
-copy_comment (FILE *fin, struct obstack *oout)
-{
-  int cplus_comment;
-  int ended;
-  int c;
-
-  /* We read a `/', output it. */
-  obstack_1grow (oout, '/');
-
-  switch ((c = getc (fin)))
-    {
-    case '/':
-      cplus_comment = 1;
+  head.next = merge_functions;
+  for (syms = &head, n = 1; syms->next; syms = syms->next, n += 1)
+    if (UNIQSTR_EQ (name, syms->next->name))
       break;
-    case '*':
-      cplus_comment = 0;
-      break;
-    default:
-      ungetc (c, fin);
-      return;
-    }
-
-  obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-  c = getc (fin);
-
-  ended = 0;
-  while (!ended)
+  if (syms->next == NULL)
     {
-      if (!cplus_comment && c == '*')
-	{
-	  while (c == '*')
-	    {
-	      obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-	      c = getc (fin);
-	    }
-
-	  if (c == '/')
-	    {
-	      obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-	      ended = 1;
-	    }
-	}
-      else if (c == '\n')
-	{
-	  lineno++;
-	  obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-	  if (cplus_comment)
-	    ended = 1;
-	  else
-	    c = getc (fin);
-	}
-      else if (c == EOF)
-	fatal (_("unterminated comment"));
-      else
-	{
-	  obstack_1grow (oout, c);
-	  c = getc (fin);
-	}
+      syms->next = xmalloc (sizeof syms->next[0]);
+      syms->next->name = uniqstr_new (name);
+      /* After all symbol type declarations have been parsed, packgram invokes
+	 record_merge_function_type to set the type.  */
+      syms->next->type = NULL;
+      syms->next->next = NULL;
+      merge_functions = head.next;
     }
+  return n;
 }
 
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------.
+| For the existing merging function with index MERGER, record the result   |
+| type as TYPE as required by the lhs of the rule whose %merge declaration |
+| is at DECLARATION_LOC.                                                   |
+`-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-/*-----------------------------------------------------------------.
-| FIN is pointing to a location (i.e., a `@').  Output to OOUT a   |
-| reference to this location. STACK_OFFSET is the number of values |
-| in the current rule so far, which says where to find `$0' with   |
-| respect to the top of the stack.                                 |
-`-----------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static inline void
-copy_at (FILE *fin, struct obstack *oout, int stack_offset)
+static void
+record_merge_function_type (int merger, uniqstr type, location declaration_loc)
 {
-  int c;
+  int merger_find;
+  merger_list *merge_function;
 
-  c = getc (fin);
-  if (c == '$')
-    {
-      obstack_sgrow (oout, "yyloc");
-      locations_flag = 1;
-    }
-  else if (isdigit (c) || c == '-')
-    {
-      int n;
+  if (merger <= 0)
+    return;
 
-      ungetc (c, fin);
-      n = read_signed_integer (fin);
+  if (type == NULL)
+    type = uniqstr_new ("");
 
-      obstack_fgrow1 (oout, "yylsp[%d]", n - stack_offset);
-      locations_flag = 1;
-    }
-  else
+  merger_find = 1;
+  for (merge_function = merge_functions;
+       merge_function != NULL && merger_find != merger;
+       merge_function = merge_function->next)
+    merger_find += 1;
+  aver (merge_function != NULL && merger_find == merger);
+  if (merge_function->type != NULL && !UNIQSTR_EQ (merge_function->type, type))
     {
-      char buf[] = "@c";
-      buf[1] = c;
-      complain (_("%s is invalid"), quote (buf));
+      complain_at (declaration_loc,
+                   _("result type clash on merge function %s: <%s> != <%s>"),
+                   quote (merge_function->name), type, merge_function->type);
+      complain_at (merge_function->type_declaration_location,
+		   _("previous declaration"));
     }
+  merge_function->type = uniqstr_new (type);
+  merge_function->type_declaration_location = declaration_loc;
 }
 
+/*--------------------------------------.
+| Free all merge-function definitions.	|
+`--------------------------------------*/
 
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| FIN is pointing to a wannabee semantic value (i.e., a `$').        |
-|                                                                    |
-| Possible inputs: $[<TYPENAME>]($|integer)                          |
-|                                                                    |
-| Output to OOUT a reference to this semantic value. STACK_OFFSET is |
-| the number of values in the current rule so far, which says where  |
-| to find `$0' with respect to the top of the stack.                 |
-`-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static inline void
-copy_dollar (FILE *fin, struct obstack *oout,
-	     symbol_list *rule, int stack_offset)
+void
+free_merger_functions (void)
 {
-  int c = getc (fin);
-  const char *type_name = NULL;
-
-  /* Get the type name if explicit. */
-  if (c == '<')
+  merger_list *L0 = merge_functions;
+  while (L0)
     {
-      read_type_name (fin);
-      type_name = token_buffer;
-      value_components_used = 1;
-      c = getc (fin);
-    }
-
-  if (c == '$')
-    {
-      obstack_sgrow (oout, "yyval");
-
-      if (!type_name)
-	type_name = get_type_name (0, rule);
-      if (type_name)
-	obstack_fgrow1 (oout, ".%s", type_name);
-      if (!type_name && typed)
-	complain (_("$$ of `%s' has no declared type"),
-		  rule->sym->tag);
-    }
-  else if (isdigit (c) || c == '-')
-    {
-      int n;
-      ungetc (c, fin);
-      n = read_signed_integer (fin);
-
-      if (!type_name && n > 0)
-	type_name = get_type_name (n, rule);
-
-      obstack_fgrow1 (oout, "yyvsp[%d]", n - stack_offset);
-
-      if (type_name)
-	obstack_fgrow1 (oout, ".%s", type_name);
-      if (!type_name && typed)
-	complain (_("$%d of `%s' has no declared type"),
-		  n, rule->sym->tag);
-    }
-  else
-    {
-      char buf[] = "$c";
-      buf[1] = c;
-      complain (_("%s is invalid"), quote (buf));
+      merger_list *L1 = L0->next;
+      free (L0);
+      L0 = L1;
     }
 }
+
 
 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Copy the contents of a `%{ ... %}' into the definitions file.  The |
-| `%{' has already been read.  Return after reading the `%}'.        |
+| Parse the input grammar into a one symbol_list structure.  Each    |
+| rule is represented by a sequence of symbols: the left hand side   |
+| followed by the contents of the right hand side, followed by a     |
+| null pointer instead of a symbol to terminate the rule.  The next  |
+| symbol is the lhs of the following rule.                           |
+|                                                                    |
+| All actions are copied out, labelled by the rule number they apply |
+| to.                                                                |
 `-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static void
-copy_definition (void)
-{
-  int c;
-  /* -1 while reading a character if prev char was %. */
-  int after_percent;
-
-  if (!no_lines_flag)
-    {
-      obstack_fgrow2 (&attrs_obstack, muscle_find ("linef"),
-		      lineno, quotearg_style (c_quoting_style,
-					      muscle_find("filename")));
-    }
-
-  after_percent = 0;
-
-  c = getc (finput);
-
-  for (;;)
-    {
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case '\n':
-	  obstack_1grow (&attrs_obstack, c);
-	  lineno++;
-	  break;
-
-	case '%':
-	  after_percent = -1;
-	  break;
+/* The (currently) last symbol of GRAMMAR. */
+static symbol_list *grammar_end = NULL;
 
