X-Git-Url: https://git.saurik.com/bison.git/blobdiff_plain/592fde956439ff57178a426ddd0eb88eb4477908..c70fdfcd207a394121c7dac271bbd04ce2a91c98:/doc/bison.texinfo diff --git a/doc/bison.texinfo b/doc/bison.texinfo index a684e851..a8c60bc4 100644 --- a/doc/bison.texinfo +++ b/doc/bison.texinfo @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ This manual is for @acronym{GNU} Bison (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}), the @acronym{GNU} parser generator. Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, -1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for @end quotation @end copying -@dircategory GNU programming tools +@dircategory Software development @direntry * bison: (bison). @acronym{GNU} parser generator (Yacc replacement). @end direntry @@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for @insertcopying @sp 2 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* -59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @* -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA @* +51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* +Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @* Printed copies are available from the Free Software Foundation.@* @acronym{ISBN} 1-882114-44-2 @sp 2 @@ -117,9 +117,10 @@ Reference sections: messy for Bison to handle straightforwardly. * Debugging:: Understanding or debugging Bison parsers. * Invocation:: How to run Bison (to produce the parser source file). +* C++ Language Interface:: Creating C++ parser objects. +* FAQ:: Frequently Asked Questions * Table of Symbols:: All the keywords of the Bison language are explained. * Glossary:: Basic concepts are explained. -* FAQ:: Frequently Asked Questions * Copying This Manual:: License for copying this manual. * Index:: Cross-references to the text. @@ -242,6 +243,8 @@ Parser C-Language Interface which reads tokens. * Error Reporting:: You must supply a function @code{yyerror}. * Action Features:: Special features for use in actions. +* Internationalization:: How to let the parser speak in the user's + native language. The Lexical Analyzer Function @code{yylex} @@ -292,12 +295,32 @@ Invoking Bison * Option Cross Key:: Alphabetical list of long options. * Yacc Library:: Yacc-compatible @code{yylex} and @code{main}. +C++ Language Interface + +* C++ Parsers:: The interface to generate C++ parser classes +* A Complete C++ Example:: Demonstrating their use + +C++ Parsers + +* C++ Bison Interface:: Asking for C++ parser generation +* C++ Semantic Values:: %union vs. C++ +* C++ Location Values:: The position and location classes +* C++ Parser Interface:: Instantiating and running the parser +* C++ Scanner Interface:: Exchanges between yylex and parse + +A Complete C++ Example + +* Calc++ --- C++ Calculator:: The specifications +* Calc++ Parsing Driver:: An active parsing context +* Calc++ Parser:: A parser class +* Calc++ Scanner:: A pure C++ Flex scanner +* Calc++ Top Level:: Conducting the band + Frequently Asked Questions * Parser Stack Overflow:: Breaking the Stack Limits * How Can I Reset the Parser:: @code{yyparse} Keeps some State * Strings are Destroyed:: @code{yylval} Loses Track of Strings -* C++ Parsers:: Compiling Parsers with C++ Compilers * Implementing Gotos/Loops:: Control Flow in the Calculator Copying This Manual @@ -444,7 +467,7 @@ roughly that the next grammar rule to apply at any point in the input is uniquely determined by the preceding input and a fixed, finite portion (called a @dfn{look-ahead}) of the remaining input. A context-free grammar can be @dfn{ambiguous}, meaning that there are multiple ways to -apply the grammar rules to get the some inputs. Even unambiguous +apply the grammar rules to get the same inputs. Even unambiguous grammars can be @dfn{non-deterministic}, meaning that no fixed look-ahead always suffices to determine the next grammar rule to apply. With the proper declarations, Bison is also able to parse these more @@ -2272,7 +2295,7 @@ typedef struct symrec symrec; /* The symbol table: a chain of `struct symrec'. */ extern symrec *sym_table; -symrec *putsym (char const *, func_t); +symrec *putsym (char const *, int); symrec *getsym (char const *); @end group @end smallexample @@ -2627,7 +2650,7 @@ not come before the definition of @code{yyparse}. For example, the definitions of @code{yylex} and @code{yyerror} often go here. Because C requires functions to be declared before being used, you often need to declare functions like @code{yylex} and @code{yyerror} in the Prologue, -even if you define them int he Epilogue. +even if you define them in the