-	case '\'':
-	case '"':
-	  copy_string (finput, &attrs_obstack, c);
-	  break;
-
-	case '/':
-	  copy_comment (finput, &attrs_obstack);
-	  break;
-
-	case EOF:
-	  fatal ("%s", _("unterminated `%{' definition"));
-
-	default:
-	  obstack_1grow (&attrs_obstack, c);
-	}
-
-      c = getc (finput);
-
-      if (after_percent)
-	{
-	  if (c == '}')
-	    return;
-	  obstack_1grow (&attrs_obstack, '%');
-	}
-      after_percent = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Parse what comes after %token or %nterm.  For %token, WHAT_IS is   |
-| token_sym and WHAT_IS_NOT is nterm_sym.  For %nterm, the arguments |
-| are reversed.                                                      |
-`-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_token_decl (symbol_class what_is, symbol_class what_is_not)
+/* Append SYM to the grammar.  */
+static symbol_list *
+grammar_symbol_append (symbol *sym, location loc)
 {
-  token_t token = tok_undef;
-  char *typename = NULL;
-
-  /* The symbol being defined.  */
-  struct bucket *symbol = NULL;
-
-  /* After `%token' and `%nterm', any number of symbols maybe be
-     defined.  */
-  for (;;)
-    {
-      int tmp_char = ungetc (skip_white_space (), finput);
-
-      /* `%' (for instance from `%token', or from `%%' etc.) is the
-	 only valid means to end this declaration.  */
-      if (tmp_char == '%')
-	return;
-      if (tmp_char == EOF)
-	fatal (_("Premature EOF after %s"), token_buffer);
-
-      token = lex ();
-      if (token == tok_comma)
-	{
-	  symbol = NULL;
-	  continue;
-	}
-      if (token == tok_typename)
-	{
-	  typename = xstrdup (token_buffer);
-	  value_components_used = 1;
-	  symbol = NULL;
-	}
-      else if (token == tok_identifier && *symval->tag == '\"' && symbol)
-	{
-	  if (symval->alias)
-	    warn (_("symbol `%s' used more than once as a literal string"),
-		  symval->tag);
-	  else if (symbol->alias)
-	    warn (_("symbol `%s' given more than one literal string"),
-		  symbol->tag);
-	  else
-	    {
-	      symval->class = token_sym;
-	      symval->type_name = typename;
-	      symval->user_token_number = symbol->user_token_number;
-	      symbol->user_token_number = SALIAS;
-	      symval->alias = symbol;
-	      symbol->alias = symval;
-	      /* symbol and symval combined are only one symbol */
-	      nsyms--;
-	    }
- 	  symbol = NULL;
-	}
-      else if (token == tok_identifier)
-	{
-	  int oldclass = symval->class;
-	  symbol = symval;
-
-	  if (symbol->class == what_is_not)
-	    complain (_("symbol %s redefined"), symbol->tag);
-	  symbol->class = what_is;
-	  if (what_is == nterm_sym && oldclass != nterm_sym)
-	    symbol->value = nvars++;
-
-	  if (typename)
-	    {
-	      if (symbol->type_name == NULL)
-		symbol->type_name = typename;
-	      else if (strcmp (typename, symbol->type_name) != 0)
-		complain (_("type redeclaration for %s"), symbol->tag);
-	    }
-	}
-      else if (symbol && token == tok_number)
-	{
-	  symbol->user_token_number = numval;
-	}
-      else
-	{
-	  complain (_("`%s' is invalid in %s"),
-		    token_buffer,
-		    (what_is == token_sym) ? "%token" : "%nterm");
-	  skip_to_char ('%');
-	}
-    }
-
-}
+  symbol_list *p = symbol_list_sym_new (sym, loc);
 
-
-/*------------------------------.
-| Parse what comes after %start |
-`------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_start_decl (void)
-{
-  if (start_flag)
-    complain (_("multiple %s declarations"), "%start");
-  if (lex () != tok_identifier)
-    complain (_("invalid %s declaration"), "%start");
+  if (grammar_end)
+    grammar_end->next = p;
   else
-    {
-      start_flag = 1;
-      startval = symval;
-    }
-}
-
-/*-----------------------------------------------------------.
-| read in a %type declaration and record its information for |
-| get_type_name to access                                    |
-`-----------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_type_decl (void)
-{
-  char *name;
-
-  if (lex () != tok_typename)
-    {
-      complain ("%s", _("%type declaration has no <typename>"));
-      skip_to_char ('%');
-      return;
-    }
-
-  name = xstrdup (token_buffer);
+    grammar = p;
 
-  for (;;)
-    {
-      token_t t;
-      int tmp_char = ungetc (skip_white_space (), finput);
-
-      if (tmp_char == '%')
-	return;
-      if (tmp_char == EOF)
-	fatal (_("Premature EOF after %s"), token_buffer);
-
-      t = lex ();
-
-      switch (t)
-	{
-
-	case tok_comma:
-	case tok_semicolon:
-	  break;
-
-	case tok_identifier:
-	  if (symval->type_name == NULL)
-	    symval->type_name = name;
-	  else if (strcmp (name, symval->type_name) != 0)
-	    complain (_("type redeclaration for %s"), symval->tag);
+  grammar_end = p;
 
-	  break;
+  /* A null SYM stands for an end of rule; it is not an actual
+     part of it.  */
+  if (sym)
+    ++nritems;
 
-	default:
-	  complain (_("invalid %%type declaration due to item: %s"),
-		    token_buffer);
-	  skip_to_char ('%');
-	}
-    }
+  return p;
 }
 
-
-
-/*----------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Read in a %left, %right or %nonassoc declaration and record its |
-| information.                                                    |
-`----------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
 static void
-parse_assoc_decl (associativity assoc)
+assign_named_ref (symbol_list *p, named_ref *name)
 {
-  char *name = NULL;
-  int prev = 0;
+  symbol *sym = p->content.sym;
 
-  lastprec++;			/* Assign a new precedence level, never 0.  */
-
-  for (;;)
+  if (name->id == sym->tag)
     {
-      token_t t;
-      int tmp_char = ungetc (skip_white_space (), finput);
-
-      if (tmp_char == '%')
-	return;
-      if (tmp_char == EOF)
-	fatal (_("Premature EOF after %s"), token_buffer);
-
-      t = lex ();
-
-      switch (t)
-	{
-	case tok_typename:
-	  name = xstrdup (token_buffer);
-	  break;
-
-	case tok_comma:
-	  break;
-
-	case tok_identifier:
-	  if (symval->prec != 0)
-	    complain (_("redefining precedence of %s"), symval->tag);
-	  symval->prec = lastprec;
-	  symval->assoc = assoc;
-	  if (symval->class == nterm_sym)
-	    complain (_("symbol %s redefined"), symval->tag);
-	  symval->class = token_sym;
-	  if (name)
-	    {			/* record the type, if one is specified */
-	      if (symval->type_name == NULL)
-		symval->type_name = name;
-	      else if (strcmp (name, symval->type_name) != 0)
-		complain (_("type redeclaration for %s"), symval->tag);
-	    }
-	  break;
-
-	case tok_number:
-	  if (prev == tok_identifier)
-	    {
-	      symval->user_token_number = numval;
-	    }
-	  else
-	    {
-	      complain (_
-			("invalid text (%s) - number should be after identifier"),
-token_buffer);
-	      skip_to_char ('%');
-	    }
-	  break;
-
-	case tok_semicolon:
-	  return;
-
-	default:
-	  complain (_("unexpected item: %s"), token_buffer);
-	  skip_to_char ('%');
-	}
-
-      prev = t;
+      warn_at (name->loc,
+	       _("duplicated symbol name for %s ignored"),
+	       quote (sym->tag));
+      named_ref_free (name);
     }
-}
-
-
-
-/*--------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Copy the union declaration into the stype muscle		|
-| (and fdefines),  where it is made into the definition of	|
-| YYSTYPE, the type of elements of the parser value stack.	|
-`--------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_union_decl (void)
-{
-  int c;
-  int count = 0;
-  bool done = FALSE;
-  struct obstack union_obstack;
-  if (typed)
-    complain (_("multiple %s declarations"), "%union");
-
-  typed = 1;
-
-  obstack_init (&union_obstack);
-  obstack_sgrow (&union_obstack, "union");
-
-  while (!done)
-    {
-      c = xgetc (finput);
-
-      /* If C contains '/', it is output by copy_comment ().  */
-      if (c != '/')
-	obstack_1grow (&union_obstack, c);
-
-      switch (c)
-	{
-	case '\n':
-	  lineno++;
-	  break;
-
-	case '/':
-	  copy_comment (finput, &union_obstack);
-	  break;
-
-	case '{':
-	  count++;
-	  break;
-
-	case '}':
-	  /* FIXME: Errr.  How could this happen???. --akim */
-	  if (count == 0)
-	    complain (_("unmatched %s"), "`}'");
-	  count--;
-	  if (!count)
-	    done = TRUE;
-	  break;
-	}
-    }
-
-  /* JF don't choke on trailing semi */
-  c = skip_white_space ();
-  if (c != ';')
-    ungetc (c, finput);
-  obstack_1grow (&union_obstack, 0);
-  muscle_insert ("stype", obstack_finish (&union_obstack));
-}
-
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------.
-| Parse the declaration %expect N which says to expect N |
-| shift-reduce conflicts.                                |
-`-------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_expect_decl (void)
-{
-  int c = skip_white_space ();
-  ungetc (c, finput);
-
-  if (!isdigit (c))
-    complain (_("argument of %%expect is not an integer"));
   else
-    expected_conflicts = read_signed_integer (finput);
+    p->named_ref = name;
 }
 
 
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Parse what comes after %thong.  the full syntax is                 |
-|                                                                    |
-|                %thong <type> token number literal                  |
-|                                                                    |
-| the <type> or number may be omitted.  The number specifies the     |
-| user_token_number.                                                 |
-|                                                                    |
-| Two symbols are entered in the table, one for the token symbol and |
-| one for the literal.  Both are given the <type>, if any, from the  |
-| declaration.  The ->user_token_number of the first is SALIAS and   |
-| the ->user_token_number of the second is set to the number, if     |
-| any, from the declaration.  The two symbols are linked via         |
-| pointers in their ->alias fields.                                  |
-|                                                                    |
-| During OUTPUT_DEFINES_TABLE, the symbol is reported thereafter,    |
-| only the literal string is retained it is the literal string that  |
-| is output to yytname                                               |
-`-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_thong_decl (void)
-{
-  token_t token;
-  struct bucket *symbol;
-  char *typename = 0;
-  int usrtoknum = SUNDEF;
-
-  token = lex ();		/* fetch typename or first token */
-  if (token == tok_typename)
-    {
-      typename = xstrdup (token_buffer);
-      value_components_used = 1;
-      token = lex ();		/* fetch first token */
-    }
-
-  /* process first token */
-
-  if (token != tok_identifier)
-    {
-      complain (_("unrecognized item %s, expected an identifier"),
-		token_buffer);
-      skip_to_char ('%');
-      return;
-    }
-  symval->class = token_sym;
-  symval->type_name = typename;
-  symval->user_token_number = SALIAS;
-  symbol = symval;
-
-  token = lex ();		/* get number or literal string */
-
-  if (token == tok_number)
-    {
-      usrtoknum = numval;
-      token = lex ();		/* okay, did number, now get literal */
-    }
+/* The rule currently being defined, and the previous rule.
+   CURRENT_RULE points to the first LHS of the current rule, while
+   PREVIOUS_RULE_END points to the *end* of the previous rule (NULL).  */
+static symbol_list *current_rule = NULL;
+static symbol_list *previous_rule_end = NULL;
 
-  /* process literal string token */
 
-  if (token != tok_identifier || *symval->tag != '\"')
-    {
-      complain (_("expected string constant instead of %s"), token_buffer);
-      skip_to_char ('%');
-      return;
-    }
-  symval->class = token_sym;
-  symval->type_name = typename;
-  symval->user_token_number = usrtoknum;
+/*----------------------------------------------.
+| Create a new rule for LHS in to the GRAMMAR.  |
+`----------------------------------------------*/
 
-  symval->alias = symbol;
-  symbol->alias = symval;
+void
+grammar_current_rule_begin (symbol *lhs, location loc,
+			    named_ref *lhs_name)
+{
+  symbol_list* p;
 
-  /* symbol and symval combined are only one symbol.  */
-  nsyms--;
-}
+  /* Start a new rule and record its lhs.  */
+  ++nrules;
+  previous_rule_end = grammar_end;
 
-static void
-parse_muscle_decl (void)
-{
-  int ch = ungetc (skip_white_space (), finput);
-  char* muscle_key;
-  char* muscle_value;
+  p = grammar_symbol_append (lhs, loc);
+  if (lhs_name)
+    assign_named_ref (p, named_ref_copy (lhs_name));
 
-  /* Read key. */
-  if (!isalpha (ch) && ch != '_')
-    {
-      complain (_("invalid %s declaration"), "%define");
-      skip_to_char ('%');
-      return;
-    }
-  copy_identifier (finput, &muscle_obstack);
-  obstack_1grow (&muscle_obstack, 0);
-  muscle_key = obstack_finish (&muscle_obstack);
+  current_rule = grammar_end;
 
-  /* Read value. */
-  ch = skip_white_space ();
-  if (ch != '"')
+  /* Mark the rule's lhs as a nonterminal if not already so.  */
+  if (lhs->class == unknown_sym)
     {
-      ungetc (ch, finput);
-      if (ch != EOF)
-	{
-	  complain (_("invalid %s declaration"), "%define");
-	  skip_to_char ('%');
-	  return;
-	}
-      else
-	fatal (_("Premature EOF after %s"), "\"");
+      lhs->class = nterm_sym;
+      lhs->number = nvars;
+      ++nvars;
     }
-  copy_string2 (finput, &muscle_obstack, '"', 0);
-  obstack_1grow (&muscle_obstack, 0);
-  muscle_value = obstack_finish (&muscle_obstack);
-
-  /* Store the (key, value) pair in the environment. */
-  muscle_insert (muscle_key, muscle_value);
+  else if (lhs->class == token_sym)
+    complain_at (loc, _("rule given for %s, which is a token"), lhs->tag);
 }
 
 
+/*----------------------------------------------------------------------.
+| A symbol should be used if either:                                    |
+|   1. It has a destructor.                                             |
+|   2. The symbol is a mid-rule symbol (i.e., the generated LHS         |
+|      replacing a mid-rule action) that was assigned to or used, as in |
+|      "exp: { $$ = 1; } { $$ = $1; }".                                 |
+`----------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-/*---------------------------------.
-| Parse a double quoted parameter. |
-`---------------------------------*/
-
-static const char *
-parse_dquoted_param (const char *from)
+static bool
+symbol_should_be_used (symbol_list const *s, bool *midrule_warning)
 {
-  struct obstack param_obstack;
-  const char *param = NULL;
-  int c;
-
-  obstack_init (&param_obstack);
-  c = skip_white_space ();
-
-  if (c != '"')
+  if (symbol_destructor_get (s->content.sym)->code)
+    return true;
+  if ((s->midrule && s->midrule->action_props.is_value_used)
+      || (s->midrule_parent_rule
+          && symbol_list_n_get (s->midrule_parent_rule,
+                                s->midrule_parent_rhs_index)
+               ->action_props.is_value_used))
     {
-      complain (_("invalid %s declaration"), from);
-      ungetc (c, finput);
-      skip_to_char ('%');
-      return NULL;
+      *midrule_warning = true;
+      return true;
     }
-
-  while ((c = literalchar ()) != '"')
-    obstack_1grow (&param_obstack, c);
-
-  obstack_1grow (&param_obstack, '\0');
-  param = obstack_finish (&param_obstack);
-
-  if (c != '"' || strlen (param) == 0)
-    {
-      complain (_("invalid %s declaration"), from);
-      if (c != '"')
-	ungetc (c, finput);
-      skip_to_char ('%');
-      return NULL;
-    }
-
-  return param;
-}
-
-/*----------------------------------.
-| Parse what comes after %skeleton. |
-`----------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_skel_decl (void)
-{
-  skeleton = parse_dquoted_param ("%skeleton");
+  return false;
 }
 