Epilogue. @xref{Interface, ,Parser C-Language Interface}. If the last section is empty, you may omit the @samp{%%} that separates it @@ -4222,6 +4245,8 @@ in the grammar file, you are likely to run into trouble. which reads tokens. * Error Reporting:: You must supply a function @code{yyerror}. * Action Features:: Special features for use in actions. +* Internationalization:: How to let the parser speak in the user's + native language. @end menu @node Parser Function @@ -4784,6 +4809,84 @@ of the @var{n}th component of the current rule. @xref{Locations, , Tracking Locations}. @end deffn +@node Internationalization +@section Parser Internationalization +@cindex internationalization +@cindex i18n +@cindex NLS +@cindex gettext +@cindex bison-po + +A Bison-generated parser can print diagnostics, including error and +tracing messages. By default, they appear in English. However, Bison +also supports outputting diagnostics in the user's native language. +To make this work, the user should set the usual environment +variables. @xref{Using gettextized software, , User influence on +@code{gettext}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. For +example, the shell command @samp{export LC_ALL=fr_CA.UTF-8} might set +the user's locale to French Canadian using the @acronym{UTF}-8 +encoding. The exact set of available locales depends on the user's +installation. + +The maintainer of a package that uses a Bison-generated parser enables +the internationalization of the parser's output through the following +steps. Here we assume a package that uses @acronym{GNU} Autoconf and +@acronym{GNU} Automake. + +@enumerate +@item +Into the directory containing the @acronym{GNU} Autoconf macros used +by the package---often called @file{m4}---copy the +@file{bison-i18n.m4} file installed by Bison under +@samp{share/aclocal/bison-i18n.m4} in Bison's installation directory. +For example: + +@example +cp /usr/local/share/aclocal/bison-i18n.m4 m4/bison-i18n.m4 +@end example + +@item +In the top-level @file{configure.ac}, after the @code{AM_GNU_GETTEXT} +invocation, add an invocation of @code{BISON_I18N}. This macro is +defined in the file @file{bison-i18n.m4} that you copied earlier. It +causes @samp{configure} to find the value of the +@code{BISON_LOCALEDIR} variable. + +@item +In the @code{main} function of your program, designate the directory +containing Bison's runtime message catalog, through a call to +@samp{bindtextdomain} with domain name @samp{bison-runtime}. +For example: + +@example +bindtextdomain ("bison-runtime", BISON_LOCALEDIR); +@end example + +Typically this appears after any other call @code{bindtextdomain +(PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR)} that your package already has. Here we rely on +@samp{BISON_LOCALEDIR} to be defined as a string through the +@file{Makefile}. + +@item +In the @file{Makefile.am} that controls the compilation of the @code{main} +function, make @samp{BISON_LOCALEDIR} available as a C preprocessor macro, +either in @samp{DEFS} or in @samp{AM_CPPFLAGS}. For example: + +@example +DEFS = @@DEFS@@ -DBISON_LOCALEDIR='"$(BISON_LOCALEDIR)"' +@end example + +or: + +@example +AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBISON_LOCALEDIR='"$(BISON_LOCALEDIR)"' +@end example + +@item +Finally, invoke the command @command{autoreconf} to generate the build +infrastructure. +@end enumerate + @node Algorithm @chapter The Bison Parser Algorithm @@ -5468,6 +5571,13 @@ return_spec: ; @end example +For a more detailed exposition of @acronym{LALR}(1) parsers and parser +generators, please see: +Frank DeRemer and Thomas Pennello, Efficient Computation of +@acronym{LALR}(1) Look-Ahead Sets, @cite{@acronym{ACM} Transactions on +Programming Languages and Systems}, Vol.@: 4, No.@: 4 (October 1982), +pp.@: 615--649 @uref{http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/69622.357187}. + @node Generalized LR Parsing @section Generalized @acronym{LR} (@acronym{GLR}) Parsing @cindex @acronym{GLR} parsing @@ -5784,9 +5894,13 @@ redeclare a typedef name provided an explicit type has been specified earlier: @example -typedef int foo, bar, lose; -static foo (bar); /* @r{redeclare @code{bar} as static variable} */ -static int foo (lose); /* @r{redeclare @code{foo} as function} */ +typedef int foo, bar; +int baz (void) +@{ + static bar (bar); /* @r{redeclare @code{bar} as static variable} */ + extern foo foo (foo); /* @r{redeclare @code{foo} as function} */ + return foo (bar); +@} @end example Unfortunately, the name being declared is separated from the declaration @@ -6536,6 +6650,9 @@ Print