 /*----------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Read from finput until `%%' is seen.  Discard the `%%'.  Handle |
-| any `%' declarations, and copy the contents of any `%{ ... %}'  |
-| groups to ATTRS_OBSTACK.                                        |
+| Check that the rule R is properly defined.  For instance, there |
+| should be no type clash on the default action.                  |
 `----------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static void
-read_declarations (void)
-{
-  for (;;)
-    {
-      int c = skip_white_space ();
-
-      if (c == '%')
-	{
-	  token_t tok = parse_percent_token ();
-
-	  switch (tok)
-	    {
-	    case tok_two_percents:
-	      return;
-
-	    case tok_percent_left_curly:
-	      copy_definition ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_token:
-	      parse_token_decl (token_sym, nterm_sym);
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_nterm:
-	      parse_token_decl (nterm_sym, token_sym);
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_type:
-	      parse_type_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_start:
-	      parse_start_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_union:
-	      parse_union_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_expect:
-	      parse_expect_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_thong:
-	      parse_thong_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_left:
-	      parse_assoc_decl (left_assoc);
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_right:
-	      parse_assoc_decl (right_assoc);
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_nonassoc:
-	      parse_assoc_decl (non_assoc);
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_define:
-	      parse_muscle_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_skel:
-	      parse_skel_decl ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_noop:
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_stropt:
-	    case tok_intopt:
-	    case tok_obsolete:
-	      abort ();
-	      break;
-
-	    case tok_illegal:
-	    default:
-	      complain (_("unrecognized: %s"), token_buffer);
-	      skip_to_char ('%');
-	    }
-	}
-      else if (c == EOF)
-	fatal (_("no input grammar"));
-      else
-	{
-	  char buf[] = "c";
-	  buf[0] = c;
-	  complain (_("unknown character: %s"), quote (buf));
-	  skip_to_char ('%');
-	}
-    }
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Assuming that a `{' has just been seen, copy everything up to the  |
-| matching `}' into the actions file.  STACK_OFFSET is the number of |
-| values in the current rule so far, which says where to find `$0'   |
-| with respect to the top of the stack.                              |
-|                                                                    |
-| This routine is used both for actions and guards.  Only the        |
-| actions_obstack is used, but this is fine, since we use only       |
-| pointers to relevant portions inside this obstack.                 |
-`-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-parse_braces (symbol_list *rule, int stack_offset)
+grammar_rule_check (const symbol_list *r)
 {
-  int c;
-  int count;
+  /* Type check.
 
-  /* offset is always 0 if parser has already popped the stack pointer */
-  if (semantic_parser)
-    stack_offset = 0;
+     If there is an action, then there is nothing we can do: the user
+     is allowed to shoot herself in the foot.
 
-  count = 1;
-  while (count > 0)
+     Don't worry about the default action if $$ is untyped, since $$'s
+     value can't be used.  */
+  if (!r->action_props.code && r->content.sym->type_name)
     {
-      while ((c = getc (finput)) != '}')
-	switch (c)
-	  {
-	  case '\n':
-	    obstack_1grow (&action_obstack, c);
-	    lineno++;
-	    break;
-
-	  case '{':
-	    obstack_1grow (&action_obstack, c);
-	    count++;
-	    break;
-
-	  case '\'':
-	  case '"':
-	    copy_string (finput, &action_obstack, c);
-	    break;
-
-	  case '/':
-	    copy_comment (finput, &action_obstack);
-	    break;
-
-	  case '$':
-	    copy_dollar (finput, &action_obstack,
-			 rule, stack_offset);
-	    break;
-
-	  case '@':
-	    copy_at (finput, &action_obstack,
-		     stack_offset);
-	    break;
-
-	  case EOF:
-	    fatal (_("unmatched %s"), "`{'");
-
-	  default:
-	    obstack_1grow (&action_obstack, c);
-	  }
-
-      /* Above loop exits when C is '}'.  */
-      if (--count)
+      symbol *first_rhs = r->next->content.sym;
+      /* If $$ is being set in default way, report if any type mismatch.  */
+      if (first_rhs)
 	{
-	  obstack_1grow (&action_obstack, c);
-	  c = getc (finput);
+	  char const *lhs_type = r->content.sym->type_name;
+	  const char *rhs_type =
+	    first_rhs->type_name ? first_rhs->type_name : "";
+	  if (!UNIQSTR_EQ (lhs_type, rhs_type))
+	    warn_at (r->location,
+		     _("type clash on default action: <%s> != <%s>"),
+		     lhs_type, rhs_type);
 	}
+      /* Warn if there is no default for $$ but we need one.  */
+      else
+	warn_at (r->location,
+		 _("empty rule for typed nonterminal, and no action"));
     }
 
-  obstack_1grow (&action_obstack, '\0');
-}
-
+  /* Check that symbol values that should be used are in fact used.  */
+  {
+    symbol_list const *l = r;
+    int n = 0;
+    for (; l && l->content.sym; l = l->next, ++n)
+      {
+        bool midrule_warning = false;
+        if (!l->action_props.is_value_used
+            && symbol_should_be_used (l, &midrule_warning)
+            /* The default action, $$ = $1, `uses' both.  */
+            && (r->action_props.code || (n != 0 && n != 1)))
+          {
+            void (*warn_at_ptr)(location, char const*, ...) =
+              midrule_warning ? midrule_value_at : warn_at;
+            if (n)
+              warn_at_ptr (r->location, _("unused value: $%d"), n);
+            else
+              warn_at_ptr (r->location, _("unset value: $$"));
+          }
+      }
+  }
 
-static void
-parse_action (symbol_list *rule, int stack_offset)
-{
-  rule->action_line = lineno;
-  parse_braces (rule, stack_offset);
-  rule->action = obstack_finish (&action_obstack);
+  /* See comments in grammar_current_rule_prec_set for how POSIX
+     mandates this complaint.  It's only for identifiers, so skip
+     it for char literals and strings, which are always tokens.  */
+  if (r->ruleprec
+      && r->ruleprec->tag[0] != '\'' && r->ruleprec->tag[0] != '"'
+      && !r->ruleprec->declared && !r->ruleprec->prec)
+    warn_at (r->location, _("token for %%prec is not defined: %s"),
+             r->ruleprec->tag);
 }
 
 
-static void
-parse_guard (symbol_list *rule, int stack_offset)
+/*-------------------------------------.
+| End the currently being grown rule.  |
+`-------------------------------------*/
+
+void
+grammar_current_rule_end (location loc)
 {
-  token_t t = lex ();
-  if (t != tok_left_curly)
-    complain (_("invalid %s declaration"), "%guard");
-  rule->guard_line = lineno;
-  parse_braces (rule, stack_offset);
-  rule->guard = obstack_finish (&action_obstack);
+  /* Put an empty link in the list to mark the end of this rule  */
+  grammar_symbol_append (NULL, grammar_end->location);
+  current_rule->location = loc;
 }
 
-
 
 /*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Generate a dummy symbol, a nonterminal, whose name cannot conflict |
-| with the user's names.                                             |
+| The previous action turns out the be a mid-rule action.  Attach it |
+| to the current rule, i.e., create a dummy symbol, attach it this   |
+| mid-rule action, and append this dummy nonterminal to the current  |
+| rule.                                                              |
 `-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-static bucket *
-gensym (void)
-{
-  /* Incremented for each generated symbol */
-  static int gensym_count = 0;
-  static char buf[256];
-
-  bucket *sym;
-
-  sprintf (buf, "@%d", ++gensym_count);
-  token_buffer = buf;
-  sym = getsym (token_buffer);
-  sym->class = nterm_sym;
-  sym->value = nvars++;
-  return sym;
-}
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Parse the input grammar into a one symbol_list structure.  Each    |
-| rule is represented by a sequence of symbols: the left hand side   |
-| followed by the contents of the right hand side, followed by a     |
-| null pointer instead of a symbol to terminate the rule.  The next  |
-| symbol is the lhs of the following rule.                           |
-|                                                                    |
-| All guards and actions are copied out to the appropriate files,    |
-| labelled by the rule number they apply to.                         |
-|                                                                    |
-| Bison used to allow some %directives in the rules sections, but    |
-| this is no longer consider appropriate: (i) the documented grammar |
-| doesn't claim it, (ii), it would promote bad style, (iii), error   |
-| recovery for %directives consists in skipping the junk until a `%' |
-| is seen and helrp synchronizing.  This scheme is definitely wrong  |
-| in the rules section.                                              |
-`-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-readgram (void)
-{
-  token_t t;
-  bucket *lhs = NULL;
-  symbol_list *p = NULL;
-  symbol_list *p1 = NULL;
-  bucket *bp;
-
-  /* Points to first symbol_list of current rule. its symbol is the
-     lhs of the rule.  */
-  symbol_list *crule = NULL;
-  /* Points to the symbol_list preceding crule.  */
-  symbol_list *crule1 = NULL;
-
-  t = lex ();
-
-  while (t != tok_two_percents && t != tok_eof)
-    if (t == tok_identifier || t == tok_bar)
-      {
-	int action_flag = 0;
-	/* Number of symbols in rhs of this rule so far */
-	int rulelength = 0;
-	int xactions = 0;	/* JF for error checking */
-	bucket *first_rhs = 0;
-
-	if (t == tok_identifier)
-	  {
-	    lhs = symval;
-
-	    if (!start_flag)
-	      {
-		startval = lhs;
-		start_flag = 1;
-	      }
-
-	    t = lex ();
-	    if (t != tok_colon)
-	      {
-		complain (_("ill-formed rule: initial symbol not followed by colon"));
-		unlex (t);
-	      }
-	  }
-
-	if (nrules == 0 && t == tok_bar)
-	  {
-	    complain (_("grammar starts with vertical bar"));
-	    lhs = symval;	/* BOGUS: use a random symval */
-	  }
-	/* start a new rule and record its lhs.  */
-
-	nrules++;
-	nitems++;
-
-	p = symbol_list_new (lhs);
-
-	crule1 = p1;
-	if (p1)
-	  p1->next = p;
-	else
-	  grammar = p;
-
-	p1 = p;
-	crule = p;
-
-	/* mark the rule's lhs as a nonterminal if not already so.  */
-
-	if (lhs->class == unknown_sym)
-	  {
-	    lhs->class = nterm_sym;
-	    lhs->value = nvars;
-	    nvars++;
-	  }
-	else if (lhs->class == token_sym)
-	  complain (_("rule given for %s, which is a token"), lhs->tag);
-
-	/* read the rhs of the rule.  */
-
-	for (;;)
-	  {
-	    t = lex ();
-	    if (t == tok_prec)
-	      {
-		t = lex ();
-		crule->ruleprec = symval;
-		t = lex ();
-	      }
-
-	    if (!(t == tok_identifier || t == tok_left_curly))
-	      break;
-
-	    /* If next token is an identifier, see if a colon follows it.
-	       If one does, exit this rule now.  */
-	    if (t == tok_identifier)
-	      {
-		bucket *ssave;
-		token_t t1;
-
-		ssave = symval;
-		t1 = lex ();
-		unlex (t1);
-		symval = ssave;
-		if (t1 == tok_colon)
-		  break;
-
-		if (!first_rhs)	/* JF */
-		  first_rhs = symval;
-		/* Not followed by colon =>
-		   process as part of this rule's rhs.  */
-	      }
-
-	    /* If we just passed an action, that action was in the middle
-	       of a rule, so make a dummy rule to reduce it to a
-	       non-terminal.  */
-	    if (action_flag)
-	      {
-		/* Since the action was written out with this rule's
-		   number, we must give the new rule this number by
-		   inserting the new rule before it.  */
-
-		/* Make a dummy nonterminal, a gensym.  */
-		bucket *sdummy = gensym ();
-
-		/* Make a new rule, whose body is empty, before the
-		   current one, so that the action just read can
-		   belong to it.  */
-		nrules++;
-		nitems++;
-		p = symbol_list_new (sdummy);
-		/* Attach its lineno to that of the host rule. */
-		p->line = crule->line;
-		if (crule1)
-		  crule1->next = p;
-		else
-		  grammar = p;
-		/* End of the rule. */
-		crule1 = symbol_list_new (NULL);
-		crule1->next = crule;
-
-		p->next = crule1;
-
-		/* Insert the dummy generated by that rule into this
-		   rule.  */
-		nitems++;
-		p = symbol_list_new (sdummy);
-		p1->next = p;
-		p1 = p;
-
-		action_flag = 0;
-	      }
-
-	    if (t == tok_identifier)
-	      {
-		nitems++;
-		p = symbol_list_new (symval);
-		p1->next = p;
-		p1 = p;
-	      }
-	    else		/* handle an action.  */
-	      {
-		parse_action (crule, rulelength);
-		action_flag = 1;
-		xactions++;	/* JF */
-	      }
-	    rulelength++;
-	  }			/* end of  read rhs of rule */
-
-	/* Put an empty link in the list to mark the end of this rule  */
-	p = symbol_list_new (NULL);
-	p1->next = p;
-	p1 = p;
-
-	if (t == tok_prec)
-	  {
-	    complain (_("two @prec's in a row"));
-	    t = lex ();
-	    crule->ruleprec = symval;
-	    t = lex ();
-	  }
-
-	if (t == tok_guard)
-	  {
-	    if (!semantic_parser)
-	      complain (_("%%guard present but %%semantic_parser not specified"));
-
-	    parse_guard (crule, rulelength);
-	    t = lex ();
-	  }
-
-	if (t == tok_left_curly)
-	  {
-	    /* This case never occurs -wjh */
-	    if (action_flag)
-	      complain (_("two actions at end of one rule"));
-	    parse_action (crule, rulelength);
-	    action_flag = 1;
-	    xactions++;	/* -wjh */
-	    t = lex ();
-	  }
-	/* If $$ is being set in default way, report if any type
-	   mismatch.  */
-	else if (!xactions
-		 && first_rhs && lhs->type_name != first_rhs->type_name)
-	  {
-	    if (lhs->type_name == 0
-		|| first_rhs->type_name == 0
-		|| strcmp (lhs->type_name, first_rhs->type_name))
-	      complain (_("type clash (`%s' `%s') on default action"),
-			lhs->type_name ? lhs->type_name : "",
-			first_rhs->type_name ? first_rhs->type_name : "");
-	  }
-	/* Warn if there is no default for $$ but we need one.  */
-	else if (!xactions && !first_rhs && lhs->type_name != 0)
-	  complain (_("empty rule for typed nonterminal, and no action"));
-	if (t == tok_semicolon)
-	  t = lex ();
-      }
-    else
-      {
-	complain (_("invalid input: %s"), quote (token_buffer));
-	t = lex ();
-      }
-
-
-  /* grammar has been read.  Do some checking */
-
-  if (nsyms > MAXSHORT)
-    fatal (_("too many symbols (tokens plus nonterminals); maximum %d"),
-	   MAXSHORT);
-  if (nrules == 0)
-    fatal (_("no rules in the input grammar"));
+void
+grammar_midrule_action (void)
+{
+  /* Since the action was written out with this rule's number, we must
+     give the new rule this number by inserting the new rule before
+     it.  */
+
+  /* Make a DUMMY nonterminal, whose location is that of the midrule
+     action.  Create the MIDRULE.  */
+  location dummy_location = current_rule->action_props.location;
+  symbol *dummy = dummy_symbol_get (dummy_location);
+  symbol_list *midrule = symbol_list_sym_new (dummy, dummy_location);
+
+  /* Remember named_ref of previous action. */
+  named_ref *action_name = current_rule->action_props.named_ref;
+
+  /* Make a new rule, whose body is empty, before the current one, so
+     that the action just read can belong to it.  */
+  ++nrules;
+  ++nritems;
+  /* Attach its location and actions to that of the DUMMY.  */
+  midrule->location = dummy_location;
+  code_props_rule_action_init (&midrule->action_props,
+                               current_rule->action_props.code,
+                               current_rule->action_props.location,
+                               midrule, 0);
+  code_props_none_init (&current_rule->action_props);
+
+  if (previous_rule_end)
+    previous_rule_end->next = midrule;
+  else
+    grammar = midrule;
 