a summary of the command-line options to Bison and exit. @itemx --version Print the version number of Bison and exit. +@item --print-localedir +Print the name of the directory containing locale-dependent data. + @need 1750 @item -y @itemx --yacc @@ -6675,6 +6792,7 @@ the corresponding short option. \line{ --no-lines \leaderfill -l} \line{ --no-parser \leaderfill -n} \line{ --output \leaderfill -o} +\line{ --print-localedir} \line{ --token-table \leaderfill -k} \line{ --verbose \leaderfill -v} \line{ --version \leaderfill -V} @@ -6693,6 +6811,7 @@ the corresponding short option. --no-lines -l --no-parser -n --output=@var{outfile} -o @var{outfile} +--print-localedir --token-table -k --verbose -v --version -V @@ -6726,7 +6845,682 @@ If you use the Yacc library's @code{main} function, your int yyparse (void); @end example -@c ================================================= Invoking Bison +@c ================================================= C++ Bison + +@node C++ Language Interface +@chapter C++ Language Interface + +@menu +* C++ Parsers:: The interface to generate C++ parser classes +* A Complete C++ Example:: Demonstrating their use +@end menu + +@node C++ Parsers +@section C++ Parsers + +@menu +* C++ Bison Interface:: Asking for C++ parser generation +* C++ Semantic Values:: %union vs. C++ +* C++ Location Values:: The position and location classes +* C++ Parser Interface:: Instantiating and running the parser +* C++ Scanner Interface:: Exchanges between yylex and parse +@end menu + +@node C++ Bison Interface +@subsection C++ Bison Interface +@c - %skeleton "lalr1.cc" +@c - Always pure +@c - initial action + +The C++ parser @acronym{LALR}(1) skeleton is named @file{lalr1.cc}. To select +it, you may either pass the option @option{--skeleton=lalr1.cc} to +Bison, or include the directive @samp{%skeleton "lalr1.cc"} in the +grammar preamble. When run, @command{bison} will create several +files: +@table @file +@item position.hh +@itemx location.hh +The definition of the classes @code{position} and @code{location}, +used for location tracking. @xref{C++ Location Values}. + +@item stack.hh +An auxiliary class @code{stack} used by the parser. + +@item @var{filename}.hh +@itemx @var{filename}.cc +The declaration and implementation of the C++ parser class. +@var{filename} is the name of the output file. It follows the same +rules as with regular C parsers. + +Note that @file{@var{filename}.hh} is @emph{mandatory}, the C++ cannot +work without the parser class declaration. Therefore, you must either +pass @option{-d}/@option{--defines} to @command{bison}, or use the +@samp{%defines} directive. +@end table + +All these files are documented using Doxygen; run @command{doxygen} +for a complete and accurate documentation. + +@node C++ Semantic Values +@subsection C++ Semantic Values +@c - No objects in unions +@c - YSTYPE +@c - Printer and destructor + +The @code{%union} directive works as for C, see @ref{Union Decl, ,The +Collection of Value Types}. In particular it produces a genuine +@code{union}@footnote{In the future techniques to allow complex types +within pseudo-unions (variants) might be implemented to alleviate +these issues.}, which have a few specific features in C++. +@itemize @minus +@item +The name @code{YYSTYPE} also denotes @samp{union YYSTYPE}. You may +forward declare it just with @samp{union YYSTYPE;}. +@item +Non POD (Plain Old Data) types cannot be used. C++ forbids any +instance of classes with constructors in unions: only @emph{pointers} +to such objects are allowed. +@end itemize + +Because objects have to be stored via pointers, memory is not +reclaimed automatically: using the @code{%destructor} directive is the +only means to avoid leaks. @xref{Destructor Decl, , Freeing Discarded +Symbols}. + + +@node C++ Location Values +@subsection C++ Location Values +@c - %locations +@c - class Position +@c - class Location +@c - %define "filename_type" "const symbol::Symbol" + +When the directive @code{%locations} is used, the C++ parser supports +location tracking, see @ref{Locations, , Locations Overview}. Two +auxiliary classes define a @code{position}, a single point in a file, +and a @code{location}, a range composed of a pair of +@code{position}s (possibly spanning several files). + +@deftypemethod {position} {std::string*} filename +The name of the file. It will always be handled as a pointer, the +parser will never duplicate nor deallocate it. As an experimental +feature you may change it to @samp{@var{type}*} using @samp{%define +"filename_type" "@var{type}"}. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {position} {unsigned int} line +The line, starting at 1. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {position} {unsigned int} lines (int @var{height} = 1) +Advance by @var{height} lines, resetting the column number. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {position} {unsigned int} column +The column, starting at 0. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {position} {unsigned int} columns (int @var{width} = 1) +Advance by @var{width} columns, without changing the line number. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {position} {position&} operator+= (position& @var{pos}, int @var{width}) +@deftypemethodx {position} {position} operator+ (const position& @var{pos}, int @var{width}) +@deftypemethodx {position} {position&} operator-= (const position& @var{pos}, int @var{width}) +@deftypemethodx {position} {position} operator- (position& @var{pos}, int @var{width}) +Various forms of syntactic sugar for @code{columns}. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {position} {position} operator<< (std::ostream @var{o}, const position& @var{p}) +Report @var{p} on @var{o} like this: +@samp{@var{filename}:@var{line}.@var{column}}, or +@samp{@var{line}.@var{column}} if @var{filename} is null. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {location} {position} begin +@deftypemethodx {location} {position} end +The first, inclusive, position of the range, and the first beyond. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {location} {unsigned int} columns (int @var{width} = 1) +@deftypemethodx {location} {unsigned int} lines (int @var{height} = 1) +Advance the @code{end} position. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {location} {location} operator+ (const location& @var{begin}, const location& @var{end}) +@deftypemethodx {location} {location} operator+ (const location& @var{begin}, int @var{width}) +@deftypemethodx {location} {location} operator+= (const location& @var{loc}, int @var{width}) +Various forms of syntactic sugar. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {location} {void} step () +Move @code{begin} onto @code{end}. +@end deftypemethod + + +@node C++ Parser Interface +@subsection C++ Parser Interface +@c - define parser_class_name +@c - Ctor +@c - parse, error, set_debug_level, debug_level, set_debug_stream, +@c debug_stream. +@c - Reporting errors + +The output files @file{@var{output}.hh} and @file{@var{output}.cc} +declare and define the parser class in the namespace @code{yy}. The +class name defaults to @code{parser}, but may be changed using +@samp{%define "parser_class_name" "@var{name}"}. The interface of +this class is detailled below. It can be extended using the +@code{%parse-param} feature: its semantics is slightly changed since +it describes an additional member of the parser class, and an +additional argument for its constructor. + +@defcv {Type} {parser} {semantic_value_type} +@defcvx {Type} {parser} {location_value_type} +The types for semantics value and locations. +@end defcv + +@deftypemethod {parser} {} parser (@var{type1} @var{arg1}, ...) +Build a new parser object. There are no arguments by default, unless +@samp{%parse-param @{@var{type1} @var{arg1}@}} was used. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {parser} {int} parse () +Run the syntactic analysis, and return 0 on success, 1 otherwise. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {parser} {std::ostream&} debug_stream () +@deftypemethodx {parser} {void} set_debug_stream (std::ostream& @var{o}) +Get or set the stream used for tracing the parsing. It defaults to +@code{std::cerr}. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {parser} {debug_level_type} debug_level () +@deftypemethodx {parser} {void} set_debug_level (debug_level @var{l}) +Get or set the tracing level. Currently its value is either 0, no trace, +or non-zero, full tracing. +@end deftypemethod + +@deftypemethod {parser} {void} error (const location_type& @var{l}, const std::string& @var{m}) +The definition for this member function must be supplied by the user: +the parser uses it to report a parser error occurring at @var{l}, +described by @var{m}. +@end deftypemethod + + +@node C++ Scanner Interface +@subsection C++ Scanner Interface +@c - prefix for yylex. +@c - Pure interface to yylex +@c - %lex-param + +The parser invokes the scanner by calling @code{yylex}. Contrary to C +parsers, C++ parsers are always pure: there is no point in using the +@code{%pure-parser} directive. Therefore the interface is as follows. + +@deftypemethod {parser} {int} yylex (semantic_value_type& @var{yylval}, location_type& @var{yylloc}, @var{type1} @var{arg1}, ...) +Return the next token. Its type is the return value, its semantic +value and location being @var{yylval} and @var{yylloc}. Invocations of +@samp{%lex-param @{@var{type1} @var{arg1}@}} yield additional arguments. +@end deftypemethod + + +@node A Complete C++ Example +@section A Complete C++ Example + +This section demonstrates the use of a C++ parser with a simple but +complete example. This example should be available on your system, +ready to compile, in the directory @dfn{../bison/examples/calc++}. It +focuses on the use of Bison, therefore the design of the various C++ +classes is very naive: no accessors, no encapsulation of members etc. +We will use a Lex scanner, and more precisely, a Flex scanner, to +demonstrate the various interaction. A hand written scanner is +actually easier to interface with. + +@menu +* Calc++ --- C++ Calculator:: The specifications +* Calc++ Parsing Driver:: An active parsing context +* Calc++ Parser:: A parser class +* Calc++ Scanner:: A pure C++ Flex scanner +* Calc++ Top Level:: Conducting the band +@end menu + +@node Calc++ --- C++ Calculator +@subsection Calc++ --- C++ Calculator + +Of course the grammar is dedicated to arithmetics, a single +expression, possibily preceded by variable assignments. An +environment containing possibly predefined variables such as +@code{one} and @code{two}, is exchanged with the parser. An example +of valid input follows. + +@example +three := 3 +seven := one + two * three +seven * seven +@end example + +@node Calc++ Parsing Driver +@subsection Calc++ Parsing Driver +@c - An env +@c - A place to store error messages +@c - A place for the result + +To support a pure interface with the parser (and the scanner) the +technique of the ``parsing context'' is convenient: a structure +containing all the data to exchange. Since, in addition to simply +launch the parsing, there are several auxiliary tasks to execute (open +the file for parsing, instantiate the parser etc.), we recommend +transforming the simple parsing context structure into a fully blown +@dfn{parsing driver} class. + +The declaration of this driver class, @file{calc++-driver.hh}, is as +follows. The first part includes the CPP guard and imports the +required standard library components. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example +#ifndef CALCXX_DRIVER_HH +# define CALCXX_DRIVER_HH +# include +# include +@end example + +@noindent +Then come forward declarations. Because the parser uses the parsing +driver and reciprocally, simple inclusions of header files will not +do. Because the driver's declaration is the one that will be imported +by the rest of the project, it is saner to forward declare the +parser's information here. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example +// Forward declarations. +union YYSTYPE; +namespace yy +@{ + class location; + class calcxx_parser; +@} +class calcxx_driver; +@end example + +@noindent +Then comes the declaration of the scanning function. Flex expects +the signature of @code{yylex} to be defined in the macro +@code{YY_DECL}, and the C++ parser expects it to be declared. We can +factor both as follows. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example +// Announce to Flex the prototype we want for lexing function, ... +# define YY_DECL \ + int yylex (YYSTYPE* yylval, yy::location* yylloc, calcxx_driver& driver) +// ... and declare it for the parser's sake. +YY_DECL; +@end example + +@noindent +The @code{calcxx_driver} class is then declared with its most obvious +members. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example +// Conducting the whole scanning and parsing of Calc++. +class calcxx_driver +@{ +public: + calcxx_driver (); + virtual ~calcxx_driver (); + + std::map variables; + + int result; +@end example + +@noindent +To encapsulate the coordination with the Flex scanner, it is useful to +have two members function to open and close the scanning phase. +members. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example + // Handling the scanner. + void scan_begin (); + void scan_end (); + bool trace_scanning; +@end example + +@noindent +Similarly for the parser itself. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example + // Handling the parser. + void parse (const std::string& f); + std::string file; + bool trace_parsing; +@end example + +@noindent +To demonstrate pure handling of parse errors, instead of simply +dumping them on the standard error output, we will pass them to the +compiler driver using the following two member functions. Finally, we +close the class declaration and CPP guard. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.hh +@example + // Error handling. + void error (const yy::location& l, const std::string& m); + void error (const std::string& m); +@}; +#endif // ! CALCXX_DRIVER_HH +@end example + +The implementation of the driver is straightforward. The @code{parse} +member function deserves some attention. The @code{error} functions +are simple stubs, they should actually register the located error +messages and set error state. + +@comment file: calc++-driver.cc +@example +#include "calc++-driver.hh" +#include "calc++-parser.hh" + +calcxx_driver::calcxx_driver () + : trace_scanning (false), trace_parsing (false) +@{ + variables["one"] = 1; + variables["two"] = 2; +@} + +calcxx_driver::~calcxx_driver () +@{ +@} + +void +calcxx_driver::parse (const std::string &f) +@{ + file = f; + scan_begin (); + yy::calcxx_parser parser (*this); + parser.set_debug_level (trace_parsing); + parser.parse (); + scan_end (); +@} + +void +calcxx_driver::error (const yy::location& l, const std::string& m) +@{ + std::cerr << l << ": " << m << std::endl; +@} + +void +calcxx_driver::error (const std::string& m) +@{ + std::cerr << m << std::endl; +@} +@end example + +@node Calc++ Parser +@subsection Calc++ Parser + +The parser definition file @file{calc++-parser.yy} starts by asking +for the C++ skeleton, the creation of the parser header file, and +specifies the name of the parser class. It then includes the required +headers. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +%skeleton "lalr1.cc" /* -*- C++ -*- */ +%define "parser_class_name" "calcxx_parser" +%defines +%@{ +# include +# include "calc++-driver.hh" +%@} +@end example + +@noindent +The driver is passed by reference to the parser and to the scanner. +This provides a simple but effective pure interface, not relying on +global variables. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +// The parsing context. +%parse-param @{ calcxx_driver& driver @} +%lex-param @{ calcxx_driver& driver @} +@end example + +@noindent +Then we request the location tracking feature, and initialize the +first location's file name. Afterwards new locations are computed +relatively to the previous locations: the file name will be +automatically propagated. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +%locations +%initial-action +@{ + // Initialize the initial location. + @@$.begin.filename = @@$.end.filename = &driver.file; +@}; +@end example + +@noindent +Use the two following directives to enable parser tracing and verbose +error messages. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +%debug +%error-verbose +@end example + +@noindent +Semantic values cannot use ``real'' objects, but only pointers to +them. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +// Symbols. +%union +@{ + int ival; + std::string *sval; +@}; +@end example + +@noindent +The token numbered as 0 corresponds to end of file; the following line +allows for nicer error messages referring to ``end of file'' instead +of ``$end''. Similarly user friendly named are provided for each +symbol. Note that the tokens names are prefixed by @code{TOKEN_} to +avoid name clashes. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +%token YYEOF 0 "end of file" +%token TOKEN_ASSIGN ":=" +%token TOKEN_IDENTIFIER "identifier" +%token TOKEN_NUMBER "number" +%type exp "expression" +@end example + +@noindent +To enable memory deallocation during error recovery, use +@code{%destructor}. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +%printer @{ debug_stream () << *$$; @} "identifier" +%destructor @{ delete $$; @} "identifier" + +%printer @{ debug_stream () << $$; @} "number" "expression" +@end example + +@noindent +The grammar itself is straightforward. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +%% +%start unit; +unit: assignments exp @{ driver.result = $2; @}; + +assignments: assignments assignment @{@} + | /* Nothing. */ @{@}; + +assignment: TOKEN_IDENTIFIER ":=" exp @{ driver.variables[*$1] = $3; @}; + +%left '+' '-'; +%left '*' '/'; +exp: exp '+' exp @{ $$ = $1 + $3; @} + | exp '-' exp @{ $$ = $1 - $3; @} + | exp '*' exp @{ $$ = $1 * $3; @} + | exp '/' exp @{ $$ = $1 / $3; @} + | TOKEN_IDENTIFIER @{ $$ = driver.variables[*$1]; @} + | TOKEN_NUMBER @{ $$ = $1; @}; +%% +@end example + +@noindent +Finally the @code{error} member function registers the errors to the +driver. + +@comment file: calc++-parser.yy +@example +void +yy::calcxx_parser::error (const