-  /* Report any undefined symbols and consider them nonterminals.  */
+  /* End the dummy's rule.  */
+  midrule->next = symbol_list_sym_new (NULL, dummy_location);
+  midrule->next->next = current_rule;
 
-  for (bp = firstsymbol; bp; bp = bp->next)
-    if (bp->class == unknown_sym)
-      {
-	complain (_
-		  ("symbol %s is used, but is not defined as a token and has no rules"),
-		  bp->tag);
-	bp->class = nterm_sym;
-	bp->value = nvars++;
-      }
+  previous_rule_end = midrule->next;
 
-  ntokens = nsyms - nvars;
+  /* Insert the dummy nonterminal replacing the midrule action into
+     the current rule.  Bind it to its dedicated rule.  */
+  grammar_current_rule_symbol_append (dummy, dummy_location,
+                                      action_name);
+  grammar_end->midrule = midrule;
+  midrule->midrule_parent_rule = current_rule;
+  midrule->midrule_parent_rhs_index = symbol_list_length (current_rule->next);
 }
 
-/* At the end of the grammar file, some C source code must
-   be stored. It is going to be associated to the epilogue
-   directive.  */
-static void
-read_additionnal_code (void)
-{
-  char c;
-  struct obstack el_obstack;
+/* Set the precedence symbol of the current rule to PRECSYM. */
 
-  obstack_init (&el_obstack);
-
-  if (!no_lines_flag)
-    {
-      obstack_fgrow2 (&el_obstack, muscle_find ("linef"),
-		      lineno, quotearg_style (c_quoting_style,
-					      muscle_find("filename")));
-    }
-
-  while ((c = getc (finput)) != EOF)
-    obstack_1grow (&el_obstack, c);
+void
+grammar_current_rule_prec_set (symbol *precsym, location loc)
+{
+  /* POSIX says that any identifier is a nonterminal if it does not
+     appear on the LHS of a grammar rule and is not defined by %token
+     or by one of the directives that assigns precedence to a token.  We
+     ignore this here because the only kind of identifier that POSIX
+     allows to follow a %prec is a token and because assuming it's a
+     token now can produce more logical error messages.  Nevertheless,
+     grammar_rule_check does obey what we believe is the real intent of
+     POSIX here: that an error be reported for any identifier that
+     appears after %prec but that is not defined separately as a
+     token.  */
+  symbol_class_set (precsym, token_sym, loc, false);
+  if (current_rule->ruleprec)
+    complain_at (loc, _("only one %s allowed per rule"), "%prec");
+  current_rule->ruleprec = precsym;
+}
+
+/* Attach dynamic precedence DPREC to the current rule. */
 
-  obstack_1grow (&el_obstack, 0);
-  muscle_insert ("epilogue", obstack_finish (&el_obstack));
+void
+grammar_current_rule_dprec_set (int dprec, location loc)
+{
+  if (! glr_parser)
+    warn_at (loc, _("%s affects only GLR parsers"), "%dprec");
+  if (dprec <= 0)
+    complain_at (loc, _("%s must be followed by positive number"), "%dprec");
+  else if (current_rule->dprec != 0)
+    complain_at (loc, _("only one %s allowed per rule"), "%dprec");
+  current_rule->dprec = dprec;
 }
 
-
-/*------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Set TOKEN_TRANSLATIONS.  Check that no two symbols share the same |
-| number.                                                           |
-`------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/* Attach a merge function NAME with argument type TYPE to current
+   rule. */
 
-static void
-token_translations_init (void)
+void
+grammar_current_rule_merge_set (uniqstr name, location loc)
 {
-  bucket *bp = NULL;
-  int i;
-
-  token_translations = XCALLOC (short, max_user_token_number + 1);
-
-  /* Initialize all entries for literal tokens to 2, the internal
-     token number for $undefined., which represents all invalid
-     inputs.  */
-  for (i = 0; i <= max_user_token_number; i++)
-    token_translations[i] = 2;
-
-  for (bp = firstsymbol; bp; bp = bp->next)
-    {
-      /* Non-terminal? */
-      if (bp->value >= ntokens)
-	continue;
-      /* A token string alias? */
-      if (bp->user_token_number == SALIAS)
-	continue;
-
-      assert (bp->user_token_number != SUNDEF);
-
-      /* A token which translation has already been set? */
-      if (token_translations[bp->user_token_number] != 2)
-	complain (_("tokens %s and %s both assigned number %d"),
-		  tags[token_translations[bp->user_token_number]],
-		  bp->tag, bp->user_token_number);
-      token_translations[bp->user_token_number] = bp->value;
-    }
+  if (! glr_parser)
+    warn_at (loc, _("%s affects only GLR parsers"), "%merge");
+  if (current_rule->merger != 0)
+    complain_at (loc, _("only one %s allowed per rule"), "%merge");
+  current_rule->merger = get_merge_function (name);
+  current_rule->merger_declaration_location = loc;
 }
 
+/* Attach SYM to the current rule.  If needed, move the previous
+   action as a mid-rule action.  */
 
-/*------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Assign symbol numbers, and write definition of token names into   |
-| FDEFINES.  Set up vectors TAGS and SPREC of names and precedences |
-| of symbols.                                                       |
-`------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-packsymbols (void)
+void
+grammar_current_rule_symbol_append (symbol *sym, location loc,
+				    named_ref *name)
 {
-  bucket *bp = NULL;
-  int tokno = 1;
-  int last_user_token_number;
-  static char DOLLAR[] = "$";
-
-  tags = XCALLOC (char *, nsyms + 1);
-  user_toknums = XCALLOC (short, nsyms + 1);
-
-  sprec = XCALLOC (short, nsyms);
-  sassoc = XCALLOC (short, nsyms);
-
-  /* The EOF token. */
-  tags[0] = DOLLAR;
-  user_toknums[0] = 0;
-
-  max_user_token_number = 256;
-  last_user_token_number = 256;
-
-  for (bp = firstsymbol; bp; bp = bp->next)
-    {
-      if (bp->class == nterm_sym)
-	{
-	  bp->value += ntokens;
-	}
-      else if (bp->alias)
-	{
-	  /* this symbol and its alias are a single token defn.
-	     allocate a tokno, and assign to both check agreement of
-	     ->prec and ->assoc fields and make both the same */
-	  if (bp->value == 0)
-	    bp->value = bp->alias->value = tokno++;
-
-	  if (bp->prec != bp->alias->prec)
-	    {
-	      if (bp->prec != 0 && bp->alias->prec != 0
-		  && bp->user_token_number == SALIAS)
-		complain (_("conflicting precedences for %s and %s"),
-			  bp->tag, bp->alias->tag);
-	      if (bp->prec != 0)
-		bp->alias->prec = bp->prec;
-	      else
-		bp->prec = bp->alias->prec;
-	    }
-
-	  if (bp->assoc != bp->alias->assoc)
-	    {
-	      if (bp->assoc != 0 && bp->alias->assoc != 0
-		  && bp->user_token_number == SALIAS)
-		complain (_("conflicting assoc values for %s and %s"),
-			  bp->tag, bp->alias->tag);
-	      if (bp->assoc != 0)
-		bp->alias->assoc = bp->assoc;
-	      else
-		bp->assoc = bp->alias->assoc;
-	    }
-
-	  if (bp->user_token_number == SALIAS)
-	    continue;		/* do not do processing below for SALIASs */
-
-	}
-      else			/* bp->class == token_sym */
-	{
-	  bp->value = tokno++;
-	}
-
-      if (bp->class == token_sym)
-	{
-	  if (bp->user_token_number == SUNDEF)
-	    bp->user_token_number = ++last_user_token_number;
-	  if (bp->user_token_number > max_user_token_number)
-	    max_user_token_number = bp->user_token_number;
-	}
-
-      tags[bp->value] = bp->tag;
-      user_toknums[bp->value] = bp->user_token_number;
-      sprec[bp->value] = bp->prec;
-      sassoc[bp->value] = bp->assoc;
-    }
-
-  token_translations_init ();
-
-  error_token_number = errtoken->value;
-
-  if (startval->class == unknown_sym)
-    fatal (_("the start symbol %s is undefined"), startval->tag);
-  else if (startval->class == token_sym)
-    fatal (_("the start symbol %s is a token"), startval->tag);
-
-  start_symbol = startval->value;
+  symbol_list *p;
+  if (current_rule->action_props.code)
+    grammar_midrule_action ();
+  p = grammar_symbol_append (sym, loc);
+  if (name)
+    assign_named_ref(p, name);
 }
 