yy::calcxx_parser::location_type& l, + const std::string& m) +@{ + driver.error (l, m); +@} +@end example + +@node Calc++ Scanner +@subsection Calc++ Scanner + +The Flex scanner first includes the driver declaration, then the +parser's to get the set of defined tokens. + +@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll +@example +%@{ /* -*- C++ -*- */ +# include +# include "calc++-driver.hh" +# include "calc++-parser.hh" +%@} +@end example + +@noindent +Because there is no @code{#include}-like feature we don't need +@code{yywrap}, we don't need @code{unput} either, and we parse an +actual file, this is not an interactive session with the user. +Finally we enable the scanner tracing features. + +@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll +@example +%option noyywrap nounput batch debug +@end example + +@noindent +Abbreviations allow for more readable rules. + +@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll +@example +id [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z_0-9]* +int [0-9]+ +blank [ \t] +@end example + +@noindent +The following paragraph suffices to track locations acurately. Each +time @code{yylex} is invoked, the begin position is moved onto the end +position. Then when a pattern is matched, the end position is +advanced of its width. In case it matched ends of lines, the end +cursor is adjusted, and each time blanks are matched, the begin cursor +is moved onto the end cursor to effectively ignore the blanks +preceding tokens. Comments would be treated equally. + +@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll +@example +%@{ +# define YY_USER_ACTION yylloc->columns (yyleng); +%@} +%% +%@{ + yylloc->step (); +%@} +@{blank@}+ yylloc->step (); +[\n]+ yylloc->lines (yyleng); yylloc->step (); +@end example + +@noindent +The rules are simple, just note the use of the driver to report +errors. + +@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll +@example +[-+*/] return yytext[0]; +":=" return TOKEN_ASSIGN; +@{int@} yylval->ival = atoi (yytext); return TOKEN_NUMBER; +@{id@} yylval->sval = new std::string (yytext); return TOKEN_IDENTIFIER; +. driver.error (*yylloc, "invalid character"); +%% +@end example + +@noindent +Finally, because the scanner related driver's member function depend +on the scanner's data, it is simpler to implement them in this file. + +@comment file: calc++-scanner.ll +@example +void +calcxx_driver::scan_begin () +@{ + yy_flex_debug = trace_scanning; + if (!(yyin = fopen (file.c_str (), "r"))) + error (std::string ("cannot open ") + file); +@} + +void +calcxx_driver::scan_end () +@{ + fclose (yyin); +@} +@end example + +@node Calc++ Top Level +@subsection Calc++ Top Level + +The top level file, @file{calc++.cc}, poses no problem. + +@comment file: calc++.cc +@example +#include +#include "calc++-driver.hh" + +int +main (int argc, const char* argv[]) +@{ + calcxx_driver driver; + for (++argv; argv[0]; ++argv) + if (*argv == std::string ("-p")) + driver.trace_parsing = true; + else if (*argv == std::string ("-s")) + driver.trace_scanning = true; + else + @{ + driver.parse (*argv); + std::cout << driver.result << std::endl; + @} +@} +@end example + +@c ================================================= FAQ @node FAQ @chapter Frequently Asked Questions @@ -6740,7 +7534,6 @@ are addressed. * Parser Stack Overflow:: Breaking the Stack Limits * How Can I Reset the Parser:: @code{yyparse} Keeps some State * Strings are Destroyed:: @code{yylval} Loses Track of Strings -* C++ Parsers:: Compiling Parsers with C++ Compilers * Implementing Gotos/Loops:: Control Flow in the Calculator @end menu @@ -6905,27 +7698,6 @@ $ @kbd{printf 'one\ntwo\n' | ./split-lines} @end example -@node C++ Parsers -@section C++ Parsers - -@display -How can I generate parsers in C++? -@end display - -We are working on a C++ output for Bison, but unfortunately, for lack of -time, the skeleton is not finished. It is functional, but in numerous -respects, it will require additional work which @emph{might} break -backward compatibility. Since the skeleton for C++ is not documented, -we do not consider ourselves bound to this interface, nevertheless, as -much as possible we will try to keep compatibility. - -Another possibility is to use the regular C parsers, and to compile them -with a C++ compiler. This works properly, provided that you bear some -simple C++ rules in mind, such as not including ``real classes'' (i.e., -structure with constructors) in unions. Therefore, in the -@code{%union}, use pointers to classes. - - @node Implementing Gotos/Loops @section Implementing Gotos/Loops