+/* Attach an ACTION to the current rule.  */
 
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Save the definition of token names in the `TOKENDEFS' muscle.  |
-`---------------------------------------------------------------*/
-
-static void
-symbols_save (void)
+void
+grammar_current_rule_action_append (const char *action, location loc,
+				    named_ref *name)
 {
-  struct obstack tokendefs;
-  bucket *bp;
-  char *cp, *symbol;
-  char c;
-  obstack_init (&tokendefs);
-
-  for (bp = firstsymbol; bp; bp = bp->next)
-    {
-      symbol = bp->tag;                /* get symbol */
-
-      if (bp->value >= ntokens)
-	continue;
-      if (bp->user_token_number == SALIAS)
-	continue;
-      if ('\'' == *symbol)
-	continue;               /* skip literal character */
-      if (bp == errtoken)
-	continue;               /* skip error token */
-      if ('\"' == *symbol)
-	{
-	  /* use literal string only if given a symbol with an alias */
-	  if (bp->alias)
-	    symbol = bp->alias->tag;
-	  else
-	    continue;
-	}
-
-      /* Don't #define nonliteral tokens whose names contain periods.  */
-      cp = symbol;
-      while ((c = *cp++) && c != '.');
-      if (c != '\0')
-	continue;
-
-      obstack_fgrow2 (&tokendefs, "# define %s\t%d\n",
-		      symbol, bp->user_token_number);
-      if (semantic_parser)
-	/* FIXME: This is probably wrong, and should be just as
-	   above. --akim.  */
-	obstack_fgrow2 (&tokendefs, "# define T%s\t%d\n", symbol, bp->value);
-    }
-
-  obstack_1grow (&tokendefs, 0);
-  muscle_insert ("tokendef", xstrdup (obstack_finish (&tokendefs)));
-  obstack_free (&tokendefs, NULL);
+  if (current_rule->action_props.code)
+    grammar_midrule_action ();
+  /* After all symbol declarations have been parsed, packgram invokes
+     code_props_translate_code.  */
+  code_props_rule_action_init (&current_rule->action_props, action, loc,
+                               current_rule, name);
 }
 
-
+
 /*---------------------------------------------------------------.
 | Convert the rules into the representation using RRHS, RLHS and |
-| RITEMS.                                                        |
+| RITEM.                                                         |
 `---------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 static void
 packgram (void)
 {
-  int itemno;
-  int ruleno;
-  symbol_list *p;
+  unsigned int itemno = 0;
+  rule_number ruleno = 0;
+  symbol_list *p = grammar;
 
-  /* We use short to index items.  */
-  if (nitems >= MAXSHORT)
-    fatal (_("too many items (max %d)"), MAXSHORT);
+  ritem = xnmalloc (nritems + 1, sizeof *ritem);
 
-  ritem = XCALLOC (short, nitems + 1);
-  rule_table = XCALLOC (rule_t, nrules) - 1;
+  /* This sentinel is used by build_relations in gram.c.  */
+  *ritem++ = 0;
 
-  itemno = 0;
-  ruleno = 1;
+  rules = xnmalloc (nrules, sizeof *rules);
 
-  p = grammar;
   while (p)
     {
-      bucket *ruleprec = p->ruleprec;
-      rule_table[ruleno].lhs = p->sym->value;
-      rule_table[ruleno].rhs = itemno;
-      rule_table[ruleno].line = p->line;
-      rule_table[ruleno].useful = TRUE;
-      rule_table[ruleno].action = p->action;
-      rule_table[ruleno].action_line = p->action_line;
-      rule_table[ruleno].guard = p->guard;
-      rule_table[ruleno].guard_line = p->guard_line;
-
-      p = p->next;
-      while (p && p->sym)
+      int rule_length = 0;
+      symbol *ruleprec = p->ruleprec;
+      record_merge_function_type (p->merger, p->content.sym->type_name,
+				  p->merger_declaration_location);
+      rules[ruleno].user_number = ruleno;
+      rules[ruleno].number = ruleno;
+      rules[ruleno].lhs = p->content.sym;
+      rules[ruleno].rhs = ritem + itemno;
+      rules[ruleno].prec = NULL;
+      rules[ruleno].dprec = p->dprec;
+      rules[ruleno].merger = p->merger;
+      rules[ruleno].precsym = NULL;
+      rules[ruleno].location = p->location;
+      rules[ruleno].useful = true;
+      rules[ruleno].action = p->action_props.code;
+      rules[ruleno].action_location = p->action_props.location;
+
+      /* If the midrule's $$ is set or its $n is used, remove the `$' from the
+	 symbol name so that it's a user-defined symbol so that the default
+	 %destructor and %printer apply.  */
+      if (p->midrule_parent_rule
+          && (p->action_props.is_value_used
+	      || symbol_list_n_get (p->midrule_parent_rule,
+				    p->midrule_parent_rhs_index)
+                   ->action_props.is_value_used))
+	p->content.sym->tag += 1;
+
+      /* Don't check the generated rule 0.  It has no action, so some rhs
+	 symbols may appear unused, but the parsing algorithm ensures that
+	 %destructor's are invoked appropriately.  */
+      if (p != grammar)
+	grammar_rule_check (p);
+
+      for (p = p->next; p && p->content.sym; p = p->next)
 	{
-	  ritem[itemno++] = p->sym->value;
+	  ++rule_length;
+
+	  /* Don't allow rule_length == INT_MAX, since that might
+	     cause confusion with strtol if INT_MAX == LONG_MAX.  */
+	  if (rule_length == INT_MAX)
+	      fatal_at (rules[ruleno].location, _("rule is too long"));
+
+	  /* item_number = symbol_number.
+	     But the former needs to contain more: negative rule numbers. */
+	  ritem[itemno++] =
+            symbol_number_as_item_number (p->content.sym->number);
 	  /* A rule gets by default the precedence and associativity
-	     of the last token in it.  */
-	  if (p->sym->class == token_sym)
-	    {
-	      rule_table[ruleno].prec = p->sym->prec;
-	      rule_table[ruleno].assoc = p->sym->assoc;
-	    }
-	  if (p)
-	    p = p->next;
+	     of its last token.  */
+	  if (p->content.sym->class == token_sym && default_prec)
+	    rules[ruleno].prec = p->content.sym;
 	}
 
       /* If this rule has a %prec,
          the specified symbol's precedence replaces the default.  */
       if (ruleprec)
 	{
-	  rule_table[ruleno].prec = ruleprec->prec;
-	  rule_table[ruleno].assoc = ruleprec->assoc;
-	  rule_table[ruleno].precsym = ruleprec->value;
+	  rules[ruleno].precsym = ruleprec;
+	  rules[ruleno].prec = ruleprec;
 	}
-
-      ritem[itemno++] = -ruleno;
-      ruleno++;
+      /* An item ends by the rule number (negated).  */
+      ritem[itemno++] = rule_number_as_item_number (ruleno);
+      aver (itemno < ITEM_NUMBER_MAX);
+      ++ruleno;
+      aver (ruleno < RULE_NUMBER_MAX);
 
       if (p)
 	p = p->next;
     }
 
-  ritem[itemno] = 0;
+  aver (itemno == nritems);
 
-  if (trace_flag)
+  if (trace_flag & trace_sets)
     ritem_print (stderr);
 }
 
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------.
-| Read in the grammar specification and record it in the format      |
-| described in gram.h.  All guards are copied into the GUARD_OBSTACK |
-| and all actions into ACTION_OBSTACK, in each case forming the body |
-| of a C function (YYGUARD or YYACTION) which contains a switch      |
-| statement to decide which guard or action to execute.              |
-`-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------.
+| Read in the grammar specification and record it in the format     |
+| described in gram.h.  All actions are copied into ACTION_OBSTACK, |
+| in each case forming the body of a C function (YYACTION) which    |
+| contains a switch statement to decide which action to execute.    |
+`------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
 void
 reader (void)
 {
-  start_flag = 0;
-  startval = NULL;		/* start symbol not specified yet. */
+  /* Initialize the symbol table.  */
+  symbols_new ();
 
-  nsyms = 1;
-  nvars = 0;
-  nrules = 0;
-  nitems = 0;
+  /* Construct the accept symbol. */
+  accept = symbol_get ("$accept", empty_location);
+  accept->class = nterm_sym;
+  accept->number = nvars++;
 
-  typed = 0;
-  lastprec = 0;
+  /* Construct the error token */
+  errtoken = symbol_get ("error", empty_location);
+  errtoken->class = token_sym;
+  errtoken->number = ntokens++;
 
-  semantic_parser = 0;
-  pure_parser = 0;
+  /* Construct a token that represents all undefined literal tokens.
+     It is always token number 2.  */
+  undeftoken = symbol_get ("$undefined", empty_location);
+  undeftoken->class = token_sym;
+  undeftoken->number = ntokens++;
 
-  grammar = NULL;
+  gram_in = xfopen (grammar_file, "r");
 
-  lex_init ();
-  lineno = 1;
+  gram__flex_debug = trace_flag & trace_scan;
+  gram_debug = trace_flag & trace_parse;
+  gram_scanner_initialize ();
+  gram_parse ();
+  prepare_percent_define_front_end_variables ();
 
-  /* Initialize the muscle obstack.  */
-  obstack_init (&muscle_obstack);
+  if (! complaint_issued)
+    check_and_convert_grammar ();
 
-  /* Initialize the symbol table.  */
-  tabinit ();
+  xfclose (gram_in);
+}
 
-  /* Construct the error token */
-  errtoken = getsym ("error");
-  errtoken->class = token_sym;
-  errtoken->user_token_number = 256;	/* Value specified by POSIX.  */
+static void
+prepare_percent_define_front_end_variables (void)
+{
+  /* Set %define front-end variable defaults.  */
+  muscle_percent_define_default ("lr.keep-unreachable-states", "false");
+  {
+    char *lr_type;
+    /* IELR would be a better default, but LALR is historically the
+       default.  */
+    muscle_percent_define_default ("lr.type", "lalr");
+    lr_type = muscle_percent_define_get ("lr.type");
+    if (0 != strcmp (lr_type, "canonical-lr"))
+      muscle_percent_define_default ("lr.default-reductions", "most");
+    else
+      muscle_percent_define_default ("lr.default-reductions", "accepting");
+    free (lr_type);
+  }
 
-  /* Construct a token that represents all undefined literal tokens.
-     It is always token number 2.  */
-  undeftoken = getsym ("$undefined.");
-  undeftoken->class = token_sym;
-  undeftoken->user_token_number = 2;
+  /* Check %define front-end variables.  */
+  {
+    static char const * const values[] = {
+      "lr.type", "lalr", "ielr", "canonical-lr", NULL,
+      "lr.default-reductions", "most", "consistent", "accepting", NULL,
+      NULL
+    };
+    muscle_percent_define_check_values (values);
+  }
+}
 
-  /* Initialize the obstacks. */
-  obstack_init (&action_obstack);
-  obstack_init (&attrs_obstack);
-  obstack_init (&output_obstack);
 
-  finput = xfopen (infile, "r");
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------.
+| Check the grammar that has just been read, and convert it to |
+| internal form.					       |
+`-------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
-  /* Read the declaration section.  Copy %{ ... %} groups to
-     TABLE_OBSTACK and FDEFINES file.  Also notice any %token, %left,
-     etc. found there.  */
-  read_declarations ();
-  /* Read in the grammar, build grammar in list form.  Write out
-     guards and actions.  */
-  readgram ();
-  /* Some C code is given at the end of the grammar file. */
-  read_additionnal_code ();
+static void
+check_and_convert_grammar (void)
+{
+  /* Grammar has been read.  Do some checking.  */
+  if (nrules == 0)
+    fatal (_("no rules in the input grammar"));
+
+  /* If the user did not define her ENDTOKEN, do it now. */
+  if (!endtoken)
+    {
+      endtoken = symbol_get ("$end", empty_location);
+      endtoken->class = token_sym;
+      endtoken->number = 0;
+      /* Value specified by POSIX.  */
+      endtoken->user_token_number = 0;
+    }
 
-  lex_free ();
-  xfclose (finput);
+  /* Report any undefined symbols and consider them nonterminals.  */
+  symbols_check_defined ();
+
+  /* Find the start symbol if no %start.  */
+  if (!start_flag)
+    {
+      symbol_list *node;
+      for (node = grammar;
+           node != NULL && symbol_is_dummy (node->content.sym);
+           node = node->next)
+        {
+          for (node = node->next;
+               node != NULL && node->content.sym != NULL;
+               node = node->next)
+            ;
+        }
+      aver (node != NULL);
+      grammar_start_symbol_set (node->content.sym,
+                                node->content.sym->location);
+    }
+
+  /* Insert the initial rule, whose line is that of the first rule
+     (not that of the start symbol):
+
+     accept: %start EOF.  */
+  {
+    symbol_list *p = symbol_list_sym_new (accept, empty_location);
+    p->location = grammar->location;
+    p->next = symbol_list_sym_new (startsymbol, empty_location);
+    p->next->next = symbol_list_sym_new (endtoken, empty_location);
+    p->next->next->next = symbol_list_sym_new (NULL, empty_location);
+    p->next->next->next->next = grammar;
+    nrules += 1;
+    nritems += 3;
+    grammar = p;
+  }
+
+  aver (nsyms <= SYMBOL_NUMBER_MAXIMUM && nsyms == ntokens + nvars);
 
   /* Assign the symbols their symbol numbers.  Write #defines for the
      token symbols into FDEFINES if requested.  */
-  packsymbols ();
-  /* Save them. */
-  symbols_save ();
+  symbols_pack ();
+
+  /* Scan rule actions after invoking symbol_check_alias_consistency (in
+     symbols_pack above) so that token types are set correctly before the rule
+     action type checking.
+
+     Before invoking grammar_rule_check (in packgram below) on any rule, make
+     sure all actions have already been scanned in order to set `used' flags.
+     Otherwise, checking that a midrule's $$ should be set will not always work
+     properly because the check must forward-reference the midrule's parent
+     rule.  For the same reason, all the `used' flags must be set before
+     checking whether to remove `$' from any midrule symbol name (also in
+     packgram).  */
+  {
+    symbol_list *sym;
+    for (sym = grammar; sym; sym = sym->next)
+      code_props_translate_code (&sym->action_props);
+  }
 
   /* Convert the grammar into the format described in gram.h.  */
   packgram ();
+
+  /* The grammar as a symbol_list is no longer needed. */
+  symbol_list_free (grammar);
 }